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Journal articles on the topic 'Automobiles – Radiators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Bupesh Raja, V. K., R. Unnikrishnan, and R. Purushothaman. "Application of Nanofluids as Coolant in Automobile Radiator – An Overview." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.337.

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In this paper a literature review is made on the application of nanofluids as coolant in automobile radiators. The nanoparticles by virtue of their smaller size possess more surface area than the bulk material, which shall enable them to absorb and dissipate heat at a faster rate. Generally water and ethylene glycol are used as coolants in automobile radiators. Several investigators have used nanofluids consisting of nanosize particles of TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, CuO, Fe2O3, etc., suspended in the coolant used in the radiator of automobiles. These investigators have observed that the application of nanofluids increases the cooling rate and shall pave way for reducing the weight and size of the radiator, there by contributing to smaller and efficient radiators.

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2

Didmanidze, O. N., R. T. Khakimov, E. P. Parlyuk, and N. A. Bol’shakov. "Test Results of a Polymer Radiator of MTZ-80 Tractor Cooling System." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-1-55-60.

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Global car manufacturers wish to increase the number of manufactured products, reduce their cost and labor input. The choice of research areas, design and technological developments in radiator construction is an extremely important and urgent task, due to the mass production of radiators for tractors and automobiles on the one hand, and the favorable development prospects of these interrelated industries, on the other. (Research purpose) To substantiate theoretically and experimentally the use of a combined cooling system containing both aluminum and polymeric water radiators and similarly liquid-oil heat exchangers based on the four principles listed above on automobiles and tractors. (Materials and methods) The authors performed bench tests using a special wind tunnel to study the thermal and aerodynamic characteristics of a prototype tractor radiator with a polyurethane core. After reaching the steady-state operating mode of the installation, the experimental values were determined for the control and measuring instruments. (Results and discussion) The authors carried out measurements of all parameters of both coolants in series at each steady-state operating mode of the bench. They obtained the main indicators dependences (reduced heat transfer, aerodynamic and hydraulic drag) of the heat exchanger, close to the operating conditions of the vehicles. (Conclusions) A prototype MTZ-80 radiator with a polyurethane core has great prospects as a future alternative radiator. An increase by 10-15 percent in the radiator heat transfer is possible by using aluminum fi ns on the surface of the polyurethane plate. A 15-20 percent reduction in hydrodynamic resistance is achieved by increasing the diameter of the capillary throughput in a polyurethane plate and the number of plates themselves in the radiator cell.

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3

Ng, E. Y., P. W. Johnson, and S. Watkins. "An analytical study on heat transfer performance of radiators with non-uniform airflow distribution." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x35116.

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Heat exchangers used in modern automobiles usually have a highly non-uniform air velocity distribution because of the complexity of the engine compartment and underhood flow fields; hence ineffective use of the core area has been noted. To adequately predict the heat transfer performance in typical car radiators, a generalized analytical model accounting for airflow maldistribution was developed using a finite element approach and applying appropriate heat transfer equations including the ε-NTU (effectiveness - number of heat transfer units) method with the Davenport correlation for the air-side heat transfer coefficient. The analytical results were verified against a set of experimental data from nine radiators tested in a wind tunnel and were found to be within +24 and −10 per cent of the experimental results. By applying the analytical model, several severe non-uniform velocity distributions were also studied. It was found that the loss of radiator performance caused by airflow maldistribution, compared with uniform airflow of the same total flowrate, was relatively minor except under extreme circumstances where the non-uniformity factor was larger than 0.5. The relatively simple set of equations presented in this paper can be used independently in spreadsheets or in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, enabling a full numerical prediction of aerodynamic as well as thermodynamic performance of radiators to be conducted prior to a prototype being built.

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4

Kahraman, Cengiz, Basar Oztaysi, and Sezi Cevik Onar. "Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Confidence Intervals." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2017-0139.

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Abstract Confidence intervals are useful tools for statistical decision-making purposes. In case of incomplete and vague data, fuzzy confidence intervals can be used for decision making under uncertainty. In this paper, we develop interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) confidence intervals for population mean, population proportion, differences in means of two populations, and differences in proportions of two populations. The developed IVIF intervals can be used in cases of both finite and infinite population sizes. The developed fuzzy confidence intervals are equivalent decision-making tools to fuzzy hypothesis tests. We apply the proposed confidence intervals to the differences in the mean lives and failure proportions of two types of radiators used in automobiles, and a sensitivity analysis is given to check the robustness of the decisions.

