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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Autonomous drones'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Petkova, Mia. "Deploying drones for autonomous detection of pavement distress." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106049.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 57-61).
Road repair expenditure comprises a significant portion of US federal and municipal budgets. Inspection and timely maintenance are crucial preventative measures against pavement distress formation that can lower the monetary burden of repairs. Yet state of the art road inspection techniques still employ technicians to perform distress measurements manually. These methods are often too costly, time-consuming, labor-intensive and require technical expertise. Meanwhile, autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in place of human operators where tasks are monotonous and where risk of exposure to hostile conditions is great. As a time-consuming but highly repetitive task, road inspection presents a promising candidate for task automation. Automating road inspection can present significant efficiency gains that can aid agencies in responding to early signs of erosion in a timely manner. In this work, I explore the capacity of drones to perform autonomous pavement inspections. I develop a system that dispatches drones to survey an area, diagnose the presence of pavement distress in real time, and record imagery and coordinates of locations requiring repair. This system presents an alternative to on-ground inspections and tools that draw on crowd-sourced mechanisms to identify potholes. It builds on other recent technological solutions that employ remote sensing to collect and interpret data on pavement health. The results from this mission will be visualized through a web platform that can not only aid cities in consolidating a fragmented and costly data collection process, but also in minimize human error in the identification and prioritization of problem areas.
by Mia Petkova.
S.M.
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2

Jiang, Ziwen M. EngMassachusetts Institute of Technology. "An autonomous landing and charging system for drones." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123029.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-71).
A sensor-equipped consumer-grade drone can help collect data about the world. However, a drone's flight time today is measured in tens of minutes. Charging multiple drones in a network also requires manual assistance. In this thesis, we develop an integrated system with an autonomous charging pad that a drone can accurately land on. At the same time, the charging system allows the drone to land in environments with low visibility, especially during the nighttime. This research combined vision-based marker detection and flight control algorithms to create accurate landing procedures with different camera modules. Two charging platform designs of wireless and wired contact charging were built with the marker. The autonomous charging system enables a drone to land more accurately than the GPS-based navigation and gets charged without human assistance.
by Ziwen Jiang.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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3

Chadha, Abhimanyu. "Vision Based Localization of Drones in a GPS Denied Environment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99887.

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In this thesis, we build a robust end-to-end pipeline for the localization of multiple drones in a GPS-denied environment. This pipeline would help us with cooperative formation control, autonomous delivery, search and rescue operations etc. To achieve this we integrate a custom trained YOLO (You Only Look Once) object detection network, for drones, with the ZED2 stereo camera system. With the help of this sensor we obtain a relative vector from the left camera to that drone. After calibrating it from the left camera to that drone's center of mass, we then estimate the location of all the drones in the leader drone's frame of reference. We do this by solving the localization problem with least squares estimation and thus acquire the location of the follower drone's in the leader drone's frame of reference. We present the results with the stereo camera system followed by simulations run in AirSim to verify the precision of our pipeline.
Master of Science
In the recent years, technologies like Deep Learning and Machine Learning have seen many rapid developments. This has lead to the rise of fields such as autonomous drones and their application in fields such as bridge inspection, search and rescue operations, disaster management relief, agriculture, real estate etc. Since GPS is a highly unreliable sensor, we need an alternate method to be able to localize the drones in various environments in real time. In this thesis, we integrate a robust drone detection neural network with a camera which estimates the location. We then use this data to get the relative location of all the follower drones from the leader drone. We run experiments with the camera and in a simulator to show the accuracy of our results.
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4

Theodorakopoulos, Panagiotis. "On autonomous target tracking for UAVs." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/545/.

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La plupart des applications des avions drones sont liées à l'observation d'événements au sol. En particulier, les suivi de cibles terrestres mobiles, qu'elles soient statiques, lentes ou rapides, est une tâche essentielle pour un drone. L'objectif global de la thèse est de proposer des méthodes qui permettent à un drone de suivre une cible terrestre, dans les conditions suivantes: - Le drone est de type voilure fixe équipé d'une caméra monoculaire. - Présence d'obstacles qui occultent la visibilité de zones au sol. - Existence de zones d'exclusion aérienne qui limitent le mouvement aérien. - Restrictions sur le champ de vue du capteur qui assure le suivi (caméra) - Différents comportements de la cible : elle peut évoluer librement ou sous contraintes dynamiques (cas d'une voiture par exemple), et peut être neutre ou évasive~: dans ce dernier cas, elle peut exploiter la présence d'obstacles pour éviter d'être perçue par le drone. Trois approches pour aborder ce problème sont proposées dans la thèse : - Une méthode basée aux lois de contrôle et de la navigation, - Une méthode basée sur la prédiction des déplacements de la cible, - Et une approche basée sur la théorie des jeux. Des résultats obtenus par des simulations réalistes et avec un drone sont présentés, pour évaluer et comparer les avantages et inconvénients de chacune des approches. Des extensions au cas "multi-drones" sont aussi proposées
Most applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are related to events that occur on the ground. In particular, ground target tracking, be the target static, slowly moving or maneuvering at high speeds, is an essential task for UAVs. The overall objective of this thesis is to provide methods to endow a drone to autonomously track a moving ground target, under the following conditions: - A fixed wing UAV equipped with a monocular camera. - Presence of obstacles that hinder ground visibility. - No Fly Zones that limit the airspace. - Restrictions on the field of view of the observing sensor (a camera) - Various target dynamics and behavior: the target may be either moving on an open field or on a road network, and also has dynamic constraints (e. G. If it is a car). It can be neutral or evasive: in the latter case, it can exploit the presence of obstacles, denoted as "shadows" to avoid being tracked by the UAV, making the problem akin to a "hide and seek" game. The thesis proposes three approaches to tackle this problem: - A control based navigation method, - An adversarial predictive method, - And a discrete game theoretic approach. Results obtained in realistic simulations and with an actual UAV are presented to evaluate and compare the pros and cons of each approach. Extensions to the multi-drone case are also considered
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5

Alvarez, Custodio Maria. "Autonomous Recharging System for Drones: Detection and Landing on the Charging Platform." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245197.

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In the last years, the use of indoor drones has increased significantly in many different areas. However, one of the main limitations of the potential of these drones is the battery life. This is due to the fact that the battery size has to be limited since the drones have a maximum payload in order to be able to take-off and maintain the flight. Therefore, a recharging process need to be performed frequently, involving human intervention and thus limiting the drones applications. In order to solve this problem, this master thesis presents an autonomous recharging system for a nano drone, the Crazyflie 2.0 by Bitcraze AB. By automating the battery recharging process no human intervention will be needed, and thus overall mission time of the drone can be considerably increased, broadening the possible applications. The main goal of this thesis is the design and implementation of a control system for the indoor nano drone, in order to control it towards a landing platform and accurately land on it. The design and implementation of an actual recharging system is carried out too, so that in the end a complete full autonomous system exists. Before this controller and system are designed and presented, a research study is first carried out to obtain a background and analyze existing solutions for the autonomous landing problem. A camera is integrated together with the Crazyflie 2.0 to detect the landing station and control the drone with respect to this station position. A visual system is designed and implemented for detecting the landing station. For this purpose, a marker from the ArUco library is used to identify the station and estimate the distance to the marker and the camera orientation with respect to it. Finally, some tests are carried out to evaluate the system. The flight time obtained is 4.6 minutes and the landing performance (the rate of correct landings) is 80%.
Under de senaste åren har användningen av inomhusdrönare ökat betydligt på många olika områden. En av de största begränsningarna för dessa drönare är batteritiden. Detta beror på att batteristorleken måste begränsas eftersom drönarna har en väldigt begränsad maximal nyttolast för att kunna flyga. Därför måste de laddas ofta, vilket involverar mänskligt ingripande och därmed begränsar drönartillämpningarna. För att lösa detta problem presenterar detta examensarbete ett autonomt laddningssystem för en nanodrönare, Crazyflie 2.0. Genom att automatisera batteriladdningsprocessen behövs inget mänskligt ingrepp, och därigenom kan uppdragstiden för drönaren ökas avsevärt och bredda de möjliga tillämpningarna. Huvudmålet med denna avhandling är designen och implementationen av ett styrsystem för en inomhusdrönare, för att styra den mot en landningsplattform och landa korrekt på den. Arbetet inkluderar det faktiska laddningssystemet också, så att slutresultatet är ett fullständigt autonomt system. Innan regulatorn och systemet utformas och presenteras presenteras en genomgång av bakgrundsmaterial och analys av befintliga lösningar för problemet med autonom landning. En kamera monteras på Crazyflie 2.0 för att kunna detektera och positionera landningsstationen och styra drönaren med avseende på detta. För detektion används ArUcobibliotekets markörer vilka också gör det möjligt att räkna ut kamerans position och orientering med avseende på markören och därmed laddstationen. Slutligen utförs tester för att utvärdera systemet. Den erhållna flygtiden är 4,6 minuter och landningsprestandan (andel korrekta landningar på första försöket) är 80%.
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6

Ait, Saadi Amylia. "Coordination of scout drones (UAVs) in smart-city to serve autonomous vehicles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG064.

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Le sujet des véhicules aériens sans pilote (VAP) est devenu un domaine d'étude prometteurtant dans la recherche que dans l'industrie. En raison de leur autonomie et de leur efficacitéen vol, les drones sont considérablement utilisés dans diverses applications pour différentestâches. Actuellement, l'autonomie du drone est un problème difficile qui peut avoir un impactà la fois sur ses performances et sur sa sécurité pendant la mission. Pendant le vol, les dronesautonomes sont tenus d'investiguer la zone et de déterminer efficacement leur trajectoire enpréservant leurs ressources (énergie liée à la fois à l'altitude et à la longueur de la trajectoire) et en satisfaisant certaines contraintes (obstacles et rotations d'axe). Ce problème estdéfini comme le problème de planification de trajectoire UAV qui nécessite des algorithmesefficaces pour être résolus, souvent des algorithmes d'intelligence artificielle. Dans cettethèse, nous présentons deux nouvelles approches pour résoudre le problème de planificationde trajectoire UAV. La première approche est un algorithme amélioré basé sur l'algorithmed'optimisation des vautours africains, appelé algorithmes CCO-AVOA, qui intègre la cartechaotique, la mutation de Cauchy et les stratégies d'apprentissage basées sur l'oppositiond'élite. Ces trois stratégies améliorent les performances de l'algorithme AVOA original entermes de diversité des solutions et d'équilibre de recherche exploration/exploitation. Unedeuxième approche est une approche hybride, appelée CAOSA, basée sur l'hybridation deChaotic Aquila Optimization avec des algorithmes de recuit simulé. L'introduction de lacarte chaotique améliore la diversité de l'optimisation Aquila (AO), tandis que l'algorithmede recuit simulé (SA) est appliqué comme algorithme de recherche locale pour améliorer larecherche d'exploitation de l'algorithme AO traditionnel. Enfin, l'autonomie et l'efficacitédu drone sont abordées dans une autre application importante, qui est le problème de placement du drone. La question du placement de l'UAV repose sur la recherche de l'emplacementoptimal du drone qui satisfait à la fois la couverture du réseau et la connectivité tout entenant compte de la limitation de l'UAV en termes d'énergie et de charge. Dans ce contexte, nous avons proposé un hybride efficace appelé IMRFO-TS, basé sur la combinaisonde l'amélioration de l'optimisation de la recherche de nourriture des raies manta, qui intègreune stratégie de contrôle tangentiel et d'algorithme de recherche taboue
The subject of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has become a promising study field in bothresearch and industry. Due to their autonomy and efficiency in flight, UAVs are considerablyused in various applications for different tasks. Actually, the autonomy of the UAVis a challenging issue that can impact both its performance and safety during the mission.During the flight, the autonomous UAVs are required to investigate the area and determineefficiently their trajectory by preserving their resources (energy related to both altitude andpath length) and satisfying some constraints (obstacles and axe rotations). This problem isdefined as the UAV path planning problem that requires efficient algorithms to be solved,often Artificial Intelligence algorithms. In this thesis, we present two novel approachesfor solving the UAV path planning problem. The first approach is an improved algorithmbased on African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (AVOA), called CCO-AVOA algorithms,which integrates the Chaotic map, Cauchy mutation, and Elite Opposition-based learningstrategies. These three strategies improve the performance of the original AVOA algorithmin terms of the diversity of solutions and the exploration/exploitation search balance. Asecond approach is a hybrid-based approach, called CAOSA, based on the hybridization ofChaotic Aquila Optimization with Simulated Annealing algorithms. The introduction of thechaotic map enhances the diversity of the Aquila Optimization (AO), while the SimulatedAnnealing (SA) algorithm is applied as a local search algorithm to improve the exploitationsearch of the traditional AO algorithm. Finally, the autonomy and efficiency of the UAVare tackled in another important application, which is the UAV placement problem. Theissue of the UAV placement relays on finding the optimal UAV placement that satisfies boththe network coverage and connectivity while considering the UAV's limitation from energyand load. In this context, we proposed an efficient hybrid called IMRFO-TS, based on thecombination of Improved Manta Ray Foraging Optimization, which integrates a tangentialcontrol strategy and Tabu Search algorithms
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7

ADER, MARIA, and DAVID AXELSSON. "Drones in arctic environments." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217918.

