Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Avant-garde concept of architecture'

The ‘Avant-Garde’ in architecture seems a challenging subject: first, because the term has not yet clearly defined, despite the ubiquity of its use; second, because through that ubiquity it has become a buzz-word that is empty of precise meaning; third, because although this use includes the history of modern architecture, its application to this field has been largely unreflective and often unconsidered, as this thesis demonstrates. There is ambivalence as to which architectures are ‘Avant-Garde’ or should be regarded as ‘Avant-Garde.’ Therefore, there is a challenge in any question such as: what is the Avant-Garde in architecture? How can the architectural Avant-Garde be defined? What is the concept of the Avant-Garde in architecture? My thesis is a sociological conceptualization of the Avant-Garde in architecture. It is based on the mapping of the use the‘ term ‘Avant-Garde’ in architectural history, theory and criticism and its analytical tools are sociological. While it belongs to the above fields, it is informed by art theory and history, cultural studies, and the sociology of the professions, and includes sociological, cultural and political analyses. I suggest that the Avant-Garde is an Operation internal to architecture; a mechanism that does not only describe it but formulates it, motivates it, or else, influences our perception of it. I propose that the Avant-Garde is directed by prominent elements of its internal domain. It includes a filtering process, a rough selection process, and a selection process, by which one or more architectures internal conditions - are introduced to the discipline to renew the profession toward the desired and necessary, for the element who directs the operation, direction (see fig. 2, appendix). The end result of the selection process is what we commonly understand as ‘Avant-Garde’ architecture, e.g. Russian Constructivism or Bauhaus. I also propose that the Avant-Garde lies in and operates within the socio-ideological sphere of architecture and that renewal of the architecture's internal domain is necessary, thus the Avant-Garde is necessary, so as to make architecture respond to each time new external conditions and so endure, as a profession, over time. The Avant-Garde is for me an operation of renewal, a driver of difference and change in architecture (see fig. 1, appendix). The methodology adopted is as follows: I first introduce my analytical tools, some key sociological concepts, and concepts from the ‘Avant-Garde’ discourse (chapter 1). I then examine the filtering process and rough selection process in architectural history: I map the usage of the term in a historiographic corpus and arrive at the more frequently and the less frequently named ‘Avant-Garde’ architectures, which become my two case studies. These are Russian Revolutionary Architecture and Italian Rationalism (chapter 2). The third step is to arrive, through the comparison of my case studies, at those parameters that are crucial in being selected as ‘Avant-Garde,’ i.e. their ‘Avantgardification’ - this occurs after 1960 when the term starts being used describing architectures (part 2). The fourth step is to examine the period of the extended 19605 when the term starts appearing as a means of describing architectures and thus the selection process begins (chapter 6). As a fifth step I research the selection process in the discourse of architectural theory and criticism: I investigate in a particular corpus of writings which architectures, by whom they are chosen as ‘Avant-Garde,’ and the reason why, as Well as which are the concomitant effects of the usage of the term on architecture. In other words, beyond concentrating on which architectures or architectural movements are ‘Avant-Garde' in these writings, I focus on the effects of this selection and denomination (chapter 7). As a sixth step, I examine the selection process of my two case studies in architectural theory and criticism, i.e the Avantgardification of Russian Revolutionary Architecture and less of Italian Rationalism. I investigate when, by whom, and the reason why the first architecture is mostly selected as ‘Avant- Garde,’ as well as which are the concomitant effects on architecture (chapter 8, see also fig. 3, appendix). As a final step I examine the Avant-Garde as a sociological concept based on the key-concepts introduced in chapter 1 (Conclusions). A sociological conceptualization of the Avant-Garde is important for shedding light on issues beyond those of ‘Avant-Garde’ architectures. Through such a concept of the Avant-Garde we recognize issues of the profession, issues which are wider than questions which are directly connected to those architectures selected as such. Looking through the ‘Avant-Garde’ we understand the ways by which architecture is being renewed and Operated. By recognizing the conditions, in which the ‘Avant-Garde’ architectures have been created, and the way and time in which the term was employed to describe them, we understand the mode in which architecture, as a discipline, functions. My thesis is a hermeneutics of the architectural profession through the term ‘Avant-Garde.’

Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formattted into pages: contains 61 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-61). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 465-500).
My dissertation is an intellectual history of "phenomenology," as it came to be understood within architectural discourse during the Cold War. The principal thesis is that contacts with phenomenology were at the crux of the 1970s shift from modernist to postmodernist thinking in architecture. I support this thesis through critical analyses of the work of Ernesto Rogers, Charles Moore, Christian Norberg-Schulz, and Kenneth Frampton, who are largely credited with introducing phenomenology to architecture, and with the expansion of the debates on Postmodern architecture to include issues of human-environment relations, such as the social function of traditional building practices, and place-bound identity politics. At present their invocations of phenomenology are often charged with a naive essentialism generally understood to be inconsistent with postmodern thought. This dissertation takes issue with that simplistic view by providing a more complete account of their contributions to architectural thinking. It situates each author in the context of the historical emergence of a new type of architectural avant-garde practice, that of the historian, which to this day has received little scholarly attention. I argue that they are important transitional figures, whose work is enframed by both the closing stages of a postwar modernist understanding of architecture and the opening stages of postmodernist epistemologies. Around their interest in phenomenology cohered an intellectual formation that I call the anti-avant-garde, to situate it within the 1970s debates concerning the terms of architectural avant-gardism.
(cont.) The anti-avant-garde opposed the autonomy of practice or theory, charging equally against the formalism of neo-avant-garde architects such as Peter Eisenman, and against the self-sufficiency of theory proclaimed by critical historians like Manfredo Tafuri. Instead, the anti-avant-garde asserted a theory of "authentic" experience, in which theory and practice became indistinguishable. I argue that this put the anti-avant-garde in the contradictory position of having to efface its own theorizing. This dissertation critically evaluates the anti-avant-garde's full impact in architectural thinking and pedagogy by laying bare its theoretical program.
by Jorge Otero-Pailos.
Ph.D.

