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Journal articles on the topic 'Automotive lighting system'
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1
Cervi, Murilo, Douglas Pappis, Alexandre Campos, and Ricardo Nederson do Prado. "Omnibus interior lighting system using LEDs and automotive communication network." Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 17, no. 2 (June 2006): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592006000200008.
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This paper presents an intelligent lighting system for bus interior environment using LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) controlled through an automotive communication network. The system consists of a master central control and slave lighting modules, using a LIN protocol (Local Interconnect Network) to perform communication. This network is a low cost alternative to the proposed system requirements, due to its low bit rate and physical needs. Each slave is an independent lighting module that supplies a group of LEDs and measures the environment lighting level. The master sets LEDs module parameters (slaves), such as the state (on/off) and desired lighting level. Besides, the master makes the user interface and establishes communication with other bus systems through a CAN (Controller Area Network) gateway. This paper presents a complete logical description, including block and state diagrams, a physical description and some relevant experimental results of the proposed system.
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Wang, Yi, and Li Ren He. "The Research of CAN Bus in the Car Intelligent Lighting Control System." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1908.
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As one of the most important subsystem of automotive control systems, the design of automotive lighting control system is essential. In this article, the automotive intelligent headlight control system based on CAN bus was introduced, and the system hardware structure and software design processes was given. Adopted MC9S08DZ60 microcontroller which integrated the CAN controller as the master chip. While taking advantage of the photoelectric sensor to analyze road lighting conditions, according to light changes in the external environment to achieve automatic dimmer. The circuit has characteristics of simple hardware design, high reliability and real-time. And provided a theoretical basis for the Hyundai Motor intelligent control system.
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Xu, Fei Long. "Research on New Energy Automatic Lighting Control System Based on the CAN-Bus." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 998–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.998.
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With the continuousdevelopment of modern new energy technologies, Hyundai automation andincreasingly high degree of intelligence, automotive lighting control system isto ensure safe driving is an important part, in order to ensure the safety andconvenience of road lighting, reducing the driver's labor strength, appeared ona variety of new automotive lighting control system, commonly used in daytimerunning auto-dimming, automatic lighting system, the beam adjustment system,delay control. Applications CAN bus can not only simplify the wiring harness toachieve vehicle information sharing, reduce system cost, but also greatlyreduce the failure rate of vehicle lights, and extend lamp life.
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Liu, Yan. "The Development of Santana 2000 Lighting Test Rig." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3449.
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Santana 2000 car is the study of the automotive lighting test rig. In the development process, all parts are arranged in accordance with the original car position, and the original car lighting harness was wiring, and fault box of the simulation of the actual fault was set. Developed automotive lighting test rig can really provide lighting and signal system control principle and process. The whole system or local circuit wiring training and line detection training can be done. Actual troubleshooting ability can be trained by the whole system or local circuit. It is multi-function, much cheaper and has better effect. And it provides real platform for improving the operating ability of the lighting and signal system.
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Park, Shin Hyun, Byeong Uk Im, and Dong Kyou Park. "Model Based Optimum Pid Gain Design of Adaptive Front Lighting System." International Journal of Automotive Technology 19, no. 5 (September 12, 2018): 923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0089-x.
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Morkos, Beshoy, Prabhu Shankar, Sudhakar Teegavarapu, Ashwin Michaelraj, Joshua D. Summers, and Andreas Obieglo. "Conceptual Development of Automotive Forward Lighting System Using White Light Emitting Diodes." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2009): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0593.
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María Cubillo‐Pinilla, José. "Export behavior in MNC suppliers networks: the Spanish automotive industry case." International Journal of Commerce and Management 18, no. 2 (July 31, 2008): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10569210810895212.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the transference of managerial skills from the multinational corporation (MNC) to local companies related to the exporting process. In particular, small‐ and medium‐sized companies.Design/methodology/approachA local productive system was selected, involved in the manufacturing of lighting systems for automobiles (main and auxiliary headlamps and rear lighting), and made up of small‐ and medium‐sized companies led by a single MNC which contracts out to the local industry. The analysis includes both suppliers to the multinational as well as non‐suppliers.FindingsThis paper shows that the existence of knowledge transfer of intangible resources and the existence of organizational learning are associated with the nature of the vertical network in a system of suppliers, and a horizontal network with an industrial agglomeration. The volume of knowledge transferred depends on the quality of the channels of communication which exist within the network, the geographical proximity, the frequency of exchange of ideas in the network, and the spatial proximity, among others.Originality/valueThis paper identifies the key factors that influence the performance of the knowledge transfer into MNC supplier's networks.
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Leone, Alessandro, Andrea Caroppo, Andrea Manni, and Pietro Siciliano. "Vision-Based Road Rage Detection Framework in Automotive Safety Applications." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092942.
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Drivers’ road rage is among the main causes of road accidents. Each year, it contributes to more deaths and injuries globally. In this context, it is important to implement systems that can supervise drivers by monitoring their level of concentration during the entire driving process. In this paper, a module for Advanced Driver Assistance System is used to minimise the accidents caused by road rage, alerting the driver when a predetermined level of rage is reached, thus increasing the transportation safety. To create a system that is independent of both the orientation of the driver’s face and the lighting conditions of the cabin, the proposed algorithmic pipeline integrates face detection and facial expression classification algorithms capable of handling such non-ideal situations. Moreover, road rage of the driver is estimated through a decision-making strategy based on the temporal consistency of facial expressions classified as “anger” and “disgust”. Several experiments were executed to assess the performance on both a real context and three standard benchmark datasets, two of which containing non-frontal-view facial expression and one which includes facial expression recorded from participants during driving. Results obtained show that the proposed module is competent for road rage estimation through facial expression recognition on the condition of multi-pose and changing in lighting conditions, with the recognition rates that achieve state-of-art results on the selected datasets.
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Fang, Yi-Chin, Yih-Fong Tzeng, Chan-Chuan Wen, Chao-Hsien Chen, Hsiao-Yi Lee, Shun-Hsyung Chang, and Yi-Lun Su. "A Study of High-Efficiency Laser Headlight Design Using Gradient-Index Lens and Liquid Lens." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 7331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207331.
