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Journal articles on the topic 'Autonomic nervous system. Bone Diabetes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Miyasaka, Naoyuki, Mihoko Akiyoshi, and Toshiro Kubota. "Relationship between autonomic nervous system activity and bone mineral density in non-medicated perimenopausal women." Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 32, no. 5 (2013): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-013-0534-x.

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2

Ion, Daniela–Elena. "Treading on tricky ground: reconstructive approaches to Charcot neuropathic arthropathy of the foot." Romanian Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology 1, no. 2 (2018): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rojost-2018-0089.

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Abstract Introduction and purpose:Charcot neuroarthropathy defines a cluster of progressive lesions affecting the joints and bones, as well as the soft tissues of the foot in the context of diabetes, a pivotal role being attributed to peripheral neuropathy. Loss of sensation and proprioception, subsequent repeated trauma, muscle and autonomic nervous system impairment contribute to the alteration of the foot’s architecture and distribution of pressure, ultimately triggering ulceration and gangrene. The urge to avoid amputation has fueled the development of conservative and reconstructive techn

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3

Rossi, Marco, Luigi Ricordi, Emilio Mevio, et al. "Autonomic nervous system and microcirculation in diabetes." Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 30 (July 1990): S133—S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(90)90117-2.

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4

Elefteriou, Florent. "Impact of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Skeleton." Physiological Reviews 98, no. 3 (2018): 1083–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2017.

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It is from the discovery of leptin and the central nervous system as a regulator of bone remodeling that the presence of autonomic nerves within the skeleton transitioned from a mere histological observation to the mechanism whereby neurons of the central nervous system communicate with cells of the bone microenvironment and regulate bone homeostasis. This shift in paradigm sparked new preclinical and clinical investigations aimed at defining the contribution of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves to the process of bone development, bone mass accrual, bone remodeling, and cancer m

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5

Horn, Charles C., Jeffrey L. Ardell, and Lee E. Fisher. "Electroceutical Targeting of the Autonomic Nervous System." Physiology 34, no. 2 (2019): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00030.2018.

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Autonomic nerves are attractive targets for medical therapies using electroceutical devices because of the potential for selective control and few side effects. These devices use novel materials, electrode configurations, stimulation patterns, and closed-loop control to treat heart failure, hypertension, gastrointestinal and bladder diseases, obesity/diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Critical to progress is a mechanistic understanding of multi-level controls of target organs, disease adaptation, and impact of neuromodulation to restore organ function.

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6

Millar, Philip J., and John S. Floras. "Statins and the autonomic nervous system." Clinical Science 126, no. 6 (2013): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20130332.

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Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors) reduce plasma cholesterol and improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation, inflammation and oxidative stress. A ‘pleiotropic’ property of statins receiving less attention is their effect on the autonomic nervous system. Increased central sympathetic outflow and diminished cardiac vagal tone are disturbances characteristic of a range of cardiovascular conditions for which statins are now prescribed routinely to reduce cardiovascular events: following myocardial infarction, and in hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure and

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7

Hreidarsson, A. B., and H. J. G. Gundersen. "Reduced Pupillary Unrest: Autonomic Nervous System Abnormality in Diabetes Mellitus." Diabetes 37, no. 4 (1988): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.37.4.446.

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8

Hreidarsson, A. B., and H. J. Gundersen. "Reduced pupillary unrest. Autonomic nervous system abnormality in diabetes mellitus." Diabetes 37, no. 4 (1988): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.37.4.446.

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9

Irigoyen, M. C., Dulce Elena Casarini, Mariana Morris, and Nicola Montano. "Autonomic Nervous System, Inflammation, and Diabetes: Mechanisms and Possible Interventions." Experimental Diabetes Research 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/894157.

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10

Meretskyy, V. M., and M. M. Korda. "The features of neuroendocrine changes in cranial injury associated with diabetes mellitus." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 4 (2013): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1971.

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Aim. To study the features of neuroendocrine regulation in cranial injury associated with diabetes mellitus. Methods. Experiments were carried out on 100 male white rats that were divided into the following groups: the first group (n=10) - control group consisted of 10 intact animals, the second group (n=40) - rats with simulated traumatic cranial injury, the third group (n=10) - rats with experimental diabetes mellitus, the fourth group (n=40) - rats with simulated traumatic cranial injury and experimental diabetes mellitus. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by a single streptozotoci

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11

Surwit, R. S., and M. N. Feinglos. "Stress and Autonomic Nervous System in Type II Diabetes: A Hypothesis." Diabetes Care 11, no. 1 (1988): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.11.1.83.

