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Journal articles on the topic 'Autonomic Function Tests (AFTS)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 11 July 2025

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1

Sharma, Vanshika, Jyotsna Shukla, Premlata Mittal, and Amita. "The Comparison of Cardiac Autonomic Functions in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Healthy Controls." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 4 (2023): 435–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12667475.

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<strong>Introduction:</strong> Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent heterogeneous endocrine condition that affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age. It is one of the most prevalent reasons for female infertility. Autonomic function testing (AFT) is a non-invasive technique used to assess cardiac autonomic dysfunction. AFT might assist us in identifying PCOS women who are more likely to suffer cardiovascular issues. <strong>Aim and Objectives:</strong> To evaluate and compare cardiac autonomic function tests in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients and age-matched healthy women. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> 60 women between the ages of 18 and 35 were recruited for this research. The research group was divided into two groups. Women with PCOS who had a BMI of 23 were classified cases (n = 30), while healthy women with the same BMI were labelled controls (n = 30). They were tested for autonomic function. <strong>Results:</strong> When compared to healthy controls, women with PCOS had an autonomic imbalance with higher sympathetic discharge (p < 0.05). When compared to healthy controls, there was less vagal drive. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Autonomic dysfunction was seen in women with PCOS, with increased resting sympathetic and reduced parasympathetic activity.      

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Baskar, Dipti, Pooja Mailankody, Talakad Narasappa Sathyaprabha, P. S. Mathuranath, Rohan R. Mahale, and Hansashree Padmanabha. "Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) as a Cause of Dizziness – Expanding the Etiological Spectrum." Neurology India 72, no. 5 (2024): 1035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/neurol-india.ni_651_22.

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Background and Objectives: Dizziness is a frequent complaint encountered in neurology clinics. Dizziness can be spontaneous or triggered, which includes orthostatic dizziness. Orthostatic dizziness can be acute (reflex/vasovagal syncope), chronic (orthostatic hypotension (OH), or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Since dizziness has numerous causes, these patients undergo extensive investigations before a diagnosis is made. Here, we describe five patients who presented with dizziness and were diagnosed to have POTS on evaluation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who presented to the Department of Neurology from August 2020 to November 2021 with the complaint of dizziness and were diagnosed with POTS. The clinical history, neurological examination, treatment response, routine blood investigations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain, and autonomic function tests (AFTs) of the patients were reviewed from patients’ clinical records. Patients with dizziness and with diagnosis other than POTS were excluded from the study. Results: Among the five patients, males were predominant with a male to female ratio of 3:2. All the patients were in their early fourth decade with a mean age of 35.4 years. The presenting symptom was dizziness, and the key associated symptoms were anxiety and headache. Due to the orthostatic nature of symptoms and absence of orthostatic fall in blood pressure (BP), a detailed AFT was carried out, leading to the diagnosis of POTS. Patients were assessed at 3–6 months after treatment and there was a moderate response in one and no response in the remaining four patients. Conclusion: POTS should be considered a possible etiology when patients present with orthostatic dizziness in the absence of orthostatic fall in BP. Anxiety and headache may be associated with this type of dizziness.

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Chow, Kevin E., Ruchi Dhyani, and Thomas C. Chelimsky. "Basic Tests of Autonomic Function." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 38, no. 4 (2021): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0000000000000789.

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4

M.Janet Sugantha, M.Sivaraj. "Autonomic Function Tests in Young Obese Individuals." International Journal of Physiology 7, no. 3 (2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijop.v7i3.145.

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                                         Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children. Obesity is a complex disorder characterized by autonomic dysfunction in addition to alteration in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the heart. It is being recognized that the autonomic nervous system derangement takes place in obese persons. With this background we studied cardiac autonomic function in young obese individuals. The study and control group were subjected to battery of autonomic function tests using standard techniques. The cardio vascular autonomic reflex tests (Orthostatic standing test, Deep Breathing, Valsalva Manoeuvre, Isometric Hand Grip Test and Cold Pressor Test) are considered to predict the autonomic dysfunction if three out of five tests are abnormal. Based on these criteria, our study was able to quantify the autonomic dysfunction in young obese individuals.                                        

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5

van Vliet, JA, AA Vein, MD Ferrari, and JG van Dijk. "Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests in Cluster Headache." Cephalalgia 26, no. 3 (2006): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01004.x.