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In the field of vehicle lighting, due to the diode laser, its small size and high energy conversion efficiency, it can be effectively used as the headlight source of high beam. In recent years, it was adopted by European advanced car manufacturers as a new generation of automotive headlight lighting products. The current mature technology on the market is to extend the laser beam by means of reflection and to use a single high-power laser as the light source to meet the needs of surface lighting. In this research, we propose a new integrated optical design for an automotive headlight system with the rod lens, gradient-index lens (GRIN lens) and freeform lens to expand the laser beam. With regard to the diffusion of the beam by reflection and refraction, the liquid lens is used as a switch for the high beam and low beam lights to meet the needs of vehicle lighting functions and to use low-power diode lasers to synthesize the array light source. Compared with the 24-W LED headlight module available in the current market, the energy saved by this proposed optical design can increase efficiency by an average of 33%. The maximum illuminance is 56.6 lux in the high-beam mode, which is 18% higher than the standard value. Let the laser light meet the lighting requirements of regulatory standard values even beyond.
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Lukacs, L., M. Dassanayake, R. Magalhaes, C. Fontes, M. Embirucu, and I. M. Pepe. "Benefits and challenges of controlling a LED AFS (adaptive front-lighting system) using fuzzy logic." International Journal of Automotive Technology 12, no. 4 (July 7, 2011): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-011-0068-y.
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Dias, Erica, Laís Horimoto, and Marcelo dos Santos Pereira. "Microstructural Characterization of CP Steel Used in Automotive Industry." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.141.
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This study aims to characterize the microstructure of the complex phase steel (CP). Using the conventional and colored metallographic analysis with 3% Nital etchant, sodium metabisulfite 10% and LePera. Techniques were applied in this work of optical microscopy, using, besides the lighting in bright field, dark field illumination of the reverse contrast in bright field illumination, the method of polarized light, which generates colorful contrast, providing a complementary identification phases present in the microstructure, and the system by differential interference contrast (DIC). The results obtained by metallography CP indicates that the steel has a microstructure composed of ferrite, retained austenite, bainite and martensite and precipitates arranged in a refined and complex morphology. Besides bright field illumination others optical microscopys techniques such as dark field illumination were applied.
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Deegan, Brian Michael. "LED flicker measurement: Challenges, considerations, and updates from IEEE P2020 working group." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 16 (January 26, 2020): 1–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.16.avm-a16.
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The introduction of pulse width modulated LED lighting in automotive applications has created the phenomenon of LED flicker. In essence, LED flicker is an imaging artifact, whereby a light source will appear to flicker when image by a camera system, even though the light will appear constant to a human observer. The implications of LED flicker vary, depending on the imaging application. In some cases, it can simply degrade image quality by causing annoying flicker to a human observer. However, LED flicker has the potential to significantly impact the performance of critical autonomous driving functions. In this paper, the root cause of LED flicker is reviewed, and its impact on automotive use cases is explored. Guidelines on measurement and assessment of LED flicker are also provided.
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Costa, Marco, Claudio Lantieri, Valeria Vignali, Navid Ghasemi, and Andrea Simone. "Evaluation of an integrated lighting-warning system on motorists’ yielding at unsignalized crosswalks during nighttime." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 68 (January 2020): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.12.004.
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Świłło, Sławomir, and Jan Wąsik. "Smart technology measurement for surface defects inspection in die casting." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.540.
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The objective of the paper is to demonstrate a measurement strategy for online inspection of surface defects in products, especially discontinuities which appear in castings after machining. The essence of the proposed online vision inspection system is to provide an automated method for obtaining and analyzing images of the inspected surfaces, to allow an unmistakable and consistent finding of defects and specifying their types. The proposed solution could improve productivity and quality in the manufacturing process especially for the automotive industry and significantly improve automatization in die casting technology. This is one of the most fundamental problems of a research studies in process design for automotive parts such as: handles of transmission systems, cylinder pistons and cylinder front faces in engine bodies, that has significant influence for the manufacturing cost. Proposed by the author an online vision inspection systems are responded to users demands for systems that are easier to use, low-cost, and flexible. Using a combination of a vision hardware and software, the proposed vision system could analyze the images, usually in a fraction of a second. Since the human visual inspection is slow and expensive, a smart technology is an alternative solution for the online inspection. The developed smart technology uses advance vision system with specially designed lighting, an advanced image processing algorithm for defect detection and their classification.
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Amin, I. J., A. J. Taylor, and R. M. Parkin. "Driver tracking and posture detection using low-resolution infrared sensing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto517.
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Intelligent sensors are playing an ever-increasing role in automotive safety. This paper describes the development of a low-resolution infrared (IR) imaging system for continuous tracking and identification of driver postures and movements. The resolution of the imager is unusually low at 16 − 16 pixels. An image processing technique has been developed using neural networks operating on a segmented thermographic image to categorize driver postures. The system is able reliably to identify 18 different driver positions, and results have been verified experimentally with 20 subjects driving in a car simulator. IR imaging offers several advantages over visual sensors; it will operate in any lighting conditions and is less intrusive in terms of the privacy of the occupants. Hardware costs for the low-resolution sensor are an order of magnitude lower than those of conventional IR imaging systems. The system has been shown to have the potential to play a significant role in future intelligent safety systems.
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Prof. Bhushan Thakre, Dr. R.M Thakre. "Analysis of Modified Current Controller and its Implementation in Automotive LED." International Journal of New Practices in Management and Engineering 6, no. 04 (December 31, 2017): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijnpme.v6i04.60.
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A novel highly dimmable current controller which is a linear one is employed in the application of low power automotive is discussed here. Light Emitting Diode is the one which drives current that is linearly controlled to decrease the intensity of LED to limit the destruction of the LED and improve its reliability. Although many dimming techniques for LED lighting are available, our proposed method outperforms the existing methods in terms of power consumption and the no. of transistors used in the proposed design. This emits 100mA and decrease the LED current which is going linearly based on the theory of dimming control voltage. Toggling of LED is avoided finally in comparison with the existing system. This circuit is developed in 0.18μm process technology and Cadence ADE with Spectre is employed for simulation purpose. The proposed method utilizes a maximum power of 392.85 mW when the supply voltage is 4V and the control voltage is 4V at the temperature of 27oC.
