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Journal articles on the topic 'Automobiles Intelligent vehicle highway systems'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

TSUGAWA, SADAYUKI. "AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEMS: COMMON GROUND OF AUTOMOBILES AND ROBOTS." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 08, no. 01 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843611002319.

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This article reviews R&D activities on automated highway systems (AHSs) since 1950s with emphasis on recent ones. AHSs in the 1950s and 1960s were featured by a cooperative system between roads and vehicles; those in the 1970s and 1980s were by autonomous systems. Intelligent transport system (ITS) projects since 1980s regarded AHS as an important system, not only a single automated vehicle but also an automated platoon were developed. In recent years, the R&D focuses on automated transit buses aiming at precision docking and driving along a narrow lane and automated truck platoons aim

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2

Tsugawa, Sadayuki. "Special Issue on Fundamental Technologies for ITS." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 4 (2001): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0339.

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Intelligent transport systems (ITS), a combination of IT(Information Technology) and TS (Transport Systems), solves problems such as accidents and congestion, lessening environmental impact and conserving energy. As conventional solutions to traffic issues became less and less effective, high-tech solutions have been sought. Preceding the term ITS, coined in 1994, were road transport informatics (RTI), advanced transport telematics (AT), and intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS). In the mid-1980s, large ITS projects started in Europe, the US, and Japan, but the use of high-tech solutions

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3

Urrea, Claudio, Felipe Garrido, and John Kern. "Design and Implementation of Intelligent Agent Training Systems for Virtual Vehicles." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020492.

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This paper presents the results of the design, simulation, and implementation of a virtual vehicle. Such a process employs the Unity videogame platform and its Machine Learning-Agents library. The virtual vehicle is implemented in Unity considering mechanisms that represent accurately the dynamics of a real automobile, such as motor torque curve, suspension system, differential, and anti-roll bar, among others. Intelligent agents are designed and implemented to drive the virtual automobile, and they are trained using imitation or reinforcement. In the former method, learning by imitation, a hu

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Kustra, Victor. "Connected Vehicle Technology: An All Too Convenient Solution to Roadway Problems in the United States." Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy 16, no. 1 (2016): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2015.180.

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Automobile accidents and roadway infrastructure problems are increasing in the United States. Specifically, 5.7 million automobile accidents were reported in 2013. The number of automobile accidents caused by lane drifting has increased over the past fifteen years, given the increased number of drivers on the road. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) have developed a cumulative solution to these problems. Connected Vehicle technology is part of the USDOT’s “Intelligent Transportation Systems” (ITS) initiative. Th

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5

Chen, Kan, and Robert D. Ervin. "Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 38, no. 4 (1990): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(90)90005-g.

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6

ENDACHEV, Denis V., Sergey V. BAKHMUTOV, Vladimir V. EVGRAFOV, and Nikolay P. MEZENTCEV. "ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS OF INTELLIGENT VEHICLES." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 4, no. 53 (2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2020-4-53-5-10.

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Modern automotive engineering is closely related to the implementation of information systems. In automobile transport, the range of such developments is considerably wide: from driver assistance systems (ADAS — Advanced Driver Assistance System) to full autopilot systems. The article provides a brief overview of the state of the problem and presents the main directions of development of the State Research Center of the Russian Federation FSUE “NAMI” in the field of ADAS and highly automated (unmanned) vehicles. Descriptions of on-board vehicle systems of a high level of automation are given d

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7

Hedrick, J. K. "SPECIAL ISSUE Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems." Vehicle System Dynamics 23, no. 1 (1994): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423119408969059.

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8

Hedrick, J. K. "Vehicle Control Issues in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 28, no. 1 (1995): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)45694-1.

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9

Smith, C. E., C. A. Richards, S. A. Brandt, and N. P. Papanikolopoulos. "Visual tracking for intelligent vehicle-highway systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 45, no. 4 (1996): 744–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.543744.