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While facial autonomic signs are prominent during cluster headache (CH) attacks, cardiovascular autonomic changes have been described in few CH patients. Cardiovascular autonomic function tests (AFT) can be used to assess general autonomic function in CH patients in different stages of the disease. We aimed to assess whether general autonomic function is changed in CH patients during a cluster period. AFT was performed both during a cluster period, but outside an actual attack, and outside a cluster period in 18 patients. Heart rate variability was studied at rest, during deep breathing, after standing up and during a Valsalva manoeuvre. Blood pressure (BP) changes were recorded at rest, during standing up and during sustained handgrip. Measurements during and outside the cluster period were compared using the paired t-test. AFT measurements revealed no significant differences between the two measurements, except for diastolic BP in rest, which was higher during the cluster period [80.3 (SD 12.2) vs. 74.8 (SD 9.0), P = 0.04]. Autonomic dysfunction during a cluster period, but outside an attack, does not include systemic cardiovascular control.

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6

Uribe, William, Adrián Baranchuk, and Federico Botero. "Syncope: electrocardiogram and autonomic function tests." Medwave 16, Suppl4 (2016): e6816-e6816. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2016.6816.

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7

Low, Phillip A., Victoria A. Tomalia, and Ki-Jong Park. "Autonomic Function Tests: Some Clinical Applications." Journal of Clinical Neurology 9, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.1.1.

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8

Jin, Heung Yong, and Tae Sun Park. "Autonomic Nerve Function Tests in Patients with Diabetes." Journal of Korean Diabetes 24, no. 2 (2023): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2023.24.2.71.

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the internal functions of the body organs, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupil response, urination, and sexual arousal. The ANS is divided into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. However, the ANS can be damaged or degenerated by metabolic problems including hyperglycemia, leading to diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN), which is a prevalent complication among diabetic patients. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy is an important form of DAN that results from an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve responses. This imbalance can lead to symptoms such as resting tachycardia, postural hypotension, and orthostatic tachycardia along with other types of autonomic neuropathy. Special tests can be performed to evaluate and diagnose this condition, including cardiovascular autonomic function tests. The aim of this review is to discuss the various tests used to diagnose and monitor autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients and how to use and interpret them effectively.

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9

Park, Kee Hong, and Eun Hee Sohn. "Interpretation of Autonomic Function Test." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 39, no. 2 (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2021.2.1.

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The autonomic function test consists of the tests that evaluate the sudomotor, cardiovascular adrenergic, and parasympathetic functions. As its importance grows, more and more medical institutions want to evaluate it properly. However, there are many variables to consider and difficulties in interpreting ambiguous results, which may lead to incorrect screening. This paper is intended to help provide an appropriate interpretation of autonomic function tests in clinical settings.

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Sugantha, M. Janet, and M. Sivaraj. "Autonomic Function Tests in Young Obese Individuals." International Journal of Physiology 7, no. 3 (2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-608x.2019.00099.4.

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11

Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Kaye Dalton, Justin R. Scott, John D. O’Sullivan, Stephen J. Read, and Robert D. Henderson. "441: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests: Normative data." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (2008): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2007.07.052.

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12

Kaijser, Lennart. "Autonomic nerve function tests - need for standardization?" Clinical Physiology 6, no. 6 (2008): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097x.1986.tb00780.x.

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13

Scott, Gordon, Alberto Piaggesi, and David J. Ewing. "Sequential autonomic function tests in HIV infection." Aids 4, no. 12 (1990): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199012000-00017.

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14

Gilmore, J. E. "Tests of autonomic function in diabetic subjects." Diabetologia 34, no. 1 (1991): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00404031.

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15

Ryder, R. E. J., and C. A. Hardisty. "Which battery of cardiovascular autonomic function tests?" Diabetologia 33, no. 3 (1990): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00404047.

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16

Ewing, D. J. "Which battery of cardiovascular autonomic function tests?" Diabetologia 33, no. 3 (1990): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00404048.

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17

Goldstein, David S., and William P. Cheshire. "Autonomic function tests: introduction to the series." Clinical Autonomic Research 27, no. 3 (2017): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-017-0415-9.

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18

Revathi, Mudduluru, Choppara Srilatha, and Taraka Lakshmi Dandangi. "Effect of Smoking on Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 6 (2023): 2449–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12537301.

