Relevant bibliographies by topics / Avalances

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Avalances'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Avalances"

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Bartelt, P., and V. Stöckli. "The influence of tree and branch fracture, overturning and debris entrainment on snow avalanche flow." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819544.

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AbstractA simple center-of-mass avalanche model that accounts for avalanche flow in forests is presented. The model applies the principle of conservation of energy to calculate the deceleration of avalanches caused by tree fracture, overturning and debris entrainment. The model relates the physical properties of forests (tree spacing, tree age, tree type, soil conditions) to avalanche flow. Modified dry-Coulomb and velocity-dependent friction parameters commonly used in avalanche runout calculations are derived. Example calculations demonstrate how the model can be applied to back-calculate observed avalanche events. The model quantitatively explains why large avalanches can destroy forests without significant deceleration. Furthermore, it shows why tree fracture consume/little of the avalanche’s energy. Finally, the model reveals how protective forests in avalanche tracks can be maintained over time to provide the best protective capacity against snow avalanches.
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Fukushima, Yusuke, and Norio Hayakawa. "Analysis of powder-snow avalanches using three-dimensional topographic data." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011332.

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A fluid-dynamical model of powder-snow avalanches is developed which takes into account three-dimensional topography and can compute an avalanche’s running course. The model also predicts the variations of height, speed and concentration of snow particles in the avalanche, as well as the level of turbulence. Application of the model to the Maseguchi avalanche, which occurred in 1986 at Niigata, Japan, shows it can provide reasonable prediction of the running course, height and speed of an avalanche.
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Fukushima, Yusuke, and Norio Hayakawa. "Analysis of powder-snow avalanches using three-dimensional topographic data." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011332.

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A fluid-dynamical model of powder-snow avalanches is developed which takes into account three-dimensional topography and can compute an avalanche’s running course. The model also predicts the variations of height, speed and concentration of snow particles in the avalanche, as well as the level of turbulence. Application of the model to the Maseguchi avalanche, which occurred in 1986 at Niigata, Japan, shows it can provide reasonable prediction of the running course, height and speed of an avalanche.
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Rice, Robert, Rand Decker, Newel Jensen, Ralph Patterson, and Stanford Singer. "Rural Intelligent Transportation System for Snow Avalanche Detection and Warning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1700, no. 1 (2000): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1700-04.

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The growth of winter travel on alpine roads in the western United States, a result of the demand for reliable winter access, has increased the hazard to motorists and highway maintenance personnel from snow avalanches. Configurations are presented for systems that can detect and provide, in real time, warnings to motorists and highway maintainers of roadway avalanches. These warnings include on-site traffic control signing, in-vehicle audio alarms for winter maintenance vehicles, and notifying maintenance facilities or centralized agency dispatchers. These avalanche detection and warning systems can detect an existing avalanche and use the avalanche’s remaining time of descent to initiate on-site alarms. Alternatively, real-time knowledge and notification of the onset of avalanching may be used to proactively manage the evolving hazard over an affected length or corridor of highway. These corridors can be several tens of kilometers in length and may be very remote, low-volume rural highways. As a consequence, these detection and warning systems must be cost-effective alternatives to existing avalanche hazard reduction technology. Results and experiences from the winters of 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 are presented, along with recommendations and criteria for future deployment of these automated natural hazard reduction systems for rural transportation corridors.
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Shahverdian, A. Yu. "Lattice Animals and Self-Organized Criticality." Fractals 05, no. 02 (1997): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x9700019x.

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The paper considers one model of SOC close to BTW and slider blocks models. In addition, it introduces an additional time parameter and imposes special restrictions on the avalanche geometrical structure. The generalization and modification of the avalanche's concept allows us to apply H. Weyl's theorem in the dynamical system theory so as to obtain the strong and exact results in this area. We introduce some combinatorial characteristic of clusters and use it as a tool for estimating the frequency of the avalanches. The results obtained give the asymptotically exact expressions for the asymptotical frequency as well as two special types of such extended avalanches. In some special cases, they reduce the determination of the frequency of the avalanches to combinatorial enumerative problem for lattice animals on the d-dimensional torus. The other two results are related to the one-dimensional model and establish the connection between the SOC and the theory of number partitions.
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Schweizer, Jürg, Christoph Mitterer, Frank Techel, Andreas Stoffel, and Benjamin Reuter. "On the relation between avalanche occurrence and avalanche danger level." Cryosphere 14, no. 2 (2020): 737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-737-2020.