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This is a master thesis by Maria Ader and David Axelsson, students at the Master of Science in Engineering degree program in Design and Product Realization at KTH, within the master program Integrated Product Design. The thesis work will benefit ÅF and the EU project ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ. The ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ project is part of the EU’s effort to forward climate research, and aims to “coordinate and harmonize research and monitoring efforts that will greatly contribute to our knowledge and understanding of changes occurring in the arctic environment.” One out of 12 subprojects within ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ aims to “increase awareness of drone technology and sensors among researchers and research station managers while making industry aware of innovative potential uses requiring drone and sensor development.” A drone is an unmanned aerial system/vehicle (UAS/UAV), i.e. an airborne vehicle without a human pilot aboard. This master thesis examines the need of drones at the ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ research stations and how arctic climates affect drone technology and the ergonomics of piloting a drone. The thesis also provides an overview of the current state of the drone market and the laws and regulations that affect the use of drones. A survey was distributed within ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ to map the researchers’ need of, and attitudes towards, drones, followed by exhaustive interviews with researchers and other key figures. Field testing at Tarfala Research Station provided complementing data. The primary insight from the study was that the researchers’ need, as well as the tasks and methods that they employ, vary greatly. Another insight was that many researchers want to use drones primarily as a sensor platform to collect data from large areas in a short time span. A situation-based drone recommendation and a concept proposal for a simple water sampling solution were made based on the results of the study
Detta är ett examensarbete utfört av Maria Ader och David Axelsson, studenter på civilingenjörsprogrammet Design och Produktframtagning på KTH, med masterinriktning Teknisk Design. Arbetet är utfört åt ÅF i syfte att bidra till EU-projektet ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ. Iɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ är EU:s satsning på klimatforskning i Arktis och syftar till att “koordinera och harmonisera forskning och miljöbevakning som bidrar till vår kunskap och förståelse av förändringar som sker i de arktiska miljöerna.” Ett av tolv delprojekt inom ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ-projektet syftar till att öka medvetenheten om drönarteknologi och sensorer bland forskare och föreståndare på forskningsstationerna inom ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ, samt att göra drönarindustrin medveten om nya potentiella användningsområden. En drönare är ett obemannat luftfartyg, d.v.s. en flygfarkost utan pilot ombord. Drönare benämns ibland som “UAS” och “UAV”. I den här rapporten används främst den engelska termen “drones”. Detta examensarbete undersöker behovet av drönare på de forskningsstationer som är delaktiga i ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ och hur det arktiska klimatet påverkar drönartekniken och ergonomin. Arbetet kartlägger även drönarmarknaden och de lagar och regler som påverkar användandet av drönare. En utförlig studie genomfördes, där forskarnas behov av drönare undersöktes. En enkät skickades ut inom ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛ och utförliga intervjuer genomfördes med forskare och andra nyckelpersoner. Ett studiebesök på Tarfala forskningsstation kompletterade med fältdata. Den främsta insikten från studien var att behov, arbetsuppgifter och metoder varierar mycket mellan de olika forskarna. En annan insikt var att många ville använda drönare som sensorbärare, och på så sätt insamla data från stora områden på kort tid. Resultatet från studien låg till grund för en situationsbaserad drönarrekommendation samt ett konceptförslag för en enkel vattenprovtagningslösning.
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Falomir, Bagdassarian Ema. "Calcul dynamique de chemin par des drones autonomes en essaim compact dans le cadre de missions en environnements complexes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0450.

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Les drones sont aujourd’hui devenus des outils incontournables dans de nombreux domaines, aussi bien civils que militaires. Afin de diminuer la charge de travail de leurs opérateurs, certaines étapes des missions qui leur sont confiées peuvent être automatisées, jusqu’à atteindre l’autonomie complète de la plateforme qui opèrera sans intervention humaine. La mobilité en environnement complexe est une problématique majeure à traiter lorsqu’il est question d’autonomie. En effet, un drone qui découvre son environnement au fur et à mesure de ses déplacements doit régulièrement calculer un chemin vers son point cible, chemin qui doit éviter les obstacles présents sur le trajet. Dans ce contexte, la contribution principale de cette thèse est une méthode de calcul de chemin pour un drone autonome évoluant en environnement complexe. De plus, si la mission est trop complexe pour être réalisée par un seul drone (par exemple car elle nécessite l’utilisation de nombreux capteurs ou se déroule sur une zone étendue), alors on utilise un essaim composé de plusieurs appareils autonomes, qui pourront, collaborativement, remplir la mission donnée. En revanche, même si l’utilisation conjointe de plusieurs plateformes collaboratives permet d’augmenter les performances du système global, de nouvelles problématiques apparaissent, telles que la gestion des communications et l’évitement des drones voisins. La méthode de calcul de chemin que nous proposons prend en compte ces problématiques et est donc adaptée à l’utilisation par les drones d’un essaim
Drones are major tools today to perform numerous tasks in a wide range of operations, both for military and civil activities. In order to reduce operators’ workload, some parts of the drones’ missions can be automated, until achieving a full autonomy of the platforms, which will reach their mission without any human intervention. Path planning is a major task to achieve autonomy. Indeed, the drones have to detect obstacles while it discovers its environment and dynamically calculate a path avoiding obstacle and allowing to fulfil their mission. In this context, our main contribution is a path planning method for an autonomous drone evolving in complex environment.Furthermore, the variety of tasks one would like to achieve increases quicker than the capacity of a single UAV, therefore one can use a swarm composed of several autonomous platforms. Usage of several drones increases the number and/or the variety of sensors, and the collaboration between them enhance the global system capabilities by supporting some form of resilience. However, swarming introduced new issues, such as communications and drone avoidance. Our path planning method considers these problematics and then, is adapted for drones forming a swarm
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9

Le, Barz Cédric. "Navigation visuelle pour les missions autonomes des petits drones." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066424/document.

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Lors de dette dernière décennie, l'évolution des technologies a permis le développement de drones de taille et de poids réduit aptes à évoluer dans des environnements intérieurs ou urbains. Pour exécuter les missions qui leur sont attribuées, les drones doivent posséder un système de navigation robuste, comprenant, notamment, une fonctionnalité temps réel d'ego-localisation précise dans un repère absolu. Nous proposons de résoudre cette problématique par la mise en correspondance des dernières images acquises avec des images géoréférencées de type Google Streetview.Dans l'hypothèse où il serait possible pour une image requête de retrouver l'image géo-référencée représentant la même scène, nous avons tout d'abord étudié une solution permettant d'affiner la localisation grâce à l'estimation de la pose relative entre ces deux images. Pour retrouver l'image de la base correspondant à une image requête, nous avons ensuite étudié et proposé une méthode hybride exploitant à la fois les informations visuelles et odométriques mettant en oeuvre une chaîne de Markov à états cachés. Les performances obtenues, dépendant de la qualité de la mesure de similarité visuelle, nous avons enfin proposé une solution originale basée sur l'apprentissage supervisé de distances permettant de mesurer les similarités entre les images requête et les images géoréférencées proches de la position supposée
In this last decade, technology evolution has enabled the development of small and light UAV able to evolve in indoor and urban environments. In order to execute missions assigned to them, UAV must have a robust navigation system, including a precise egolocalization functionality within an absolute reference. We propose to solve this problem by mapping the latest images acquired with geo-referenced images, i.e. Google Streetview images.In a first step, assuming that it is possible for a given query image to retrieve the geo-referenced image depicting the same scene, we study a solution, based on relative pose estimation between images, to refine the location. Then, to retrieve geo-referenced images corresponding to acquired images, we studied and proposed an hybrid method exploiting both visual and odometric information by defining an appropriate Hidden Markov Model (HMM), where states are geographical locations. The quality of achieved performances depending of visual similarities, we finally proposed an original solution based on a supervised metric learning solution. The solution measures similarities between the query images and geo-referenced images close to the putative position, thanks to distances learnt during a preliminary step
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Le, Barz Cédric. "Navigation visuelle pour les missions autonomes des petits drones." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066424.pdf.

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Lors de dette dernière décennie, l'évolution des technologies a permis le développement de drones de taille et de poids réduit aptes à évoluer dans des environnements intérieurs ou urbains. Pour exécuter les missions qui leur sont attribuées, les drones doivent posséder un système de navigation robuste, comprenant, notamment, une fonctionnalité temps réel d'ego-localisation précise dans un repère absolu. Nous proposons de résoudre cette problématique par la mise en correspondance des dernières images acquises avec des images géoréférencées de type Google Streetview.Dans l'hypothèse où il serait possible pour une image requête de retrouver l'image géo-référencée représentant la même scène, nous avons tout d'abord étudié une solution permettant d'affiner la localisation grâce à l'estimation de la pose relative entre ces deux images. Pour retrouver l'image de la base correspondant à une image requête, nous avons ensuite étudié et proposé une méthode hybride exploitant à la fois les informations visuelles et odométriques mettant en oeuvre une chaîne de Markov à états cachés. Les performances obtenues, dépendant de la qualité de la mesure de similarité visuelle, nous avons enfin proposé une solution originale basée sur l'apprentissage supervisé de distances permettant de mesurer les similarités entre les images requête et les images géoréférencées proches de la position supposée
In this last decade, technology evolution has enabled the development of small and light UAV able to evolve in indoor and urban environments. In order to execute missions assigned to them, UAV must have a robust navigation system, including a precise egolocalization functionality within an absolute reference. We propose to solve this problem by mapping the latest images acquired with geo-referenced images, i.e. Google Streetview images.In a first step, assuming that it is possible for a given query image to retrieve the geo-referenced image depicting the same scene, we study a solution, based on relative pose estimation between images, to refine the location. Then, to retrieve geo-referenced images corresponding to acquired images, we studied and proposed an hybrid method exploiting both visual and odometric information by defining an appropriate Hidden Markov Model (HMM), where states are geographical locations. The quality of achieved performances depending of visual similarities, we finally proposed an original solution based on a supervised metric learning solution. The solution measures similarities between the query images and geo-referenced images close to the putative position, thanks to distances learnt during a preliminary step
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11

Bouzid, Yasser. "Guidance and control system for autonomous aerial vehicles navigation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE014.