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5

Justin Dhiraviam, F., V. Naveen Prabhu, T. Suresh, and C. Selva Senthil Prabhu. "Improved Efficiency in Engine Cooling System by Repositioning of Turbo Inter Cooler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.792.

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Turbochargers are an integral part of today’s modern diesel engines and are a major reason that they are able to produce more power. Unlike a super charger that is driven via a belt from the engine, a turbo takes the exhaust that the engine is producing and puts it to good use. As Turbochargers are driven by exhaust, heat is an unwelcome by product and something that wasn’t really taken into account in automobiles. Then those intercoolers started to come into play in turbocharged automobiles. The forced air produced by the turbocharger is routed through the intercooler where its temperature is reduced before reaching the engine. The use of intercoolers has made turbocharged vehicles far more reliable and, in the case of today’s heavy duty diesel trucks, is a very important component. The inlet air of an IC engine from turbocharger temperature is very much high (due to compression) means oxygen content is very much less. And also air with high temperature causes pre-ignition and detonation. So fuel combustion does not take place properly. Inter Cooling of inlet air is very much essential according to performance point of view. Turbo intercoolers are used for cooling the inlet air of an IC engine from turbo chargers. Moreover cooling of air makes it denser and contributes for better combustion and more power they are mounted close to the radiators for achieving lower air temperature. This arrangement affects the performance of both. So in this project an attempt will be made to increase the efficiency of the turbo intercooler arrangement through design modification and repositioning of intercooler by taking the TATA MARCOPOLO-Star Bus 909 as a reference.

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6

Kushwah, Pavan. "Review on Thermal Analysis of Automobile Radiator." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37186.

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Radiators are used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling. Low efficiency heat exchangers used in automotive as radiator may cause to serious dangers for the engine. Hence, thermal scientists and engineers always pursuit modern methods to enhance the heat removal of the engine. It seems nanofluids implementation in automotive cooling system promises to achieve high efficiency radiators. This paper reviews almost all performed studies in this area that are available in the literature. Author collects details about nanoparticles materials and size, base fluid, volume, concentration, flow regime and Reynolds number used in studies. Usually, maximum heat transfer enhancement and maximum need of pumping power that occurs at the highest volumetric concentration of nanoparticles, simultaneously. On the other hand, using nanofluids, due to the enhanced heat carrying capacity of the nanofluids; the pumping power required will also be reduced.

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7

M, Vijayakumar, and Mahendra G. "Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Automobile Radiator using Tio2 Nanofluid Coolant." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41171.

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Abstract: The use of nanoparticle dispersed coolants in automobile radiators improves the heat transfer rate and facilitates overall reduction in size of the radiators. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of water/propylene glycol based TiO2nanofluid was analyzed experimentally and compared with pure water and water/propylene glycol mixture. Two different concentrations of nano fluids were prepared by adding 0.1 vol. %, 0.2 vol. %, 0.3 vol. % and 0.4 vol. % of TiO2 nanoparticles into water/propylene glycol mixture (60:40). The experiments were conducted by varying the coolant flow rate between 3 to 6 lit./min. for various coolant temperatures (50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C) to understand the effect of coolant flow rate on heat transfer. The results showed that the Nusselt number of the Nano fluid coolant increases with increase in flow rate. At low inlet coolant temperature the water/propylene glycol mixture showed higher heat transfer rate when compared with Nano fluid coolant. However at higher operating temperature and higher coolant flow rate, 0.3 vol. % of TiO2nanofluid enhances the heat transfer rate by 8.5% when compared to base fluids. Keywords: Heat transfer enhancement, Propylene Glycol, Radiator, TiO2Nanofluid coolant

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8

Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal H., Arash Karimipour, Randa I. Hatamleh, and S. Mohammad Sajadi. "Improve the rheological and thermal performances of the antifreeze liquids for cooling the batteries and radiators in automobiles via provide a new hybrid material composed from Carbon Nanotubes in Ethylene Glycol/Propylene Glycol." Journal of Energy Storage 52 (August 2022): 104982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104982.