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<strong>Introduction:</strong> Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The current study was aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular autonomic function in smokers. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> 50 male subjects in the age group 25 years to 45 years comprising of 25 smokers and 25 nonsmokers as control group were selected for present study. The fifty study and control subjects were subjected to a battery of cardiac autonomic function tests. <strong>Results:</strong> In our study, it was observed that there was significant difference between the mean values of the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non-smokers. The Expiration: Inspiration Ratio, the 30:15 Ratio (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non-smokers. In this study, it was observed that there was significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test and that there was a significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non-smokers  <strong>Conclusion: </strong> The cardiovascular autonomic function tests are reliable non-invasive and easy to carry out. By using these simple tests we can detect the early involvement of the autonomic nervous system before the clinical symptoms appear. This study indicates that smoking has adverse effect on cardiovascular autonomic functions.    

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19

Stewart, AG, JC Waterhouse, and P. Howard. "Cardiovascular autonomic nerve function in patients with hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." European Respiratory Journal 4, no. 10 (1991): 1207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.04101207.

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Intraneural hypoxaemia is recognized as a pathogenic mechanism in diabetic neuropathy. A similar pathophysiological process may occur in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Autonomic neuropathy is not recognized in COPD. We compared 96 patients with hypoxaemic COPD to 22 age-matched control subjects to see whether autonomic dysfunction occurs in COPD and whether there was any correlation with the severity of hypoxaemia. The cardiovascular autonomic tests consisted of heart rate responses (mainly parasympathetic function) to a Valsalva manoeuvre, deep breathing and postural change and blood pressure responses (mainly of sympathetic origin) to postural change and sustained handgrip. Early autonomic neuropathy is defined as one abnormal test and definite autonomic neuropathy as two abnormal tests according to the normal range. These autonomic tests were reproducible in our study population. Although the symptoms and signs of autonomic neuropathy were rare, definite autonomic dysfunction was found in 35%, and early autonomic neuropathy in a further 47%, of patients whose arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was less than 8 kPa (60 mmHg). Only 18% of the control group had evidence of an age-related early autonomic dysfunction. Parasympathetic autonomic dysfunction was significantly correlated with PaO2 whilst the sympathetic tests were relatively normal. Correction of hypoxaemia for one hour or administration of ipratropium bromide or terbutaline had no effect on autonomic function. Subclinical autonomic neuropathy is a feature of hypoxaemic COPD. Its importance in the disease process and its role in prognosis needs evaluation.

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20

Toru, Shuta, Tadashi Kanouchi, Takanori Yokota, Yosuke Yagi, Akira Machida, and Takayoshi Kobayashi. "Utility of Autonomic Function Tests to Differentiate Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson Disease with Dementia from Alzheimer Disease." European Neurology 79, no. 1-2 (2017): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484409.

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Objective: We studied autonomic disturbance in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson disease with dementia (PDD), Alzheimer disease (AD), to determine whether autonomic function tests can be used to distinguish these disorders. Methods: Autonomic function was tested in 56 patients with DLB, 37 patients with PDD, and 59 patients with AD by using the sympathetic skin response, coefficient of variation in R-R interval, the head-up tilt test, serum norepinephrine concentration, and 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy. Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, such as constipation, urinary symptoms, and orthostatic hypotension, were also noted. Results: The groups did not differ on baseline characteristics other than those associated with Parkinsonism and dementia. All patients with DLB and PDD had some dysautonomia, whereas rates were much lower for patients with AD (19%). Significantly more DLB and PDD patients than AD patients showed abnormalities on autonomic function tests. Conclusions: Autonomic function tests might be quite useful to distinguish DLB and PDD from AD.

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21

Ravits, John, Mark Hallett, Jan Nilsson, Ronald Polinsky, and James Dambrosia. "Electrophysiological tests of autonomic function in patients with idiopathic autonomic failure syndromes." Muscle & Nerve 19, no. 6 (1996): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199606)19:6<758::aid-mus11>3.0.co;2-h.

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22

Goyal, Seema, Vidushi Gupta, and Lily Walia. "Effect of noise stress on autonomic function tests." Noise and Health 12, no. 48 (2010): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.64976.

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23

Latha, Marupudi Madhavi, and Sushmita Yella. "Autonomic Function Tests between Yoga Practitioners and Controls." International Journal of Physiology 6, no. 2 (2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-608x.2018.00062.8.

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24

Vijitha, P., M. V. Sailaja, and N. Mallikarjuna Reddy. "Study of Autonomic Function Tests in Geriatric Population." International Journal of Integrative Medical Sciences 2, no. 3 (2015): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijims.2015.105.

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25

Claus, D. "Values and limits of cardiovascular autonomic function tests." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 103, no. 1 (1997): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4694(97)88085-x.