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Abstract. In many countries with seasonally snow-covered mountain ranges warnings are issued to alert the public about imminent avalanche danger, mostly employing an ordinal, five-level danger scale. However, as avalanche danger cannot be measured, the characterization of avalanche danger remains qualitative. The probability of avalanche occurrence in combination with the expected avalanche type and size decide on the degree of danger in a given forecast region (≳100 km2). To describe avalanche occurrence probability, the snowpack stability and its spatial distribution need to be assessed. To quantify the relation between avalanche occurrence and avalanche danger level, we analyzed a large data set of visually observed avalanches (13 918 in total) from the region of Davos (eastern Swiss Alps, ∼300 km2), all with mapped outlines, and we compared the avalanche activity to the forecast danger level on the day of occurrence (3533 danger ratings). The number of avalanches per day strongly increased with increasing danger level, confirming that not only the release probability but also the frequency of locations with a weakness in the snowpack where avalanches may initiate from increase within a region. Avalanche size did not generally increase with increasing avalanche danger level, suggesting that avalanche size may be of secondary importance compared to snowpack stability and its distribution when assessing the danger level. Moreover, the frequency of wet-snow avalanches was found to be higher than the frequency of dry-snow avalanches for a given day and danger level; also, wet-snow avalanches tended to be larger. This finding may indicate that the danger scale is not used consistently with regard to avalanche type. Even though observed avalanche occurrence and avalanche danger level are subject to uncertainties, our findings on the characteristics of avalanche activity suggest reworking the definitions of the European avalanche danger scale. The description of the danger levels can be improved, in particular by quantifying some of the many proportional quantifiers. For instance, based on our analyses, “many avalanches”, expected at danger level 4-High, means on the order of at least 10 avalanches per 100 km2. Whereas our data set is one of the most comprehensive, visually observed avalanche records are known to be inherently incomplete so that our results often refer to a lower limit and should be confirmed using other similarly comprehensive data sets.
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Haraldsdóttir, Svanbjörg H., Haraldur Ólafsson, Yves Durand, Gerald Giraud, and Laurent Mérindol. "A system for prediction of avalanche hazard in the windy climate of Iceland." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781815293.

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AbstractA system for predicting avalanche hazard in the windy climate of Vestfirðir, northwest Iceland, is presented. The system is based on (a) numerical simulations of the snowpack and evaluation of avalanche hazard due to overloading by the snow models SAFRAN–Crocus and MÉPRA, and (b) observations of wind speed in the mountains used as a proxy for snowdrift. The system was tested during two winter seasons and correctly predicts 30 out of 35 avalanche days. The 5 missing days feature either large spatial gradients in precipitation or very strong winds a few days before the avalanches, indicating much snowdrift. A comparison of the simulated avalanche hazard and observations of avalanches confirms that snowdrift is of primary importance not only for large avalanches, as already established, but also for small and medium-size avalanches in Vestfirðir. The system is a first step towards an objective evaluation of avalanche hazard in Iceland.
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Buser, Othmar, and Perry Bartelt. "Dispersive pressure and density variations in snow avalanches." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 205 (2011): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311798043870.

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AbstractSnow avalanches possess two types of kinetic energy: the kinetic energy associated with the mean velocity in the downhill direction and the kinetic energy associated with individual particle velocities that vary from the mean. The mean kinetic energy is directional; the kinetic energy associated with the velocity fluctuations is non-directional in the sense that it is connected to random particle movements. However, the rigid, basal boundary directs the random fluctuation energy into the avalanche. Thus, the random energy flux is converted to free mechanical energy which lifts and dilates the avalanche flow mass, changing the flow density and increasing the normal (dispersive) pressure and, as a consequence, changing the flow resistance. In this paper we derive macroscopic relations that link the production of the random kinetic energy to the perpendicular acceleration of the avalanche’s center of mass. We show that a single burst of fluctuation energy will produce pressures that oscillate around the hydrostatic pressure. Because we do not include a damping process, the oscillations of the center of mass remain, even if the production of random kinetic energy stops. We formulate relationships that can be used within the framework of depth-averaged mass and momentum equations that are often used to simulate snow avalanches in realistic terrain.
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McClung, D. M. "The effects of El Niño and La Niña on snow and avalanche patterns in British Columbia, Canada, and central Chile." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 216 (2013): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j192.

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AbstractEl Niño and La Niña affect global climate and atmospheric circulation to determine winter temperature and precipitation patterns. Both winter temperatures and the associated precipitation patterns have effects on mountain snow deposition and snow avalanche occurrences. Approximately 25 000 slab avalanches from 30 winters were analyzed in relation to snowfall patterns contrasted for El Niño and La Niña winters for two avalanche areas with different snow climates in British Columbia (BC), Canada. La Niña winters were shown to produce more snow, more avalanches and a higher percentage of dry avalanches than wet avalanches. The data and analysis show that the avalanche patterns depend on the altitude and snow climate. Analysis of snowfall and accident data from the Andes of Chile suggests behavior opposite to BC. El Niño winters in central Chile produced the most snow and, by inference, the most avalanches. This paper is the first to show the links of El Niño and La Niña to snow avalanche activity.
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Maggioni, Margherita, Monica Barbero, Fabrizio Barpi, et al. "Snow Avalanche Impact Measurements at the Seehore Test Site in Aosta Valley (NW Italian Alps)." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110471.