An inquiry into the voyage of avant-garde within the domains of art and architecture makes it evident that avant-garde is ambiguous in meaning as a word, a term, a phenomenon and a concept. This study aims to decipher avant-garde and to offer a map for its conceptualization in architecture. Taken not as a monolithic statement but as a unitary concept incorporating a number of subjects and formations for granted, in this study, architectural avant-garde is conceptualized as diverse expressions of activated energy of various subjects that reveal completely different attitudes and productions. Unfolding the concept in different dimensions, this study is an endeavor to delve deeper into various layers of theoretical and historical formations
to form a framework for conceptualizing architectural avant-garde through scanning the twentieth-century avant-gardes
to focus on the avant-garde formations of the 1960s by applying this conceptual framework, and the debate on their receptions in the present architectural context of Turkey. Being on the verge of architecture, the avant-gardes during the 1960s, namely Constant Nieuwenhuys, Yona Friedman, Japanese Metabolists, Archigram, Archizoom, and Superstudio, point out that architecture is both an intellectual activity and a physical production. Projections and resonances of these avant-gardes in the Turkish architectural context of the subsequent periods are trail blazed through the expressions of a group of receiving subjects from the Turkish scene of architecture. Hence, this study offers to lay a common ground for debating on the limits of architecture by forming not only the topography of architectural avantgarde in this era, but also a &
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supra-discourse&
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on architectural avant-garde.

The thesis produces a history of the Western historiography of Soviet architecture, looking at its trends and the evolution of its narratives. It focuses on the development of historiographical categories and their transformations, as an exercise of what Reinhart Koselleck calls conceptual history, framed as a Marxist critique of ideology. While the Soviet “avant-garde” has seen growing popularity since the 1960s in the West, it has been systematically presented as precedent to politically charged present practices and discourses. This thesis frames this link to the present as a “historiographical link”, an ideological projection of meanings the Western historiography of Soviet architecture produces over its own geo-political reality. “The avant-garde” as a meta-category is itself constructed in this context as a means of legitimation of Western presents, where the relationship between history, design and politics is articulated through the category of what Tafuri calls “the project”, in a process that depoliticises the very idea of the politicisation of architecture itself.

This thesis aims to re-analyze the early twentieth century modern architecture, with in the frame work of posthumanism. Referring to the materialist and socioconstructive architecture of Hannes Meyer, the study proposes a shift from humanist ways of production and reception to posthumanism, where the centrality of human in the productive processes of both art and life is questioned. With this respect, the thesis proposes a historical continuity with the post 1960&
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s posthumanist involvement of the postmodern architecture with the early twentieth century modern architecture. Moreover, it is argued that the ideal of modern architecture&
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s break with tradition could be realized through a move towards posthumanism referring posthumanist shift occurred in the avant-garde modernism. Within this framework the thesis, via proposing the book by Michael Hays: Modernism and the Posthumanist Subject: The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer as a pretext, argues that the modern architecture&
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s ideal of break with tradition is realized through the Neue Sachlichkeit architecture of Hannes Meyer within which the architectural production is integrated with the social and productive determinants of life.

Italy's post World War II art and artisan produce and her small and medium scale ceramic production between 1945 and 1958 has been characterised I by an apparent aesthetic synthesis of avant-garde ideals, craft traditions and popular culture. This thesis examines this particular occurrence through a multi and interdisciplinary approach. It has profited from the application of methodologies deriving from the different fields of history, ceramic-, art-, applied art-, design and architectural history and from information obtained from economic and naval histories and tourist guides. This has enabled on the one hand to explain this phenomenon and to situate the ceramic manufacturing sector and the objects within their socio-historical, economic and cultural framework and on the other to employ the objects themselves to challenge dominant ideas within contemporary design-, art-, craft- and ceramic history. The majority of the data that informs this work derives from the analysis of primary sources collected and researched in Italy such as the objects and works themselves, contemporary magazines, archives and interviews. Whilst the time-span has been defined by the perceived birth and decline of the synthesis phenomenon, the period studied in this thesis includes a brief introduction to the tradition and revival of Italy's post-unification ceramic culture and industry and the general aesthetic and artistic developments which have significantly influenced the post 1945 developments. This is followed by an in-depth account of the aesthetic panorama of Italian ceramics between 1945 and 1958 through the works of its protagonists and an analysis of ceramics used as an ornamental medium in architectural structures and modem interior decorating schemes and exteriors. Another part analyses the ceramic industry from a production, economical, commercial and consumption point of view and establishes its significant role not only in relation to Italy's overall economic reconstruction efforts but in the creation of the image that constituted the ideals associated with the 'Made in Italy' label. The last part examines Italian ceramic culture between 1945 and 1958 in its contemporary design, art and craft context. It will present the history of Italian material culture and design as based on an evolutionary model which is incompatible with modernist-lead design histories. In addition, this thesis challenges the under-representation of Italian ceramics within 20th century British ceramic, art, craft and design history and the British approach to ceramic writing and aims to incite further multi and interdisciplinary approach to the history of design.