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26

Haapalahti, Petri, Markku Mäkijärvi, Petri Korhonen, et al. "Magnetocardiographic QT dispersion during cardiovascular autonomic function tests." Basic Research in Cardiology 95, no. 5 (2000): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003950070043.

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27

Neil, H. A. W., and S. A. Smith. "A simple clinical test of pupillary autonomic function: Correlation with cardiac autonomic function tests in diabetes." Neuro-Ophthalmology 9, no. 4 (1989): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01658108908997360.

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28

El-Sayed, Z. A., G. A. Mostafa, G. S. Aly, G. S. El-Shahed, M. M. A. El-Aziz, and S. M. El-Emam. "Cardiovascular autonomic function assessed by autonomic function tests and serum autonomic neuropeptides in Egyptian children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases." Rheumatology 48, no. 7 (2009): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kep134.

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29

Vinojini, Vivekanandam, Vichayanrat Ekawat, Skeavington Ian, et al. "THUR 155 Autonomic function testing in autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathies." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 89, no. 10 (2018): A18.4—A19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-abn.67.

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IntroductionAutoimmune autonomic ganglionopathies (AAG) are an increasingly diagnosed cause of autonomic failure. In 50% of patients, nicotinic ganglionic acetylcholine receptor (α3-AchR) antibodies are found. The presentation includes orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal and bladder dysfunction, abnormal pupillary responses and sicca symptoms. Physiological changes are documented with serial autonomic function testing. Gold standard therapy is not well established; however treatment with repeated plasma exchange appears to alter disease course.We provide the first description of consecutive autonomic function tests of one patient with seronegative AAG versus one patient with seropositive AAG both treated with serial plasma exchanges.MethodsWe compare ten parameters – time tolerated in head up tilt (HUT), lowest tilt heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP), HR Valsalva phase 2 and 4, Valsalva ratio, change in catecholamines, HR response to deep breathing and antibody titre.ResultsHUT time, Valsalva ratio and the lowest tilt diastolic BP correlate best with clinical course over time. The α3-AchR titre also correlates with clinical improvement in the seropositive AAG patient. ConclusionsWe propose that repeated HUT time, Valsalva ratio and lowest tilt diastolic BP should be recorded in patients with AAG to determine treatment response and to assist in deciding treatment continuation.

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Satish Kosuri. "Conventional Method to Evaluate Autonomic Functions in Obese Type–II Diabetics." International Journal of Physiology 7, no. 4 (2019): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijop.v7i4.66.

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Introduction The efficiency and functional status of autonomic activity can be assessed by using the simple noninvasive tests for effective diagnosis of autonomic imbalance in various diseases. The obesity and diabetes mellitus are the leading clinical conditions which deviates the autonomic tone and affects homeostasis. This study had objective of investigating alterations in sympatho vagal balance in obese type II diabetes mellitus. Method The autonomic function tests were done in thirty obese diabetic adults and 30 non obese adults aged between 30–50 years. All the procedures were performed in the morning after their light breakfast in a less noise and illuminated room. Results The results showed all autonomic function tests are statistically significant except valsalva manoeuvre. Trend in decrease in these variables in obese diabetes were suggestive of decreased efficiency of autonomic balance. Conclusion Therefore, early detection of functional impairment of autonomic changes and its appropriate management is the only means by which the morbidity and mortality can be reduced.

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Devi, Poli, Ritu Gupta, Neena Sharma, and Vanita Sharma. "Hemodynamic parameters and sympathetic autonomic function tests in obesity." National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6, no. 1 (2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2015.5.3108201573.

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32

Mahour, Jitendra, and Pratibha Verma. "Effect of Ujjayi Pranayama on cardiovascular autonomic function tests." National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7, no. 4 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2017.7.1029809122016.

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Garg, Rinku, Varun Malhotra, Neera Goet, Usha Dhar, and Yogesh Tripathi. "A study of autonomic function tests in obese people." International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 2, no. 4 (2013): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2319-5886.2.4.120.

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34

Ligtenberg, G., P. J. Blankestijn, F. Boomsma, and H. A. Koomans. "No change in autonomic function tests during uncomplicated haemodialysis." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 11, no. 4 (1996): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027354.

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De Marinis, Milena, Elisa Colaizzo, Rosa Anna Nives Petrelli, and Valter Santilli. "Alterations in cardiovascular autonomic function tests in idiopathic hyperhidrosis." Autonomic Neuroscience 167, no. 1-2 (2012): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2011.11.007.