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In full-scale snow avalanche test sites, structures such as pylons, plates, or dams have been used to measure impact forces and pressures from avalanches. Impact pressures are of extreme importance when dealing with issues such as hazard mapping and the design of buildings exposed to avalanches. In this paper, we present the force measurements recorded for five selected avalanches that occurred at the Seehore test site in Aosta Valley (NW Italian Alps). The five avalanches were small to medium-sized and cover a wide range in terms of snow characteristics and flow dynamics. Our aim was to analyze the force and pressure measurements with respect to the avalanche characteristics. We measured pressures in the range of 2 to 30 kPa. Though without exhaustive measurements of the avalanche flows, we found indications of different flow regimes. For example, we could appreciate some differences in the vertical profile of the pressures recorded for wet dense avalanches and powder ones. Being aware of the fact that more complete measurements are necessary to fully describe the avalanche flows, we think that the data of the five avalanches triggered at the Seehore test site might add some useful information to the ongoing scientific discussion on avalanche flow regimes and impact pressure.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Avalances"

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Dufresne, Anja. "Influence of runout path material on rock and debris avalanche mobility : field evidence and analogue modelling : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geological Sciences/Hazard and Disaster Management, University of Canterbury, New Zealand /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3076.

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Rock and debris avalanches result from sudden rock slope failure; they occur in a variety of materials and landscapes, and often have a catastrophic and lasting impact on the society, infrastructure, and landscape of the area. In order to fully understand these events, the factors leading to failure and those influencing the course of the event must be investigated. In recent years, increased attention has been given to numerous aspects of rock/debris avalanche emplacement: among these is the influence of runout path material on the behaviour of snow and ice avalanches, pyroclastic currents, debris flows, volcanic debris avalanches and non-volcanic rock avalanches. The fact that substrates are involved in rock avalanche emplacement has been known since Buss and Heim remarked on it in 1881, but few detailed studies on the effects of this involvement on avalanche emplacement exist. One popular hypothesis which has emerged is that the long runout of large rock avalanches can be explained by the basal friction reduction due to overrunning or failure of saturated substrate material. However, the present study shows that this is not the case. From analysis of nearly 400 rock and debris avalanche deposit descriptions it is evident that: (1) avalanches inevitably interact with their runout path material; (2) all large (> 10⁶ m³) rock and debris avalanche events have runout distances that exceed simple frictional model predictions regardless of type or degree of substrate interaction; (3) substrates only add complexities to the ‘long-runout’ avalanche events similar to topographic interference. The complexities resulting from substrate interaction include, for example, characteristic deposit surface features such as longitudinal ridges and flowbands, compressional faults and raised margins from rapid deceleration behind e.g. bulldozed substrates; shearing in a basal mixed zone and consequent changes in basal avalanche mechanical properties; volcanic edifice failure on weak underlying sediments with a change in volcano shape; transformation into more mobile debris flows through the entrainment of large quantities of water or water-bearing materials; and many others.
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Daerr, Adrian. "Dynamique des Avalanches." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003998.

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Un milieu granulaire peut rester au repos même avec une surface libre inclinée, et il ne se met spontanément en mouvement qu'au dessus d'un angle critique. Il apparaît alors un écoulement de surface dont l'amplitude et la dynamique sont régies par la mobilisation et le dépôt de grains à l'interface avec la phase statique. Malgré son importance pratique, la dynamique de cette transition demeure largement inconnue. Le manuscrit présente une étude expérimentale de ce problème dans deux géométries d'écoulements granulaires différentes. Dans la première expérience, l'équilibre d'une couche de sable déposée dynamiquement sur un plan rugueux est rendu métastable: après avoir augmenté l'inclinaison du plan, une perturbation locale déclenche une avalanche. La mesure du seuil de déclenchement montre que la transition entre équilibre statique et écoulement est sous-critique. La forme et la dynamique des avalanches résultent d'un échange permanent de matière avec la couche statique, mobilisant à l'avant et déposant des grains à l'arrière. De manière surprenante, une saturation de l'amplitude est observée, qui peut être attribuée à la présence du fond solide. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence l'existence de deux types d'avalanches, l'un où la couche n'est mobilisée qu'en aval du point de déclenchement et laissant une trace triangulaire, et l'autre où l'écoulement envahit tout le plan par un front de remontée. L'étude montre que des mécanismes de propagation différents interviennent dans ces deux cas. La deuxième expérience consiste à étudier l'écoulement transitoire à la formation d'un talus. Nous avons observé l'influence prépondérante de la préparation sur l'écoulement. Deux effets sont mis en évidence, l'un associé à la densité et l'autre à la «texture» anisotrope acquise pendant le remplissage. Dans la dernière partie, nous discutons de la validité des modèles existants pour décrire les avalanches sur le plan incliné. En guise de conclusion, nous développons un modèle continu décrivant la dynamique des écoulements granulaires de surface et prenant appui sur les résultats expérimentaux présentés.
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Jaeger, Paul. "Hysteresis and Avalanches." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154238.