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Li, Boren, and Tomonari Furukawa. "Microtexture Road Profiling System Using Photometric Stereo." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430204.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents the design and development of a stationary microtexture road profiling system using the photometric stereo (PS) technique. The structure of the developed system is simple, mainly consisting of a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera with a macro lens and multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The camera with the lens is oriented perpendicularly to the pavement texture and takes images each with a different LED turned on at a time. With the pavement texture images with diverse shadings, the PS technique is applied by inverting the image-forming process locally (pixel-wise) to associate the measured image intensities with the known lighting directions to estimate the gradients for each pixel-corresponding surface patch of the pavement texture. Surface normal integration (SNI) is then employed to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) road surface in the microtexture scale. The PS-based system has several intrinsic advantages. First, it could achieve high accuracy for surfaces with most diffuse reflection. Second, the measurement speed is fast because of its area-scanning nature. Third, the spatial resolution is high because of the usage of a high-resolution complementary metal-oxide semiconductor DSLR camera. In addition, it can be less sensitive to effects from specularities and shadows compared with most optical-based methods, since images captured under diverse lighting directions in PS provide more cues for detection purposes. Last but not least, the hardware of the system can be made compact at low cost because of its simple structure and can be adapted for direct measurement on the pavement. Parametric studies for the Lambertian-based PS technique were first investigated analytically and numerically, and these investigations yielded the design of the system having eight LEDs with the same zenith angle of 30 degrees and uniformly distributed azimuth angles in 360 degrees. Several experimental results on various types of surfaces have demonstrated that the developed system could achieve the accuracy in the order of 10 microns.
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Diaz-Barrancas, Francisco, Halina C. Cwierz, Pedro J. Pardo, Angel Luis Perez, and Maria Isabel Suero. "Visual fidelity improvement in virtual reality through spectral textures applied to lighting simulations." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 15 (January 26, 2020): 259–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.15.color-236.
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Virtual reality has experienced a strong advance in recent years, its use in industries such as video games, automotive and medicine is now a reality. Previous work has determined that color is one of the most important characteristics when it comes to creating a sense of realism in the user. Therefore, through the use of spectral techniques we have found that it is possible to improve the fidelity in the reproduction of a real scene inside a virtual reality scene. In order to do this, we have developed a workflow that allows the user to compare real scenes with virtual scenes. The results of this test show that there exists an improvement of the visual fidelity in the reproduction of real scenes inside a virtual reality system compared with previous works.
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Beguni, Cătălin, Alin-Mihai Căilean, Sebastian-Andrei Avătămăniței, and Mihai Dimian. "Analysis and Experimental Investigation of the Light Dimming Effect on Automotive Visible Light Communications Performances." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 4446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134446.
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The use of Visible Light Communications (VLC) in vehicular applications has become a major research area due to its simplicity, high performance to cost ratio, and great deployment potential. In this context, this article provides one of the very few analyses and experimental evaluations concerning the integration of a light dimming function in vehicular VLC systems. For this purpose, a vehicle-to-vehicle VLC prototype has been implemented and used to evaluate the systems’ communication performances in light dimming conditions, while decreasing the duty cycle from 40% to 1%, and increasing the communication range from 1 to 40–50 m. The experimental results showed that in normal lighting conditions, the VLC technology can easily support low duty cycle light dimming for ranges up to 40 m, while maintaining a 10−6 BER. Nevertheless, in strong optical noise conditions, when the system reaches its SNR limit, the communication range can decrease by half, whereas the BER can increase by 2–4 orders of magnitude. This article provides consistent evidence concerning the high potential of the VLC technology to support inter-vehicle communication links, even in light dimming conditions.
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Hechfellner, Rudi, Michiel Kruger, Tewe Heemstra, Greg Caswell, Nathan Blattau, and Vikrant More. "A Solder Joint Reliability Model for the Philips Lumileds LUXEON Rebel LED Carrier Using Physics of Failure Methodology." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-thp44.
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Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are quickly evolving as the dominant lighting solution for a wide variety of applications. With the elimination of incandescent light bulbs and the toxic limitations of fluorescent bulbs, there has been a dramatic increase in the interest in high-brightness light emitting diodes (HB-LEDs). Getting the light out of the die, with reliable color, while maintaining appropriate thermal control over a long service life is a challenge. These issues must be understood and achieved to meet the needs of unique applications, such as solidstate-lighting, automotive, signage, and medical applications. These applications have requirements for 15–25 years of operation making their reliability of critical importance. The LUXEON Rebel has been accepted as an industry leading LED product, widely used in Mean-Time-Between-Failure (MTBF) sensitive applications. Customers use various mounting platforms, such as FR4 Printed Circuit Board (PCB), FR4 PCB with thermal via's, Aluminum & Copper Metal Core printed Circuit Boards (MCPCB), Super MCPCB, etc. As in other LEDs, when mounting to a platform where a large Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) exists between the LED & the PCB, Solder fatigue could become an issue that may affect system level lifetime. In this paper we have examined extreme cases and how a solder joint can impact system level reliability. We have modeled the conditions and formed a means to predict system level reliability. We have compared the prediction modeling with empirical tests for validation of the models. It is vital to understand system level reliability factors to build lighting solutions that match the application and customer expectations. It is impractical to test LEDs and other components for 50k hours ~5 years since the device evolution is much faster than that – on average one LED generation every 12–18 month. Hence we need models and prediction methods …..
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Simion, Carmen. "Measurement system analysis by attribute, an effective tool to ensure the quality of the visual inspection process within an organization." MATEC Web of Conferences 290 (2019): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929005004.
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A successful quality assurance program in any organization needs good measurement systems. The concept of measurement system refers to the manpower, machines, materials, methods and mother nature involved in obtaining measurements. Measurement system analysis (MSA) is a set of procedures which are used to determine the amount of variation due to the measurement system and if the measurement data are valid. Most problematic measurement system issues come when the results of a measurement system are qualitative values such as “pass” or “fail” (attribute data) rather than quantitative values (variable data). Because in industry many measurement systems deal with qualitative data, the assessment of the visual inspection process is a contemporary approach for quality assurance in most manufacturing organizations. The aim of this paper is to apply the MSA attribute study in a local company from the Sibiu region supplying products for automotive industry, to ensure the quality of the visual inspection process for one of their parts, respectively the exterior lighting projectors (Day Running Light, DRLs). The output data were analyzed using Minitab software. The conclusion was that the visual inspection process must be improved by appraisers training and developing panel with samples for the most common defect types of DRLs.
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Alioua, Nawal, Aouatif Amine, and Mohammed Rziza. "Driver’s Fatigue Detection Based on Yawning Extraction." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2014 (August 6, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/678786.
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The increasing number of traffic accidents is principally caused by fatigue. In fact, the fatigue presents a real danger on road since it reduces driver capacity to react and analyze information. In this paper we propose an efficient and nonintrusive system for monitoring driver fatigue using yawning extraction. The proposed scheme uses face extraction based support vector machine (SVM) and a new approach for mouth detection, based on circular Hough transform (CHT), applied on mouth extracted regions. Our system does not require any training data at any step or special cameras. Some experimental results showing system performance are reported. These experiments are applied over real video sequences acquired by low cost web camera and recorded in various lighting conditions.