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Cette thèse traite du guidage et du pilotage de véhicules aériens qui peuvent assurer des missions dans des lieux particulièrement hostiles, dangereux ou inaccessibles avec des véhicules conventionnels. Nous sommes tout d'abord motivés par le scénario de couverture, qui est généralement un processus long pouvant utiliser un grand nombre de personnes et d'équipements. Or, la nature de la couverture nécessite un véhicule aérien avec des capacités de vol stationnaire. Pour cela, nous nous intéressons alors aux multirotors, qui sont considérés comme une bonne étude de cas pour concevoir, analyser et mettre en œuvre des stratégies de contrôle de vol.En réalité, de nombreux défis sont encore ouverts pour ce qui concerne le scénario de couverture comme la faisabilité, l’optimalité en visitant tous les points d’intérêts. De plus, un système de contrôle robuste est indispensable pour contrer des effets néfastes tel le vent. Par ailleurs, la conception d'un algorithme de contrôle répondant à certaines exigences (structure simple, précision, énergie minimale consommée) constitue un défi supplémentaire. Ensuite, notre travail introduit un modèle mathématique générique pour les multi-rotors en considérant l’effet du vent.Dans la première partie du manuscrit, nous proposons des planificateurs en utilisant comme base l'algorithme RRT* (optimal Rapidly-exploring Random Tree). En fait, dans les grands espaces, un grand nombre de nœuds est généré augmentant alors le temps de calcul et la mémoire consommée. Pour y remédier, une procédure de suppression est impliquée pendant le processus « ReWire » pour les réduire. De plus, un planificateur multidirectionnel qui renvoie un ensemble de chemins optimaux à partir d'un point de départ et d'un ensemble de points objectifs est proposé. Notre travail introduit également une stratégie CPP (Coverage path-planning) optimale dans un espace contraint. Celle-ci consiste à procéder par un algorithme en deux phases. Dans la première, un planificateur multidirectionnel est utilisé pour définir les chemins les plus courts de chaque point à ses voisins. Dans la seconde phase, au moyen des coûts entre les points, le chemin global le plus court est obtenu en résolvant un problème de voyageur en utilisant des algorithmes génétiques. Puis, compte tenu de l'énergie embarquée limitée, un problème de routage est adapté et est résolu par la méthode de savings. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes penchés sur la conception d'un système de pilotage efficace permettant au véhicule de suivre une trajectoire paramétrée dans le temps. D’une part nous proposons une extension de la commande par modèle interne au non-linéaire (NLIMC). Notre technique repose sur l’utilisation du principe de base IMC pour synthétiser un contrôleur non linéaire qui fait intervenir la propriété de platitude. D’autre part, nous proposons une autre forme de contrôleur dont la structure apparente est un PID mais dans lequel est incorporée la technique des modes glissants que l'on appellera aussi PID non linéaire bien qu’il diffère de l’existant. Cette combinaison a l’avantage de conduire à un bon niveau de robustesse fourni par les modes glissants et en même temps à un bon comportement spécifié par la structure PID. En outre, en guise de complément, nous proposons deux contrôleurs redondants basés sur deux principes distincts afin de booster et d’améliorer les capacités de tout contrôleur. Le premier est basé sur l’approche MFC (Model-Free Control) tandis que le second est basé sur les modes glissants dynamiques DSMC (Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller). Enfin, pour montrer les performances de ces contrôleurs, nous avons effectué une série de tests avec plusieurs illustrations et scénarios, nous avons dressé un tableau de comparaison avec les approches conventionnelles. Les résultats issus des simulations numériques et ceux des tests expérimentaux réalisés sur un drone quadrotor se sont avérés cohérents et semblent bien prometteurs
This thesis deals with the guidance and control of aerial vehicles, which can also ensure missions in hostile, dangerous environments, or inaccessible workspaces with conventional vehicles. First, we are motivated by the coverage scenario, which is in general a long process, requiring a large number of individuals and specific equipment. However, the nature of sensing coverage requires an aerial vehicle with hovering capabilities. For this purpose, we are interested in multirotors that are considered as a good case study to design, analyze and implement flight control strategies.As matter of fact, many challenges are still open with respect to the coverage scenario such as for instance the feasibility and the optimality when passing through the Points of Interest. In addition, a robust control system is essential to mitigate the adverse effects such as the wind. Moreover, designing a control algorithm, which meet some requirements (simplicity, accuracy, consumed energy, etc.) constitutes a complementary challenge. Then, our work introduces a generic mathematical model for multirotors flying under the effect of wind.In a first part, we propose planners using as a basis the optimal Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT*) algorithm. In fact, in large workspaces, a large number of nodes is generated and then increasing the computation time and the consumed memory. To counter these latter, a removal procedure is involved during the rewiring process. In addition, a multidirectional planner that returns a set of optimal paths from a starting point and a set of objective points is proposed. Our work also introduces an optimal Coverage path-planning (CPP) strategy in a constrained workspace. This one proceeds through a two-phases algorithm. In the first one, a Connected Multi-directional planner is used to define the shortest paths from each point to its neighbors. In the second phase, by means of the pair-wise costs between points, the overall shortest path is obtained by solving a Traveling Salesman Problem using Genetic Algorithms. Then, taking into account the limited on-board energy, a Capacitated-Vehicle Routing Problem is adapted and solved by the savings approach.In a second part, we study the design of an effective control system allowing the vehicle to track a trajectory parameterized in time. On the one hand, we propose an extension to nonlinear systems of the Internal Model Control (NLIMC). Our technique is based on the use of the basic IMC principle to synthesize a nonlinear controller that involves the property of flatness. On the other hand, we propose another form of controller whose apparent structure is a PID but in which the technique of sliding modes is incorporated that will also call the nonlinear PID (NLPID). This combination has the advantage to lead to a good level of robustness provided by the sliding modes and at the same time to a good behavior specified by the PID structure. Besides, as a complement, we present two redundant controllers based on two distinct principles in order to boost and to improve the capabilities of any controller. The first one is based on the Model-Free Control (MFC) approach while the second one is based on Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller (DSMC).Finally, to highlight the performance of these controllers, we have performed a series of tests with several illustrations and scenarios and we have drawn up a comparison table with conventional approaches. The results of both the numerical simulations and the experimentation that are performed on a quadrotor are consistent and seem to be quite promising
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Selin, Magnus. "Efficient Autonomous Exploration Planning of Large-Scale 3D-Environments : A tool for autonomous 3D exploration indoor." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Artificiell intelligens och integrerade datorsystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-163329.

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Exploration is of interest for autonomous mapping and rescue applications using unmanned vehicles. The objective is to, without any prior information, explore all initially unmapped space. We present a system that can perform fast and efficient exploration of large scale arbitrary 3D environments. We combine frontier exploration planning (FEP) as a global planning strategy, together with receding horizon planning (RH-NBVP) for local planning. This leads to plans that incorporate information gain along the way, but do not get stuck in already explored regions. Furthermore, we make the potential information gain estimation more efficient, through sparse ray-tracing, and caching of already estimated gains. The worked carried out in this thesis has been published as a paper in Robotand Automation letters and presented at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation in Montreal 2019.
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Stolle, Martin Tobias. "Vers le vol à voile longue distance pour drones autonomes." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0006.

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Les petit drones à voilure fixe rendent services aux secteurs de la recherche, de l'armée et de l'industrie, mais souffrent toujours de portée et de charge utile limitées. Le vol thermique permet de réduire la consommation d'énergie. Cependant,sans télédétection d'ascendances, un drone ne peut bénéficier d'une ascendance qu'en la rencontrant par hasard. Dans cette thèse, un nouveau cadre pour le vol à voile longue distance autonome est élaboré, permettant à un drone planeur de localiser visuellement des ascendances sous-cumulus et d’en récolter l'énergie de manière efficace. S'appuyant sur le filtre de Kalman non parfumé, une méthode de vision monoculaire est établie pour l'estimation des paramètres d’ascendances. Sa capacité de fournir des estimations convergentes et cohérentes est évaluée par des simulations Monte Carlo. Les incertitudes de modèle, le bruit de traitement de l'image et les trajectoires de l'observateur peuvent dégrader ces estimés. Par conséquent, un deuxième axe de cette thèse est la conception d'un planificateur de trajectoire robuste basé sur des cartes d'ascendances. Le planificateur fait le compromis entre le temps de vol et le risque d’un atterrissage forcé dans les champs tout en tenant compte des incertitudes d'estimation dans le processus de prise de décision. Il est illustré que la charge de calcul du planificateur de trajectoire proposé est réalisable sur une plate-forme informatique peu coûteuse. Les algorithmes proposés d’estimation ainsi que de planification sont évalués conjointement dans un simulateur de vol à 6 axes, mettant en évidence des améliorations significatives par rapport aux vols à voile longue distance autonomes actuels
Small fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide utility to research, military, and industrial sectors at comparablyreasonable cost, but still suffer from both limited operational ranges and payload capacities. Thermal soaring flight for UAVsoffers a significant potential to reduce the energy consumption. However, without remote sensing of updrafts, a glider UAVcan only benefit from an updraft when encountering it by chance. In this thesis, a new framework for autonomous cross-country soaring is elaborated, enabling a glider UAV to visually localize sub-cumulus thermal updrafts and to efficiently gain energy from them.Relying on the Unscented Kalman Filter, a monocular vision-based method is established, for remotely estimatingsub-cumulus updraft parameters. Its capability of providing convergent and consistent state estimates is assessed relyingon Monte Carlo Simulations. Model uncertainties, image processing noise, and poor observer trajectories can degrade theestimated updraft parameters. Therefore, a second focus of this thesis is the design of a robust probabilistic path plannerfor map-based autonomous cross-country soaring. The proposed path planner balances between the flight time and theoutlanding risk by taking into account the estimation uncertainties in the decision making process. The suggested updraftestimation and path planning algorithms are jointly assessed in a 6 Degrees Of Freedom simulator, highlighting significantperformance improvements with respect to state of the art approaches in autonomous cross-country soaring while it is alsoshown that the path planner is implementable on a low-cost computer platform
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Martin, Fred E. Jr. "Technologies of Sovereign Power? Private Military Corporations, Drones, and Lethal Autonomous Robots - A Critical Security Studies Perspective." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1428937559.

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15

Esrafilian, Omid. "Learning from the sky : design of autonomous radio-enabled unmanned aerial vehicles in mobile cellular networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS307.

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L'utilisation de drones dans les réseaux sans fil a récemment suscité un vif intérêt. La première partie de cette thèse vise à étudier les travaux actuels sur les communications sans fil assistées par des drones et à développer de nouvelles méthodes pour le placement et la conception de la trajectoire d'un drone en tant que RAN volant dans les réseaux sans fil. Nous soulignons comment l'utilisation de cartes 3D des villes peut apporter des avantages substantiels pour l'autopositionnement fiable des radios volantes.Quel que soit l'emplacement ou la conception du chemin, tous les algorithmes fonctionnent sur la base d'un ensemble d'informations telles que la localisation GPS du nœud, la carte 3D de la ville, etc. permettant de prédire l'intensité des signaux radio. Si ces données peuvent être collectées par le réseau avant le vol réel du drone, une partie ou la totalité des informations peuvent également devoir être apprises par le drone. À cet égard, une partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la discussion sur la façon d'apprendre ces informations à partir des mesures prises par le drone. Dans l'hypothèse d'une connectivité cellulaire sûre, les drones deviennent prometteurs pour un large éventail d'applications telles que les transports, etc. Le principal défi dans ces domaines est la conception de trajectoires qui garantissent une connectivité cellulaire fiable tout au long du trajet tout en permettant l'accomplissement de la mission du drone. Ainsi, dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour la conception optimale de trajectoires entre un point initial et un point terminal en s'appuyant sur une carte de couverture
The use of UAVs in wireless networks has recently attracted significant attention. The first part of this thesis aims to investigate current works of UAV-aided wireless communications and develop novel methods for both the placement and path design of a UAV as a flying RAN in wireless networks. We highlight how the use of city 3D maps can bring substantial benefits for the reliable self-placement of flying radios.Regardless of the placement or path design, all algorithms operate on the basis of an array of information such as node GPS location, the city 3D map, etc. allowing the prediction of radio signal strengths. While such data may be collected via the network before the actual UAV flight, part or all of the information may also have to be learned by the UAV. In this regard, a part of this thesis is devoted to discussing how to learn such information from the UAV-borne measurements.Assuming the availability of safe cellular connectivity, UAVs are becoming promising for a wide range of applications such as transportation, etc. The main challenge in these areas is the design of trajectories that guarantee reliable cellular connectivity all along the path while allowing the completion of the UAV mission. Hence, in the second part of this thesis, we propose a novel approach for optimal path design between an initial and terminal points by leveraging on a coverage map. Lastly, we discuss the experimental verification of the placement algorithm of a UAV relay in LTE networks
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Hinzmann, Jessica, and Katharina Bogatzki. "Acceptance of Autonomous Delivery Vehicles for Last Mile Delivery in Germany : Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model to an Autonomous Delivery Vehicles Acceptance Model." Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48879.

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The steady growth of the e-commerce sector and the associated logisticalchallenges in the last mile, as well as the equally increasing expectations ofconsumers for parcel delivery call for innovation in the last mile. Drones androbots seem to be a reasonable alternative delivery option to meet thesechallenges. Before these technologies are used as means of transport in the lastmile, it is necessary to investigate whether it will be accepted by potentialconsumers. This thesis aims to identify the factors influencing conumser’ acceptance ofautonomous delivery vehicles for delivery in Germany. To determine thebehaviour of potential consumers, the Technology Acceptance Model wasextended by several factors from different acceptance models that seemedrelevant from a consumer perspective. In order to investigate consumer acceptance, a quantitative approach wasconducted using questionnaires. The propsed hypotheses were tested usingstructural equation modelling. Further, a multi-group analysis was conducted toindentify sociodemographic differences. The results show that price sensitivity, perceived usefulness, hedonic motivation,and perceived ease of use influence the behavioural intention of consumers inGermany to use autonomous delivery vehicles, whereas privacy security andfacilitating conditions do not have a significant effect. Further no significantdifferences were found in the multigroup analysis.
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Lugo, Cárdenas Israel. "Autonomous take-off and landing for a fixed wing UAV." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2364/document.