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In this thesis crackling systems have been investigated. Applying an external force on these systems they respond with events of all sizes. The size distribution follows a power law of the form S¯ . Dierent types appear in nature like avalanches or earthquakes. A magnet exposed to an external magnetic eld will "crackle" as well during its magnetization. Applying the Ising model on the system, a C++ code has been developed to simulate this process. The resulting data has been used to discuss the system with concepts of statistical mechanics like universality or scale invariance. Varying the level of impurity of the magnet, the disorder R, the system exhibits a continuous nonequilibrium phase transition. At its critical point RC the described power law behavior occurs. The critical exponent has been extracted fitting the histogram data with a power law curve. RC has been determined using the behavior of a scaling function for different values of R.
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Johnson, Benjamin Crane. "Remotely triggered slab avalanches." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64998.pdf.

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Favier, Philomène. "Une approche intégrée du risque avalanche : quantification de la vulnérabilité physique et humaine et optimisation des structures de protection." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU051/document.

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La quantification du risque avalanche à long terme dans un but de zonage et d'optimisation des moyens de protection est fait dans la plupart des pays sur la base de la connaissance des événements de forte intensité. Ces approches fondées sur les périodes de retours, centrées uniquement sur l'aléa, ne considèrent pas explicitement les éléments à risque étudiés (bâtiments, personnes à l'intérieur, etc.) et négligent les possibles contraintes budgétaires. Afin de palier à ces limitations, les méthodes de zonage basés sur le risque et les analyses coût-bénéfice ont récemment émergées. Elles combinent la distribution de l'aléa avec les relations de vulnérabilité des éléments étudiés. Ainsi, l'évaluation systématisée de la vulnérabilité des bâtiments permet de mieux quantifier le risque dans un couloir d'avalanche donné. Cependant, en pratique, les relations de vulnérabilité disponibles restent principalement limitées à de rares estimations empiriques déduites de l'analyse de quelques catastrophes survenues. De plus, les méthodes existantes basées sur le risque font face à des calculs encore lourds, et les hypothèses sur la modélisation de l'aléa sont discutables (choix de quelques scénarios, faible considération des valeurs extrêmes, etc.). Dans cette thèse, ces problèmes sont abordés en construisant grâce à une approche fiabiliste des relations de fragilité de différents configurations de bâtiments en béton armé (BA) sollicités par des avalanches de neige et également des relations de fragilité pour les personnes potentiellement à l'intérieur de ces bâtiments. Ces relations sont ensuite utilisées dans un cadre de quantification du risque et de recherche de structure de défense optimale. L'apport de cette thèse est donc l'enrichissement de la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité et du risque face aux avalanches par des approches de complexités variables utilisables en fonction de la spécificité du cas et du temps imparti pour conduire l'étude. La thèse est composée de quatre volets. D'abord, les courbes de fragilité associées à différents états limites de murs en BA soumis au chargement uniforme d'une avalanche sont obtenues à partir d'approches classiques de dimensionnement du BA. Ensuite, l'approche est étendue à des modèles numériques de bâtis plus riches (modèle masse-ressort) permettant de décrire en particulier l'évolution temporelle de la réponse du système. A partir de ces relations de fragilité, de nouvelles relations pour les personnes à l'intérieur de ces bâtiments sont proposées. Ces relations pour les bâtiments et les personnes sont utilisées dans une analyse complète de sensibilité du risque. Enfin, une formule analytique du risque basée sur la statistique des valeurs extrêmes est proposée pour efficacement quantifier le risque et obtenir une caractéristique optimale de digue paravalanche
Long term avalanche risk quantification for mapping and the design of defense structures is done in mostcountries on the basis of high magnitude events. Such return period/level approaches, purely hazardoriented,do not consider elements at risk (buildings, people inside, etc.) explicitly, and neglect possiblebudgetary constraints. To overcome these limitations, risk based zoning methods and cost-benefit analyseshave emerged recently. They combine the hazard distribution and vulnerability relations for the elementsat risk. Hence, the systematic vulnerability assessment of buildings can lead to better quantify the riskin avalanche paths. However, in practice, available vulnerability relations remain mostly limited to scarceempirical estimates derived from the analysis of a few catastrophic events. Besides, existing risk-basedmethods remain computationally intensive, and based on discussable assumptions regarding hazard modelling(choice of few scenarios, little consideration of extreme values, etc.). In this thesis, we tackle theseproblems by building reliability-based fragility relations to snow avalanches for several building types andpeople inside them, and incorporating these relations in a risk quantification and defense structure optimaldesign framework. So, we enrich the avalanche vulnerability and risk toolboxes with approaches of variouscomplexity, usable in practice in different conditions, depending on the case study and on the time availableto conduct the study. The developments made are detailed in four papers/chapters.In paper one, we derive fragility curves associated to different limit states for various reinforced concrete(RC) buildings loaded by an avalanche-like uniform pressure. Numerical methods to describe the RCbehaviour consist in civil engineering abacus and a yield line theory model, to make the computations asfast as possible. Different uncertainty propagation techniques enable to quantify fragility relations linkingpressure to failure probabilities, study the weight of the different parameters and the different assumptionsregarding the probabilistic modelling of the joint input distribution. In paper two, the approach is extendedto more complex numerical building models, namely a mass-spring and a finite elements one. Hence, muchmore realistic descriptions of RC walls are obtained, which are useful for complex case studies for whichdetailed investigations are required. However, the idea is still to derive fragility curves with the simpler,faster to run, but well validated mass-spring model, in a “physically-based meta-modelling” spirit. Inpaper three, we have various fragility relations for RC buildings at hand, thus we propose new relationsrelating death probability of people inside them to avalanche load. Second, these two sets of fragilitycurves for buildings and human are exploited in a comprehensive risk sensitivity analysis. By this way,we highlight the gap that can exist between return period based zoning methods and acceptable riskthresholds. We also show the higher robustness to vulnerability relations of optimal design approaches ona typical dam design case. In paper four, we propose simplified analytical risk formulas based on extremevalue statistics to quantify risk and perform the optimal design of an avalanche dam in an efficient way. Asensitivity study is conducted to assess the influence of the chosen statistical distributions and flow-obstacleinteraction law, highlighting the need for precise risk evaluations to well characterise the tail behaviour ofextreme runouts and the predominant patterns in avalanche - structure interactions
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Cooperstein, Michael Stephen. "The effects of slope aspect on the formation of surface hoar and diurnally recrystalized near-surface faceted crystals." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/cooperstein/CoopersteinM0508.pdf.