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36

Matsunaga, Toru. "Autonomic nervous system function tests in patients with vertigo." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 80, no. 6 (1987): 865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.80.865.

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37

Irifune, Morihir, Hitoshi Ogino, Satoshi Ogino, and Tohru Matsunaga. "Autonomic nervous function tests in patients with nasal hyperreactivity." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 81, no. 11 (1988): 1609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.81.1609.

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Bergström, Bengt, Bo Lilja, Kerstin Rosberg, and Göran Sundkvist. "Autonomic nerve function tests. Reference values in healthy subjects." Clinical Physiology 6, no. 6 (2008): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097x.1986.tb00785.x.

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Amadawala, Tasneem, Charushila Rukadikar, and Dileep Deshpande. "Comparative study of autonomic function in diabetics and yoga practitioners using Ewing’s battery." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 14, no. 1 (2025): 121–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_749_24.

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ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. It significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and autonomic neuropathy. Yoga has been shown to improve autonomic function and glycemic control in diabetic patients. Objective: To compare the autonomic nervous system (ANS) function between diabetic patients and regular yoga practitioners using Ewing’s battery tests. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 270 participants, divided into two groups: 135 diabetics (Group I) and 135 yoga practitioners (Group II). Participants’ height, weight, and BMI were measured. ANS function was assessed using Ewing’s battery tests, which included heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses to various stimuli. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Diabetic participants showed lower HR responses to standing from a supine posture, the Valsalva maneuver, and slow deep breathing, indicating impaired parasympathetic function. They also exhibited higher BP responses to the cold pressor test, sustained handgrip, and standing, reflecting sympathetic overactivity. In contrast, yoga practitioners demonstrated better autonomic function with higher HR responses and lower BP responses in these tests. The findings suggest that yoga promotes parasympathetic dominance and reduces sympathetic overactivity. Conclusion: Regular yoga practice significantly improves autonomic function in individuals, including those with diabetes. These results support the incorporation of yoga as a complementary therapy in diabetes management to enhance cardiovascular health and reduce autonomic dysfunction.

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Lee, Hyung, and Hyun Ah Kim. "Autonomic dysfunction in patients with orthostatic dizziness." Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology 25, no. 1 (2023): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14253/acn.2023.25.1.27.

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Orthostatic dizziness is feeling dizzy or lightheaded when standing up. Hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness can be caused by autonomic dysfunction such as orthostatic hypotension or postural tachycardia syndrome. The interpretation of the autonomic function test results in patients with orthostatic dizziness is crucial for diagnosing and managing the underlying condition. The head-up tilt and Valsalva tests are especially important for evaluating adrenergic function in patients with hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness. However, it is important to note that autonomic function tests do not cover the entire diagnostic process, since their findings need to be considered along with the detailed history and physical examination results of the patient because various differential diagnoses exist for orthostatic dizziness. Ensuring appropriate treatment by interpreting the autonomic function test results can help to determine the improvement of and prevents falls from orthostatic dizziness.

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Gavan, Dana Elena, Alexandru Gavan, Cosmina Ioana Bondor, et al. "SUDOSCAN, an Innovative, Simple and Non-Invasive Medical Device for Assessing Sudomotor Function." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197571.

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Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is probably the most undiagnosed but serious complication of diabetes. The main objectives were to assess the prevalence of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in a population of diabetic patients, analyze it in a real-life outpatient unit scenario and determine the feasibility of performing SUDOSCAN tests together with widely used tests for neuropathy. A total of 33 patients were included in the study. Different scoring systems (the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score—TCNS; the Neuropathy Disability Score—NDS; and the Neuropathy Symptom Score—NSS) were applied to record diabetic neuropathy (DN), while the SUDOSCAN medical device was used to assess sudomotor function, detect diabetic autonomic neuropathy and screen for cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Fifteen (45.5%) patients had sudomotor dysfunction. The SUDOSCAN CAN risk score was positively correlated with the hands’ electrochemical sweat conductance (ESC), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the level of the glycated hemoglobin, as well as with the TCNS, NDS and NSS. Performing SUDOSCAN tests together with other tests for DN proved to be a feasible approach that could be used in daily clinical practice in order to screen for DN, as well as for the early screening of CAN, before more complex and time-consuming tests.

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42

Nemes, Attila, Róbert Takács, Henriette Gavallér, et al. "Correlations between aortic stiffness and parasympathetic autonomic function in healthy volunteers." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 88, no. 12 (2010): 1166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y10-095.