This thesis proposes a theoretical framework for spatial inquiry into conditions of radical social gregariousness, through probing the crowd design problem in the work of the Soviet Rationalist architects (1920s-30s) - particularly their submissions to the Palace of Soviets competition (Moscow 1931-3). Legitimizing the crowd construct as an index of collective consciousness, and examining the early-modern revolutionary crowd's struggles for proclaiming its self-consciousness, this thesis investigates the interwar political phenomenon of amassing large crowds within buildings as a device for constructing collective social relations. The research project is divided into two main parts. The first is concerned with the crowd design problem, identifying this problem not just as the technical task of accommodating large political crowds, but as the basis of the formulation a new kind of conceptual intent in architecture. Finding the competition brief inadequate to in-depth formulation, the thesis investigates three primary sources for the crowd design problem: mass-events, revolutionary-theatre and revolutionary-art. Four components comprise the Crowd Design Problem each seeking legitimacy in the mass of crowd-bodies: i) the problem of crowd configurations; ii) challenges from the kinesthetic-space conception evoked by theatrical director V.E. Meyerhold's Biomechanics; iii) the legitimacy of 'the object' within a spatial-field of intersubjectivity; and iv) the challenge of 'seeing' crowds from immersive viewpoints counteracting representational filters of class privilege. Part-II focuses on the response of the Rationalists--one of the groups participating in the competition--to the crowd design problem. The study unearths in their designs a logic of space-making founded in the construction of inter-subjective states of consciousness radically different from prevailing individualistic conceptions of social space. To explain this logic of space-making, it proposes the notion of Gregarious Space--a theoretical framework of inquiry into what Marx called "species-being", taking radical gregariousness as the primary, generative condition of society. Besides drawing on morphological principles, social theory, historical analyses, and philosophical reflections, the notion of Gregarious Space is found to be particularly amenable to design propositions. Within the proposed theoretical framework, the Rationalists' design-proposition of curved-grounds, dense notations, textured co-visibilities and empathetic graphic conventions - all comprise a founding spatial-principle trafficking in rhythmic fields between subjects and against non-commodified objects: a principle which challenges the material domain of Productivist Constructivism as well as Historical Materialism's canonical constructs of alienation. Moreover, its uncertain kinesthetics sustain dynamic, aleatory states of consciousness which subvert prevailing disciplinary techniques of Panopticon inspection.

En 1995, le cinéaste danois Lars von Trier lançait le mouvement Dogme 95, effectuant ainsi un retour à un cinéma “primitif”. Il abandonnait, le temps d’un film, la recherche esthétique qui jusqu’ici faisait son cinéma. S’il signifie une rupture, le Dogme met aussi en exergue les notions de règles et de concept qui font l’œuvre du cinéaste. Qu’est-ce qu’un film ? nous demande le cinéaste. Une œuvre impure sous l’influence de discours, d’œuvres antérieures, de genres artistiques différents, que nous mettrons en évidence. Et de cette mosaïque de sources, il paraît impossible d’échapper, d’où la notion de contamination retenue. La contamination peut être nationale : en replaçant le travail de Lars von Trier dans son contexte danois il s’agira de répondre à la question « Pourquoi le Dogme en 1995 au Danemark ? ». Le cinéma peut être contaminateur : le film se fait virus en atteignant le spectateur par des procédés réactifs -Avant-garde, situationnisme…- ou latents -hypnose, mélodrame. La contamination est enfin le sujet des films de Lars von Trier : la maladie, les territoires infectés, et plus métaphoriquement la peur de l’intrus contaminateur sont au cœur de son cinéma tout comme le film est lui-même hanté par ceux des maîtres
In 1995, the Danish director Lars von Trier was at the origin of Dogma 95, hence initiating a come back to a (more) primitive cinema. He gave up, for the time of a movie the aesthetic research caracterizing his cinema up to then. Even though marking a breakthrough, Dogma also brings up notions such as rules and concepts that are the director's trademark. What is a movie ? is the question asked by the film-maker. An impure work of art under the influence of discourse, previous works or different artistic domains as will be shown. As it seems impossible to escape from this mosaic of sources the notion of contamination has been retained. The contamination can be national : by putting Lars von Trier's work into a Danish perspective and answering the question "Why Dogma in 1995 in Denmark ?". Cinema itself can be contaminating: the film becomes a virus reaching the spectator by reactive processes (such as) -Avant-garde, situationism. - or latent ones -hypnosis, melodrama. Contamination is lastly the subject of Lars von Trier's films : diseases, infected territories, and more metaphorically the fear of the contaminating stranger are the core of his cinema such as the film is itself haunted by masters' ones/works. "

Master of Landscape Architecture
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Mary C. Kingery-Page
Over time the conventional design process has minimally evolved from Hideo Sasaki’s staged-design process, one of the original models of landscape architectural design process (Murphy 2005, 50; Sasaki 1950, 35). Different types of conventional design process, as it is called in this study, incorporate more stages, devoting more time to each; however, the stages are still completed in an exact order due to the focus on problem solving. The lack of encouragement for personal creative thinking through an individual creative process within the conventional design processes used today is apparent in both the profession and the education of landscape architects today. Because a creative process does not simply solve problems but encourages creative thinking throughout design, the profession would see greater generation of new ideas if landscape architects began to embrace a more creative process, as identified by Graham Wallas in the 1920s (Lawson 2006, 149-150; Herrman 1995; Goswami and Goswami 1999, 43-44). Interviews with highly creative, or avant-garde, landscape architects, such as Thomas Balsley, Claude Cormier, Mikyoung Kim and Peter Walker, and assumedly creative artists helped to provide answers to primary research questions: How does the design process of avant-garde landscape architects compare to the assumedly creative process used by artists? And how can the conventional landscape architectural design process be reframed to incorporate more creative thinking in landscape architectural practice and landscape architectural education? Using a grounded theory approach, in-depth, open-ended interviews were completed with eight subjects. Initial coding themes were based upon broad categories from literature review. Substantial coding and analysis of interviews to find the creative and conventional design processes and characteristics of creativity for each subject resulted in emergent themes and sub-themes from the interviews. Analysis matrices were developed to document commonalities and discrepancies between initial themes from literature review and emergent themes from interviews. Conclusions on findings from initial and emergent themes include:highly creative landscape architects employ non-linear, creative processes throughout design, confidence in personal creativity is imperative to creative thinking, and landscape architectural programs should allow students flexibility and creative license for developing personal design processes.