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This research was conducted to determine if slope aspect played a role in the formation, size and shape of surface hoar and near-surface faceted crystals and on the meteorological variables that are known to result in the formation of these two weak layers. No studies have specifically studied the effects of slope aspect on the size and shape of these crystals nor the effects of slope aspect on the meteorological variables which are known to result in differences in temperature and vapor pressure gradients and ultimately result in the formation of two weak layers.
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Rauchut, Katie E. "Promoting university mascots on the world wide web." Instructions for remote access. Kutztown University Avalanche web site. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2006. http://www.kutztown.edu/activities/athletics/avalanche/.

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Thesis (M.S. )--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2006.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2719. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 1 leaf (iv). Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).
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Valderrama, Murillo Patricio. "Origine et dynamique des avalanches des débris volcaniques : analyse des structures de surface au volcan Tutupaca (Pérou)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22731/document.

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Les glissements de terrain se produisent dans toutes les chaînes de montagnes où la résistance de massifs rocheux est insuffisante pour contrer l’action de la gravité. Les terrains volcaniques sont particulièrement susceptibles de s’effondrer car les édifices sont composés des lithologies diverses et variées qui peuvent être fortement fracturées. En plus, la croissance rapide des édifices volcaniques favorise leur instabilité et leur effondrement. L’activité magmatique est un facteur additionnel responsable de la déformation des édifices, tandis que l’activité hydrothermale réduit la résistance des roches volcaniques. Pour ces raisons, l’évaluation des aléas liés à l’effondrement des édifices et à la formation des avalanches des débris volcaniques mérite une attention particulière. Les caractéristiques physiques des composants des avalanches des débris ont une influence directe sur la dynamique de ce type d'écoulement. Les dépôts des avalanches de débris présentent une morphologie de surface composée des nombreuses collines (hummocks), qui montrent fréquemment les séquences volcaniques initiales, ce qui suggère un mécanisme de mise en place proche de celui des glissements de terrain. Cependant, d’autres dépôts présentent des crêtes allongées (rides) dont le mécanisme de formation est encore méconnu. Le volcan Tutucapa (sud du Pérou) a été affecté récemment par deux avalanches de débris. La plus ancienne, « Azufre », est d’âge Holocène et résulte de l’effondrement d’un complexe des dômes et d’une séquence volcanique altérée (hydrothermalisée) sous-jacente. La deuxième avalanche, « Paipatja », a eu lieu il y a seulement 200-230 ans BP et est associée à une grande éruption explosive du Tutupaca. Les dépôts de cette avalanche présentent notamment de nombreuses rides. Les deux dépôts d’avalanche montrent deux unités différentes : une unité inférieure, caractérisée par la présence des blocs altérés (hydrothermalisés) provenant de l’édifice basal, tandis que l’unité supérieure est constituée par des blocs du complexe de dômes actifs. Le travail de terrain montre que les rides de l’avalanche « Paipatja » présentent une forte variation de granulométrie entre leur partie centrale (enrichie en blocs grossiers) et leurs parties latérales, ce qui suggère un processus de ségrégation granulaire. Des expériences analogiques montrent que des écoulements de mélanges de particules des différentes tailles subissent un processus de ségrégation et de digitation granulaire qui engendre des rides par jonction de levées statiques qui délimitent un chenal d’écoulement. Le processus de formation des rides est facilité par de faibles différence de taille des particules dans des mélanges bidisperses. Ces résultats suggèrent que les rides observées au Tutupaca résultent d’un écoulement granulaire. Les principales caractéristiques morphologiques des structures formées lors de ces expériences de laboratoire ont été comparées qualitativement avec les structures observées dans les dépôts du Tutupaca. Les structures observées au Tutupaca montrent que deux mécanismes de mise en place peuvent coexister dans les avalanches de débris volcaniques : le glissement de blocs plus ou moins cohérents, et l’écoulement semblable à celui d’un matériau granulaire. Cela dépend probablement de la nature des différents matériaux à la source des avalanches. Cette information doit être prise en compte pour l’évaluation des aléas liés aux avalanches des débris car des mécanismes d’écoulement différents peuvent induire des fortes variations de la distance parcourue par ces avalanches
Landslides occur in all mountainous terrain, where the rock strength is unable to support topographic loading. Volcanic rocks are particularly landslide prone, as they mix strong and weak lithologies and are highly pre-fractured. Also, volcanoes themselves, are peculiar mountains, as they grow, thus creating their own topographic instability. Magmatic activity also deforms the edifice, and hydrothermal activity reduces strength. For all these reasons, volcanoes need close consideration for hazards, especially for the landslide-derived rock avalanches. The characteristics and properties of different debris avalanche components influence their behavior during motion. Deposits are generally hummocky, preserving original layering, which indicates a slide-type emplacement. However, some deposits have ridged morphology for which the formation mechanisms are not well understood. Two recent debris avalanches occurred at the Tutupaca volcano (S Peru). The first one, “Azufre” is Holocene and involved the collapse of active domes and underlying older hydrothermally altered rocks. The second debris avalanche, “Paipatja” occurred 200-230 y BP and is associated with a large explosive event and this deposit is ridged. The excellent conservation state of the deposits and surface structures allows a comprehensive analysis of the ridges. Both deposits have two contrasting units: a lower basal edifice-derived hydrothermally-rich subunit and an upper dome-derived block-rich unit. Detailed fieldwork has shown that Paipatja ridges have coarser core material and are finer in troughs, suggesting grain size segregation. Using analog experiments, the process that allow ridge formation are explored. We find that the mixtures undergo granular segregation and differential flow that create fingering that forms ridges by junction of static léeves defining a channel flow. Granular segregation and fingering are favored by small particle size contrast during bi-dispersed flow. The results suggest that the ridges observed at Tutupaca are product of a granular flow We extract the morphological characteristics of the deposits of granular flows generated in the laboratory and make a qualitative comparison with the Tutupaca deposits. The description of the different landslide and debris avalanche features at Tutupaca shows that two types of debris avalanche motion can occur in volcanic debris avalanches: the sliding of blocks more or less coherent and a flow similar to a granular material. This probably depends on source materials and the conditions of different parts of the initial landslide. Such information should be taken into account when estimating hazards at other volcanic landslide sites, as the different behaviors may result in different run outs
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Courrech, du Pont Sylvain. "Avalanches granulaires en milieu fluide." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004216.