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Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and alterations in vascular elasticity are known complications of several disorders, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, aging, and chronic kidney disease. The current study was designed to test whether a relationship existed between pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), aortic elastic properties, and cardiovascular autonomic function in healthy volunteers. The study comprised 25 healthy volunteers, whose aortic strain, distensibility, and stiffness index were measured by echocardiography, whereas PWV and AIx were evaluated by Arteriograph (TensioMed, Budapest, Hungary) in all cases. Autonomic function was assessed by means of 5 standard cardiovascular reflex tests. We found that heart rate response to deep breathing, as the most reproducible cardiovascular reflex test to characterize parasympathetic function, showed low to moderate correlations with PWV (r = –0.431, p = 0.032), aortic strain (r = 0.594, p = 0.002), distensibility (r = 0.407, p = 0.043), and stiffness index (r = –0.453, p = 0.023). Valsalva ratio and autonomic neuropathy score (ANS) correlated with PWV (r = –0.557, p = 0.004 and r = –0.421, p = 0.036, respectively) and AIx (r = –0.461, p = 0.020 and r = –0.385, p = 0.057, respectively), while ANS correlated with even aortic stiffness index (r = –0.457, p = 0.022). Cardiovascular reflex tests mainly characterizing sympathetic function had no correlation with aortic stiffness parameters (p = NS for all correlations). Correlations exist between parameters characterizing aortic elasticity and parasympathetic autonomic function, as shown by standard cardiovascular reflex tests in healthy volunteers.

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Stewart, AG, F. Marsh, JC Waterhouse, and P. Howard. "Autonomic nerve dysfunction in COPD as assessed by the acetylcholine sweat-spot test." European Respiratory Journal 7, no. 6 (1994): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07061090.

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Patients with hypoxic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have evidence of a subclinical parasympathetic autonomic neuropathy, with apparent preservation of sympathetic function. However, these cardiovascular-respiratory tests might have been biased by concomitant chest disease, the acetylcholine sweat-spot test avoids this bias. This sweat-spot test assesses sympathetic nerve function, it relies upon the fact that denervated sweat glands do not produce sweat. 35 patients with hypoxaemic COPD and seven age matched normal subjects were studied. Following intradermal injection of 0.1 of 1% acetylcholine into the dorsum of the feet, the number of sweatglands able to respond in a given surface area was recorded. Cardiovascular autonomic nerve function, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, lung function and cigarette consumption were also recorded. The acetylcholine sweat-spot test was highly repeatable in eight COPD patients, no person with normal or frankly abnormal function being wrongly assigned. The age matched control subjects had normal acetylcholine sweat-spot scores and cardiovascular autonomic tests. The acetylcholine sweat-spot test was abnormal in 24 patients, borderline in 8 and normal in 3 patients. The abnormal sweat-spot test group had significant worse FEV1, arterial blood gases and autonomic function. The acetylcholine sweat-spot score correlated with the severity of arterial hypoxaemia (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) and with the parasympathetic cardiovascular tests (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). In conclusion, patients with hypoxaemic COPD have a parasympathetic cardiovascular and a peripheral sympathetic autonomic neuropathy. The acetylcholine sweat-spot test is repeatable, easy to perform and a sensitive indicator for autonomic dysfunction in breathless individuals with COPD.

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Rupareliya, Devka M., Rutuben Ashvinkumar Modi, Neha H. Pandya, and Radhe Shyam Trivedi. "Evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 9, no. 1 (2022): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2022.011.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that affects people all over the world. RA is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease. It primarily affects the joints and is frequently accompanied by extra-articular symptoms such as rheumatoid nodules, neuropathy, and normochromic normocytic anaemia. Objectives- The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac autonomic function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compare with healthy individuals. An observational, cross-sectional study was done between 50 having RA & 50 normal healthy subjects not on any medication, on both males & females between the age group of 30-60 years. Evaluation of autonomic nervous system was done with the help of non-invasive tests. Parasympathetic system was assessed by heart rate response to standing & heart rate response to lying down position. Sympathetic system was assessed by blood pressure response to standing, BP response to Valsalva Maneuverer & BP response to sustained hand grip. In individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis, the diastolic blood pressure in standing position was significantly lower(p&#60;0.01) than control group. Other parameters showed non- significant changes in RA group compared to control group. Discussion- study confirmed autonomic dysfunction occurs in patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, autonomic function may be the part of routine clinical examination in RA to reduce the cardiovascular autonomic morbidity Cardiovascular autonomic function tests in daily clinical examination helpful in early detection of autonomic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis.