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Ce travail étudie certains des problèmes les plus pertinents dans le sens de la navigation et contrôle présentés dans une classe particulière de mini-véhicules aériens. L'un des principaux objectifs c'est à réaliser un véhicule léger et facile à déployer dans un court laps de temps, un véhicule sans pilote drone capable de suivre une mission complète, du décollage aux points de cheminement suivants et de terminer la mission avec un atterrissage autonome à l'intérieur d'une zone délimitée en utilisant une interface graphique dans un ordinateur ou une tablette. La génération de trajectoire II est la partie qui dit le drone où il doit voyager et sont générés par un algorithme intégré sur le drone. Le résultat classique de Dubins est utilisé comme base pour la génération de trajectoire en 2D et nous avons étendu à la génération de trajectoire 3D. Une stratégie de suivi de trajectoire développée en utilisant l'approche de Lyapunov, est présentée pour piloter un drone à voilure fixe à travers tout le chemin désiré. Le concept clé derrière le contrôleur de suivi de trajectoire s'appuie sur la réduction de la distance entre le centre de masse de l'avion p et le point sur la trajectoire q à zéro, ainsi que l'angle entre le vecteur vitesse et la tangente à la trajectoire. Afin de tester les techniques mises au point au cours de la thèse une application C# -Net personnalisée a été développé nommé MAV3DSim (Multi-Aerial Vehicle 3D Simulator). Le MAV3DSim permet une opération de lecture/écriture de/vers le moteur de simulation à partir de laquelle nous pourrions recevoir toutes les informations de capteurs émulés et envoyés par le simulateur. Le système complet est capable d'effectuer un décollage et d'atterrissage autonome, à travers des points de suivi. Ceci est accompli en utilisant chacune des stratégies développées au cours de la thèse. Nous avons une stratégie pour le décollage et l'atterrissage, ce qui est généré par la partie de navigation qui est le générateur de trajectoire. Une fois que nous avons généré le chemin, il est utilisé par la stratégie de suivi de trajectoire et avec ce que nous avons l'atterrissage et le décollage autonome
This work studies some of the most relevant problems in the direction of navigation and control presented in a particular class of mini‐aircraft. One of the main objectives is to build a lightweight and easy to deploy vehicle in a short period of time, an unmanned aerial vehicle capable of following a complete mission from take‐o⁄ to the following waypoints and complete the mission with an autonomous landing within a delimitated area using a graphical interface in a computer. The Trajectory Generation It is the part that tells the drone where it must travel and are generated by an algorithm built into the drone. The classic result of Dubins is used as a basis for the trajectory generation in 2D and we have extended it to the 3D trajectory generation. A path following strategy developed using the Lyapunov approach is presented to pilot a fixed wing drone across the desired path. The key concept behind the tracking controller is the reduction of the distance between the center of mass of the aircraft p and the point q on the path to zero, as well as the angle between the velocity vector and the vector tangent to the path. In order to test the techniques developed during the thesis a customized C # .Net application was developed called MAV3DSim (Multi‐Aerial Vehicle 3D Simulator). The MAV3DSim allows a read / write operation from / to the simulation engine from which we could receive all emulated sensor information and sent to the simulator. The MAV3DSim consists of three main elements, the simulation engine, the computation of the control law and the visualization interface. The simulation engine is in charge of the numeric integration of the dynamic equations of the vehicle, we can choose between a quadrotor and a xed wing drone for use in simulation. The visualization interface resembles a ground station type of application, where all variables of the vehicle s state vector can be represented on the same screen. The experimental platform functions as a test bed for the control law prototyping. The platform consists of a xed wing aircraft with a PX4 which has the autopilot function as well as a Raspberry PI mini‐computer which to the implementation of the generation and trajectory tracking. The complete system is capable of performing an autonomous take‐o⁄and landing, through waypoints. This is accomplished by using each of the strategies developed during the thesis. We have a strategy for take‐o⁄ and landing, which is generated by the navigationon part that is the trajectory generator. Once we have generated the path, it is used by the trajectory tracking strategy and withthat we have landing and take‐o⁄ autonomously
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Khezaz, Abderraouf. "Perception enhancement of an autonomous vehicle through the use of UAV." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG052.

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Du fait de l'évolution des méthodes électronique de calcul et de communication, le concept de ville intelligente prend rapidement forme. Les nombreux capteurs et actionneurs positionnés dans les espaces habités permettent un meilleur contrôle des données qui transitent entre les usagers, et une optimisation du confort de vie.L'utilisation de véhicules reste l'un des moyens de déplacement les plus utilisés dans le monde. Là-aussi, les avancées technologiques ont permis des évolutions permettant d'avoir des voitures qui se déplacent par elle-même, avec pas ou peu d'assistance humaine. Il est cependant important de considérer la sécurité des usagers de la route dans cet environnement de plus en plus peuplé.Cette thése propose d'améliorer la capacité de perception d'un véhicule autonome grâce à l'utilisation de drones. Du fait de leur positionnement avantageux et de leur taille réduite, ces derniers peuvent récolter des données de perception et les transmettre au véhicule grâce à une méthode sécurisée, par exemple une communication VLC. Les données des différentes sources sont ensuite fédérées et traitées grâce à une base de connaissance et un jeu de règles logiques
Due to the evolution of electronic calculation and communication methods, the concept of the intelligent city is rapidly taking shape. The numerous sensors and actuators positioned in inhabited spaces allow a better monitoring of the data that passes between users, and an optimization of living comfort.The use of vehicles remains one of the most widely used means of travel in the world. Here too, technological advances have allowed evolution enabling cars to drive themselves, with little to no human assistance. However, it is important to consider the safety of road users in this increasingly populated environment.This thesis proposes to improve the perception capability of an autonomous vehicle through the use of drones. Due to their advantageous positioning and small size, they can collect perception data and transmit them to the vehicle using a secure method, such as VLC communication. The data from the different sources are then federated and processed thanks to a knowledge base and a set of logical rules
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19

Dumas, Pierre-Yves. "Intégrer la décision humaine lors de la mise à jour d'une mission de drones." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066732.

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Les clients des missions de drones sont demandeurs de systèmes d'information et de décision dans lesquels l'humain joue un rôle clé avec sa capacité unique d'analyse. Nous avons présenté comme première contribution un référentiel des niveaux d'automatisation qui interroge systématiquement sur le rôle de l'humain, et ce en rupture avec les référentiels précédents. Nous avons proposé comme seconde contribution un système décisionnel qui laisse les systèmes automatisés être incertains quant à l'ordre de certaines options de telle sorte que l'opérateur/superviseur puisse trancher. Afin d'augmenter le ratio nombre de drones / nombre d'humains, nous avons restreint l'usage de la décision humaine à l'arbitrage des conflits entre objectifs majeurs. Nous avons finalement expérimenté le sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs pour donner plus de temps à ces arbitrages. En conclusion nous rappellerons les mérites de nos deux contributions. LOA4 est un référentiel des niveaux d'autonomie centré sur l'humain, attentif à l'adaptation et compatible avec UML/PACT. Le système décisionnel que nous proposons est également centré sur l'humain et lui permet de jouer - même avec parcimonie et parfois au prix du sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs - un rôle clé basé sur sa capacité unique d'analyse
Humans are still vital after years of automation and the clients of UAV mission systems want to preserve the human user’s key role because human knowledge, experience and judgment provide unique capability to analyze safety risks and to think ahead in uncertain and novel situations. Our first contribution is LOA4, a set of tree levels of automation in four dimensions to assess human involvement in partially automated systems. Previous sets focus too much attention on the computer rather than on the collaboration between the computer and its operator/supervisor. Unlike previous sets, our set systematically assess human involvement: is there none; some sometime; or some anytime. Its simplicity allow to recursively assess the situation of automation of a system based on the situation of automation of its parts. These information can be part of an IHM to increase the situation awareness in real time. Our second contribution is a mission system in which automated systems decide to delegate some decisions to humans. In order to increase the ratio number of “uavs / number of humans”, decisions that are untrusted to humans are mostly both ambivalent and critical. Some minor goals may be discarded to provide humans with more time to make their decisions. We implemented our approach and we report some results
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Sandino, Mora Juan David. "Autonomous decision-making for UAVs operating under environmental and object detection uncertainty." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232513/1/Juan%20David_Sandino%20Mora_Thesis.pdf.

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This study established a framework that increases cognitive levels in small UAVs (or drones), enabling autonomous navigation in partially observable environments. The UAV system was validated under search and rescue by locating victims last seen inside cluttered buildings and in bushlands. This framework improved the decision-making skills of the drone to collect more accurate statistics of detected victims. This study assists validation processes of detected objects in real-time when data is complex to interpret for UAV pilots and reduces human bias on scouting strategies.
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Johansson, Linda. "Autonomous Systems in Society and War : Philosophical Inquiries." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127813.

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The overall aim of this thesis is to look at some philosophical issues surrounding autonomous systems in society and war. These issues can be divided into three main categories. The first, discussed in papers I and II, concerns ethical issues surrounding the use of autonomous systems – where the focus in this thesis is on military robots. The second issue, discussed in paper III, concerns how to make sure that advanced robots behave ethically adequate. The third issue, discussed in papers IV and V, has to do with agency and responsibility. Another issue, somewhat aside from the philosophical, has to do with coping with future technologies, and developing methods for dealing with potentially disruptive technologies. This is discussed in papers VI and VII. Paper I systemizes some ethical issues surrounding the use of UAVs in war, with the laws of war as a backdrop. It is suggested that the laws of war are too wide and might be interpreted differently depending on which normative moral theory is used. Paper II is about future, more advanced autonomous robots, and whether the use of such robots can undermine the justification for killing in war. The suggestion is that this justification is substantially undermined if robots are used to replace humans to a high extent. Papers I and II both suggest revisions or additions to the laws or war. Paper III provides a discussion on one normative moral theory – ethics of care – connected to care robots. The aim is twofold: first, to provide a plausible and ethically relevant interpretation of the key term care in ethics of care, and second, to discuss whether ethics of care may be a suitable theory to implement in care robots. Paper IV discusses robots connected to agency and responsibility, with a focus on consciousness. The paper has a functionalistic approach, and it is suggested that robots should be considered agents if they can behave as if they are, in a moral Turing test. Paper V is also about robots and agency, but with a focus on free will. The main question is whether robots can have free will in the same sense as we consider humans to have free will when holding them responsible for their actions in a court of law. It is argued that autonomy with respect to norms is crucial for the agency of robots. Paper VI investigates the assessment of socially disruptive technological change. The coevolution of society and potentially disruptive technolgies makes decision-guidance on such technologies difficult. Four basic principles are proposed for such decision guidance, involving interdisciplinary and participatory elements. Paper VII applies the results from paper VI – and a workshop – to autonomous systems, a potentially disruptive technology. A method for dealing with potentially disruptive technolgies is developed in the paper.

QC 20130911

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Dumas, Pierre-Yves. "Intégrer la décision humaine lors de la mise à jour d'une mission de drones." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066732.

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Les clients des missions de drones sont demandeurs de systèmes d'information et de décision dans lesquels l'humain joue un rôle clé avec sa capacité unique d'analyse. Nous avons présenté comme première contribution un référentiel des niveaux d'automatisation qui interroge systématiquement sur le rôle de l'humain, et ce en rupture avec les référentiels précédents. Nous avons proposé comme seconde contribution un système décisionnel qui laisse les systèmes automatisés être incertains quant à l'ordre de certaines options de telle sorte que l'opérateur/superviseur puisse trancher. Afin d'augmenter le ratio nombre de drones / nombre d'humains, nous avons restreint l'usage de la décision humaine à l'arbitrage des conflits entre objectifs majeurs. Nous avons finalement expérimenté le sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs pour donner plus de temps à ces arbitrages. En conclusion nous rappellerons les mérites de nos deux contributions. LOA4 est un référentiel des niveaux d'autonomie centré sur l'humain, attentif à l'adaptation et compatible avec UML/PACT. Le système décisionnel que nous proposons est également centré sur l'humain et lui permet de jouer - même avec parcimonie et parfois au prix du sacrifice d'objectifs mineurs - un rôle clé basé sur sa capacité unique d'analyse
Humans are still vital after years of automation and the clients of UAV mission systems want to preserve the human user’s key role because human knowledge, experience and judgment provide unique capability to analyze safety risks and to think ahead in uncertain and novel situations. Our first contribution is LOA4, a set of tree levels of automation in four dimensions to assess human involvement in partially automated systems. Previous sets focus too much attention on the computer rather than on the collaboration between the computer and its operator/supervisor. Unlike previous sets, our set systematically assess human involvement: is there none; some sometime; or some anytime. Its simplicity allow to recursively assess the situation of automation of a system based on the situation of automation of its parts. These information can be part of an IHM to increase the situation awareness in real time. Our second contribution is a mission system in which automated systems decide to delegate some decisions to humans. In order to increase the ratio number of “uavs / number of humans”, decisions that are untrusted to humans are mostly both ambivalent and critical. Some minor goals may be discarded to provide humans with more time to make their decisions. We implemented our approach and we report some results
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23

Mercado-Ravell, Diego Alberto. "Autonomous navigation and teleoperation of unmanned aerial vehicles using monocular vision." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2239/document.