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Considérons une boite remplie de grains et inclinons la progressivement. Au-dessus d'un angle critique, un écoulement de surface se déclenche. Cette avalanche, d'amplitude et de durée finies, fait relaxer l'angle du tas de quelques degrés. Ce processus intervient fréquemment dans la nature, notamment sous la forme d'écoulements de débris qui se produisent aussi bien à la surface de la Terre que dans les fonds marins. Cependant, les écoulements denses de granulaires immergés dans un liquide ont été peu étudiés. Ainsi, le travail expérimental rapporté dans ce manuscrit s'attache à déterminer l'influence d'un fluide environnant, gaz ou liquide, sur l'amplitude et la dynamique des avalanches. Nous mettons en évidence trois régimes d'avalanches contrôlés par deux paramètres sans dimension : le rapport r entre la densité des grains et celle du fluide, et le nombre de Stokes St qui compare l'inertie d'un grain aux effets visqueux du fluide. Dans un gaz (grandes valeurs de r et de St), l'effet du fluide est négligeable. Dans les liquides (petites valeurs de r), l'amplitude des avalanches diminue tandis que leur durée augmente lorsque St diminue. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions l'effet d'un confinement du tas entre deux parois latérales sur sa stabilité. Maximale quand l'écart entre parois est minimum, la valeur des angles diminue sur une longueur caractéristique B lorsque l'écart entre parois augmente. Cet effet peut s'expliquer par la redirection d'une partie des contraintes internes au tas vers les parois, ce qui y induit des forces de frottement prévenant ou bloquant l'écoulement. Deux lois d'échelles dépendantes de la taille des grains sont mises en évidence pour la longueur B : l'effet des parois est géométrique pour les gros grains alors qu'un régime cohésif est observé pour les petits grains. Enfin, nous rapportons les résultats de premières expériences dans l'air où la vitesse des grains est mesurée et apparaÎt exponentiellement décroissante avec la profondeur.
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Scheiwiller, Thomas Scheiwiller T. "Dynamics of powder-snow avalanches /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1986. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=7951.

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Books on the topic "Avalances"

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Pudasaini, Shiva P. Avalanche Dynamics: Dynamics of Rapid Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches. Springer, 2006.

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Kolumban, Hutter, ed. Avalanche dynamics: Dynamics of rapid flows of dense granular avalanches. Springer, 2007.

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Avalanches. Lerner Publications, 2009.