Focusing on works between the 1960s and the early ’80s, this thesis sets the literature of Donald Barthelme (1931–1989) and J.G. Ballard (1930–2009) within the context of twentieth-century architectural theory and history (written), design (drawn), productions (built), professional practice (managed), and pedagogy (taught). The primary aim of this study is to explore the discursive exchange between literature and architecture, while probing the putative association between postmodernity and architecture. By introducing a broader set of social phenomena into debates about postmodernity, my thesis enables a revaluation of how the architectural idiom is interpreted in literature. Using textual and visual analysis, this thesis argues that Barthelme’s and Ballard’s literary works operate at an intersection of the visual arts and mass media. Responding to American and European twentieth-century visual avant-gardes and socio-cultural transformations, architecture participates in the formulation of avant-garde conceptual frameworks. Critically, architecture is not only an aesthetic discipline; it is also a social discourse. Through the discipline’s alignment with ‘new’ and ‘old’ avant-gardes, Barthelme and Ballard use architecture as a point of creative departure to undertake formal and thematic literary experiments. For both authors, contact with the architectural avant-garde has literary consequences. This thesis considers four interconnecting ways literature and architecture ‘speak’ to each other: representation, discourse, formal comparisons, and influence or inspiration. Within my study these topics are examined through critical meditations on architecture from geographical (Fredric Jameson, David Harvey), architectural (Robert Venturi, Charles Jencks) and visual cultural (W. J. T. Mitchell, Marshall McLuhan) sources. Also figuring prominently are epitextual materials, especially archival documentation from the Donald Barthelme Literary Papers at the University of Houston and the Papers of J. G. Ballard collection at the British Library. This thesis opens up new ways of understanding the interart pluralism that characterises the postmodern.

The use and firing of clay to make art instead of vessels was a revolutionary concept in Japan when it first was introduced by Hayashi Yasuo in 1948 with Cloud, and expanded upon by Yagi Kazuo in 1954 with Mr. Samsa’s Walk. Although both avant-garde artists were major forces in the advancement of abstract, nonfunctional ceramics, Yagi is usually given sole credit and occupies a prominent place in the literature, while Hayashi’s name can scarcely be found, despite his numerous international awards, large body of work and career spanning seven decades. This thesis seeks to identify the factors that influenced the direction of their careers and the unbalanced reception of their work. It compares their backgrounds, personality traits, avant-garde affiliations, and positions on art and ceramics, in relation to the norms and prerequisites for success in Kyoto’s deeply stratified, convention-bound ceramic community. The pervasive practice of rating and society’s emphasis on affiliation and rank were significant forces in this situation, as were issues that divided Japan’s art world -- the separation and unequal ranking of fine art and traditional craft, or the value of individual expression versus technique and tradition. Ultimately, this study reveals an insular world during a decade (1946–56) of crisis and transition that is rarely studied in the West from the perspective of ceramic art.

Cette étude est consacrée à la revue G : Material zur elementaren Gestaltung, publiée par Hans Richter à Berlin entre 1923 et 1926. Située au croisement de Dada, De Stijl, du Bauhaus et du constructivisme russe, G réunit un groupe hétérogène d’artistes, d’architectes et de cinéastes d’avant-garde, parmi lesquels on compte notamment Theo van Doesburg, Mies van der Rohe, El Lissitzky, Ludwig Hilberseimer, Kurt Schwitters, Hans Arp, Werner Gräff et Viking Eggeling. Après l’analyse des aspects concrets de sa publication (édition et diffusion), de son format et design graphique, et après la reconstitution des étapes de sa fondation autour du collectif spécifique que formait le « groupe G », nous étudions l’ancrage de G dans le réseau international des revues, en mettant en lumière sa fonction de plaque tournante entre les avant-gardes d’Europe de l’Ouest et d’Europe centrale, de l’Est et de Russie. Nous examinons ensuite la spécificité de son projet esthétique, articulé autour de la « configuration élémentaire » [elementare Gestaltung] de divers matériaux (articles, photographies, objets d’art et d’architecture, objets techniques, objets de mode et de loisirs) selon le principe de l’économie des moyens. Nous réinscrivons enfin le projet artistique et intellectuel de la revue dans la dimension politique contemporaine, en montrant que son engagement réside dans sa dynamique internationaliste et collective, dans le potentiel émancipateur qu’elle accorde aux nouveaux médias (exploiter les possibilités du médium filmique pour transformer la perception sensible) et dans sa volonté de reconfigurer radicalement l’environnement matériel et culturel de l’homme
This study focuses on the magazine G : Material zur elementaren Gestaltung, published by Hans Richter in Berlin between 1923 and 1926. Standing at the crossroads of Dada, De Stijl, Bauhaus and russian constructivism, G brought together an eclectic group of avant-garde artists, architects and filmmakers (among which Theo van Doesburg, Mies van der Rohe, El Lissitzky, Ludwig Hilberseimer, Kurt Schwitters, Hans Arp, Werner Gräff and Viking Eggeling). After the analysis of the concrete aspects of its publication (edition and distribution), of its format and graphic design, and after the reconstruction of the different steps of its foundation around the specific constellation formed around the “Group G”, we examine G’s connection to the international network of avant-garde magazines, by showing its turntable role between the avant-gardes of Western and Central-Eastern Europe and Russia. We then analyse its specific aesthetic project, based on the “elemental configuration” [elementare Gestaltung] of various materials (articles, photographs, artistic and architectural objects, technical objects, fashion and leisure objects), according to the principle of the economy of means. Finally, we resituate G’s artistic and intellectual project within the contemporary political dimension, by showing that its engagement consisted in its internationalist orientation and collective organisation, in the emancipatory potential assigned to new media (one main objective was to exploit all the possibilities of film medium in order to transform human perception) and in its desire to radically reconfigure the material and cultural environment of human being