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Ce travail porte, de façon théorétique et pratique, sur les sujets plus pertinents autour des drones en navigation autonome et semi-autonome. Conformément à la nature multidisciplinaire des problèmes étudies, une grande diversité des techniques et théories ont été couverts dans les domaines de la robotique, l’automatique, l’informatique, la vision par ordinateur et les systèmes embarques, parmi outres.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux plates-formes expérimentales ont été développées afin de valider la théorie proposée pour la navigation autonome d’un drone. Le premier prototype, développé au laboratoire, est un quadrirotor spécialement conçu pour les applications extérieures. La deuxième plate-forme est composée d’un quadrirotor à bas coût du type AR.Drone fabrique par Parrot. Le véhicule est connecté sans fil à une station au sol équipé d’un système d’exploitation pour robots (ROS) et dédié à tester, d’une façon facile, rapide et sécurisé, les algorithmes de vision et les stratégies de commande proposés. Les premiers travaux développés ont été basés sur la fusion de donnés pour estimer la position du drone en utilisant des capteurs inertiels et le GPS. Deux stratégies ont été étudiées et appliquées, le Filtre de Kalman Etendu (EKF) et le filtre à Particules (PF). Les deux approches prennent en compte les mesures bruitées de la position de l’UAV, de sa vitesse et de son orientation. On a réalisé une validation numérique pour tester la performance des algorithmes. Une tâche dans le cahier de cette thèse a été de concevoir d’algorithmes de commande pour le suivi de trajectoires ou bien pour la télé-opération. Pour ce faire, on a proposé une loi de commande basée sur l’approche de Mode Glissants à deuxième ordre. Cette technique de commande permet de suivre au quadrirotor de trajectoires désirées et de réaliser l’évitement des collisions frontales si nécessaire. Etant donné que la plate-forme A.R.Drone est équipée d’un auto-pilote d’attitude, nous avons utilisé les angles désirés de roulis et de tangage comme entrées de commande. L’algorithme de commande proposé donne de la robustesse au système en boucle fermée. De plus, une nouvelle technique de vision monoculaire par ordinateur a été utilisée pour la localisation d’un drone. Les informations visuelles sont fusionnées avec les mesures inertielles du drone pour avoir une bonne estimation de sa position. Cette technique utilise l’algorithme PTAM (localisation parallèle et mapping), qui s’agit d’obtenir un nuage de points caractéristiques dans l’image par rapport à une scène qui servira comme repère. Cet algorithme n’utilise pas de cibles, de marqueurs ou de scènes bien définies. La contribution dans cette méthodologie a été de pouvoir utiliser le nuage de points disperse pour détecter possibles obstacles en face du véhicule. Avec cette information nous avons proposé un algorithme de commande pour réaliser l’évitement d’obstacles. Cette loi de commande utilise les champs de potentiel pour calculer une force de répulsion qui sera appliquée au drone. Des expériences en temps réel ont montré la bonne performance du système proposé. Les résultats antérieurs ont motivé la conception et développement d’un drone capable de réaliser en sécurité l’interaction avec les hommes et les suivre de façon autonome. Un classificateur en cascade du type Haar a été utilisé pour détecter le visage d’une personne. Une fois le visage est détecté, on utilise un filtre de Kalman (KF) pour améliorer la détection et un algorithme pour estimer la position relative du visage. Pour réguler la position du drone et la maintenir à une distance désirée du visage, on a utilisé une loi de commande linéaire
The present document addresses, theoretically and experimentally, the most relevant topics for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in autonomous and semi-autonomous navigation. According with the multidisciplinary nature of the studied problems, a wide range of techniques and theories are covered in the fields of robotics, automatic control, computer science, computer vision and embedded systems, among others. As part of this thesis, two different experimental platforms were developed in order to explore and evaluate various theories and techniques of interest for autonomous navigation. The first prototype is a quadrotor specially designed for outdoor applications and was fully developed in our lab. The second testbed is composed by a non expensive commercial quadrotor kind AR. Drone, wireless connected to a ground station equipped with the Robot Operating System (ROS), and specially intended to test computer vision algorithms and automatic control strategies in an easy, fast and safe way. In addition, this work provides a study of data fusion techniques looking to enhance the UAVs pose estimation provided by commonly used sensors. Two strategies are evaluated in particular, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a Particle Filter (PF). Both estimators are adapted for the system under consideration, taking into account noisy measurements of the UAV position, velocity and orientation. Simulations show the performance of the developed algorithms while adding noise from real GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements. Safe and accurate navigation for either autonomous trajectory tracking or haptic teleoperation of quadrotors is presented as well. A second order Sliding Mode (2-SM) control algorithm is used to track trajectories while avoiding frontal collisions in autonomous flight. The time-scale separation of the translational and rotational dynamics allows us to design position controllers by giving desired references in the roll and pitch angles, which is suitable for quadrotors equipped with an internal attitude controller. The 2-SM control allows adding robustness to the closed-loop system. A Lyapunov based analysis probes the system stability. Vision algorithms are employed to estimate the pose of the vehicle using only a monocular SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) fused with inertial measurements. Distance to potential obstacles is detected and computed using the sparse depth map from the vision algorithm. For teleoperation tests, a haptic device is employed to feedback information to the pilot about possible collisions, by exerting opposite forces. The proposed strategies are successfully tested in real-time experiments, using a low-cost commercial quadrotor. Also, conception and development of a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) able to safely interact with human users by following them autonomously, is achieved in the present work. Once a face is detected by means of a Haar cascade classifier, it is tracked applying a Kalman Filter (KF), and an estimation of the relative position with respect to the face is obtained at a high rate. A linear Proportional Derivative (PD) controller regulates the UAV’s position in order to keep a constant distance to the face, employing as well the extra available information from the embedded UAV’s sensors. Several experiments were carried out through different conditions, showing good performance even under disadvantageous scenarios like outdoor flight, being robust against illumination changes, wind perturbations, image noise and the presence of several faces on the same image. Finally, this thesis deals with the problem of implementing a safe and fast transportation system using an UAV kind quadrotor with a cable suspended load. The objective consists in transporting the load from one place to another, in a fast way and with minimum swing in the cable
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Dzeko, Elvir, and Markus Carlsson. "Autonoma drönare : modifiering av belöningsfunktionen i airsim." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för bibliotek, information, pedagogik och IT, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-15039.

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Inom det heta forskningsområdet med självflygande drönare sker det en kontinuerlig utveckling både inom forskningen och inom industrin. Det finns flera forskningsproblem kring autonoma fordon, inklusive autonom styrning av drönare. Ett intressant spår för autonom styrning av drönare, är via deep reinforcement learning, dvs. en kombination av djupa neuronnät med reinforcement learning. Problemen som ofta uppkommer är tidskrävande träning, ineffektiv manövrering och problem med oförutsägbarhet och säkerhet. Även höga kostnader kan vara ett problem. Med hjälp av simuleringsprogrammet AirSim har vi fått en möjlighet att testa aktuella algoritmer utan hänsyn till kostnader och andra begränsande faktorer som kan utgöra svårigheter för att arbeta inom detta område. Microsofts egenutvecklade simulator AirSim tillåter användare att via deras applikationsprogrammeringsgränssnitt kommunicera med drönaren i programmet, vilket gör det möjligt att testa olika algoritmer. Frågeställningen som berörs är hur kan den existerande belöningsfunktionen i AirSim simulatorn förbättras med avseende på att undvika hinder och förflytta drönaren från start till mål. Målet med undersökningen är att studera och förbättra AirSims existerande Deep Q-Network algoritm med fokus på belöningsfunktionen och testa den i olika simulerade miljöer. Med hjälp av två olika experiment som utförts i två olika miljöer, observerades belöningen, antalet kollisioner och beteendet agenten hade i simulatorn. Vi lyckades inte få fram tillräckligt med data för att kunna mäta en tydlig förbättring av den modifierade belöningsfunktionens utvärderingsmått, dock kan vi säga att vi lyckades utveckla en belöningsfunktion som presterar bra genom att den undviker hinder och tar sig till mål. För att kunna jämföra vilken av belöningsfunktionerna som är bättre, behövs mer forskning inom ämnet. Med de problem som fanns med att samla in data är slutsatsen att vi inte lyckades förbättra algoritmen då vi vet inte om den presterar bättre eller sämre än den existerande belöningsfunktionen.
Drones are growing popular and so is the research within the field of autonomous drones. There are several research problems around autonomous vehicles overall, but one interesting problem covered by this study is the autonomous manoeuvring of drones. One interesting path for autonomous drones is through deep reinforcement learning, which is a combination of deep neural networks and reinforcement learning. Problems that researchers often encounter within the field stretch from time consuming training, effective manoeuvring to problems with unpredictability and security. Even high costs of testing can be an issue. With the help of simulation programs, we are able to test algorithms without any concerns to cost or other real-world factors that could limit our work. Microsoft’s own simulator AirSim lets users control the vehicle in their simulator through an application programming interface, which enables the possibility to test a variety of algorithms. The research question addressed in this study is how can the pre-existing reward function be improved on avoiding obstacles and move the drone from start to goal. The goal of this study is to find improvements on AirSim’s pre-existing Deep Q-Network algorithm’s reward function and test it in two different simulated environments. By conducting several experiments and storing evaluation metrics produced by the agents, it was possible to observe a result. The observed evaluation metrics included the average reward that the agent received over time, number of collisions and overall performance in the respective environment. We were not successfully able to gather enough data to measure an improvement of the evaluation metrics for the modified reward function. The modified function that was created performed well but did not display any substantially improved performance. To be able to successfully compare if one reward function is better than the other more research needs to be done. With the difficulties of gathering data, the conclusion is that we created a reward function that we can’t tell if it is better or worse than the benchmark reward function.
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25

Волков, Ілля Андрійович. "Метод побудови програмного забезпечення безпілотного вантажного літального апарату." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/46836.