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Choi, Hyun, Won-Sup Lee, Bairi Sri Harisha, Wan-Chin Kim, and Jiseok Lim. "Optical Design for Laser Diode Scanner Headlamp with Efficiently Distributed Optical Power for Adaptive Driving Beam System of Automobiles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020793.
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The illumination optical system using a laser diode has advantages such as small size and high efficiency compared to an optical system using a conventional light source. In particular, its advantages can be maximized in high-resolution spatial light modulation. Based on these advantages, research to apply laser diode scanning to high-resolution adaptive driving beam (ADB) is currently being actively conducted. To construct a high-resolution illumination optical system for an ADB system using a single laser diode as a light source, the configuration of an optical scanning system is essential. In the general high-speed scanning method, the optical power at the center is relatively smaller compared with that at the edge because of the faster scanning speed when the center is illuminated. This causes large losses in automotive lighting optical system where the optical power in the center should be higher. Herein, we propose an optical system that can change the light power distribution of the center and the edge by applying a prism. In addition, by producing a prototype of an optical scanning system, the effect of efficiently distributing optical power by the designed optical scanning system was experimentally verified.
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Kabariya, Urvesh, and Sagil James. "Study on an Energy-Harvesting Magnetorheological Damper System in Parallel Configuration for Lightweight Battery-Operated Automobiles." Vibration 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration3030013.
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Suspension dampers are extremely critical for modern automobiles for absorbing vibrational energy while in operation. For years now, the viscous passive damper has been dominant. However, there is a constant need to improve and revolutionize the damping technology to adapt to modern road conditions and for better performance. Controlled shock absorbers capable of adapting to uneven road profiles are required to meet this challenge and enhance the passenger comfort level. Among the many types of modern damping solutions, magnetorheological (MR) dampers have gained prominence, considering their damping force control capability, fast adjustable response, and low energy consumption. Advancements in energy-harvesting technologies allow for the regeneration of a portion of energy dissipated in automotive dampers. While the amount of regenerated energy is often insufficient for regular automobiles, it could prove to be vital to support lightweight battery-operated vehicles. In battery-operated vehicles, this regenerated energy can be used for powering several secondary systems, including lighting, heating, air conditioning, and so on. This research focuses on developing a hybrid smart suspension system that combines the MR damping technology along with an electromagnetic induction (EMI)-based energy-harvesting system for applications in lightweight battery-operated vehicles. The research involves the extensive designing, numerical simulation, fabrication, and testing of the proposed smart suspension system. The development of the proposed damping system would help advance the harvesting of clean energy and enhance the performance and affordability of future battery-operated vehicles.
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Barranco-Gutiérrez, Alejandro-Israel, José-Alfredo Padilla-Medina, Francisco J. Perez-Pinal, Juan Prado-Olivares, Saúl Martínez-Díaz, and Oscar-Octavio Gutiérrez-Frías. "New Four Points Initialization for Digital Image Correlation in Metal-Sheet Strain Measurements." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081691.
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Nowadays, the deformation measurement in metal sheets is important for industries such as the automotive and aerospace industries during its mechanical stamping processes. In this sense, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) has become the most relevant measurement technique in the field of experimental mechanics. This is mainly due to its versatility and low-cost compared with other techniques. However, traditionally, DIC global image registration implemented in software, such as MATLAB 2018, did not find the complete perspective transformation needed successfully and with high precision, because those algorithms use an image registration of the type “afine” or “similarity”, based on a 2D information. Therefore, in this paper, a DIC initialization method is presented to estimate the surface deformation of metal sheets used in the bodywork automotive industry. The method starts with the 3D points reconstruction from a stereoscopic digital camera system. Due to the problem complexity, it is first proposed that the user indicates four points, belonging to reference marks of a “Circle grid”. Following this, an automatic search is performed among the nearby marks, as far as one desires to reconstruct it. After this, the local DIC is used to verify that those are the correct marks. The results show reliability by reason of the high coincidence of marks in experimental cases. We also consider that the quality of mark stamping, lighting, and the initial conditions also contribute to trustworthy effects.
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Peng, Liang, Hong Wang, and Jun Li. "Uncertainty Evaluation of Object Detection Algorithms for Autonomous Vehicles." Automotive Innovation 4, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00154-0.
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AbstractThe safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) has become one of the hottest topics in the field of autonomous driving. However, no testing and evaluating system for SOTIF performance has been proposed yet. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework based on the advanced You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm and the mean Average Precision (mAP) method to evaluate the object detection performance of the camera under SOTIF-related scenarios. First, a dataset is established, which contains road images with extreme weather and adverse lighting conditions. Second, the Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) method is used to analyze the uncertainty of the algorithm and draw the uncertainty region of the predicted bounding box. Then, the confidence of the algorithm is calibrated based on uncertainty results so that the average confidence after calibration can better reflect the real accuracy. The uncertainty results and the calibrated confidence are proposed to be used for online risk identification. Finally, the confusion matrix is extended according to the several possible mistakes that the object detection algorithm may make, and then the mAP is calculated as an index for offline evaluation and comparison. This paper offers suggestions to apply the MCD method to complex object detection algorithms and to find the relationship between the uncertainty and the confidence of the algorithm. The experimental results verified by specific SOTIF scenarios proof the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed uncertainty acquisition approach for object detection algorithm, which provides potential practical implementation chance to address perceptual related SOTIF risk for autonomous vehicles.
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Chikodili, Oguguo Uchechukwu, and Ogbuanya Theresa Chinyere Chinyere. "Behavioral Skills Outcome of Technical Education Students Engaged in Cooperative Learning." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (August 18, 2020): 1382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul818.
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This study determined the behavioral skill outcome of technical education students engaged in cooperative learning. Specifically, the study sought to identify the effects of cooperative learning on technical education student’s communication skill, problemsolving skill and critical thinking skill. There were three research questions posed, and the analysis was driven by three null hypotheses tested at (P<.05) level of significance. It has adopted a quasi-experimental design for the study and intact classes were assigned to treatment groups. The study's population was 41 students of Technical Education (TE), consisting of 41 year 3 students of Industrial Technical Education at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, which was the treatment group allocated to the teaching method of cooperative learning. The instrument used for data collection was the self-assessment inventory of communication skills (CSSAI), the inventory of problem-solving skills (PSSI), and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST). Three technical education experts had subjected the instruments to face and content validation. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the study questions while Paired-sample t-test was used to answer the null hypotheses. Findings showed, among others, that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest mean scores taught by Automobile Lighting System students who use cooperative learning in terms of behavioral skill outcome. Among others, it was proposed that technical education teachers be encouraged to use the cooperative learning method in teaching automotive lightening program.