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10

Bilchev, G., D. Marston, N. Hristov, E. Peytchev, and N. Wall. "Traffimatics — Intelligent Co-Operative Vehicle Highway Systems." BT Technology Journal 22, no. 3 (2004): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:bttj.0000047122.78621.6f.

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11

Heermann, P. D., and D. L. Caskey. "Intelligent Vehicle Highway System: Advanced Public Transportation Systems." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 22, no. 4-7 (1995): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(95)00150-z.

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12

Hyeongcheol Lee and M. Tomizuka. "Adaptive vehicle traction force control for intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHSs)." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 50, no. 1 (2003): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2002.807677.

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13

Eleazu, C. O., R. F. Diesta, and J. P. M. G. Linnartz. "Base station to vehicle communication for intelligent vehicle/highway systems (IVHS)." Electronics Letters 29, no. 24 (1993): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19931388.

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14

Asawa, Manjari, and Wayne E. Stark. "CELLULAR DIGITAL PACKET DATA FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS." I V H S Journal 2, no. 4 (1995): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10248079508903838.

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15

Dessouky, Khaled, and Jorge M. Pereira. "CELLULAR DIGITAL PACKET DATA FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS." I V H S Journal 2, no. 4 (1995): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10248079508904599.

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16

Baskar, L. D., J. Hellendoorn, B. De Schutter, and Z. Papp. "Traffic control and intelligent vehicle highway systems: a survey." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 5, no. 1 (2011): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2009.0001.

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17

ALFRED OWENS, D., GABRIEL HELMERS, and MICHAEL SIVAK. "Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems: a call for user–centred design." Ergonomics 36, no. 4 (1993): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139308967893.

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18

Hedrick, J. K., and M. Tomizuka. "Preface to the special section on intelligent vehicle highway systems." Control Engineering Practice 5, no. 11 (1997): 1581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0661(97)10012-0.

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19

Kamali, B. "Some applications of wireless communications in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 11, no. 11 (1996): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.1996.1469189.

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20

Mast, Truman M., and Joseph I. Peters. "Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS): Human Factors Issues in Subsystem Development." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 15 (1992): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749649.

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Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) is a major U.S. Department of Transportation initiative to improve the safety and efficiency of our nation's highways. IVHS includes five related components: Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS); Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS); Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO); Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS); and, Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS). Although the Federal Highway Administration has initially chosen to address each of these components separately, a number of issues are shared by all components. One critical comm

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21

Osman, Kawther, Jawhar Ghommam, Hasan Mehrjerdi, and Maarouf Saad. "Vision-based curved lane keeping control for intelligent vehicle highway system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 8 (2018): 961–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818810621.

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This article addresses the coordinated longitudinal and lateral motion control for an intelligent vehicle highway system. The strategy of this work consists of defining the edges of the traveled lane using a vision sensor. According to the detected boundaries, a constrained path-following method is proposed to drive the longitudinal and the lateral vehicle’s motion. Error constraints of the intelligent vehicle highway system position are manipulated by including the function of barrier Lyapunov in designing the guidance algorithm for the intelligent vehicle highway system. To calculate the nec

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22

Wigan, Marcus R. "The Realizability of the Potential Benefits of Intelligent Vehicle‐highway Systems." Information Technology & People 7, no. 4 (1994): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076816.

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23

Graham, J. D. "Intelligent vehicle highway systems: A mandate now—and for the future." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 22, no. 4-7 (1995): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-7177(95)00149-v.

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24

Li, Lu Xi, Yao Deng, Yue Chen, and Jian Hua Shen. "A VLC Based Vehicle Collision Avoidance Scheme for Intelligent Transport Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1175.

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Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology is one of the main candidate solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This paper presents a comprehensive study on VLC based anti-rear-end collision scheme on the highway. A detailed VLC based rear-end collision avoidance model is proposed with theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.

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25

Estochen, Brad. "Specialty Vehicle Platform Results for Intelligent Vehicle Initiative: Minnesota Field Operational Test." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1826, no. 1 (2003): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1826-07.