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Дана дисертація розглядає один з можливих способів автоматизації процесу кур’єрської доставки - доставку посилок кінцевому отримувачу за допомогою безпілотних апаратів, які б могли виконувати такі завдання у дуже короткий час, незалежно від завантаженості доріг та систем громадського транспорту. Така система дозволяє суттєво знизити час доставки вантажу кінцевому користувачу, зменшити обсяг інфраструктури, необхідної для підтримки її працездатності та скоротити кількість обслуговуючого персоналу. Також повна автоматизація процесу доставки дозволяє знизити вплив людського фактору на якість обслуговування. На даний момент вже реалізовано кілька таких систем, проте жодна з них не є повністю безпечною та не відповідає всім вимогам до системи автоматичної кур’єрської доставки. Також жодна з цих розробок не має архітектури, що повністю покриває функціонал екосистеми безпілотного літального апарату. Також в даній роботі була досліджена низка готових архітектурних рішень, призначених для побудови аналогічного програмного забезпечення, взятих зі схожих наукових досліджень. Проте жодна з них також не відповідає всім поставленим вимогам до даного програмного забезпечення, або має суттєві недоліки, що перешкоджає її програмній реалізації, впровадженню або застосуванню на практиці. У зв’язку з усіма вище переліченими факторами було прийняте рішення про розробку власної архітектури для реалізації програмного комплексу екосистеми вантажного безпілотного літального апарату. А для підтвердження працездатності цієї архітектури і доведення її ефективності було розроблене відповідне програмне забезпечення із застосуванням запропонованого методу розробки. Метою даного наукового дослідження є розробка методу побудови програмного забезпечення екосистеми вантажного безпілотного літального апарату, такого, що покращить та удосконалить існуючі підходи до програмування БПЛА як з точки зору процесу їх впровадження, так і з точки зору використання кінцевого продукту. Основні задачі, які були виконані під час проведення даного дослідження: ˗ вивчення і аналіз готових впроваджених програмних продуктів-аналогів з метою виявлення їх основних переваг та недоліків; ˗ вивчення і аналіз аналогічних наукових досліджень з метою дослідження шляхів вирішення основних задач побудови програмного забезпечення БПЛА; ˗ створення власного методу побудови програмного забезпечення вантажного БПЛА, враховуючи результати попереднього дослідження предметної області; ˗ написання програмного забезпечення на основі даного методу, аналіз його основних переваг та недоліків, та доведення його ефективності. Об’єктом даного наукового дослідження є архітектура програмного забезпечення екосистеми вантажного БПЛА та підходи до реалізації даної архітектури. Предметом дослідження є методи та способи побудови програмного забезпечення екосистеми вантажного БПЛА. Під час проведення даного дослідження був використаний метод systematic mapping study (систематичний огляд літератури) для вивчення і аналізу предметної області даного дослідження з текстових джерел інформації та метод case study (метод ситуативного аналізу) для аналізу розробленого методу побудови програмного забезпечення. Наукова новизна отриманого методу побудови програмного забезпечення полягає у тому, що в ньому вперше БПЛА розглядається як актор екосистеми безпілотних літальних апаратів і вперше для цієї екосистеми була розроблена архітектура програмного забезпечення. Також вперше було введене саме поняття екосистеми безпілотних літальних апаратів. Практичне значення отриманих результатів полягає у тому, що був розроблений простий, ефективний та комплексний підхід до вирішення задачі з побудови програмного забезпечення вантажного БПЛА, який досить легко може бути застосований для вирішення комерційних задач із адресної доставки малогабаритних вантажів. Результати цього дослідження були представлені на VІ Всеукраїнській науково-практичній конференції молодих вчених та студентів «Інформаційні системи та технології управління» (ІСТУ-2021). Дана дисертація складається з реферату, вступу, основної частини що поділяється на 4 розділи, висновків та додатків що включають в себе лістинг програмного коду та графічні матеріали. Основна частина даної роботи містить 105 сторінок, 28 рисунків, 18 таблиць та 19 посилань.
This dissertation considers one of the possible ways to automate the courier delivery process - delivery of parcels to the final recipient using unmanned aerial vehicles, which could perform such tasks in a very short time, regardless of the congestion of roads and public transport systems. This system can significantly reduce the time of delivery of goods to the end user, reduce the amount of infrastructure needed to maintain its efficiency and reduce the number of service personnel. Also, full automation of the delivery process reduces the impact of the human factor on the quality of service. Currently, several such systems have been implemented, but none of them is completely secure and does not meet all the requirements for an automatic courier system. Also, none of these developments has an architecture that fully covers the functionality of the unmanned aerial vehicle ecosystem. Also in this work, a number of ready-made architectural solutions designed to build similar software, taken from similar research. However, none of them also meets all the requirements for this software, or has significant shortcomings that prevent its software implementation, implementation or application in practice. In connection with all the above factors, it was decided to develop its own architecture for the implementation of the software package of the ecosystem of cargo unmanned aerial vehicles. And to confirm the efficiency of this architecture and prove its effectiveness, appropriate software was developed using the proposed method of development. The purpose of this research is to develop a method for building software ecosystems of unmanned aerial vehicles, one that will improve and enhance existing approaches to UAV programming both in terms of the process of their implementation and in terms of use of the final product. The main tasks that were performed during this study: ˗ study and analysis of ready-implemented software products-analogues in order to identify their main advantages and disadvantages; ˗ study and analysis of similar research to explore ways to solve the main problems of building UAV software; ˗ creation of own method of construction of the software of the cargo UAV, taking into account results of preliminary research of subject area; ˗ writing software based on this method, analyzing its main advantages and disadvantages, and proving its effectiveness. The object of this research is the software architecture of the cargo UAV ecosystem and approaches to the implementation of this architecture. The subject of the research is the methods and ways of building the software of the cargo UAV ecosystem. During this study, the method of systematic mapping study was used to study and analyze the subject area of this study from textual sources of information and the method of case study to analyze the developed method of software construction. The scientific novelty of the obtained method of software construction is that for the first time the UAV is considered as an actor in the ecosystem of unmanned aerial vehicles and for the first time a software architecture was developed for this ecosystem. Also, for the first time, the very concept of the unmanned aerial vehicle ecosystem was introduced. The practical significance of the obtained results is that a simple, effective and comprehensive approach for solving the problem of building a UAV software was developed, which can easily be used to solve commercial problems of targeted delivery of small cargo. The results of this study were presented at the VI All-Ukrainian scientificpractical conference of young scientists and students "Information Systems and Control Technologies" (ISCT-2021). This dissertation consists of an abstract, introduction, main part divided into 4 sections, conclusions and appendices that include a list of program code and graphics. The main part of this work contains 105 pages, 28 figures, 18 tables and 19 references.
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26

Hattenberger, Gautier. "Vol en formation sans formation : contrôle et planification pour le vol en formation des avions sans pilote." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353676.

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L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude et la mise en oeuvre d'un système de gestion automatique de la configuration d'une formation d'avions sans pilote, ou drones. Les objectifs sont, d'une part, d'améliorer la sécurité et l'efficacité d'un groupe de drones de combat, et, d'autre part, de faire le lien entre les niveaux de planification de missions et les niveaux fonctionnels de contrôle de la formation. Le vol en formation est particulièrement bien adapté pour des applications militaires en milieux hostiles, qui requièrent des synchronisations pour l'arrivée sur les cibles ou du support mutuel pour le brouillage. L'une des difficultés soulevées est le choix autonome de la configuration. Notre approche est de mettre en oeuvre, entre les niveaux décisionnels et les niveaux fonctionnels, une couche intermédiaire dédiée à la formation et à la gestion autonome de sa configuration. La configuration ainsi déterminée doit être affectée aux avions de la formation en tenant compte des contraintes tactiques et des ressources de chacun. Enfin, la sécurité du vol est un élément primordial. Il faut donc pouvoir planifier des manoeuvres de reconfiguration pour passer d'une configuration à une autre, en respectant les distances minimales entres avions. Des solutions ont été développées à partir de l'algorithme Branch & Bound pour résoudre les problèmes d'allocations, et de l'algorithme A* pour la planification de trajectoires dans la formation. De plus, un contrôle de vol de la formation a été implémenté. Ceci a permis de valider notre approche par des simulations et des expérimentations réelles.
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27

Sfard, Nathan. "Towards Autonomous Localization of an Underwater Drone." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1866.

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Autonomous vehicle navigation is a complex and challenging task. Land and aerial vehicles often use highly accurate GPS sensors to localize themselves in their environments. These sensors are ineffective in underwater environments due to signal attenuation. Autonomous underwater vehicles utilize one or more of the following approaches for successful localization and navigation: inertial/dead-reckoning, acoustic signals, and geophysical data. This thesis examines autonomous localization in a simulated environment for an OpenROV Underwater Drone using a Kalman Filter. This filter performs state estimation for a dead reckoning system exhibiting an additive error in location measurements. We evaluate the accuracy of this Kalman Filter by analyzing the effect each parameter has on accuracy, then choosing the best combination of parameter values to assess the overall accuracy of the Kalman Filter. We find that the two parameters with the greatest effects on the system are the constant acceleration and the measurement uncertainty of the system. We find the filter employing the best combination of parameters can greatly reduce measurement error and improve accuracy under typical operating conditions.
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Morgan, Hayden Matthew. "Small-Target Detection and Observation with Vision-Enabled Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8998.

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This thesis focuses on vision-based detection and observation of small, slow-moving targets using a gimballed fixed-wing unmanned aircraft system (UAS). Generally, visual tracking algorithms are tuned to detect motion of relatively large objects in the scene with noticeably significant motion; therefore, applications such as high-altitude visual searches for human motion often ignore target motion as noise. Furthermore, after a target is identified, arbitrary maneuvers for transitioning to overhead orbits for better observation may result in temporary or permanent loss of target visibility. We present guidelines for tuning parameters of the Visual Multiple Target Tracking (Visual MTT) algorithm to enhance its detection capabilities for very small, slow-moving targets in high-resolution images. We show that the tuning approach is able to detect walking motion of a human described by 10-15 pixels from high altitudes. An algorithm is then presented for defining rotational bounds on the controllable degrees of freedom of an aircraft and gimballed camera system for maintaining visibility of a known ground target. Critical rotations associated with the fastest loss or acquisition of target visibility are also defined. The accuracy of these bounds are demonstrated in simulation and simple applications of the algorithm are described for UAS. We also present a path planning and control framework for defining and following both dynamically and visually feasibly transition trajectories from an arbitrary point to an orbit over a known target for further observation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework in maintaining constant target visibility while transitioning to the intended orbit as well as in transitioning to a lower altitude orbit for more detailed visual analysis of the intended target.
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Lizarraga, Mariano. "Autonomous landing system for a UAV /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FLizarraga.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Roberto Cristi, Isaac Kaminer. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125). Also available online.
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30

Choudhary, Abhishek. "Autonomous Exploration and Data Gathering with a Drone." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223448.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are agile and are able to fly in and out of areas that are either dangerous for humans or have complex terrains making ground robots unsuitable. For their autonomous operation, the ability to explore unmapped areas is imperative. This has applications in data gathering tasks, search and rescue etc.  The objective of this thesis is to ascertain that it is, in fact, possible and feasible to use UAVs equipped with 2D laser scanners to perform autonomous exploration tasks in indoor environments. The system is evaluated by testing it in different simulated and real environments. The results presented show that the system is capable of completely and safely exploring unmapped and/or unexplored regions.
Obemannade flygfarkoster (UAV) är smidiga och kan flyga in och ut ur områden som är farliga för människor eller är svårtillgängliga för markrobotar. För att nå höga nivåer av autonomitet måste en UAV kunna utforska och kartlägga ett okänt område på egen hand. Det finns flera tillämpningar för detta, så som räddningsuppdrag och datainsamling. Målet med denna avhandling är att visa attdet är möjligt att använda en UAV utrustad med 2D-laserskannrar för att utföra autonoma kartläggningsuppdrag i inomhusmiljöer. Systemet utvärderas genom att testa det i olika simulerade och verkliga miljöer. De presenterade resultaten visar att systemet kan utforska okända områden på ett säkert sätt.
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31

Bananga, L. A. "Information technology of autonomous drone control system design." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86926.

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32

Dickensheets, Benjamin D. "AvaDrone: An Autonomous Drone for Avalanche Victim Recovery." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14398525.

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For the 179 Americans that are caught in avalanches each year, timely recovery often means the difference between life and death. The goal of this project was to design and build a prototype drone for a system to quickly and automatically locate a buried victim, using an on-board antenna to receive a signal from industry standard transmitting beacons. The design was based on a quad-rotor platform and uses Arduino hardware to receive a beacon signal and navigate the craft. In broad strokes, this project is an effort to apply the new and exciting technology of hobby drones to the well-established application of avalanche victim recovery. Current avalanche beacon technologies suffer from challenges associated with user operation. Slow or untrained human searchers are poorly equipped to handle the challenges of a fast-paced search. The vision of an entirely autonomous solution to this problem has guided the project from its inception. This idea has been little explored despite a proliferation of drone technology in recent years. On one hand, all of the pieces of the project already exist in one form or another. Avalanche beacon technologies continue to mature, as do hobby drones and their application. This project builds on precisely these preexisting pieces, to ask whether they can effectively work together to create something new. Throughout the project, I ran into challenges and roadblocks of all kinds. Whenever possible, I looked toward existing solutions to guide my design decisions or to justify admitting defeat on a particular difficulty, in order to maintain my focus on the larger questions of how all of the pieces will work together. As I hope I have conveyed, the real contribution of this project is located at the intersection of these technologies, and it is there that I have focused my energies. While much remains to be done on this project, the results that I have found all point to the viability of this project. This project isn’t close to being ready to actually rescue someone, but the pieces are all in place and ready for further development. More questions remain, but I hope that this work will help to propel avalanche recovery technologies into the future.
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Phang, Nyit Sin. "Tethered operation of autonomous aerial vehicles to provide extended field of view for autonomous ground vehicles." Thesis, (2 MB), 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FPhang.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2006.
"December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-48). Also available online from the Web site of the Naval Postgraduate School (http://www.nps.edu).
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Frantz, Natalie R. "Swarm intelligence for autonomous UAV control." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FFrantz.pdf.