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9

OʼNeal, Nancy, Gary Purdue, and John Hunt. "Burns Caused by Automobile Radiators." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 13, no. 4 (July 1992): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199207000-00007.

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10

Jadar, Raju, K. S. Shashishekar, and S. R. Manohara. "Nanotechnology Integrated Automobile Radiator." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 11 (2017): 12080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.09.134.

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11

Fetuga, Ibrahim Ademola, Olabode Thomas Olakoyejo, Daniel Ejike Ewim, Joshua Kolawole Gbegudu, Adekunle Omolade Adelaja, and Olayinka Omowunmi Adewumi. "Computational investigation of thermal behaviors of the automotive radiator operated with water/anti-freezing agent nanofluid based coolant." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 8, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 13977–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl8iss2pp13977-01e.

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In this study, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted in ANSYS (FLUENT) to examine the thermal performance of an automotive radiator using conventional and hybrid coolant with a Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) . A hybrid mixture of pure water H2Oand ethylene glycol (EG) in the volumetric proportion of , was coupled with Al2O3 nanoparticles with volume fraction of 1% - 4% at different inlet temperatures. The Reynolds number was varied from 4 000 to 8 000. From the numerical results obtained, it was found that an increase in nanoparticle volume fraction led to an increase in heat transfer rate and pressure drop in the automotive radiator. Also, it was found that at a Reynolds number of 8 000, using the hybrid mixture as a base fluid increased the Nusselt number by 55.6% in contrast to pure water. However, further suspension of 4% Vol. Al2O3 nanoparticles into existing hybrid mixture increased the Nusselt number by 70%. Furthermore, it was found that an increase in the inlet temperature of the radiator caused more enhancement in the heat transfer rate. For Re=8 000 4% vol. Al2O3-water nanofluid, the heat transfer rate was enhanced by 54.57% when increasing the inlet temperature from 60oC to 90oC. Therefore, it is recommended that automobile radiators be operated at a high inlet temperature with nanofluid containing a very high concentration of suitable nanoparticles and an anti-freezing agent in an adequate volumetric proportion to achieve better thermal performance.

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12

Kwak, Seung Bum, and Nak Sam Choi. "Degradation and Failure Mechanisms of EPDM Rubbers for Automotive Radiator Hoses." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2864.

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Coolant rubber hoses for automobile radiators under thermal and mechanical loadings can be degraded and thus failed due to the influences of contacting stresses of air, coolant liquid and to the locally formed electricity. In this study, degradation behavior of the radiator hose made of EPDM rubber was evaluated. The thermo-oxidative aging test showed that the surface hardness IRHD of the rubber increased together with a reduction of failure strain. By the electro-chemical test it was shown that the penetration of coolant liquid into the skin of the rubber hose arose inducing an increase in weight of specimens as well as a decrease in failure strain and IRHD hardness. The penetration of coolant liquid altered considerably the micro-structure and the micro-hardness distribution along the depth in the rubber hose. On the basis of the above results failure mechanisms of degraded EPDM rubbers were suggested according to the kinds of contacting stresses.

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13

Jadar, Raju, K. S. Shashishekar, and S. R. Manohara. "f- MWCNT Nanomaterial Integrated Automobile Radiator." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 10 (2017): 11028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.08.062.

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14

Goldman, Rose H., Edward L. Baker, Marian Hannan, and Douglas B. Kamerow. "Lead Poisoning in Automobile Radiator Mechanics." New England Journal of Medicine 317, no. 4 (July 23, 1987): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198707233170406.

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15

Renz, Barry M., and Roger Sherman. "Automobile Carburetor- and Radiator-Related Burns." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 13, no. 4 (July 1992): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199207000-00006.

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16

Adnan and Waqas Ashraf. "Numerical thermal featuring in γAl₂O₃-C₂H₆O₂ nanofluid under the influence of thermal radiation and convective heat condition by inducing novel effects of effective Prandtl number model (EPNM)." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 6 (June 2022): 168781322211065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221106577.