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Kitamura, Akira, Takeshi Hoshino, Tadashi Kon, and Ryo Ogawa. "Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy Are at Risk of a Greater Intraoperative Reduction in Core Temperature." Anesthesiology 92, no. 5 (2000): 1311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200005000-00019.

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Background Core hypothermia develops after the induction of general anesthesia, but intraoperative vasoconstriction usually prevents its progression. However, diabetes mellitus is often associated with autonomic neuropathy, which leads to abnormal peripheral neurovascular function. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that diabetic patients experience a greater reduction in core temperature during general anesthesia than nondiabetic patients. Methods We studied 36 nondiabetic patients (control group) and 27 diabetic patients (diabetic group) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Both groups were divided into young (&lt; 60 yr) and older age (&gt;/= 60 yr) groups. Standard noninvasive autonomic tests (heart rate variation at deep periodical breathing, Valsalva maneuver, and head-up tilt) were carried out for each patient. The relation between the results of these tests of autonomic function and the tympanic membrane temperature during general anesthesia was assessed in relation to peripheral vasoconstriction. Results Thirteen patients in the diabetic group showed abnormal responses to two or more of the basal autonomic function tests (patients with autonomic dysfunction). Changes in core temperature among the groups were similar at 90 min after the induction of anesthesia. However, the core temperature of the diabetic patients with autonomic dysfunction was lower from 120 min (35.1 degrees C) onward compared with the young or older nondiabetic patients and the diabetic patients with normal autonomic function. Peripheral vasoconstriction, evaluated using the forearm-fingertip skin surface temperature gradient, was delayed in patients with autonomic dysfunction compared with the others. Conclusions The current results indicate that diabetic autonomic neuropathy is associated with more severe intraoperative hypothermia. We postulate that diabetic patients become more hypothermic because their peripheral neuropathy delays the onset of thermoregulatory vasoconstriction and reduces its efficacy once triggered. These patients may therefore fail to develop a normal core temperature plateau.

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Constantinescu, Victor, Daniela Matei, Irina Constantinescu, and Dan Iulian Cuciureanu. "Heart rate variability and vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy patients." Translational Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (2019): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2019-0036.

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Abstract Background Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) exerts a cortical modulating effect through its diffuse projections, especially involving cerebral structures related to autonomic regulation. The influence of VNS on cardiovascular autonomic function in drug-resistant epilepsy patients is still debated. We aimed to evaluate the impact of VNS on cardiovascular autonomic function in drug-resistant epilepsy patients, after three months of neurostimulation, using the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Methodology Multiple Trigonometric Regressive Spectral analysis enables a precise assessment of the autonomic control on the heart rate. We evaluated time and frequency-domain HRV parameters in resting condition and during sympathetic and parasympathetic activation tests in five epilepsy patients who underwent VNS procedure. Results We found appropriate cardiac autonomic responses to sympathetic and parasympathetic activation tests, described by RMSSD, pNN50, HF and LF/HF dynamics after three months of VNS. ON period of the neurostimulation may generate a transient vagal activation reflected on heart rate and RMSSD values, as observed in one of our cases. Conclusion VNS therapy in epilepsy patients seems not to disrupt the cardiac autonomic function. HRV represents a useful tool in evaluating autonomic activity. More extensive studies are needed to further explore cardiac autonomic response after neurostimulation.

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Songiso, Mpimpa, and Fastone Goma. "A Study of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital." University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences 6, no. 1 (2022): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.776.