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35

Slaviša, Dumnić. "Модел оптимизације доставе пошиљака у системима са хетерогеним доставним возилима." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=110781&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Машинско учење и неуронске мреже су алати који налазе све већупримену у решавању практичних проблема. За креирање неуронскемреже потребан је скуп података, који може бити прикупљен наразличите начине. У овој тези је показано да се подаци за тренингнеуронске мреже могу успешно прикупити креирањем веб игре.Сакупљени скуп података садржи стратегије решавања проблематрговачког путника и проблема рутирања возила.
Mašinsko učenje i neuronske mreže su alati koji nalaze sve većuprimenu u rešavanju praktičnih problema. Za kreiranje neuronskemreže potreban je skup podataka, koji može biti prikupljen narazličite načine. U ovoj tezi je pokazano da se podaci za treningneuronske mreže mogu uspešno prikupiti kreiranjem veb igre.Sakupljeni skup podataka sadrži strategije rešavanja problematrgovačkog putnika i problema rutiranja vozila.
Machine learning and neural networks are the tools that are finding more andmore fields of application in solving practical problems. For the creation ofthe neural networks, data can be successfully collected by creating a webgame. The data collected in this manner has strategic solutions for theproblems of Travel salesperson problem and vehicle routing problem.
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Peddle, Iain Kenneth. "Autonomous flight of a model aircraft /." Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1155.

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37

Nilsson, Per Johan Fredrik. "Planning semi-autonomous drone photo missions in Google Earth." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31473.

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This report covers an investigation of the methods and algorithms required to plan and perform semi-autonomous photo missions on Apple iPad devices using data exported from Google Earth. Flight time was to be minimized, taking wind velocity and aircraft performance into account. Google Earth was used both to define what photos to take, and to define the allowable mission area for the aircraft. A benchmark mission was created containing 30 photo operations in a 250 by 500 m area containing several no-fly-areas. The report demonstrates that photos taken in Google Earth can be reproduced in reality with good visual resemblance. High quality paths between all possible photo operation pairs in the benchmark mission could be found in seconds using the Theta* algorithm in a 3D grid representation with six-edge connectivity (Up, Down, North, South, East, West). Smoothing the path in a post-processing step was shown to further increase the quality of the path at a very low computational cost. An optimal route between the operations in the benchmark mission, using the paths found by Theta*, could be found in less than half a minute using a Branch-and-Bound algorithm. It was however also found that prematurely terminating the algorithm after five seconds yielded a route that was close enough to optimal not to warrant running the algorithm to completion.
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Hung, David, Cinthya Tang, Coby Allred, Kennon McKeever, James Murphy, and Ricky Herriman. "AUTONOMOUS GROUND RECONNAISSANCE DRONE USING ROBOT OPERATING SYSTEM (ROS)." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627005.

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The Arizona Autonomous Club is a student organization at the University of Arizona which designs, builds, and competes with Unmanned Air Systems (UAS). This year, a 25% scale Xtreme Decathlon model aircraft was selected and successfully converted into a fully autonomous UAS for the AUVSI Student Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) 2017 competition. The UAS utilizes a Pixhawk autopilot unit, which is an independent, open-hardware project aiming at providing high-end autopilot hardware at low costs and high availability. The Pixhawk runs an efficient real time operating system (RTOS) and includes sensors such as a GPS unit, IMUs, airspeed, etc. The UAS also includes an onboard imaging system, which is controlled by an onboard computer (OBC). The Pixhawk and OBC are interconnected with two ground control stations (GCS) using the Robot Operating System (ROS) framework, which is capable of extending overall system capabilities to include an expanded telemetry downlink, obstacle avoidance, and manual overrides.
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Lawrance, Nicholas R. J. "Autonomous soaring flight for unmanned aerial vehicles." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21912.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide unique capabilities in a range of industrial, scientific and defence applications. A small UAV could extend flight duration without requiring additional propulsive power through the use of soaring. This thesis examines the aerodynamic mechanisms of soaring flight and proposes planning and control algorithms for a UAV to autonomously sense and utilise the wind environment to extend flight duration. In order to utilise soaring a thorough understanding of the energy interaction between an aircraft and the surrounding atmosphere is required. This thesis presents a mathematical model for a gliding aircraft and examines how wind contributes to the energy change of an aircraft. Conditions for optimal energy efficiency are identified for gliding and soaring flight in linear wind shear. The proposed path planner takes advantage of the energy equations for a gliding aircraft to plan energy efficient paths over a known wind field. Previous soaring planners have focused on a single type of energy gain such as static soaring. By using the energy equations directly the planner can exploit all energy gain conditions rather than relying on specialised controllers. The planner requires an adequate estimate of the wind field to plan reliable energy gain paths. A small UAV would typically only have access to direct wind observations taken during flight. Gaussian Process (GP) regression is proposed to generate a wind map from direct wind observations. This model-free approach can account for static and dynamic wind fields and does not restrict the planner to particular types of wind structure. Maintaining an accurate map requires the planner to ensure efficient map sampling and maintain sufficient energy to continue flight. The path planning algorithm exploits the variance estimate from the GP map to identify regions of the map which require improvement. The planner assesses the aircraft’s energy state and current map to determine target regions of the wind field for further exploration or energy exploitation. Results demonstrate that this architecture is capable of generating energy-gain paths in both static and dynamic wind fields. The mapping algorithm records direct samples of the wind to generate a wind map that is used by the planning algorithm to simultaneously explore and exploit the wind field to extend flight duration without propulsive power.
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Moon, Jongki. "Mission-based guidance system design for autonomous UAVs." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31797.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Prasad, JVR; Committee Member: Costello, Mark; Committee Member: Johnson, Eric; Committee Member: Schrage, Daniel; Committee Member: Vela, Patricio. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Garin, Raphaël. "Communication et positionnement simultanés pour les drones sous-marins autonomes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BRES0097.

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Cette thèse porte sur la navigation des drones sous-marins autonomes (AUV) en l’absence de signaux GPS sous l’eau. Pour résoudre ce problème, elle propose une approche innovante qui combine la localisation de l’AUV avec la communication acoustique sous-marine avec une balise en surface. Cette méthode utilise l’estimation du décalage Doppler requis pour le décodage des signaux de communication afin d’estimer la vitesse relative de l’AUV. De plus, le temps de vol de la communication est utilisé pour mesurer la distance entre l’AUV et la balise. Le système final nécessite seulement des capteurs peu onéreux, tels qu’une centrale inertielle, un capteur de pression, un GPS pour l’initialisation, et un transpondeur acoustique pour le drone, combine avec un capteur de profilage de la vitesse du son. Une balise fixe communique avec le drone et est équipée d’un transpondeur acoustique. Cette approche offre une précision comparable à l’état de l’art, avec une faible empreinte spatiale et un cout réduit. Des simulations et des essais en bassin de 6 m3 ont été effectués avec succès, confirmant la faisabilité du système. De plus, des expérimentations en mer dans des conditions réelles ont montré une précision d’environ 3 mètres, démontrant l’efficacité de l’algorithme. En comparaison avec l’état de l’art, le système proposé est plus rapide à mettre en place, ne nécessite pas de calibration, est plus économique, et consomme moins d’énergie, bien qu’il soit légèrement moins précis
This thesis focuses on the navigation of autonomous underwater drones (AUVs) in the absence of underwater GPS signals. To address this issue, it proposes an innovative approach that combines AUV localization with underwater acoustic communication to a surface beacon. This method utilizes the Doppler shift estimation required for communication signal demodulation in order to estimate the relative velocity of the AUV. Additionally, the communication’s time of flight is used to measure the distance between the AUV and the beacon. The final system requires only affordable components, such as an inertial navigation system, a pressure sensor, a GPS for initialization, and an acoustic transponder for the drone, combined with a sound velocity profiling sensor. A fixed beacon communicates with the drone and is equipped with an acoustic transponder. This approach offers accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art, with a small spatial footprint and reduced cost. Successful simulations and tests were conducted in a 6 m3 test tank, confirming the feasibility of the system. Furthermore, real-world sea trialsdemonstrated an accuracy of approximately 3 meters, showcasing the algorithm’s effectiveness.Compared to the state-of-the-art, the proposed system is quicker to set up, requires no calibration, is more cost-effective, and consumes less power, although it is slightly less accurate
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Aksaray, Derya. "Autonomous Hopping Rotochute." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39578.

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The Hopping Rotochute is a promising micro vehicle with the capability of exploring rough and complex terrains with minimum energy consumption. While it is able to fly over obstacles via thrust produced by its coaxial rotor, its physical architecture, inspired from a "Weebles Wooble," provides re-orientation wherever it hits the ground. Therefore, this aerial and ground vehicle represents a potential hybrid vehicle capable of reconnaissance and surveillance missions in complex environments. The most recent version of the Hopping Rotochute is manually controlled to follow a trajectory. The control commands, listed in a file prior to the particular mission, are executed exactly as defined, like a "batch job," regardless of the uncertain external events. This control scheme is likely to cause great deviations from the route. Consequently, the vehicle may finish the mission very far away from the desired end point. However, if a vehicle is capable of receiving the control commands during a mission, "interactive processing" can be realized and efficient path tracking would be achieved. Hence, the development of the Hopping Rotochute that follows a trajectory autonomously reveals the foundation of this thesis. Two control approaches inspired the proposed methodology for developing an autonomous trajectory-following algorithm. The first approach is rule-based control that enables decision making through conditional statements. In this thesis, rule-based control is used to select a target point for a particular hop based on the existence of an obstacle and/or wind in the environment. The second approach is model predictive control employed to predict future outputs from hop performance models. In other words, this technique approaches the problem by providing intelligence pertaining to how a particular hop will end up before being attempted. Hence, the optimum control commands are selected based on the predicted performance of a particular hop. This research demonstrates that the autonomous Hopping Rotochute can be realized by rule-based control embedded with some performance models. In the assumption of known boundaries such as wall and ceiling information, this study has two aims: (1) to avoid obstacles by creating a smaller operational volume inside the real boundaries so that the vehicle is restricted from exiting the operational volume and no violation occurs within the real boundaries; (2) to estimate the wind by previous hops to select the next hopping point with respect to the estimated wind information. Based on the developed methodology, simulations are conducted for four different scenarios in the existence of obstacles and/or wind, and the results of the simulations are analyzed. Finally, based on the statistics of simulation results, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is discussed.
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43

Hintze, Joshua. "Autonomous landing of a rotary unmanned aerial vehicle in a non-cooperative environment using machine vision /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd359.pdf.

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44

Alberts, Frederik Nicolaas. "Accurate autonomous landing of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71672.

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Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents the analysis, design, simulation and practical implementation of a control system to achieve an accurate autonomous landing of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle in the presence of wind gust atmospheric disturbances. Controllers which incorporate the concept of direct-lift control were designed based on a study of the longitudinal dynamics of the UAV constructed as a testbed. Direct-lift control offers the prospect of an improvement in the precision with which aircraft height and vertical velocity can be controlled by utilising actuators which generate lift directly, instead of the conventional method whereby the moment produced by an actuator results in lift being indirectly generated. Two normal specific acceleration controllers were designed. The first being a conventional moment-based controller, and the second a direct-lift-augmented controller. The moment-based controller makes use of the aircraft’s elevator while the direct-lift augmented controller in addition makes use of the flaps of the aircraft which serve as the direct-lift actuator. Controllers were also designed to regulate the airspeed, altitude, climb rate, and roll angle of the aircraft as well as damp the Dutch roll mode. A guidance controller was implemented to allow for the following of waypoints. A landing procedure and methodology was developed which includes the circuit and landing approach paths and the concept of a glide path offset to calibrate the touchdown point of a landing. All controllers and the landing procedure were tested in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment as well as practically in a series of flight tests. Five fully autonomous landings were performed, three of these using the conventional NSA controller, and the final two the direct-lift-augmented NSA controller. The results obtained during the landing flight tests show that the project goal of a landing within five meters along the runway and three meters across the runway was achieved in both normal wind conditions as well as in conditions where wind gusts prevailed. The flight tests also showed that the direct-lift-augmented NSA controller appears to achieve a more accurate landing than the conventional NSA controller, especially in the presence of greater wind disturbances. The direct-lift augmented NSA controller also exhibited less pitch angle rotation during landing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis verteenwoordig die analise, ontwerp, simulasie en praktiese implementering van ’n beheerstelsel wat ten doel het om ’n akkurate en outonome landing van ’n onbemande vastevlerk vliegtuig in rukwind atmosferiese toestande te bewerkstellig. Gegrond op ’n studie van die longitudinale dinamika van die vliegtuig wat as proeftuig gebruik is, is beheerders ontwerp wat die beginsel van direkte-lig insluit. Direkte-lig beheer hou die potensiaal in om die vliegtuig se hoogte en vertikale snelheid akkuraat te beheer deur gebruik te maak van aktueerders wat lig direk genereer in teenstelling met die konvensionele metode waar die moment van die aktueerder indirek lig genereer. Twee normaal-versnellings beheerders is ontwerp. Die eerste is ’n konvensionele moment-gebaseerde beheerder wat gebruik maak van die hys-aktueerder van die vliegtuig, en die tweede is ’n direkte-lig-bygestaande beheerder wat addisioneel gebruik maak van die flappe van die vliegtuig wat as die direkte-lig aktueerder dien. Vedere beheerders is ontwerp wat die lugspoed, hoogte, klimkoers, en rolhoek van die vliegtuig reguleer asook die “Dutch roll” gedrag afklam. ’n Leiding-beheerder wat die volg van vliegbakens hanteer, is ingestel. Die landingsprosedure en -metodologie is ontwikkel wat die landingspad sowel as die sweef-pad bepaal en wat terselfdertyd ’n metode daarstel om die posisie van die landingspunt te kalibreer. Die beheerders en landingsprosedure is in ’n hardeware-in-die-lus omgewing gesimuleer en deur middel van ’n reeks proefvlugte getoets. Vyf ten volle outonome landings is uitgevoer waarvan drie van die konvensionele normaal-versnellings beheerder gebruik gemaak het, en die laaste twee die direkte-lig-bygestaande normaal-versnellings beheerder. Die vlugtoetsuitslae bevestig dat die navorsingsdoel om ’n landing binne vyf meter in lyn met en drie meter dwarsoor die landingstrook te bewerkstellig, behaal is. Hierdie akkuraatheid is verkry in beide goeie atmosferiese toestande sowel as toestande met rukwinde. Volgens die vlugtoetse blyk dit dat die direkte-lig-bygestaande normaalversnellings beheerder ’n meer akkurate landing kan bewerkstellig as die konvensionele normaal-versnellings beheerder, veral dan in toestande met rukwinde. Die direkte-ligbygestaande normaal-versnellings beheerder het ook ’n laer hei-hoek rotasie tydens die landing vertoon.
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45

Purohit, Tejas. "NIO Horizon : Future autonomous flight experience." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161309.