Cette thèse interroge le processus de transformation du savoir architectural dans la Chine moderne par le biais de l’observation de la relation entre la création architecturale et l’histoire. En tenant compte de l’évolution diachronique de ces deux cultures, cette étude analyse la circulation des savoirs entre le monde occidental et la Chine et les effets discursifs qu’elle a produits dans la création architecturale et artistique chinoises. L’architecture moderne se généralise en Chine à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle en parallèle avec le développement de l’industrie. Au début du XXe siècle, apparait une nouvelle forme de conception de l’historiographie moderne qui se réfère à l’Occident. Des enjeux complexes qui impliquent des références idéologiques et qui concernent la méthode historiographique percent au travers des premières études modernes consacrées à l’architecture chinoisetraditionnelle. En s’appuyant sur cette base historique, le travail de cette thèse analyse la conception des projets architecturaux afin de mettre en évidence les recherches, très personnelles, des architectes et des historiens chinois et, notamment, leurs interprétations de certains concepts clés de la discipline. Les discours et les pratiques qui émaillent le milieu architectural des années 1950 aux années 1990 décrivent une histoire de l’architecture en pleine évolution. La discipline absorbe à la fois des influences provenant de pays étrangers et hérite de la tradition établie pendant les années « rouges ». A partir de l’ouverture du pays et des réformes économiques qui s’ensuivent, elle est aussi confrontée à un développement urbain à grande échelle. Vers la fin des années 1990, l’apparition des architectes chinois d’avant-garde révèle un courant qui vise à réinterpréter la tradition et signe le retour à la discipline elle-même
This thesis goes through the changes that occur in the architecture’s knowledge in modern China, observing the relation between architectural creation and the historical background. Taking into account the diachronic differences between the two cultures, this study analyzes the interpenetration of that knowledge between western countries and China as well as its influence upon Chinese architectural and artistic creation. Modern architecture started spreading over China from late XIXth century, together with the industrial development. In early XXth century, a new approach to modern historiography appears referring to the west. Some complex issues referring to ideology and regarding historiographical methods started to emerge through the first modern studies on Chinese traditional architecture. This thesis, based on such an historical background, analyzes the architectural projects and concepts in order to enlighten the researches, quite personal, made by the Chinese architects and historians and to emphasize their own interpretations of the key concepts on this field. The statements and practices that pave the way of architecture from the 1950s to the 1990s bring up the question of the evolution occurring in the architectural history. Chinese architecture draws its inspiration from abroad mixing it with the tradition established during the Chinese « red years ». After the opening policy and economical reforms were settled, architecture faces a great urban development. Around the end of the 1990s, some Chineseavant-garde architects started a new way aiming at re-interprating the tradition within the discipline itself

Cette thèse s'attache à analyser en profondeur la production hors norme et polymorphe que constituent les représentations d'architecture utopiques et imaginaires, dans le contexte particulier de l'Europe, entre 1960 et 1975. Centrée sur le groupe d'architectes anglais Archigram, la présente étude élargit ainsi son propos aux autres groupes actifs dans les pays les plus impliqués dans le domaine de la prospective et de l'avant-garde architecturale, l'Angleterre, l'Autriche, la France et l'Italie. Une telle production, souvent méconnue en son temps, suscite de nombreux questionnements, incitant à tenter d'en mesurer l'ampleur, la valeur, et l'influence. Pour ce faire, cette thèse se base sur une étude poussée des représentations à partir de leurs qualités intrinsèques, c'est-à-dire en tant qu'oeuvres plastiques, demeurées au stade d' "architecture de papier". Afin de pouvoir embrasser la majorité des questionnements que ces représentations soulèvent, cette thèse adopte une approche à la fois historique, culturelle et plastique, dans l'espoir d'apporter un regard neuf sur une création trop souvent rédite au message subversif ou utopique qu'elle véhicule.

This study is an inquiry into design-theoretical aspects of architectural design in Finland based mainly on the pragmatist philosophy of John Dewey. The study comprises two case studies. The . rst case deals with a young family designing their future home – a detached house built from prefabricated components – in cooperation with an architect. The second case deals with the design process of a leading Finnish architect, Professor Ilmari Lahdelma, as he prepares his proposal for an architectural competition for a new city library in Lohja, a competition he eventually wins. The case describes and interprets Lahdelma’s design process, the processes of other competition entries made by the of. ce staff, as well as the process of the jury’s evaluation of the competition entries. The two cases are analysed and interwoven with aspects from three different theoretical perspectives: existing design theories, Pierre Bourdieu’s . eld theory and John Dewey’s thinking regarding art and research. In the study I argue that Dewey’s philosophy can provide a framework for a design-theoretical epistemology. I also arrive at conclusions regarding the interpretation of some key design-theoretical concepts and the position of design theory and its structures. I further argue that the Finnish architectural competition system is a strong tool for generating developments in the production of the architectural avant-garde, which acts as the leading light for the rest of the . eld of architecture. The present study also highlights the gap between ‘high-’ and ‘low culture’ in the . eld of architecture, yet points out that the design of a simple family house – assumedly a case of ‘low culture’ – is by no means trivial to the family itself, and is indeed . lled with moments of aesthetic experiences, which is a central issue in Dewey’s description of creative processes.

The thesis investigates the role of technology in the formation of the artistic avant-garde, along with various forms of philosophical reflection on this development, with a particular emphasis on Heidegger. Setting out from an analysis of three paradigmatic cases in the interplay between art and technology—the invention of photography, the shift from Futurism to Constructivism, and the interpretation of technology in debates on architectural theory in the 1920s and ’30s—it proceeds to a discussion of three philosophical responses to this development, those found in Walter Benjamin, Martin Heidegger, and Ernst Jünger, all of which share a certain avant-garde sensibility and a notion of art as a response to nihilism. In Heidegger’s postwar writings we see a retreat from the positions of the mid 1930s, and in his reflections on technology a different answer emerges to the question of whether “great art” is still possible: great art is an art that exists precisely by making the founding of a world into something problematic. The fourth part confronts Heidegger’s analysis of technology with the work of an individual artist, the architect Mies van der Rohe, and asks how the “silence”—the withdrawal of language, sense, aesthetic perception, etc.—that is often understood as a precondition for the critical potential of his work should in fact be understood. By examining interpretations that draw on Heidegger via comparisons with other types of critical theory, a different understanding emerges of the relation among nihilism, art, and technology. They form a field of constant modulation, which implies that the concepts that have been the foundation of critical theory, nature, subjectivity, experience, even “being” in Heidegger’s sense, must be subjected to a historical analysis that acknowledges them as ongoing processes of construction, and that also accounts for the capacity of technologies and artistic practices to intervene in the formation of philosophical concepts.
The chapters 5, 6 and 7 in the monograph Essays, Lectures for a part of the Ph.D.thesis.