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Avalanches. Child's World, 1998.

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Avalanches. PowerKids Press, 1999.

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Merrick, Patrick. Avalanches. The Childs World Inc, 2015.

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Avalanches. Pebble Plus, 2010.

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Avalanches. ABDO Publishing Company, 2014.

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Aaseng, Nathan. Avalanches. Lucent Books, 2002.

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Kopp, Megan. Avalanches. Smartbook Media Inc., 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Avalances"

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Stethem, Chris. "Avalanches." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_7.

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Roverato, Matteo, and Anja Dufresne. "Volcanic Debris Avalanches: Introduction and Book Structure." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_1.

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Watt, Sebastian F. L., Jens Karstens, and Christian Berndt. "Volcanic-Island Lateral Collapses and Their Submarine Deposits." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_10.

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Procter, Jonathan N., Anke V. Zernack, and Shane J. Cronin. "Computer Simulation of a Volcanic Debris Avalanche from Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_11.

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Zernack, Anke V., and Jonathan N. Procter. "Cyclic Growth and Destruction of Volcanoes." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_12.

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Siebert, Lee, and Matteo Roverato. "A Historical Perspective on Lateral Collapse and Volcanic Debris Avalanches." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_2.

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Bernard, Benjamin, Shinji Takarada, S. Daniel Andrade, and Anja Dufresne. "Terminology and Strategy to Describe Large Volcanic Landslides and Debris Avalanches." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_3.

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Dufresne, Anja, Lee Siebert, and Benjamin Bernard. "Distribution and Geometric Parameters of Volcanic Debris Avalanche Deposits." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_4.

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Roverato, Matteo, Federico Di Traglia, Jonathan Procter, Engielle Paguican, and Anja Dufresne. "Factors Contributing to Volcano Lateral Collapse." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_5.

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Roberti, Gioachino, Nicholas J. Roberts, and Catherine Lit. "Climatic Influence on Volcanic Landslides." In Volcanic Debris Avalanches. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Avalances"

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MILIAN, Narcisa, Dorian Udo RECKERTH, Adela Mariana MITEA, Ioana Cristina BLAGA, and Gabriela Victoria HARPA. "Favorable Avalanche Triggering Conditions and Risk During 2019-2020 Winter." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2021 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2021_19.

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The paper presents and analyzes the variations of meteorological and specific snow parameters which favored the onset of avalanches in the winter season 2019-2020 in the mountains monitored by the Snow and Avalanche Program of the National Meteorological Administration, taking also into account the estimated avalanche risks for each massif. The analyzed parameters are those measured during the daily observations and weekly measurements at the meteorological stations Bâlea-Lac, Vârful Omu, Sinaia, Predeal, Parâng, Țarcu, Semenic, Vlădeasa, Iezer, Călimani, Ceahlău, as well as during some measurement campaigns outside the meteorological stations area. Avalanche cases and favorable conditions for their triggering are included in a database, to be analyzed and used to better estimate the avalanche risk and reduce their effects on the environment and people. The favorable conditions for triggering the avalanches were due to both significant snowfall, high temperature values or their sudden increase, as well as the transformations that take place inside the snow layer, as a result of which unstable structures are formed.
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Aksiuk, Oleksandr, Valentyn Lanshyn, and Hanna Honcharenko. "THE MODERN MEDIUM-SCALE MAPPING OF THE AVALANCE DANGER IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS." In XXVII Conference of the Danubian Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management. Nika-Tsentr, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/uhmi.conference.01.06.

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There is a characteristic phenomenon of mountain landscape in Avalanche. Mountain development entails the need to take into account the avalanche hazard. The important task of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine is to increase the effectiveness of forecasting avalanche danger in mountainous areas of Ukraine. One of the elements on the way to its solution is the digital display of mountain areas in the form of thematic maps. The intensive development of modern GIS technologies and the availability of digital terrain models make it possible to create various thematic maps. The avalanche activity is affected by meteorological and geomorphological factors. Using DEM based on SRTM 1, an avalanche hazard map of Ukrainian Carpathians was compiled. The map is based on the average maximum snow height and the steepness of the slopes. The proposed map will improve the quality of avalanche forecasts and will allow you to determine the need for avalanche exploration if the intended area of construction falls into the avalanche zone and protect users from unnecessary danger. An algorithm for constructing thematic (avalanche) digital maps using satellite data SRTM 1 has been elaborated.
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Adams, Edward E. "Avalanches and microstructure." In 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2010.5447037.

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Bruce, Mike, Rama R. Goruganthu, Shawn McBride, David Bethke, and J. M. Chin. "Single Point PICA Probing with an Avalanche Photo-Diode." In ISTFA 2001. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2001p0023.

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Abstract For time resolved hot carrier emission from the backside, an alternate approach is demonstrated termed single point PICA. The single point approach records time resolved emission from an individual transistor using time-correlated-single-photon counting and an avalanche photo-diode. The avalanche photo-diode has a much higher quantum efficiency than micro-channel plate photo-multiplier tube based imaging cameras typically used in earlier approaches. The basic system is described and demonstrated from the backside on a ring oscillator circuit.
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Sabharwal, Ritu, and Julio Guijarro. "Avalanche." In the 1st Bangalore annual Compute conference. ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1341771.1341800.