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The investigation of thermal transport in the nanofluid attained much interest of the researchers due to their extensive applications in automobile, mechanical engineering, radiators, aerodynamics, and many other industries. Therefore, a nanofluid model is developed for γAl2O3-C2H6O2 by incorporating the novel effects of Effective Prandtl Number Model (EPNM), thermal radiations, and convective heat condition. The model discussed numerically and furnished the results against the governing flow quantities. It is examined that the nanofluid velocity alters significantly due to combined convection and stretching parameter. Induction of thermal radiation in the model significantly contributed in the temperature of nanofluids and high temperature is observed by strengthen thermal radiation (Rd) parameter. Further, convection from the surface (convective heat condition) provided extra energy to the fluid particles which boosts the temperature of γAl2O3-C2H6O2. The comparison of nanofluid (γAl2O3-C2H6O2) temperature with base fluid (C2H6O2) revealed that γAl2O3-C2H6O2 has high temperature and would be fruitful for future industrial applications. Moreover, the study is validated with previously reported literature and found reliability of the study.

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17

Kirubagharan, R., C. Ramesh, P. Pragalathan, and N. Harish. "Geometrical analysis of automobile radiator using CFD." Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 3124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.739.

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18

Bargal, Mohamed H. S., Mohamed A. A. Abdelkareem, and Yiping Wang. "Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Automobile Radiator Performance." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 563 (August 9, 2019): 042038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/563/4/042038.

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19

Ma, W. S., W. X. Shen, and L. W. Zhang. "Heat rejection efficiency research of new energy automobile radiators." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 324 (March 2018): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/324/1/012068.

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20

Dittus, F. W., and L. M. K. Boelter. "Heat transfer in automobile radiators of the tubular type." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(85)90003-x.

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21

Ukueje, Wisdom Etabiese, Fidelis Ibiang Abam, and Anthony Obi. "A Perspective Review on Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Nanofluids and Their Application in Automobile Radiator Cooling." Journal of Nanotechnology 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2187932.

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Hybrid nanofluids developed with the fusion or suspension of two or more different nanoparticles in a mixture as a novel heat transfer fluid are currently of interest to researchers due to their proven better measured thermal conductivities. Several reviewed articles exist on the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids, a vital property for which the heat transfer rate is directly dependent. This review aims to understand the current developments in hybrid nanofluids and their applications. An extensive literature survey was carried out of heuristic-based articles published in the last 15 years. The review reiterates topical research on the preparation methods and ways to improve the stability of readied fluid, thermophysical properties of mixture nanofluids, and some empirical correlations developed for estimating thermal conductivity. Hybrid nanofluid studies on heat transfer performance in automobile radiator cooling systems were also obtained and discussed. The review’s significant findings include the following: (1) hybrid nanofluids produce a noticeable thermal conductivity enhancement and a relatively higher heat transfer coefficient than mono nanofluids and regular liquids. Furthermore, through the uniform dispersion and stable suspension of nanoparticles in the host liquids, the maximum possible thermal augmentation can be obtained at the lowest possible concentrations (by <0.1% by volume). (2) An automobile radiator’s overall heat transfer accomplishment can thus be boosted by using a mixture of nanofluids as conventional coolants. Up-to-date literature results on the thermal conductivity enhancement of mixture fluids are also presented in this study. Nonetheless, some of the barriers and challenges acknowledged in this work must be addressed for its complete deployment in modern applications.

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22

Miyake, J., M. Tsuji, and S. Kawauchi. "Corrosion resistant brass cactus CB203 for automobile radiator." Bulletin of the Japan Institute of Metals 25, no. 4 (1986): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia1962.25.313.

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23

Jadar, Raju, K. S. Shashishekar, and S. R. Manohara. "Performance Evaluation of Al-MWCNT based Automobile Radiator." Materials Today: Proceedings 9 (2019): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.02.167.

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24

Gurjar, Atharva, Mohammed Moinuddin Shaikh, Siddhesh Ambilduke, and S. Senthur Prabu. "A Study on Performance Evaluation and Thermal Analysis of an Automobile Radiator." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 16287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.16287ecst.