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Esta pesquisa aborda a relação entre a arquiteta iraquiana-britânica Zaha Hadid e alguns artistas da Vanguarda Russa. Hadid é mundialmente reconhecida por seus trabalhos na área da arquitetura, urbanismo e design, pelos quais recebeu diversos prêmios durante sua carreira. A arquiteta estudou na Architectural Association e conheceu obras de Kazimir Malevich por meio de seus professores Rem Koolhaas e Elia Zenghelis. Hadid iniciou uma conexão criativa com o projeto Malevich’s Tektonik (1976-77), um trabalho que transportou uma obra de Malevich para o contexto arquitetônico de Londres. A partir deste projeto, a inspiração pelo artista começou a ser potencializada e demonstrada em seu pensamento criativo. Também foram inspirações para a arquiteta os artistas: Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky e Naum Gabo. Hadid utilizava desenhos e pinturas de características abstratas semelhantes às obras destes artistas em sua produção arquitetônica. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma interlocução entre os pensamentos criativos da arquiteta e dos quatro artistas que fizeram parte da Vanguarda Russa. Visto que o fazer arquitetônico de Hadid se realizava em paralelo a um fazer artístico (pinturas), utilizaremos para atingir o objetivo desta pesquisa uma montagem de imagens inspirada em Aby Warburg – historiador de arte alemão. Warburg desenvolveu o Atlas Mnemosyne nos anos de 1920 em Hamburgo, Alemanha. Ele realizou este trabalho para entender como o período da Antiguidade “sobreviveu” no Renascimento. Mnemosyne foi uma montagem com imagens de períodos temporais diferentes que permite visualizar as intricações e relações entre elas. Realizamos uma montagem nominada “Hadid-Vanguarda” com imagens de obras dos quatro artistas e do processo criativo de quatro projetos da arquiteta. Os projetos são: o clube de lazer The Peak, o corpo de bombeiros Vitra Fire Station, o terminal de trem e ônibus Hoenheim-Nord Terminus and Car Park e o Museu de Arte Contemporânea MAXXI. Após as análises das pranchas da montagem, identificou-se três categorias teóricovisuais nominadas por “A Diagonal”, “A Vista Aérea” e “As Camadas”. Cada categoria compete a elementos que aparecem em ambos os pensamentos criativos de Hadid e da Vanguarda Russa. Sendo assim, considera-se que o contato com os artistas russos fez a arquiteta transcender os limites da criação convencional de projetos.
This thesis studies the relationship between the Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid and some artists of the Russian Avant-Garde. Hadid is widely recognized for her work in architecture, town planning and design, for which she received various awards throughout her career. During her time as a student at the Architectural Association School in London, she became familiarized with Kazimir Malevich’s works through professors Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis. Hadid then initiated a creative connection with arts, and in Malevich's Tektonik (1976-77), she transported Malevich’s work of art to the London’s architectural context. After this project, Malevich’s influence on her work became more evident, with some aspects surfacing in her creative process. Artists such as Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky and Naum Gabo also corroborated to her unique creative process. As she used drawings and paintings with abstract features similar to the works of these artists in her architectonic production. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation is to perform an interlocution between the architect’s creative process and the four artists who were part of the Russian Avant-Guarde. Since Hadid’s architectural rendering happened in parallel to her artistic work (i.e., paintings), we will use the Atlas Mnemosyne, a montage of images by Aby Warburg, to achieve the objective of this project. Warburg an art historian developed the Atlas Mnemosyne in the 1920s in Hamburg, Germany. He performed this work to understand how the period of Antiquity "survived" in the Renaissance. Mnemosyne was a montage with images of different time periods that allows visualizing relations between them. We realized a montage named "Hadid-Vanguarda" with images of works by the four artists and the creative process of four architect's projects. The Peak, a leisure club; Vitra Fire Station; Hoenheim-Nord Terminus and Car Park and MAXXI, a museum of contemporary arts are the selected projects. After the montage’s analysis, we identified three theoretical-visual categories nominated "The Diagonal", "The Aerial View" and "The Layers". Each category competes in elements that appear in both creative thoughts - Hadid and the Russian Vanguard. Therefore, we regarded that contact with Russians artists did Hadid transcend the boundaries in the conventional creation of projects.