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What if future air travel was highly sustainable and appealing? What if you could hop from building rooftop to rooftop or better, from a city to an island without the worries of ground congestion and gridlocks? And how would it look like if NIO decided to take this opportunity and broaden their product offerings? These were some of the initial question that guided the project towards a mode of mobility which is new and challenging to realise. Admittedly It was also exciting to imagine what would future of autonomy look like in something other that a car and to see if A.I. driven technologies and fresh architecture ideas could enhance this experience. And remove the safety and social acceptance stigmas from this type of mobility. Furthermore to see how the design would be influenced by specific target user group & their needs. From Post-it ideation to Alias mock-up and Virtual reality software to validate  ideas, the process saw use of several tools. Initial  stage included several basic  CAS layout  proposals which  allowed for  fresh  ideas which were translated into detailed sketches on paper and in Photoshop.  Two loops of mid-level detailed CAS were generated  and then  through  combination of both, and  additional  analogue  material  the  final  loop  of  Alias was completed and then  handed to  In-house  CAS team  for  refinement  and  physical  prototyping  support. Throughout  the  process there were several check  points with the mentor, interior  director  &  university tutors which gave valuable input & direction to the project. The  final  outcome  is  a  Vertical  take  off  landing  vehicle which shows a holistic idea of how future NIO products could  look  like.  A  small  fleet  and  a  shared  model make this realistic and accessible mode  of  mobility. Passengers  are  welcomed  to  a NIO  house  which  also acts as a sky-deck  for  the  vehicle. Open  interior  layout of  the  vehicle  poses unique  and  exciting  possibilities for  either  enjoying  personal  time  or  a  dialogue  during the journey. Key functions such as ambient air, music or photo-chromatic  glass can  be activated by interacting with  the  two  A.I.  units  placed on  top  of  each  seating zone.  Use of recycled & vegan materials and lightweight construction  of the seats allow for  a bigger surface area but optimized weight. The overall welcoming gesture of the  interior  space aims for  attracting  a wide group of passengers.
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46

Tang, Yi Rui. "Development, dynamic modeling, and autonomous flight control of small UAV helicopters." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691051.

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47

Peddle, Iain K. "Autonomous flight of a model aircraft." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2711.

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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
The successful development of a conventional flight autopilot for a model aircraft is presented. All aspects of the autopilot design are considered, from modeling to flight tests. A mathematical aircraft model, as a function of the aircraft’s physical parameters alone, is presented. A controller architecture capable of regulating the motion variables required for conventional flight using only low cost, off-the-shelf sensors is developed. The controller design complements the aircraft model development technique used, by reducing the sensitivity of the controller performance to the model accuracy. The avionics and ground station design is presented. The avionics includes a generic Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The total avionics cost is only R5000. Results from three days of flight tests demonstrate the autopilot’s success. Its rapid success can largely be attributed to the extensive simulations of the entire autopilot in the two non-linear simulators developed.
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48

Le, Bras Florent. "Contributions à l'asservissement visuel de véhicules aériens autonomes." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4110.

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L’asservissement visuel est une technique de commande reposant sur des mesures issues d’une caméra. Cette technique est apparue à la fin des années 80 pour contrôler des robots mobiles ou des bras manipulateurs. Depuis peu, l’asservissement visuel est appliqué aux engins volants, pour lesquels ce type de contrôle a un fort potentiel opérationnel. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la conception d’asservissements visuels pour deux types d’engins volants : les minidrones à voilures tournantes et les avions. Nous essayons autant que possible de spécifier le problème en termes de régulation dans l’image en prenant en compte des contraintes forte sur la nature des capteurs utilisés. Ainsi nous considérons uniquement les capteurs embarqués, autonomes, et dont la qualité est compatible d’un asservissement précis. Pour cela, nous proposons des lois d’asservissement visuels adaptés à la dynamique des engins considérés, à leurs structures de contrôle et à leurs systèmes de mesures. Pour les minidrones à voilures tournantes, une série de lois de commande est proposée pour stabiliser l’engin relativement à une cible plane dont quelques amers sont détectés en temps réel. Ces commandes ont la particularité de ne pas nécessiter de mesure de vitesse de translation. Caractéristique intéressante puisque cette grandeur est particulièrement difficile à mesurer sans GPS. L’un des algorithmes a été validé en vol sur la plateforme Hovereye de Bertin Technologies, il s’agissait, à notre connaissance du premier asservissement visuel basé image, réalisé en intérieur, sur un minidrone. Pour les engins à voilures fixes une nouvelle technique d’atterrissage autonome basée sur la détection des bords de la piste est proposée. Cette technique est basée image et prend en compte les spécificités du vol d’un avion ainsi qu’une estimation de la vitesse du vent. La validation de cette approche est réalisée sur un simulateur complexe incluant la chaîne de traitement d’image. Enfin, nous avons cherché de nouvelles applications à l’asservissement visuel basé image d’engins à voilures fixes. Une loi de commande permettant une stabilisation précise sur une orbite d’observation a ainsi été synthétisée. Elle repose sur la détection d’un unique amer et du flux optique de translation. Des simulations illustrent les performances de ce dernier algorithme
The visual servo control technology is based on measurements form a camera. This technique appeared in the late 80’s to control mobile robots or manipulators. Recently, visual servoing is applied to flying vehicles, for which this type of control has a strong operational potential. In this thesis, we focus on the design of visual servoing for two types of flying vectors : the VTOL minidrones and fixed-wing aircrafts. We try wherever possible to specify the problem in terms of regulation in the picture by taking into account the limitations of the sensors used. Thus we consider only the onboard sensors autonomous, and whose quality is consistent with a the considered visual servoing tasks. For this, we propose visual servoing laws adapted to the considered systems intheir control structures and their measurement systems. For VTOL minidrones, a series of control laws is proposed to stabilize the vehicle with respect to a relativity flat target which some landmarks are detected in real time. These commands have the distinction of not requiring measurements of the speed of translation. This characteristic is especially interesting, since this variable is particularly difficult to measure without GPS. One of the algorithms has been, validated in fight ion the platform. HoverEye developed by Bertin Technologies, it was, to our knowledge the first image based visual servoing, conducted indoors on a minidrones. For fixed-wing aircrafts, a next autonomous landing technique based on the detection of runway’s edges is proposed. This technique is image based and takes into account the specificities of aircraft flight dynamics. Moreover a specific estimate of cross-wind is proposed. Validation of this approach is performed on a complex simulator which includes images processing. Finally, we sought new applications in image based visual servoing for fixed-wing aircrafts. A control law for precise stabilization on observation orbit has been synthesized. It is based on the detection of a single landmark and translational optical flow. Simulations illustrate the performance of that algorithm
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49

Persson, Linnea. "Autonomous and Cooperative Landings Using Model Predictive Control." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246194.

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Cooperation is increasingly being applied in the control of interconnected multi-agent systems, and it introduces many benefits. In particular, cooperation can improve the efficiency of many types of missions, and adds flexibility and robustness against external disturbances or unknown obstacles. This thesis investigates cooperative maneuvers for aerial vehicles autonomously landing on moving platforms, and how to safely and robustly perform such landings on a real system subject to a variety of disturbances and physical and computational constraints. Two specific examples are considered: the landing of a fixed-wing drone on top of a moving ground carriage; and the landing of a quadcopter on a boat. The maneuvers are executed in a cooperative manner where both vehicles are allowed to take actions to reach their common objective while avoiding safety based spatial constraints. Applications of such systems can be found in, for example, autonomous deliveries, emergency landings, and search and rescue missions. Particular challenges of cooperative landing maneuvers include the heterogeneous and nonlinear dynamics, the coupled control, the sensitivity to disturbances, and the safety criticality of performing a high-velocity landing maneuver. The thesis suggests the design of a cooperative control algorithm for performing autonomous and cooperative landings. The algorithm is based on model predictive control, an optimization-based method where at every sampling instant a finite-horizon optimal control problem is solved. The advantages of applying this control method in this setting arise from its ability to include explicit dynamic equations, constraints, and disturbances directly in the computation of the control inputs. It is shown how the resulting optimization problem of the autonomous landing controller can be decoupled into a horizontal and a vertical sub-problem, a finding which significantly increases the efficiency of the algorithm. The algorithm is derived for two different autonomous landing systems, which are subsequently implemented in realistic simulations and on a drone for real-world flight tests. The results demonstrate both that the controller is practically implementable on real systems with computational limitations, and that the suggested controller can successfully be used to perform the cooperative landing under the influence of external disturbances and under the constraint of various safety requirements.
Samarbete tillämpas i allt högre utsträckning vid reglering av sammankopplade multiagentsystem, vilket medför både ökad robusthet och flexibilitet mot yttre störningar, samt att många typer av uppgifter kan utföras mer effektivt. Denna licentiatavhandling behandlar kooperativa och autonoma landningar av drönare på mobila landingsplatformar, och undersöker hur sådana landningar kan implementeras på ett verkligt system som påverkas av externa störningar och som samtidigt arbetar under fysiska och beräkningsmässiga begränsningar. Två exempel betraktas särskilt: först landingen av ett autonomt flygplan på en bil, därefter landning av en quadcopter på en båt. Landningarna utförs kooperativt, vilket innebär att båda fordonen har möjlighet att påverka systemet för att fullborda landningen. Denna typ av system har applikationer bland annat inom autonoma leveranser, nödlandningar, samt inom eftersöknings- och räddningsuppdrag. Forskningen motiveras av ett behov av effektiva och säkra autonoma landingsmanövrar, för fordon med heterogen och komplex dynamik som samtidigt måste uppfylla en mängd säkerhetsvillkor. I avhandlingen härleds  kooperativa regleralgoritmer för landningsmanövern. Reglermetoden som appliceras är modell-prediktiv reglerteknik, en optimeringsbaserad metod under vilken ett optimalt reglerproblem med ändlig horisont löses  varje samplingsperiod. Denna metod tillför här fördelar såsom explicit hantering av systemdynamik, och direkt inkludering av störningshantering och bivillkor vid beräkning av insignaler. På så sätt kan vi direkt i optimeringslösaren hantera säkerhetsvillkor och externa störningar. Det visas även hur lösningstiden för optimeringen kan effektiviseras genom att separera den horisontella och den vertikala dynamiken till två subproblem som löses sekvensiellt. Algoritmen implementeras därefter för två olika landingssystem, för att därefter tillämpas och utvärderas i realistiska simuleringsmiljöer med olika typer av störningar, samt med flygtester på en verklig plattform. Resultaten visar dels att reglermetoden ger önskade resultat med avseende både på störningshantering och uppfyllande av bivillkor från säkerhetskrav, och dels att algoritmen är praktiskt implementerbar även på system med begränsad beräkningskraft.

QC 20190315

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50

Sevcik, Keith Wayne Oh Paul Yu. "A hardware-in-the-loop testing facility for unmanned aerial vehicle sensor suites and control algorithms /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3262.

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