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A car is one of the best feats of mechanical engineering and design. A car is run by a power source that provides necessary and required energy to translate or move and the power source is an engine. During this process, there is generation as well as the exchange of heat that happens continuously to keep the car running. Over time the engine heats up, i.e. most of this chemical energy is lost to the environment as heat, which reduces the efficiency of the engine significantly. In a car, the radiator functions to monitor and regulate the engine temperature to prevent it from overheating thus improving the efficiency of the engine. A study has been made on the performance evaluation of the radiator and with the help of Ansys workbench the thermal analysis is carried out to find extreme conditions in the radiator.

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25

Petrov, A. P., S. N. Sinitsyn, and S. N. Bannikov. "Design features of fan assembly in automobiles." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66917.

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Nowadays in the engine cooling system and in air-conditioning system of passenger compartment and cabin of tractor is applied a great variety of designs of fan units for the supply of cooling air. A distinctive feature of fan units of automobiles is that they need not only to supply cooling air, but also must make efficient use of air flow. This is not an easy task, because these two functions are almost always in conflict. The problem becomes even more complicated when a car air conditioner is installed. Efficiency factor of the incident flow is higher than the efficiency of the fan. It is therefore necessary to use more efficient the incoming air flow. The article analyzes the most common fan assemblies of automobiles used for the operation of the engine cooling and passenger compartment air conditioning system. Its strengths and weaknesses were evaluated. There were evaluated the most important characteristics: the effectiveness of the fan use, the rational use of air flow when the vehicle is moving, mass-dimensional characteristics and the noise produced by the fans in their work. The conclusions and recommendations for improving the fan installations were given. When choosing one or another variant of the fan assembly it is needed to take into account the features of the automobile design. High efficiency of fan can be obtained when the fan shroud has a full coverage of the radiator. In this case, for rational use of incoming flow is necessary to install in the fan cover the valves of a large cross-section in contrast to traditional, these valves must be driven to forced opening and closing.

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26

Holshev, N. V., D. N. Konovalov, S. M. Vedishchev, and A. V. Milovanov. "Influence of the distance from an obstacle to the outlet pipe of the radiator fan case of the automotive engine cooling system on the distribution of air flow." Вестник гражданских инженеров 18, no. 5 (2021): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2021-18-5-143-149.

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The article presents the methodology and results of the study of the influence of the distance from the obstacle to the cut of the outlet pipe of the fan case of the cooling system of the automobile engine on the nature of the air flow distribution in front of the radiator. The studies were carried out on a specially made laboratory installation that provides measurement of the air flow velocity at fixed points in front of the radiator. As a result of the research, there were obtained response surfaces that describe the distribution of the air flow in front of the radiator at different distances from the obstacle to the outlet of the fan case. On this basis, there was determined the optimal distance from the obstacle, which provides the most uniform radiator blowing.

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27

Zanzote, Megha. "CFD Analysis of Enhancement of Heat Transfer of Automobile Radiator with Hybrid Nanofluid as a Coolant." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37971.

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Abstract: The performance of the radiator depends on the fluid used in it as a coolant. The conventional fluids like water, ethylene glycol used as a coolant have low thermal conductivity and are not enough for transferring the heat to more extend. Nanoparticles because of their high thermal conductivity enhances the performance of the radiator when added into the base fluid. In the present work Al2O3-CuO/ Water based hybrid nanofluid is used as a coolant for the CFD analysis of automobile radiator. Different mixing ratios (80:20, 60:40,50:50,40:60 and 20:80) of Al2O3-CuO nanoparticles are used in water with 1% volume concentration. The inlet temperature and volume flow rate of fluid are kept constant. The nanofluid with 20:80 mixing ratio of Al2O3-CuO gives maximum enhancement in heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number than water by 72% and 65% respectively. Keywords: Coolant, Heat Transfer Coefficient, Nusselt Number, Hybrid Nanofluids, Radiator

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28

Poslavsky, A. P., V. V. Sorokin, and A. A. Fadeev. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING TOOLS AND METHODS FOR INSTRUMENTAL DIAGNOSTICS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS OF TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT IN OPERATION." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 4 (2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2021-4-60.