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Diallo, Mohamed, and Serge Fdida. "Avalanche." In the Third ACM International Conference. ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1619258.1619314.

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Willcock, Jeremiah J., Ryan R. Newton, and Andrew Lumsdaine. "Avalanche." In the 1st ACM SIGPLAN workshop. ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2364474.2364479.

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Navakas, Robertas, and Algis Džiugys. "A community detection method for network structure analysis of force chains in granular medium in a rotating drum." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.079.

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We analyze the motion of granular matter in a partially filled drum rotating around the horizontal axis. The motion of granular medium is simulated using the discrete element model (DEM). As the drum rotates, the free surface sloping angle changes periodically as it attains the limit repose angle leading to an avalanche, after which its value is reduced to below the repose angle. Systems of this type are of interest from both theoretical and application viewpoints: similar setups are used in industry, such as rotary kilns and mixers; besides, dynamics of granular matter leads to macroscopic effects, such as segregation and emergence of patterns. Observable macroscopic effects depend largely on the underlying structure of force chains arising from pairwise mechanical contacts between the particles. Discrete element simulations produce the data for each individual particle: position, translational and rotational velocity, force vector between the interacting particle pairs. These data about the microscopic state must be processed to obtain the observable macroscopic states. Particle configurations at each time moment available from DEM simulations can be represented as graphs: each particle is represented as a graph vertex, the vertex pairs are connected by edges if the respective particle pairs are in contact, and the edge weights are proportional to the interaction force. After the graph for a particle state is created, the algorithms of the graph analysis can be applied to analyze the corresponding state of granular matter. Among such algorithms, we use the community detection algorithms to analyse the emergence of force groups among the particles, i.e., the groups of particles that have stronger mechanical forces among the particles in the group than the forces with particles that do not belong to the given group. Such groups are structures of larger scale than the usual force chains. Distribution of group sizes (number of particles belonging to the group) and their positions depend on the rotation velocities of the drum; in turn, they influence the variation of the repose angle and the process of the avalanches. We report the relations between the characteristics of the detected force groups and the observable effects in the granular matter obtained by DEM simulations.
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Jiao, Jian, and Zhixiong Guo. "Analysis of USP Laser Induced Ablation Threshold in Transparent Aqueous Tissue." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75175.

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The ultrashort pulsed (USP) laser induced plasma-mediated ablation in transparent media is modeled and studied in this work. We propose that a certain number of free electrons are required to trigger the avalanche ionization for the first time. Based on this assumption, the ablation process is postulated as two separate processes — the multiphoton and avalanche ionizations. For USP laser induced ablation in the transparent corneal epithelium at 800 nm, the critical seed free-electron density and the time to initialize the avalanche ionization for pulse widths from picoseconds down to the femtoseconds range are calculated. It is found that the critical seed free-electron density decreases as the pulse width increases, obeying a tp−5.65 rule. Moreover, this model is also extended to the estimation of crater sizes in USP laser ablation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The crater sizes ablated in a PDMS by a 900 fs pulsed laser at wavelength 1552 nm are modeled using the present model, and the results match with the existing experimental measurements.
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Romero-Rochín, Víctor. "Boltzmann, Ratchets and Avalanches." In MODERN CHALLENGES IN STATISTICAL MECHANICS: Patterns, Noise, and the Interplay of Nonlinearity and Complexity; Pan American Advanced Studies Institute. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1566653.

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Reports on the topic "Avalances"

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Jamieson, B. Snow Avalanches. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/212213.

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Nirei, Makoto, and José Scheinkman. Repricing Avalanches. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28654.

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Seybold, Patricia. Project Avalanche. Patricia Seybold Group, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/psgp4-15-04cc.

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Philibert, G., A. Normandeau, D. C. Campbell, and R. Bennett. Underwater avalanches, Qikiqtarjuaq, Baffin Island. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321864.

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Philibert, G., A. Normandeau, D. C. Campbell, and R. Bennett. Underwater avalanches, Pangnirtung, Baffin Island. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321863.

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Leal, Laura, Haaris Mateen, Makoto Nirei, and José Scheinkman. Repricing Avalanches in the Billion-Prices Data. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29236.

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Jackson, L. E., and J. S. Isobe. Rock Avalanches in the Pelly Mountains, Yukon Territory. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/131396.

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Sandvik, Peter, Stanislav Soloviev, Alexey Vert, Alexander Bolotnikov, James McMahon, and Joe Campbell. SiC Deep Ultraviolet Avalanche Photodetectors. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada545370.

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Jamieson, B., and G. R. Brooks. Regional snow avalanche activity and known fatal avalanche accidents for Canada (1863 to June 1997). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/209890.

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Fredrickson, E., R. Bell, D. Darrow, et al. Modeling Fast Ion Transport in TAE Avalanches in NSTX. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/962923.

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