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12

Bruinstroop, Eveline, Susanne E. la Fleur, Mariette T. Ackermans, et al. "The autonomic nervous system regulates postprandial hepatic lipid metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 304, no. 10 (2013): E1089—E1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00614.2012.

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The liver is a key organ in controlling glucose and lipid metabolism during feeding and fasting. In addition to hormones and nutrients, inputs from the autonomic nervous system are also involved in fine-tuning hepatic metabolic regulation. Previously, we have shown in rats that during fasting an intact sympathetic innervation of the liver is essential to maintain the secretion of triglycerides by the liver. In the current study, we hypothesized that in the postprandial condition the parasympathetic input to the liver inhibits hepatic VLDL-TG secretion. To test our hypothesis, we determined the

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13

Birajdar, Sidheshwar Virbhadraappa, Sheshrao Sakharam Chavan, Sanjay A. Munde, and Yuvraj P. Bende. "A Study of autonomic nervous system dysfunction among patient with diabetes mellitus: a cross sectional study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 2 (2017): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20170967.

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Background: Neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and it may affect both the peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system. It’s prevalence ranges from 1% to 90%. The present study is therefore designed to investigate autonomic nervous system involvement in diabetes mellitus by using simple bedside tests and to study its association with other diabetic angiopathies.Methods: 100 patients of diabetes mellitus were selected in the study. In Autonomic function tests for evaluating parasympathetic damage E: I ratio, 30:75 ratio and Valsalva ratio test was performed. Sympathetic

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14

Parish, Roy C. "Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 12, no. 2 (1999): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009901200207.

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Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) occurs in approximately half of Caucasian patients with diabetes and perhaps three-fourths of black diabetic patients. This may be asymptomatic for several years, but the majority of patients with DAN eventually exhibit symptoms of diarrhea, cardiac arrhythmias, sexual dysfunction, and abnormal sweating. Prolonged hyperglycemia results in damage to the autonomic nervous system (ANS), particularly the vagus nerve and other parts of the parasympathetic division. DAN is associated with increased risk of sudden death, high-risk cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial in

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15

Zhhilova, N. "Investigation of the autonomic nervous system in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic cerebral ischemia." East European Journal of Neurology, no. 3(15) (December 20, 2018): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33444/2411-5797.2017.3(15).36-39.

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The number of scientific studies which proving that the cause of many chronic diseases is the autonomic nervous system dysfunction has increased. The changes in the autonomic nervous system can be detected before the appearance of clinical symptoms. This is the basis of prevention. Reducing the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system and activating the sympathetic nervous system are predictors of arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and others. There are no clear mechanisms for the emergence of hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiovascular pathol

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16

Karki, DB, S. Acharya, P. Shrestha, S. Pant, A. Pokhrel, and P. Bista. "Autonomic nervous system evaluation in Type 2 diabetic patients and effect of its duration." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 1, no. 2 (2013): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8142.

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Introduction: Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is common in diabetic patients. Presence of autonomic dysfunction should alert the physicians of its serious consequences that require timely preventive measures. Objectives: This study was done to fi nd out the autonomic nervous system involvement in Type 2 diabetic patients and to see its relation with the duration of diabetes. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study. All consecutive diabetic patients of both genders attending Kathmandu Medical College and a private clinic, Temple of Healing were included. A battery o

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17

Gardim, Camila Balsamo, Bruno Affonso P. de Oliveira, Aline Fernanda B. Bernardo, et al. "Heart rate variability in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus." Revista Paulista de Pediatria 32, no. 2 (2014): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-0582201432215513.

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OBJECTIVE:To gather current information about the effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus on children's cardiac autonomic behavior.DATA SOURCES: The search of articles was conducted on PubMed, Ibecs, Medline, Cochrane, Lilacs, SciELO and PEDro databases using the MeSH terms: "autonomic nervous system", "diabetes mellitus", "child", "type 1 diabetes mellitus", "sympathetic nervous system" and "parasympathetic nervous system", and their respective versions in Portuguese (DeCS). Articles published from January 2003 to February 2013 that enrolled children with 9-12 years old with type 1 diabetes melli

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18

Sharath shanmugam, Oshin mantro, Jagadeesan M, et al. "A Study On Assessment Of Autonomic Nervous System Function In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4163.