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In November 1999, the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) awarded a major Intelligent Vehicle Initiative grant to the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT). Minnesota’s project was a 3-year Generation 0 Specialty Vehicle field operational test for technology that gives lateral guidance and collision avoidance warnings to drivers in low-visibility conditions. Along with Mn/DOT and FHWA, other public and private partners participated in the project. Active operational testing was conducted over the winter of 2001–2002. The purposes of the project wer

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26

Baskar, Lakshmi Dhevi, Bart De Schutter, and Hans Hellendoorn. "Optimal Routing for Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems Using Mixed Integer Linear Programming." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 15 (2009): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090902-3-us-2007.0065.

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27

Mast, Truman. "Human Factors in Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems: A Look to the Future." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 35, no. 15 (1991): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129103501522.

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28

Tang, Xiaofeng, Feng Gao, Guoyan Xu, et al. "Sensor Systems for Vehicle Environment Perception in a Highway Intelligent Space System." Sensors 14, no. 5 (2014): 8513–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140508513.

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29

Kaufman, David E., and Robert L. Smith. "FASTEST PATHS IN TIME-DEPENDENT NETWORKS FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE-HIGHWAY SYSTEMS APPLICATION∗." I V H S Journal 1, no. 1 (1993): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10248079308903779.

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30

Agre, Philip E., and Christine A. Harbs. "Social Choice about Privacy: Intelligent Vehicle‐highway Systems in the United States." Information Technology & People 7, no. 4 (1994): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593849410076825.

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31

Do, Wooseok, Omid M. Rouhani, and Luis Miranda-Moreno. "Simulation-Based Connected and Automated Vehicle Models on Highway Sections: A Literature Review." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (June 26, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9343705.

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This study provides a literature review of the simulation-based connected and automated intelligent-vehicle studies. Media and car-manufacturing companies predict that connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) would be available in the near future. However, society and transportation systems might not be completely ready for their implementation in various aspects, e.g., public acceptance, technology, infrastructure, and/or policy. Since the empirical field data for CAVs are not available at present, many researchers develop micro or macro simulation models to evaluate the CAV impacts. This stud

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32

Klingenberg, Bjorn. "Opportunities for Progressive Deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems/Automated Highway System Technologies in Support of Commercial Vehicle Operations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1651, no. 1 (1998): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1651-15.

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The U.S. Department of Transportation has undertaken the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) to improve transportation safety and productivity by accelerating the progressive deployment of intelligent transportation systems/automated highway system (ITS/AHS) technologies. Commercial vehicle operations (CVO) stand a unique chance to benefit from this initiative. Truck manufacturers and the trucking industry have made great progress in raising the standards of safety and operating efficiency over the past few years, but further significant advancements can be accomplished only by increased auto

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33

Hancock, P. A., and Raja Parasuraman. "Human factors and safety in the design of intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS)." Journal of Safety Research 23, no. 4 (1992): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(92)90001-p.

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34

Ng, Linda, and Woodrow Barfield. "User Information Requirements for Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems as a Function of Driver Category." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 16 (1993): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701608.

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Advanced Traveler Information Systems/Commercial Vehicle Operations (ATIS/CVO) are segments of IVHS currently being researched as a means of decreasing road congestion and increasing safety. Due to the complex information requirements for these systems, three surveys have been designed by University of Washington researchers and distributed nationwide to collect these requirements from the users: commercial drivers, dispatchers and private vehicle drivers This paper discusses the methodology used to design the surveys and the effort to ensure that a representative sample was included on a nati

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35

Alicandri, Elizabeth, and M. Joseph Moyer. "Human Factors and the Automated Highway System." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 15 (1992): 1064–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749793.