Esta tesis propone como elemento de investigación al trinomio formado por la Arquitectura, la Ciencia-ficción y los Comic-books. La intención es multidisciplinar; investigando las relaciones existentes y evidenciado las potenciales dentro del conjunto hipotético, como un método de interpretar las actuales fluctuaciones en los márgenes prácticos del proyecto de arquitectura. Al mismo tiempo, se quiso postular conocimientos transversales dirigidos hacia los otros componentes del trinomio, ofreciendo conceptos útiles desde la arquitectura tanto hacia la ciencia-ficción como hacia los comic-books. Las relaciones son dinámicas dentro del trinomio y generalmente se agrupan en dos tipologías, definidas como "plásticas" o "elásticas", en analogía -metafórica en tanto que metodológica- a los dos tipos de colisiones de la física. Las acciones "elásticas" agrupan manifestaciones individuales, desarrolladas internamente desde las disciplinas, sin mayor repercusión en las contrapartes utilizadas como referencia. Estos casos, con una marcada utilidad teórica y pedagógica, fueron frecuentemente encontrados en la investigación, y estudiados como antecedentes de potenciales interdisciplinarios. Las acciones "plásticas" se refieren a las manifestaciones que contienen intenciones de fusión. Son escasas, sobretodo las que provienen desde la arquitectura y que van hacia cualquiera de los otros dos componentes del trinomio. El caso opuesto es más frecuente, pues a lo largo de la historia, tanto directores de películas de ciencia-ficción, como artistas de cómics, han utilizado edificios, espacios arquitectónicos (o una visión fragmentada de sus conceptos) como un elemento protagonista de sus obras. Como metodología de investigación sobre estas relaciones, se desarrollaron nueve casos de estudio, divididos en dos clases: los que desarrollan conocimientos disciplinares específicos (sobre la ciencia-ficción o los comic-books), y casos en los que existe al menos una relación binomial (arquitectura-ciencia-ficción, o arquitectura-comic-books, o comic-books-ciencia-ficción). La primera tipología hace referencia a las investigaciones de los comics o de la ciencia-ficción como disciplinas, estudiando su forma artística, filosofía, estilos, técnicas y herramientas, que han sido fundamentales en el desarrollo de los demás casos, sobretodo para hallar vinculaciones alternativas con el proyecto de arquitectura. La segunda tipología de casos se han investigado para generar un discurso analítico y documental, en base a las manifestaciones híbridas entre el trinomio, pero entendiendo ahora sí, los potenciales de las relaciones -binomiales o trinomiales establecidas, enfocados con perspectivas más amplias (multidisciplinarias) desde la arquitectura. Las conclusiones de este discurso reafirman la hipótesis principal de la investigación; la mayoría de las manifestaciones encontradas desde la arquitectura hacia los comic-books y/o la ciencia-ficción, generalmente proceden de autores, grupos o movimientos que más que intentar desarrollar un elemento construible, utilizan el proyecto como medio, para transmitir teorías, conceptos, críticas o simplemente comunicar “mensajes arquitectónicos", utilizando para ello lenguajes híbridos, derivados de los aspectos multidisciplinarios del trinomio. El potencial principal que arroja esta tesis hace referencia al concepto de innovación y creatividad derivado de cualquier "fusión" entre disciplinas, que objetivado hacia la arquitectura es mesurable y aplicable, tanto a nivel de los procesos que involucran el pensamiento, como al nivel práctico de la ejecución del proyecto. Estas acciones alcanzarían su máxima expresión aplicados en "cajas de herramientas" alternativas para comunicación de nuevos lenguajes arquitectónicos.
This thesis proposes as topic of research the hypothetic triad formed by Architecture, Science-fiction and the Comic-books. The intention is multidisciplinary, researching inner relationships and demonstrating the potential within the whole trinomial scenario, as a method of understands the current fluctuations in the architectural practice. At the same time, the study was focused to develop and apply transversal skills directed towards the others components of the triad, providing i.e., useful concepts from architecture to science fiction and/or to comic-books. All the relationships founded are dynamic within the triad, and can be grouped into two types, defined in this thesis as "elastic" or "plastic" ones, in a metaphoric but methodological analogy of the two types of collision in physics. “Elastic” actions grouped individual manifestations, developed as internal problem from each disciplines of the triad, with little -or zero- impact on counterparties used as a reference. These cases, with theoretical and pedagogical utilities, were the most frequently examples found in this research, and presented as potential interdisciplinary backgrounds of experimentation. “Plastic” actions grouped binomial and/or trinomial manifestations that containing fusion intentions. Those examples are few, especially when looking from architecture and then focus to the other(s) component(s) of the triad. The opposite case often happens; i.e., throughout history, directors of science fiction films -and also many comics artist- have used buildings, architectural spaces or a fragmented architectural concepts as an important component of his works. The methodologies was developed along nine study cases, divided into two classes: those that develop specific disciplinary knowledge (about specifically science fiction or comic books, out of architectural traditional background), and those in which at least a binomial relationship between concepts exists (architecture vs. science fiction, or architecture vs. comic books, or even comic books vs. science fiction). The first type of relationships refers researches about comics and science fiction as disciplines, focused on its artistic form, philosophy, styles, techniques and tools. These researches were indispensable for the development of the rest of cases, especially those leads to find new links with the architectural project. The second type of relationships have been investigated to generate a complete discourse, both analytical and documentary, based on hybrid between the components of the triad, but understanding the potential of the relationships -binomial or trinomialestablished, and focused with broader perspectives (multidisciplinary ones) from the architectural field. The conclusions reinforce the principal hypothesis; most of the hybrid manifestations found from architectural discipline and related to comic-books and/or science-fiction, generally come from professionals, sectors, groups or movements that rather than trying to build something “real”, use the projection tools as a means to convey theories and concepts, or simply communicate their own "architectural messages", using hybrid languages that derived from the multidisciplinary characteristics of the trinomial. The huge potential in this thesis refers to the alternative visions about concept of innovation and creativity resulting from any “merging condition” between artistic disciplines, potential which been objectified from architecture is measurable and feasible, with processes that involve thinking and the practical level of future implementation. These actions would achieve its best benefits working as "toolboxes", new alternatives for communicating architectural languages

Alors que les avant-gardes artistiques de la première moitié du 20e siècle avaient amorcé un rapprochement voire une collaboration avec les mouvements politiques de leur temps, le mouvement situationniste (ici considéré dès sa naissance avec l’Internationale lettriste en 1952 et jusqu’à la dissolution de l’Internationale situationniste en 1972) se caractérise par la fusion achevée de l’esthétique et du politique. Dans cette perspective, notre travail a pour objet de démontrer comment le spectacle, pensé d’abord par les situationnistes dans le cadre d’une critique de la représentation artistique et de la contemplation passive et compensatoire qu’elle induit chez celui qui l’appréhende, s’est finalement révélé être pour eux le paradigme même du rapport des individus aux produits de leur activité en régime capitaliste ; comment la dérive et la psychogéographie, pensées dans le contexte du dépassement de l’art, leur ont aussi servi à contester l’ordre social dominant en procédant à une critique de la vie quotidienne, et à préfigurer la société communiste de l’avenir ; et enfin, comment cette préfiguration utopique a été constamment partagée entre une vision futuriste des perspectives ouvertes par le développement technologique et un romantisme révolutionnaire qui puisait son inspiration dans le passé de l’humanité, dans les sociétés nomades et médiévales
Artistic avant-gardes of the first part of the 20th century had started to bring closer, and for some of them to collaborate to the contemporary political movements, but the situationist movement (which begun in 1952 with the foundation of the Lettrist International, and ended in 1972 with the auto-dissolution of the Situationist International) was characterized by the complete fusion between art and politics. From this viewpoint, our work demonstrates how spectacle, which was initially used by situationists to designate the artistic representation and the passive and compensatory contemplation that accompanies it, proved to be for them the paradigmatic experience of the modern man faced with the products of his activity in the capitalist society. We also demonstrate how dérive and psychogeography, which were initially thought in the context of the supersession of art, were used by situationists as means to protest against the established order, making a critique of everyday life, and to imagine another form of society. Finally, we show how this vision of another society was divided between a futuristic utopia based on the technological development and a revolutionary romanticism inspired by the examples of the nomadic peoples and the medieval societies