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates the entire neuraxis and influences the functions of all organs. This study was undertaken for evaluating the autonomic dysfunction in diabetic patients using clinical autonomic tests and neuro- electrophysiology. A prospective study was carried out in 66 patients with type II diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital for one year. Systemic examination, necessary investigations, nerve conduction study and clinical testing for the autonomic nervous system were done. The results were noted and analyzed. 65.2% were females, whereas 34.8% were males

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19

Pénicaud, Luc, Beatrice Cousin, Corinne Leloup, Anne Lorsignol, and Louis Casteilla. "The autonomic nervous system, adipose tissue plasticity, and energy balance." Nutrition 16, no. 10 (2000): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00427-5.

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20

Yasuda, Koichiro, Tetsuro Matsunaga, Tetsuya Adachi, Norihiko Aoki, Gozoh Tsujimoto, and Kinsuke Tsuda. "Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and autonomic nervous system function in human obesity." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 17, no. 7 (2006): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2006.07.001.

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21

BINZONI, TIZIANO, and DIMITRI VAN DE VILLE. "NONINVASIVE PROBING OF THE NEUROVASCULAR SYSTEM IN HUMAN BONE/BONE MARROW USING NEAR-INFRARED LIGHT." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 04, no. 02 (2011): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545811001447.

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Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between bone/bone marrow, circulatory system and nervous system is of great interest due to the potential clinical impact. In humans, the amount of knowledge in this domain remains relatively limited due to the extreme difficulty to monitor these tissues continuously, noninvasively and for long or repeated periods of time. A typical difficult task would be, for example, to continuously monitor bone/bone marrow blood perfusion, hemoglobin oxygen saturation or blood volume and study their dependence on the activity of the autonomic nervous system. In t

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22

Hilsted, J., H. Frandsen, J. J. Holst, N. J. Christensen, and S. L. Nielsen. "Plasma glucagon and glucose recovery after hypoglycemia: The effect of total autonomic blockade." Acta Endocrinologica 125, no. 4 (1991): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1250466.

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Abstract. The role of the autonomic nervous system in the glucagon response to hypoglycemia has not been fully clarified. We have studied the effect of total pharmacological blockade of the autonomic nervous system (concomitant α- and β- adrenergic blockade with simultaneous atropine injection) and of isolated α-adrenergic blockade on hormonal responses to hypoglycemia and on blood glucose recovery after hypoglycemia in healthy subjetcs. Neither of the pharmacological blockades had any significant effects on plasma glucagon responses to hypoglycemia nor had they any effect on the rate of blood

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23

Hirsch, Jules, and Ronald M. Mackintosh. "Measuring Activity of the Autonomic Nervous System in Humans." Obesity Research 11, no. 1 (2003): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.2.

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24

Aytemir, Kudret, Serdar Aksöyek, Necla Özer, Alper Gürlek, and Ali Oto. "QT dispersion and autonomic nervous system function in patients with type 1 diabetes." International Journal of Cardiology 65, no. 1 (1998): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5273(98)00091-6.

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25

Stroud, C. R., S. R. Heller, J. D. Ward, C. A. Hardisty, and A. P. Weetman. "Analysis of antibodies against components of the autonomic nervous system in diabetes mellitus." QJM 90, no. 9 (1997): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/90.9.577.

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26

Pöyhönen-Alho, M., M. Viitasalo, M. G. Nicholls, B. M. Lindström, H. Väänänen, and R. Kaaja. "Imbalance of the autonomic nervous system at night in women with gestational diabetes." Diabetic Medicine 27, no. 9 (2010): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03062.x.

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27

Cohen, Michal, Catriona Syme, Brian W. McCrindle, and Jill Hamilton. "Autonomic nervous system balance in children and adolescents with craniopharyngioma and hypothalamic obesity." European Journal of Endocrinology 168, no. 6 (2013): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-12-1082.

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ObjectiveDysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is thought to be involved in craniopharyngioma-related hypothalamic obesity (CRHO). Increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity have been suggested. We aimed to study autonomic activity using heart rate variability (HRV) and biochemical measures in youth with CRHO compared with controls and to explore relationships between obesity and autonomic indices.DesignA cross-sectional study of 16 youth with CRHO and 16 controls matched for sex, age, and BMI.MethodsAnthropometrics, fasting blood-work, resting energy expendi

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28

Brown, F. M., M. Watts, and S. L. Rabinowe. "Aggregation of subclinical autonomic nervous system dysfunction and autoantibodies in families with type I diabetes." Diabetes 40, no. 12 (1991): 1611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.40.12.1611.