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The Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System (IVHS) is an important and broad ranging Department of Transportation program to reduce congestion and increase safety on the nation's highway system. The Automated Highway System (AHS) represents the full realization of one IVHS subsystem, Automated Vehicle Control Systems. Efforts are underway to define and resolve critical human factors questions related to the AHS. As part of the process, human factors issues will be identified through development of hypothetical AHS scenarios. This requires a generic AHS scenario be presented, and affiliated human fa

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36

Wheeler, William A., John D. Lee, Mireille Raby, Rhonda A. Kinghorn, Alvah C. Bittner, and Marvin C. McCallum. "Predicting Driver Behavior using Advanced Traveler Information Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 16 (1994): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801614.

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As a part of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) will offer tomorrow's drivers significantly expanded capabilities for getting where they want to go safely and efficiently. Vehicle-based navigation systems combined with information on highway conditions and services have the potential for improving driver performance. Though ATIS may offer considerable advantages, the system design must be consistent with the primary tasks of controlling and operating the vehicle. This paper describes an attempt to identify the likely interaction between

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37

Zito, R., G. D'Este, and M. A. P. Taylor. "Global positioning systems in the time domain: How useful a tool for intelligent vehicle-highway systems?" Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 3, no. 4 (1995): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-090x(95)00006-5.

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38

Jalooli, Ali, Erfan Shaghaghi, Mohammad Reza Jabbarpour, Rafidah Md Noor, Hwasoo Yeo, and Jason J. Jung. "Intelligent Advisory Speed Limit Dedication in Highway Using VANET." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/629412.

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Variable speed limits (VSLs) as a mean for enhancing road traffic safety are studied for decades to modify the speed limit based on the prevailing road circumstances. In this study the pros and cons of VSL systems and their effects on traffic controlling efficiency are summarized. Despite the potential effectiveness of utilizing VSLs, we have witnessed that the effectiveness of this system is impacted by factors such as VSL control strategy used and the level of driver compliance. Hence, the proposed approach called Intelligent Advisory Speed Limit Dedication (IASLD) as the novel VSL control s

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39

Perez, William A., and Truman M. Mast. "Human Factors and Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 15 (1992): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749694.

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The nation's motoring public is increasingly burdened by recalcitrant transportation problems, many of them directly attributable to increasing traffic congestion. In response to this, the US. Department of transportation is actively moving on several fronts to address this problem. One of the more promising approaches to relieving congestion is through the design and implementation of new technology in the Intelligent Vehicle/Highway System (IVHS). IVHS is composed of five elements: Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Commercial Vehicle Op

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40

Ivers, Douglas, and Douglas LeRoy. "Improving vehicle performance and operator ergonomics: Commercial application of smart materials and systems." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 8 (2012): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12445630.

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This article will discuss how controllable material technology, such as the use of active magnetorheological dampers, improves primary and secondary suspensions of vehicle. Although relatively new to the marketplace, semiactive suspensions in commercial automobiles and off-highway vehicles have been proven through the use of active magnetorheological dampers since 1998. In fact, magnetorheological suspension dampers are found today on the commercial vehicles of an increasing number of automotive original equipment manufacturers and leading off-highway original equipment manufacturers. Magnetor

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41

Ruan, Guan Qiang, Jian Cun Liu, and Wen Chao Cheng. "The Research on Electronic Smart Clutch Operating System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.520.

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Today, the sensors are used in the different fields, especially in the automobiles and Aeronautics and Astronautics industry. Speed sensor in the car is very useful . The engine speed sensor and speed sensor are used to collect the movement of the car, which Can intelligently judge drivers true intentions of the operation, in accordance with a set of systems, intelligently solve the problem that driver can not reasonably Use the clutch. Through intelligent systems, controlling the clutch can effectively reduce the fuel consumption of the car.The system enables more intelligent operation of the

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42

Lindquist, Eric. "Survival and Institutionalization of an Idea: The Rapid Rise of Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems." Review of Policy Research 23, no. 4 (2006): 887–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2006.00238.x.

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43

Shladover, Steven E. "Potential contributions of intelligent vehicle/ highway systems (IVHS) to reducing transportation's greenhouse gas production." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 27, no. 3 (1993): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-8564(93)90060-x.