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Gilewski, Marian. "The ecological hazard of artificial lighting in greenhouses." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i3.934.
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This article draws attention to the shortcomings of modern lighting systems used in greenhouses. Its content focuses on the negative effects of mismatches between the photosynthetic needs of plants and the parameters of artificial light sources. Greenhouse lamps designers often do not have the knowledge of biological cultivation dependencies. Therefore, their cooperation with specialists of plant physiology and gardeners is indispensable. This is important because it can affect the consumer quality of vegetables. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM.Kucharczyk, I.Gąsak, Ecological effects of light pollution , III International Conference on Scientific and Technical TRANSEIA, Krynica Zdrój, Poland, 6-8 December 2017. DirectLink T. H. Goldsmith, What Birds See, Scientific American Inc. (2006), CrossRef E.J. Gerl, M.R. Morris, The Causes and Consequences of Color Vision, Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 2008. CrossRef K. Jaworski, A. Szmidt-Jaworska, J. Kopcewicz, Two calcium dependent protein kinases are differently regulated by light and have different activity patterns during seedling growth in Pharbitis nil, open access at Springerlink.com, Journal: 10725, Article: 9609, 2011. CrossRef K. Jaworski, A. Pawełek, J. Kopcewicz, A. Szmidt-Jaworska, The calcium-dependent protein kinase (PnCDPK1) is involved in Pharbitis nil flowering, Journal of Plant Physiology 169 p. 1578-1585, 2012. CrossRef A. Szmidt-Jaworska, K. Jaworski, J. Kopcewicz, Effect of light on soluble guanylyl cyclase activity in Pharbitis nil seedlings, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 93 p. 9-15, 2008. CrossRef Horticulture Lighting Group, Goniophotometer Test Report of the ELITE ECO lamp CrossRef K. Marra, E. P. LaRochelle, M. S. Chapman, P. J. Hoopes, K. Lukovits, E. V. Maytin, T. Hasan, B. W. Pogue, Comparison of Blue and White Lamp Light with Sunlight for Daylight‐Mediated, 5‐ALA Photodynamic Therapy, in vivo, Wiley Online Library, 16 April 2018 CrossRef M. Gilewski, The Ecological Harmfulness of RGB LED Light, International Conference on Energy, Power, Electrical and Environmental Engineering : EPEEE 2018, DEStech Publications, Wuhan, Hong Kong, September 27-28, 2018. CrossRef K. J. McCree, The Action Spectrum, Absorptance and Quantum Yield of Photosynthesis in Crop Plants, Agricultural Meteorology, Elsevier Publishing Company, 9 p. 191-216 , 1972. CrossRef EconoLux Indastries Ltd., What Light do Plants Need, Hong Kong CrossRef I. Ashdown, Photometry and Photosynthesis: From Photometry to PPFD, SunTracker Technologies Ltd CrossRef OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, Horticulture Lighting with LEDs, OS SSL | NR AW CH, November 2016 CrossRef M. Mottus, M. Sulev, F. Baret, R. Lopez-Lozano, A. Reinart, Photosynthetically Active Radiation: Measurement and Modeling CrossRef Heliospectra AB, Full Flexibility ELIXIA grow ligh CrossRef Heliospectra AB, Full Flexibility ELIXIA grow light CrossRef A. Szmidt-Jaworska1, K. Jaworski1, A. Tretyn, J. Kopcewicz, The involvement of cyclic GMP in the photoperiodic flower induction of Pharbitis nil, J. Plant Physiol. 161. p. 277-284, 2004. CrossRef A. Szmidt-Jaworska, K. Jaworski, J. Kopcewicz, The Involvement of Cyclic ADPR in Photoperiodic Flower Induction of Pharbitis nil, J Plant Growth Regul 25: p. 233-244, 2006. CrossRef A. Szmidt-Jaworska, K. Jaworski, A. Zienkiewicz, M. Lenartowska, J. Kopcewicz, Guanylyl cyclase activity during photoperiodic flower induction in Pharbitis nil, Plant Growth Regul 57: p. 173-184, 2009. CrossRef U.J. Błaszczak, D.A. Aziz, L. Gryko, Influence of the spectral composition of LED lighting system on plants cultivation in a darkroom, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 10445, (2017) 1-9. CrossRef L. Gryko, U. Blaszczak, A.S. Zajac, Colorimetric characterization of the tunable LED-based light source at the output of the homogenizing rod, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 10808, 2018. CrossRef I.Fryc, T. Dimitrova-Grekow, An automated system for evaluation of the quality of light sources, 6th IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries : LUMEN V4, Karpacz, September 13-16, 2016. CrossRef J. Kusznier, M. Zajkowski, L. Budzynski, D. Tyniecki, Ring optical mixer for LED with truncated surfaces, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 10325, 2017. CrossRef W. Wojtkowski, LED Power Supply with Thermal Protection for Automotive Application, 7th Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries : LUMEN V4, Třebíč, September 18-20, 2018. CrossRef W. Wojtkowski, Constant Frequency Operation of the Parallel Loaded Resonant DC/DC Converter for Power LED Lighting, International Conference on Energy, Power, Electrical and Environmental Engineering : EPEEE 2018, DEStech Publications, Wuhan, Hong Kong, September 27-28, 2018. CrossRef Pashiardis S, Kalogirou SA and Pelengaris A. Characteristics of Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) Through Statistical Analysis at Larnaca, Cyprus. SM J Biometrics Biostat. 2(2): 1009, 2017. DirectLink R. Inger, J. Bennie, T. W. Davies, K. J. Gaston, Potential Biological and Ecological Effects of Flickering Artificial Light, PLoS One, vol. 9(5) (2014) PMC4038456 CrossRef C. Dong, Y. Fu, G. Liu, H. Liu, "Growth, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant capacity and biomass yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to LED light sources with different spectra combinations", J Agron Crop Sci, vol. 200, p. 219-230, 2014. CrossRef
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Tucker, Carl, Rachel Tucker, and Jun Zheng. "StopWatcher: A Mobile Application to Improve Stop Sign Awareness for Driving Safety." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2012 (December 18, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/532568.