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29

Han, Cheng, Matthew W. Rice, and Dongsheng Cai. "Neuroinflammatory and autonomic mechanisms in diabetes and hypertension." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 311, no. 1 (2016): E32—E41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00012.2016.

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Interdisciplinary studies in the research fields of endocrinology and immunology show that obesity-associated overnutrition leads to neuroinflammatory molecular changes, in particular in the hypothalamus, chronically causing various disorders known as elements of metabolic syndrome. In this process, neural or hypothalamic inflammation impairs the neuroendocrine and autonomic regulation of the brain over blood pressure and glucose homeostasis as well as insulin secretion, and elevated sympathetic activation has been appreciated as a critical mediator. This review describes the involved physiolo

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30

Jeanrenaud, B. "Insulin, corticosterone and the autonomic nervous system in animal obesities: a viewpoint." Diabetologia 38, no. 8 (1995): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00400592.

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31

Jeanrenaud, B. "Insulin, corticosterone and the autonomic nervous system in animal obesities: a viewpoint." Diabetologia 38, no. 8 (1995): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050384.

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32

W. Porges, Stephen. "LOVE: AN EMERGENT PROPERTY OF THE MAMMALIAN AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM." Psychoneuroendocrinology 23, no. 8 (1998): 837–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00057-2.

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33

Alen, Nicholas V., LillyBelle K. Deer, and Camelia E. Hostinar. "Autonomic nervous system activity predicts increasing serum cytokines in children." Psychoneuroendocrinology 119 (September 2020): 104745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104745.

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34

Carnethon, Mercedes R., Sherita H. Golden, Aaron R. Folsom, William Haskell, and Duanping Liao. "Prospective Investigation of Autonomic Nervous System Function and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes." Circulation 107, no. 17 (2003): 2190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000066324.74807.95.

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35

Hägglund, Harriet, Arja Uusitalo, Juha E. Peltonen, et al. "Dissociation of Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Function and Aerobic Capacity in Type 1 Diabetes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000385327.54538.06.

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36

Eguchi, Kazuo. "Disrupted diurnal BP variation and cardiovascular disease in diabetes: Relation to autonomic nervous system." Autonomic Neuroscience 135, no. 1-2 (2007): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2007.06.039.

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37

Carnethon, M. R., R. J. Prineas, M. Temprosa, Z. M. Zhang, G. Uwaifo, and M. E. Molitch. "The Association Among Autonomic Nervous System Function, Incident Diabetes, and Intervention Arm in the Diabetes Prevention Program." Diabetes Care 29, no. 4 (2006): 914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1729.

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38

Tseng, Kuang-Wen, Mei-Lin Peng, Yang-Cheng Wen, Kang-Jen Liu, and Chung-Liang Chien. "Neuronal degeneration in autonomic nervous system of Dystonia musculorum mice." Journal of Biomedical Science 18, no. 1 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-18-9.

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39

Skrapari, Ioanna, Nicholas Tentolouris, Despoina Perrea, Christos Bakoyiannis, Athanasia Papazafiropoulou, and Nicholas Katsilambros. "Baroreflex Sensitivity in Obesity: Relationship With Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activity*." Obesity 15, no. 7 (2007): 1685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.201.

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40

Fudashkin, A., and B. Usupbekova. "The Effect of Osteopathic Correction to the Vegetative Status in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus of 2nd Type." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2015): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2015-3-4-21-28.

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The results of instrumental and functional efﬁciency assessment of osteopathic correction for diabetes mellitus of 2nd type autonomic dysfunctions are presented in this article. Osteopathic examination data are provided and common somatic dysfunctions are identiﬁed. Osteopathic correction of the autonomic disorders is associated with the balancing process for both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system.

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41

Trombetti, Andrea, Laura Richert, François R. Herrmann, Thierry Chevalley, Jean-Daniel Graf, and René Rizzoli. "Selective Determinants of Low Bone Mineral Mass in Adult Women with Anorexia Nervosa." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/897193.