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44

Sadovnichy, Viktor A., L. Sokolova, N. Baranova, et al. "AUTONOMOUS AND REMOTELY CONTROLLED ROBOTIC SYSTEMS OF MEDICAL EVACUATION UNDER TRANSITION TO A DIGITAL ECONOMY: DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY AND THE ALL-RUSSIAN CENTER OF DISASTER MEDICINE “ZASCHITA”." Population and Economics 2, no. 2 (2018): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.2.e36051.

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Medical evacuation of severelly ill or injured patients is a complicated and expensive problem. Transportation is performed by highly-qualified medical crew and on special vehicles (automobiles, on-land and water transport). Modern digital models enable significantly optimize patient transportation by creating new approaches. Robotization and artificial intelligence within transportation provides opportunity to improve the outcomes with significant reduction of its cost. lemedicine

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45

Peters, Joseph I., and King M. Roberts. "Human Factors and Advanced Traffic Management Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 15 (1992): 1068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749739.

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Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) are those components of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) that integrate traffic detection, communication, and control functions to be responsive to dynamic traffic conditions and increase the efficiency of existing traffic networks. ATMS provide the management foundation that will enable and integrate other IVHS components such as Commercial Vehicle Operations, Advanced Traveler Information Systems, Advanced Vehicle Control Systems, and Advanced Public Transportation Systems. This paper defines Advanced Traffic Management Systems. It also de

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46

Prokudin, Georgii, Myroslav Oliskevych, Alexey Chupaylenko, and Olexiy Dudnik. "Development of vehicle speed forecasting method for intelligent highway transport system." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 3 (100) (2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.174255.

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47

Rice, Robert, Rand Decker, Newel Jensen, Ralph Patterson, and Stanford Singer. "Rural Intelligent Transportation System for Snow Avalanche Detection and Warning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1700, no. 1 (2000): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1700-04.

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The growth of winter travel on alpine roads in the western United States, a result of the demand for reliable winter access, has increased the hazard to motorists and highway maintenance personnel from snow avalanches. Configurations are presented for systems that can detect and provide, in real time, warnings to motorists and highway maintainers of roadway avalanches. These warnings include on-site traffic control signing, in-vehicle audio alarms for winter maintenance vehicles, and notifying maintenance facilities or centralized agency dispatchers. These avalanche detection and warning syste

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48

Fernando, W. U. N., and S. Kumarawadu. "Discrete-time neuroadaptive control using dynamic state feedback with application to vehicle motion control for intelligent vehicle highway systems." IET Control Theory & Applications 4, no. 8 (2010): 1465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2009.0144.

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49

Ning, Chen. "On-Line Measuring System for Urban Highway Traffic Flow Based on Video Detection Technique." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.713.

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In intelligent transportation systems (ITS) for urban highway-nets, the data of traffic flow is very important to control and lead to traffic. According to chromatic aberration between vehicles and road surfaces in images caught from moving vehicles, a new method is proposed to analyze on-line traffic states based on video detection technique. firstly video for 10 frame/second sampling, difference operation of same region of two neighbored image is used to detect moving vehicle very quickly on measurement strap; secondly the result of difference was grayed ,horizontal projection and adaptive t

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Butt, Muhammad Atif, Asad Masood Khattak, Sarmad Shafique, et al. "Convolutional Neural Network Based Vehicle Classification in Adverse Illuminous Conditions for Intelligent Transportation Systems." Complexity 2021 (February 12, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6644861.

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In step with rapid advancements in computer vision, vehicle classification demonstrates a considerable potential to reshape intelligent transportation systems. In the last couple of decades, image processing and pattern recognition-based vehicle classification systems have been used to improve the effectiveness of automated highway toll collection and traffic monitoring systems. However, these methods are trained on limited handcrafted features extracted from small datasets, which do not cater the real-time road traffic conditions. Deep learning-based classification systems have been proposed

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