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Stop signs are the primary form of traffic control in the United States. However, they have a tendency to be much less effective than other forms of traffic control like traffic lights. This is due to their smaller size, lack of lighting, and the fact that they may become visually obscured from the road. In this paper, we offer a solution to this problem in the form of a mobile application implemented in the Android platform: StopWatcher. It is designed to alert a driver when they are approaching a stop sign using a voice notification system (VNS). A field test was performed in a snowy environment. The test results demonstrate that the application can detect all of the stop signs correctly, even when some of them were obstructed by the snow, which in turn greatly improves the user awareness of stop signs.
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Shahbazi, Samson, Steve Grabey, and Ryan Persons. "A Low Firing Temperature Copper Conductor for use on an Aluminum Metal Compatible Dielectric in LED Thermal Substrate Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 001178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-thp52.
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One of the most important contributing factors in the long life of LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) is keeping them cool, i.e., lowering the junction temperature, which can get as high as 150 °C. One way to accomplish this when building a circuit containing many LED packages is to use a thermal substrate. The majority of High Power/High Brightness (HP/HB) LED thermal circuits manufactured today are based on Metal Core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB) technology. The MCPCB system consists of a copper foil, polymer dielectric layer and either an aluminum or copper base layer that are laminated together. The process of making MCPCB is a subtractive process, where most of the copper foil is removed. The copper foil is etched to create a circuit layer, the polymer dielectric provides the insulation between the copper foil and the metal base, and the aluminum or copper base provides thermal dissipation. The thick film copper paste discussed in this document is processed using an additive process, like screening printing, where the copper conductor is deposited only in the chosen area. The copper thick film paste is screen printed to create a circuit design on top of a thick film dielectric (insulated area) layer which is also printed on a metal base layer. The selective deposition allows for less material usage, and potentially lower overall cost as well as improved thermal performance with inclusion of thermal vias. This paper discusses the results of a newly developed lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) free low firing temperature (580–600°C) copper thick film conductor paste on top of a low temperature firing dielectric paste. This study includes evaluations based on SEM photos, solderability, leach resistance, and initial and long term adhesions using SAC 305 solder and RMA flux. There are many different applications for HP/HB LED circuits, from general lighting to street lighting to automotive lighting and more. All of them have varying degrees of performance testing requirement. To try to cover as much of the reliability testing as possible we have included tests such as thermal aging (150°C), thermal cycling from −50 to+150°C, as well as 85°C/85% RH reliability testing under bias.
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Lencwe, Mpho, Shyama Chowdhury, and Thomas Olwal. "A Multi-Stage Approach to a Hybrid Lead Acid Battery and Supercapacitor System for Transport Vehicles." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112888.
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Lead Acid Batteries (LABs) are used for starting, lighting, and igniting, as well as in air conditioning systems and to supply power to electric engines in transport vehicles (TVs). However, the application of LABs for TVs has faced a number of market challenges, mounted by the upcoming high energy density and long lifespan batteries, such as lithium ion. LABs, on the other hand, are inexpensive. The key research question is, how can the lifespan of LABs used in automotive industries be increased, while still ensuring a low cost solution? Thus, integrating LABs with the supercapacitor (known as an electric double layer capacitor—EDLC) is likely to outperform the competing alternative batteries for TVs. This paper proposes a multiple stage approach to hybrid lead acid batteries and a supercapacitor system for TVs that is capable of maintaining the battery state-of-charge (SOC) at statistically high limits, ranging between 90% and 95%. This SOC target will likely ensure that the lifespan of the hybrid battery system can be elongated (extended) more than its competitors. In this study, the multiple stage approach of concatenated converters has been designed in order to satisfy all energy storage requirements for different characteristics of LABs and the supercapacitor. The designed hybrid system has been simulated using Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB/Simulink (version R2016a, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA)). The simulated results show that high transient currents from the direct current (DC) bus of LABs, caused by the regenerative braking or deceleration of the TVs, reduce the battery lifespan and induce mechanical stress. The supercapacitor reduces the stress on the LAB by absorbing high transient currents. This, in turn, keeps the LABs’ SOC between 90% and 96% and the voltage at 12 V. As indicated by the simulated results, the hybrid battery SOC is maintained at 90–96% and the terminal voltage is approximately 12 V.
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Seraj, Mudasser, Andres Rosales-Castellanos, Amr Shalkamy, Karim El-Basyouny, and Tony Z. Qiu. "The Implications of Weather and Reflectivity Variations on Automatic Traffic Sign Recognition Performance." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (August 11, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5513552.
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Automatic recognition of traffic signs in complex, real-world environments has become a pressing research concern with rapid improvements of smart technologies. Hence, this study leveraged an industry-grade object detection and classification algorithm (You-Only-Look-Once, YOLO) to develop an automatic traffic sign recognition system that can identify widely used regulatory and warning signs in diverse driving conditions. Sign recognition performance was assessed in terms of weather and reflectivity to identify the limitations of the developed system in real-world conditions. Furthermore, we produced several editions of our sign recognition system by gradually increasing the number of training images in order to account for the significance of training resources in recognition performance. Analysis considering variable weather conditions, including fair (clear and sunny) and inclement (cloudy and snowy), demonstrated a lower susceptibility of sign recognition in the highly trained system. Analysis considering variable reflectivity conditions, including sheeting type, lighting conditions, and sign age, showed that older engineering-grade sheeting signs were more likely to go unnoticed by the developed system at night. In summary, this study incorporated automatic object detection technology to develop a novel sign recognition system to determine its real-world applicability, opportunities, and limitations for future integration with advanced driver assistance technologies.
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Liu, Yiqun, Y. Gene Liao, and Ming-Chia Lai. "Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery for 12-Voltage Applications: Experiment, Modelling, and Validation." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030638.
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Modelling, simulation, and validation of the 12-volt battery pack using a 20 Ah lithium–nickel–manganese–cobalt–oxide cell is presented in this paper. The cell characteristics influenced by thermal effects are also considered in the modelling. The parameters normalized directly from a single cell experiment are foundations of the model. This approach provides a systematic integration of actual cell monitoring with a module model that contains four cells connected in series. The validated battery module model then is utilized to form a high fidelity 80 Ah 12-volt battery pack with 14.4 V nominal voltage. The battery cell thermal effectiveness and battery module management system functions are constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The experimental tests are carried out in an industry-scale setup with cycler unit, temperature control chamber, and computer-controlled software for battery testing. As the 12-volt lithium-ion battery packs might be ready for mainstream adoption in automotive starting–lighting–ignition (SLI), stop–start engine idling elimination, and stationary energy storage applications, this paper investigates the influence of ambient temperature and charging/discharging currents on the battery performance in terms of discharging voltage and usable capacity. The proposed simulation model provides design guidelines for lithium-ion polymer batteries in electrified vehicles and stationary electric energy storage applications.