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Heat exchangers are used to stabilize and maintain the temperature regime of various units and systems of cars. The technical condition of heat exchangers in operation is different and unstable. At a certain operating time interval, the technical condition of any of the heat exchangers can become limiting due to the influence of various kinds of operational factors. The article analyzes the possibility of improving the means and methods of diagnostic support of automobile heat exchangers in operation. In the design and manufacture of automotive heat exchangers, they are tested in specialized laboratories equipped with test stands characterized by high capital and operating costs. The use of these stands for diagnosing heat exchangers in operation is not applicable. Due to the limitations and imperfections of the known methods and means of diagnosing automobile heat exchangers in operation, an objective assessment of their current technical condition is difficult and requires the search for new, more advanced diagnostic options. The relevance of the topic of the article lies in the search for ways to improve the diagnostic support, adapted for a quantitative assessment of the technical condition of heat exchangers in operation. The aim of the work is to improve the method and means of diagnosing heat exchangers in operation on the basis of modernizing the design of the test bench for radiator modules. Potentially a possible upgrade option was chosen previously developed by the authors stand for testing modules of automobile radiators, which is distinguished by the effect of resource saving when obtaining the test result. Achievement of the goal requires updating the architecture of the structural elements of the stand, and the search for design and technological solutions that contribute to the achievement of the goal. The methodological research toolkit is based on dialectically interrelated methods: analysis of a problem situation and subsequent design and technological synthesis. Scientific novelty lies in the development of conditions for modernization, allowing to expand the functionality of the basic structure of the stand. The practical significance of the results lies in the choice of the direction of research, with a new set of technical proposals and conditions for achieving the goal of the work.

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29

Cui, Hong Jiang, Ming Hai Li, and Ying Guan. "The Thermo-Test and Mathematics Model Study on Automobile Tube-Core-Fin Radiator." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 1014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.1014.

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.In order to improve the performance of automobile tube-core-fin radiator, the thermo-test and mathematics model method were combined together to study heat transfer and air resistance. The mathematics model was built including heat transfer and air resistance coefficient criterion equations in the certain Reynolds number range. The maximum relative error between results calculated from mathematics model and test values is less than 6.61%. The number of tube rows of the radiator can affect heat transfer and air resistance coefficient through analyzing results.

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30

Ponangi, Babu Rao, S. Sumanth, V. Krishna, T. R. Seetharam, and K. N. Seetharamu. "Performance analysis of automobile radiator using carboxyl graphene nanofluids." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 346 (April 2018): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/346/1/012031.

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Sumanth, S., P. Babu Rao, V. Krishna, TR Seetharam, and KN Seetharamu. "Effect of carboxyl graphene nanofluid on automobile radiator performance." Heat Transfer-Asian Research 47, no. 4 (April 20, 2018): 669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/htj.21335.

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32

Lunin, A. S., V. A. Burganov, and S. M. Druzhbina. "Glass-filled polypropylene for fabrication of automobile radiator tanks." Fibre Chemistry 27, no. 4 (1996): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00572809.

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33

Palaniappan, Boopathi, and Venkatachalam Ramasamy. "Thermodynamic analysis of fly ash nanofluid for automobile (heavy vehicle) radiators." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 136, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7844-0.

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34

Dragomirov, S. G., P. Ig Eydel, A. Yu Gamayunov, and M. S. Dragomirov. "Physicochemical characteristics of solid particles of contaminants in the coolant of automobile and tractor engines." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 3 (2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-3-53-61.

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The article describes the results of a study of the physicochemical characteristics of solid particles of contaminants present in the coolant of automobile and tractor engines. The data on the fractional, physical and chemical composition of solid particles of contamination are given. It was established that the generalized reason for the appearance of contaminants of various nature in liquid cooling systems of engines is the physicochemical interaction of the coolant (antifreeze) with different elements and dissimilar materials of the cooling system. The use of absolutely pure coolant in the cooling systems of automobile and tractor engines is practically unrealistic, since there will always be operating conditions that contribute to the formation of contamination. A number of chemical elements (in an amount from 1 to 47% of each element) were found in the composition of solid particles of coolant contaminants: iron Fe, silicon Si, aluminum Al, lead Pb, tin Sn, zinc Zn, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, copper Cu. In addition, at a level of less than 1.0% (wt.), Such chemical elements as potassium K, sodium Na, titanium Ti, phosphorus P, sulfur S, chromium Cr, molyb-denum Mo, chlorine Cl, iridium Ir, nickel Ni, manganese Mn, etc. were found. The most dangerous contaminants are particles of iron Fe and silicon Si, contained in the coolant in an amount of up to 47 and 37%, respectively, and possessing significant hardness and angularity. The abrasive proper-ties of Fe and Si particles create the danger of removing a thin oxide film on the inner surface of the walls of the cooling radiator channels, leading to their premature destruction. In this regard, it is concluded that high-performance engine coolant filters should be used in automobiles and tractors to remove these contaminants from the flow.