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We investigated the relative effect of amenorrhea and insulin-like growth factor-I (sIGF-I) levels on cancellous and cortical bone density and size. We investigated 66 adult women with anorexia nervosa. Lumbar spine and proximal femur bone mineral density was measured by DXA. We calculated bone mineral apparent density. Structural geometry of the spine and the hip was determined from DXA images. Weight and BMI, but not height, as well as bone mineral content and density, but not area and geometry parameters, were lower in patients with anorexia nervosa as compared with the control group. Ameno

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42

Quilliot, Didier, Faiez Zannad, and Olivier Ziegler. "Impaired response of cardiac autonomic nervous system to glucose load in severe obesity." Metabolism 54, no. 7 (2005): 966–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2005.03.002.

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43

Dunlap, Elizabeth D., Ellis Samols, Leonard C. Waite, and Michael A. Pfeifer. "Development of a method to determine autonomic nervous system function in the rat." Metabolism 36, no. 2 (1987): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(87)90017-5.

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44

Taranikanti, Madhuri, Akhila Dronamraju, Sudha Bala, Rohith Kumar Guntuka, and Aswin Kumar Mudunuru. "Autonomic Nervous System Derangement as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease in Obese Postmenopausal Women." Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS 04, no. 01 (2019): 008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692310.

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Abstract Background and Aim Cardiovascular disease is more prevalent in women after menopause and particularly in those aged > 60 years. Obesity during menopause has become a growing cause of concern as the source of estrogen during this period is extragonadal. Autonomic function tests serve as effective markers of autonomic activity. Any derangement of autonomic functions in obese postmenopausal women would serve as an early marker for the detection of cardiovascular disease. The aims and objectives of this study were to measure autonomic functions tests in obese postmenopausal women and t

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45

Souza, Naiara M., Thais R. Giacon, Francis L. Pacagnelli, Marianne P. C. R. Barbosa, Vitor E. Valenti, and Luiz C. M. Vanderlei. "Dynamics of heart rate variability analysed through nonlinear and linear dynamics is already impaired in young type 1 diabetic subjects." Cardiology in the Young 26, no. 7 (2016): 1383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104795111500270x.

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AbstractBackgroundAutonomic diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus, and studies using heart rate variability to investigate these individuals have shown inconclusive results regarding autonomic nervous system activation.AimsTo investigate the dynamics of heart rate in young subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus through nonlinear and linear methods of heart rate variability.MethodsWe evaluated 20 subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 23 healthy control subjects. We obtained the following nonlinear indices from the recurrence plot: recurrenc

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46

Taborsky, Gerald J., and Thomas O. Mundinger. "Minireview: The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Mediating the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia." Endocrinology 153, no. 3 (2012): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-2040.

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In type 1 diabetes, the impairment of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia increases both its severity and duration. In nondiabetic individuals, hypoglycemia activates the autonomic nervous system, which in turn mediates the majority of the glucagon response to moderate and marked hypoglycemia. The first goal of this minireview is therefore to illustrate and document these autonomic mechanisms. Specifically we describe the hypoglycemic thresholds for activating the three autonomic inputs to the islet (parasympathetic nerves, sympathetic nerves, and adrenal medullary epinephrine) and their mag

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47

Petrofsky, Jerrold, Lee Berk, and Hani Al-Nakhli. "The Influence of Autonomic Dysfunction Associated with Aging and Type 2 Diabetes on Daily Life Activities." Experimental Diabetes Research 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/657103.

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ageing have well documented effects on every organ in the body. In T2D the autonomic nervous system is impaired due to damage to neurons, sensory receptors, synapses and the blood vessels. This paper will concentrate on how autonomic impairment alters normal daily activities. Impairments include the response of the blood vessels to heat, sweating, heat transfer, whole body heating, orthostatic intolerance, balance, and gait. Because diabetes is more prevalent in older individuals, the effects of ageing will be examined. Beginning with endothelial dysfunction, blood ve

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48

Brown, F. M., M. Watts, and S. L. Rabinowe. "Aggregation of Subclinical Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction and Autoantibodies in Families With Type I Diabetes." Diabetes 40, no. 12 (1991): 1611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.40.12.1611.

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49

Kalopita, Stavroula, Stavros Liatis, Petros Thomakos, et al. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLUCOSE VARIABILITY AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES." European Journal of Internal Medicine 22 (October 2011): S44—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-6205(11)60183-0.

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50

Selvaraj, V., and O. Mantro. "Assessment of autonomic nervous system function in type 2 diabetes a war of new era." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 405 (October 2019): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.1462.

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