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Alajoki, Teemu, Matti Koponen, Arttu Huttunen, Markus Tuomikoski, Mikko Heikkinen, Antti Keränen, Kimmo Keränen, et al. "Hybrid In-Mould Integration." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-ta64.
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Next generation of electronic modules and systems in different application areas such as automotive, medical and home appliances will utilize various electronic, optical and mechanical functions integrated in freeform intelligent products with benefits such as decreased volume and weight, lower costs and higher freedom of design when compared to currently available electronics manufacturing and packaging methods. The hybrid in-mould integration technology concept is based on combination of roll-to-roll (R2R) printed electronics, discrete component assembly, film forming and injection overmoulding/in-mould labelling (IML) processes. In this study, compatibility and feasibility of the technology for low-cost disposable healthcare sensor applications, especially pulse oximeters, was investigated. Flexible printed circuit (FPC) substrates for pulse oximeter applications were manufactured in high-volume and low cost fashion by R2R printing and etching processes. Surface mount technology (SMT) and leadframe components were assembled on FPCs by using adhesive bonding technology. The assembly process was also demonstrated using automated, high-volume capable machine. It was proven that SMD components and their interconnections on flex withstand the injection overmoulding process and can thus be embedded seamlessly inside plastic parts. By the use of the same injection moulding process it was also demonstrated that rigid mechanical locking features manufactured by film overmoulding can be combined with the flexibility of FPC. In order to speed up the iteration cycles of the hybrid integration design flow, a new method was developed for rapid prototyping of in-mould integrated products. In the method, 3D printing was used to create a master for a silicone mould, and assembled FPC was overmolded in vacuum casting process with polyurethane material. This paper presents also other research activities at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland in the field of hybrid system integration carried out in various collaborative projects with companies and research institutes in Europe. The demonstrators realised in these projects include autonomous, intelligent lighting and signaling systems for automotive and traffic signs, in-molded optical touch panel and flexible printed organic light-emitting diode (OLED) embedded into 3D plastic structure using IML-like process in which active OLED foils are used instead of graphic foils. The demonstrators prove that hybrid in-mould integration could be a feasible technology enabling seamless integration of optical, electrical and mechanical features into 3D plastic products.
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Park, Herie, Hyensou Pak, and Chan-Su Lee. "Prospect of Automotive Lighting Systems of Self-Driving Vehicles." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 31, no. 8 (August 31, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2017.31.8.001.
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Seidt, Steffen, Thomas Winz, Ralf Sondershaus, and Ilona Rutkiewicz. "Soft- and Hardware for High-Definition Automotive Lighting Systems." ATZelectronics worldwide 16, no. 4 (April 2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38314-021-0600-4.
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Prabowo, Rizky, Zuliana Nurfadlilah, Favorisen Rosyking Lumbanraja, and Didik Kurniawan. "DETEKSI TINGKAT KERUSAKAN SISTEM KELISTRIKAN PADA MOBIL MENGGUNAKAN ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM." KLIK - KUMPULAN JURNAL ILMU KOMPUTER 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/klik.v8i1.377.
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<p><em>The automotive industry in Indonesia has significant increase in the past decade. A famous car company opened a manufacturing branch to increase its production capacity in Indonesia. An increase in sales is directly proportional to an increase in service to customers. Damage on electrical system is the majority of modern car. Unfortunately, car users have minimal knowledge of car electricity. This article describes the technique of detecting the level of damage to a car's electrical system using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (Anfis) concept. As a case study in designing the system in question is the electrical system on the Toyota Avanza. Formation of a fuzzy inference system which is used for the system formation process through a GUI-based interface design (Graphic User Interface). The output of the system is a fuzzy analysis based on the membership function of the Gaussian, Triangular and Trapezoid methods to obtain an analysis of the level of damage to the electrical system on a Toyota Avanza. From the results of the system test for starter system, firewire system and lighting system, it is concluded that the analysis of the level of damage to the electrical system on the car using Anfis based on the Gaussian membership function model is more accurate(reach 85%) in predicting the level of damage to the analyzed electrical system.</em></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong></em><em>: Anfis, Electrical System, Fuzzy Inference System, Toyota Avanza</em> </p><p><em>Industri otomotif di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan signifikan dalam kurun waktu satu dekade belakangan ini. Perusahaan mobil terkenal membuka pabrik manufaktur untuk meningkatkan kapasitas produksinya di Indonesia. Peningkatan penjualan berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan layanan kepada pelanggan. Kerusakan sistem kelistrikan merupakan kerusakan yang mayoritas dialami pengguna kendaraan mobil terbaru masa kini. Sayangnya, pengguna kendaraan mobil memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang tentang kelistrikan. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan tentang teknik mendeteksi tingkat kerusakan sistem kelistrikan mobil dengan menggunakan konsep Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Sebagai studi kasus dalam mendesain sistem yang dimaksud adalah sistem kelistrikan pada Mobil Toyota Avanza. Pembentukan fuzzy inference system yang kemudian digunakan untuk proses pembentukan sistem melalui desain interface berbasis GUI (Graphic User Interface). Keluaran dari sistem yang dibuat adalah analisa fuzzy berdasarkan fungsi keanggotaan metode Gaussian, Triangular dan Trapezoid untuk mendapatkan analisa tingkat kerusakan sistem kelistrikan pada mobil Toyota Avanza. Dari hasil uji sistem yang dilakukan pada sistem starter, sistem pengapian dan sistem penerangan diperoleh kesimpulan analisis tingkat kerusakan sistem kelistrikan pada mobil dengan menggunakan Anfis berdasarkan model membership function Gaussian adalah lebih akurat (mencapai 85%) dalam menduga tingkat kerusakan sistem kelistrikan yang dianalisa.</em></p><p><em><strong>Kata kunci</strong></em><em>: Anfis; Fuzzy Inference System; Sistem Kelistrikan; Toyota Avanza</em></p>
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Watada, Junzo, Yung-Chin Hsiao, and Hanayuki Kitagawa. "Using Brainwaves and Eye Tracking to Determine Attention Levels for Auto-Lighting Systems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 19, no. 5 (September 20, 2015): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0611.