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Jarrah, H. T., S. S. Mohtasebi, E. Ettefaghi, and F. Jaliliantabar. "Experimental investigation of Silver / Water nanofluid heat transfer in car radiator." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 7743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.1.2021.10.0610.

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Currently available fluids for heat transfer including refrigerants, water, ethylene glycol mixture, etc., have been widely exploited in various fields, especially in automobile cooling systems, for many years. However, these fluids possess poor heat transfer capability which means that to achieve acceptable heat transfer activity, high compactness and effectiveness of heat transfer systems are essential. This research work concentrates on preparation and use of water based Silver containing nanofluids in automobile cooling system. Nanoparticles volume fraction, fluid inlet temperature, coolant and air Reynolds numbers were optimized so that the heat transfer performance of the car radiator system was totally improved. It was found that increasing these parameters leads to enhancement of the heat transfer performance. In the best condition, the Ag/water nanofluids with low concentrations could amend heat transfer efficiency up to 30.2% in comparison to pure water.

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Khan, Tasueef Aized, and Hassaan Ahmad. "CFD-Based Comparative Performance Analysis of Different Nanofluids Used in Automobile Radiators." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 44, no. 6 (February 11, 2019): 5787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-03750-9.

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Hafeez, Muhammad Bilal, Rohul Amin, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, Wasim Jamshed, Abdel-Haleem Abdel-Aty, and M. Motawi Khashan. "Heat transfer enhancement through nanofluids with applications in automobile radiator." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 27 (October 2021): 101192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101192.

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Sai Krishna, Gude, and G. Arun Reddy. "Comparative CFD Analysis and Investigation of Automobile Radiator Using Nanofluids." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 455 (December 19, 2018): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/455/1/012097.

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Jinsiwale, Naman, and Vishal Achwal. "Heat Transfer Enhancement in Automobile Radiator Using Nanofluids: A Review." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 55, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v55p214.

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Hanumanth Ramji, K. S., J. Vinoth kumar, and A. Amar Karthik. "Experimental Investigation of Automobile radiator using Tungsten trioxide Nano-fluid." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 995 (December 15, 2020): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/995/1/012017.

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Lee, Mun-Yong, Sung-Man Sohn, Chang-Young Kang, and Sang-Yong Lee. "Study on the hydroforming process for automobile radiator support members." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 130-131 (December 2002): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00749-5.

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Khan, M. Sabeel, and T. Dil. "Heat transfer enhancement of automobile radiator using H2O–CuO nanofluid." AIP Advances 7, no. 4 (April 2017): 045018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4982669.

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KUDO, Toshifumi, Tetsuo TOMINAGA, Tsuyoshi EGUCHI, and Atsushi SUZUKI. "Development of Noise Prediction Method for Radiator Fan of Automobile." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.7 (2004): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.7.0_75.

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Bhogare, Rahul A., and B. S. Kothawale. "Performance investigation of Automobile Radiator operated with Al2O3 based nanofluid." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 3 (2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11352330.

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Badgujar Pankaj, R., S. Rangarajan, and S. R. Nagaraja. "Analytical Performance Analysis of Cross Flow Louvered Fin Automobile Radiator." MATEC Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817202003.

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The objective of the present paper is to propose an analytical model for calculating performance parameter of a radiator having rectangular tube with louvered fins. The theoretical effectiveness, heat transfer rate, outlet temperatures of both air and coolant are determined using effectiveness-NTU method. The coolant and air side pressure drop is also calculated. The proposed procedure is validated with experimetal results available in the literature and the GT model. It is found that the maximum deviation in the heat transfer rate calculated from proposed model is 10.97%, the coolant and air outlet temperatures is 2.75% and variation in pressure drop is about 3.29%.