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Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is the diminished capacity of autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system occurring in the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and in the absence of other aetiologies. Diabetes mellitus is a well- known cause of peripheral neuropathy. However, in comparison to somatic neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy is an under-diagnosed and under-treated chronic complication of diabetes mellitus despite its serious and significant contribution to morbidity and mortality in the diabetes mellitus population. A variety of tests, based on evaluation of the cardiovascular reflexes triggered by performing specific provocative manoeuvres, have been proposed to measure autonomic function. This study used four cardiovascular reflex tests to estimate appropriate autonomic function by examining heart rate, heart rate variation and the baroreceptor reflex. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in adult patients with diabetes mellitus at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Adult patients with diabetes mellitus, aged between 21 and 70 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Four, non-invasive, cardiac autonomic reflex tests to assess for cardiac autonomic neuropathy were employed according to Ewing’s method. The parasympathetic function was analysed based on the heart rate response to paced deep breathing and to Valsalva manoeuvring. The sympathetic function was assessed by measuring heart rate and blood pressure response to postural change. Ewing`s criteria was used for the categorisation of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. Continuous data were presented as means and standard deviation. Categorical data were analysed using a Fishers’ Exact Test (χ2) and a logistic regression was performed to verify the effects of diabetes mellitus’ duration, sex and age on the probability that the participants have cardiac autonomic neuropathy. A total of 52 patients participated in the study. The prevalence of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy was 48.1%. Out of 52 patients, 42.3% had definite cardiac autonomic neuropathy and 5.8% had severe cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Early cardiac autonomic neuropathy was observed in 34.6% of patients while 17.3% had no signs of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. The mean age of patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy was 54.44 ± 10.90 years and the mean duration of diabetes mellitus from diagnosis was 5.36 ± 6.78 years. The probability of developing cardiac autonomic neuropathy increased with increasing age and hypertensive participants were more likely develop cardiac autonomic neuropathy (ѵ = 5.82, p = .001). In conclusion, cardiac autonomic neuropathy was present in a significant proportion of adult patients with diabetes mellitus at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital, reflecting the increased morbidity encountered by this population. In order to improve patient quality of life and reduce disease burden, screening for cardiac autonomic neuropathy should be implemented using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests which are relatively simple, safe and affordable.

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., Ritesh, and PoonRakesh Roushanam. "EVALUATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC FUNCTION TESTS IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE HEALTHY INDIANS." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 14, no. 03 (2023): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.2023140308.

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Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a centre for the coordination of different body systems. Since the ANS is involved in energy metabolism and in the regulation of almost all visceral systems. It is conceivable that one or more subgroups of persons with idiopathic obesity have an alteration in their autonomic nervous system that may account for several clinical consequences of obesity. This observational study was conducted to find the association of Autonomic Function Tests among obese and non-obese participants. Among 90 participants, 45 were obese and 45 were non-obese, aged 18-40 years of either gender was enrolled after getting their voluntary written consent. In both the groups, Cold Pressure Test and Hand Grip Test were performed for evaluating sympathetic functions. Standing test (30:15 RR Ratio), Standing to Lying ratio, and Valsalva ratio were performed for evaluating parasympathetic functions. Chi-square and unpaired t test was employed for statistical analysis. A statistically significant association of Autonomic Function Tests among obese and non-obese participants was found as per BMI and Body Fat Percentage criteria. Study explored that obesity was associated with ANS dysfunction as compared to non-obese; this relationship was observed primarily in terms of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. The results of this study are indicative of autonomic insufficiency among obese participants.

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Sandhya M., Sunita Mittal, Rajesh Kathrotia, et al. "Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests in Patients of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 44, no. 1 (2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02537176211042805.

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Background: Patients with psychiatric disorders are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, reducing life expectancy. Autonomic dysfunction has been linked to this increased risk; many studies have found reductions in heart rate variability (HRV). Only a few studies have systematically explored the relationship between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and autonomic function, and they have found contradicting results. The present study is intended to explore comprehensive autonomic functions in OCD patients and compare them with healthy controls. Methods: A total of 18 OCD patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5 (DSM-5) criteria were enrolled to undergo comprehensive autonomic function testing, and the results were compared with 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Results: Time-domain parameters of HRV such as standard deviation of the RR intervals, coefficient of variance of RR intervals, standard deviation of differences between adjacent RR intervals, root square of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals, and percentage of number of RR interval differences ≥ 50 ms were significantly lower in OCD patients, indicating lesser parasympathetic tone. Frequency-domain parameters such as total power and very low frequency were significantly lower in OCD patients, indicating a significant decrease in autonomic tone. Nonlinear parameters such as dispersion of points perpendicular to the line of identity and dispersion of points along the line of identity were significantly lower in OCD patients, indicating altered vagal and sympathetic tone. In autonomic reactivity tests, the fall in systolic blood pressure during the lying to standing test and change in diastolic blood pressure during the cold pressor test were significantly altered in OCD patients, indicating abnormal sympathetic reactivity. There was no significant correlation between autonomic parameters and the severity of OCD. Conclusion: OCD is characterized by a decreased parasympathetic tone and abnormal sympathetic reactivity compared to normal controls.

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PARK, SAT BYUL, BYUNG CHAE LEE, and KEE SAM JEONG. "STANDARDIZED TESTS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY FOR AUTONOMIC FUNCTION TESTS IN HEALTHY KOREANS." International Journal of Neuroscience 117, no. 12 (2007): 1707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207450601050097.

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