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To prevent car accidents, it should be possible for pedestrians and other drivers to detect oncoming vehicles. Many car accidents are caused because persons are not aware of approaching traffic, and this applies especially to visual awareness. The daytime running light (DRL) and the third braking light (TBL) were developed to significantly increase the visibility of vehicles, and their effectiveness has been verified through numerous studies. Usage of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technology has also become popular in auto-lighting systems because of its advantages of energy efficiency, long life, and stylish appearance. However, LED lighting technology is very different from conventional incandescent or high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting technology. In this paper, we determine the effectiveness of LEDs as DRLs and TBLs. We measure human attention levels by observing brainwaves and performing eye-tracking experiments that shows the relationship between the theory of attention, brainwaves, and eye tracking. The results obtained show that it is feasible to evaluate automotive exterior lighting using the attention levels of subjects.
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Failla, Marco, and Gianpaolo Vitale. "A Double Stage DC/DC Converter for LED Lighting Automotive Systems." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 17 (July 2019): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj17.295.
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Böhm, Michael, and Jürgen Locher. "Lighting-Based Driver Assistance Systems." ATZautotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 2008): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03247039.
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Santaella, J. J., K. Critchley, S. Rodríguez-Bolívar, and F. M. Gómez-Campos. "Design and fabrication of CuInS2/ZnS-based QLED for automotive lighting systems." Nanotechnology 32, no. 10 (December 17, 2020): 105204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abcced.
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Syed-Khaja, Aarief, and Jörg Franke. "Design and Solder Process Optimization in MID Technology for High Power Applications." Advanced Materials Research 1038 (September 2014): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1038.107.
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Molded interconnect device (MID) technology is a key enabling technology with growing markets in automotive, communications, consumer electronics through integration with lighting and sensor technologies. The MID technology is yet to be explored for high temperature applications in automotive or consumer lighting. One of the hindering factors for such implementation in the serial production and time to market is the improper electronic and thermal packaging of the light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the MID substrates. This paper addresses the optimization of mold design, surface metallization and soldering process for the effective thermal management of the high-power LED systems. By using a simulation model, the thermal distribution and the resultant decrease in temperatures for varying forward electrical currents in high-power LEDs by design optimization is demonstrated. In addition, the optimization of solder process with respect to solder profile in context of vacuum vapor-phase soldering for void-free solder connections is discussed.
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Park, SW, C.-S. Lee, HR Kang, HS Pak, and A. Wilkins. "Visibility of the phantom array effect according to luminance, chromaticity and geometry." Lighting Research & Technology 52, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153519867115.
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Light-emitting diode-based lighting systems are now applied in both general lighting and automotive lighting. Time-modulated control methods such as pulse width modulation are frequently applied as a dimming method. This paper presents the characteristics of the visibility of the phantom array effect according to luminance, chromaticity and angular field of view. The threshold frequency of the visibility of the phantom array increases in proportion to the logarithm of the luminance of the light source. As the angular field of view of the light source increases, the threshold frequency of the visibility of the array decreases exponentially over a range from 0.125° to 4° in our experimental conditions. The threshold frequency at which the array is visible depends on chromaticity at high light source modulation frequencies. When designing time-modulated light sources, our findings can be applied so as to minimize the phantom array effect.
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Kropac, Miroslav. "How to Make LED Concepts More Affordable for Automotive Signal Lighting." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 6, no. 2 (April 8, 2013): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0754.
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Saati, Ferina, and Mehmet Arik. "Conduction-driven cooling of LED-based automotive LED lighting systems for abating local hot spots." Optical Engineering 57, no. 02 (February 12, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.2.025102.
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Kong, L. B., C. F. Cheung, J. B. Jiang, S. To, and W. B. Lee. "Characterization of freeform optics in automotive lighting systems using an Optical–Geometrical Feature Based Method." Optik 122, no. 4 (February 2011): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.02.020.
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Cameron, David L. "Color-Specificity to Enhance Identification of Rear Lights." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3 (June 1995): 755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.755.
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30 male and 13 female licensed drivers were given a static reaction-time test for Donders Type B reactions to the onset of automotive rear lights. The lights were displayed as by conventional systems and by a new color-specific method referred to as the “Red Light Means Stop approach.” When subjects were instructed to regard all red colored light as brake-signal light, both incidence of identification error and reaction time decreased. Results support the hypothesis that addition of color specificity to rear lighting might prevent some rear-end collisions which occur under adverse driving circumstances.
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Danov, Roman, and Eugen Thiessen. "Development of a high resolution scanning RGB laser headlamp." Advanced Optical Technologies 9, no. 6 (December 16, 2020): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2020-0045.
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AbstractRecent rapid progress in automotive lighting technology led to the emergence of headlamps featuring a large variety of light distributions that are highly adapted to provide best possible road illumination in particular traffic situations. Visual assistance systems which highlight relevant objects or project symbols to communicate with other traffic participants, further improve road safety. Implementing all these functions within a single headlamp usually requires the use of several additional modules with high and low resolution. This multitude of modules impacts the installation space, styling and cost of automotive headlamps. This paper presents a high-resolution red-green-blue (RGB) laser headlamp module which provides a good illumination of the road and can also be used for external communication purposes. A specially developed laser scanning unit, based on a bi-axial resonant micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) scanner and a high-power RGB laser, serves as the technical basis. Three module concepts are designed using light simulation, constructed as computer-aided design (CAD) models and integrated into a serial headlamp package. The concepts are based on design, simulation and measurement data of the scanning unit.
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Briant, C. L., and Bernard P. Bewlay. "The Coolidge Process for Making Tungsten Ductile: The Foundation of Incandescent Lighting." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 8 (August 1995): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400045164.
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Try to imagine a world without incandescent lamps. We light our homes with 20-200-watt lamps, which are routinely purchased in local stores. These lamps are made at the rate of millions per week and their manufacture represents a large global industry. The consumer expects them to last approximately 1,000 hours and to be energy efficient and inexpensive.Many types of incandescent lamps exist. Figure 1 shows several examples. The most common types are A-line (the general household lamp), automotive lamps, and reflector lamps for floodlight or projector applications. We also have many thousands of specialty lamps, which have a broad range of applications, such as audio-visual projectors, fiberoptic systems, video-camera lights, airport-runway markers, photoprinters, medical/scientific instruments, and stage/studio systems. They can have power ratings from a few watts to several thousand watts, but they all have at least one feature in common. They contain a filament made of tungsten wire. The diameter of the wire will vary, depending on the power rating and application of the lamp, but for most common household lamps it is less than 100 μm.
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Pe馻-Garc韆, Antonio, and Huchang Liao. "Automotive Lighting Systems Based on Luminance/Intensity Grids: A Proposal Based on Real-Time Monitoring and Control for Safer Driving." Computers, Materials & Continua 66, no. 3 (2021): 2373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.013151.
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