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Sultan, Khalid Faisal, Hosham Salim Anead, and Ameer Abed Jaddoa. "Energetic and Exergetic Assessment of the Cooling Efficiency of Automobile Radiator Using Mono and Hybrid Nanofluids." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 1321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390431.

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In this paper, for two separate half-breed Nano liquids, Ag (25nm) + refined water and Ag (50nm) + Zn (50nm)-refined water tentatively considered at the vehicle radiator, the execution of restricted convection. Four distinct cross-breed Nano liquid concentrations in the range of 2-6 vol %. The increase of half breed nanoparticles into the refined water as a base liquid was organized by percentage. Within the range of 20 l/min-60 l /min, the coolant flow rate is altered. Inside the warm trade, Crossover Nano coolants show colossal change compared to the refined water. Ag-refined water cross breed Nano liquid's warm exchange execution was found to be much better than Ag + Zn-refined water half breed Nano coolant. In addition, with the rise in the concentration of half breed nanoparticle and half breed Nano fluid velocity, the Nusselt number is found to expand. In the advancement of the warm exchange rate, Mono and hybrid nanofluid forms play a very important role in enhancing the heat transfer and refrigeration of car radiators. With an increase in concentration of half-breed nanoparticles for the primary form about 44 percent warm exchange transition, expansion of 6 vol percent crossover nanoparticles were achieved with the rate of warm exchange. In comparison to the current form of cross breed nanoparticles, with an expansion of 6 percent vol concentration, 22 percent extended. The exergy in flow, exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of mono nanofluid (Ag +Dw) are greater than hybrid nanofluid (Ag + Zn + Dw) and distilled water. The exergy inflow, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency as the concentration of nanoparticles increases for the two forms of mono and hybrid nanofluid. The values parameters of the mono nanofluid (Ag + Dw) such as exergy in flow, exergy destruction and exergy efficiency at 6 vol% were 572 W, 460 W, 72% respectively while in hybrid nanofluids (Ag + Zn + Dw) were 420W, 282W, 51%. The use of mono and hybrid nanofluid as a working fluid results in higher efficiency of heat transfer, which promotes the performance of the car engine and decreases fuel consumption.

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Nabil, Tamer, M. Elfarran, and Ahmed M. Farag. "Investigation the Cooling Performance of Vehicle Engines Using Radiator with Nano-Fluid as a Coolant." Journal of Nanofluids 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2020.1742.

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In the cooling system of the automobile engine, the water which is used as a coolant is evaporated due to high engine temperature, so it needs to add some additives to the coolant water but they dont give high performance compared to adding some of Nano-particles. This work investigated the heat transfer characteristics with Nano-fluid used in a radiator as vehicle engines coolant. The Nano-particles are introduced to a conventional coolantin certain concentrations resulted in, enhancing the ability to transfer heat, lowering the energy cost and theenvironmental impact. The performance enhancement caused reduction of the radiator and the vehicle frontal areathat lowered the coefficient of drag consequently reduced the fuel consumption. Two types of Nano-particles; metal(Cu) and metal oxide (CuO) are used with different concentrations (1%, 2% and 4%) in conventional coolant asa base fluid. Cooling of vehicle engine using radiator operated with different working fluids as water, coolant and modified coolant with Nano-particles are investigated. The conventional coolant with Nano Cu 2% had lowest exit temperature from the radiator and highest amount of heat rejection, so it can be used as industrial Nano-coolant.

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Vidya. CH et al.,, Vidya CH et al ,. "Novel CFD Analysis on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nano Coolants for Automobile Radiators." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 1869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2020172.

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Peyghambarzadeh, S. M., S. H. Hashemabadi, M. Seifi Jamnani, and S. M. Hoseini. "Improving the cooling performance of automobile radiator with Al2O3/water nanofluid." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 10 (July 2011): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.02.029.

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Suzuki, Masahiko, Kiyoshi Kawaguchi, Takahide Ohara, and Hiroyuki Osakabe. "Compact thermosyphon using multistacked radiator cores for automobiles: Refrigerant circulation and cooling performance." Heat Transfer?Asian Research 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1523-1496(200005)29:3<204::aid-htj5>3.0.co;2-m.

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