Si les lieux et les pratiques de l’architecture sont communément décrits par des termes empruntés aux arts (atelier, création, œuvre), la discipline a recours de façon croissante à des termes scientifiques (laboratoire, expérimentation, recherche). Cet intérêt contemporain pour des activités liées à la recherche scientifique se cristallise autour du « laboratoire architectural », une notion aujourd’hui courante dont les premières matérialisations remontent à la fin du XIXe siècle et dont la présence se renforce avec le récent « tournant numérique ». Or ce terme reste aujourd’hui sans définition claire. Qu’est‐ce qu’un « laboratoire architectural »? Quels éléments en constituent‐ils le modèle théorique? Quels sont les enjeux liés à l’émergence de la figure du laboratoire en architecture ? Pourquoi et pour quoi les architectes ont-ils recours à la figure du laboratoire ? La thèse s’organise en deux grandes parties, chacune structurée autour d’une série de questions complémentaires dans le but de rendre compte de la façon la plus complète de la nature du laboratoire architectural. La première partie apporte un éclairage historique sur la création de la figure du laboratoire architectural et se conclut sur une explicitation des grands éléments constitutifs d’un modèle du laboratoire architectural. Les cas étudiés sont le Architectural Laboratory du Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), les nombreux laboratoires architecturaux des avant-gardes russes des années 1920, et le cas remarquable qu’est le Laboratory for Design Correlation fondé et dirigé par Frederick Kiesler à l’Université Columbia (1937–1942). Cette étude de cas se conclut sur la formulation des trois grands éléments constitutifs d’un modèle du laboratoire architectural qui sont 1. l’instrumentation matérielle, 2. la méthode de travail, et 3. les échanges sociaux. La seconde partie explicite chacun de ces trois axes en montrant de quelle manière ils ont structuré trois grandes catégories de laboratoires architecturaux, soit 1. le laboratoire comme ensemble d’instruments, 2. le laboratoire comme application d’une méthode et 3. le laboratoire comme flux d’échanges sociaux. La conclusion de la thèse traite des multiples enjeux que soulève le laboratoire architectural en abordant celui-ci dans sa relation à la discipline et hors de la discipline et se clôt sur la formulation d’un modèle théorique du laboratoire architectural. A travers l’explicitation de ce qui apparait comme un « paradigme du laboratoire », cette recherche épistémologique se veut une contribution à la théorisation de l’architecture contemporaine.
Architectural sites and practices are commonly described in terms borrowed from the arts (studio, creation, masterpiece) and yet, the architectural field relies increasingly on scientific terms (laboratory experimentation, research). This contemporary interest in activities related to scientific research appears to coalesce around the now common notion of "architectural laboratory". Its first materialization dates back to the late nineteenth century and its presence has greatly increased since the recent "digital turn", although this term remains, to this day, still not properly defined. What is an "architectural laboratory"? What elements form its theoretical model? What are the issues related to the emergence of the figure of the "architectural laboratory"? Why and for what purpose do architects refer to the figure of the laboratory? The thesis is organized into two parts, each part being structured around a series of additional questions in order to access the complex nature of the architectural laboratory. The first section provides a historical perspective on the appearance of the figure of the architectural laboratory and concludes with an analysis of the major components of the architectural laboratory model. The case studies are the Architectural Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the numerous architectural laboratories of the 1920s Russian avant-gardes and the remarkable case that is the Laboratory for Design Correlation founded and directed by Frederick J. Kiesler at Columbia University (1937–1942). This case study results in the formulation of the three major components of a model of architectural laboratory: 1. the material instrumentation, 2. the working method, and 3. the social exchanges. The second part will clarify each of these three axes, showing how they have structured three major categories of architectural laboratories, being 1. the laboratory as a set of instruments, 2. the laboratory as application of a method, and 3. the laboratory as social exchange flows. The conclusion of the thesis tackles the multiple issues raised by the architectural laboratory by considering the impact of this notion both within the discipline of architecture and outside of its limits. The thesis concludes with the formulation of a theoretical model of the architectural laboratory. Through the clarification of what appears to be a "paradigm of the laboratory", this epistemological research is a contribution to the theory of contemporary architecture.

Title: Development of Czech and Dutch architectures in the first half of the 20th century and their liaison Author: Miroslav Pavel Department: Department of Cultural Studies Supervisor: PhDr. Petra Hoftichová Abstract: This master thesis deals with comparison between the development of Czech and Dutch architectures and with a search for their liaison in the first half of the 20th century. The research is primarily focused on particular representatives of architecture, on their work and subsequently on responses to them abroad. The development of architecture is seen in the context of a historical framework which consists of the critical milestones of our history. Social, ecological, political and cultural determinants, which are presented on the basis of the historical framework, affect architecture as a material expression and a tangible artefact of a particular society. The research is represented by two seemingly self-contained evolutionary lines of Czechoslovak and Dutch achitectures. The evolutionary lines are connected by the personages of Czech or Dutch architecture or by the leaders of European avant-garde. Description of the avant-garde art associations and societies, which are the prime movers and innovators, constitute a significant part of this work. A notional shared peak of Czechoslovak and...

The work of Antonin Tenzer involves his activities in the period of six decades in the turbulent era of development of Czechoslovak history of architecture. The architect is known as one of the representatives of the avant-garde and High functionalism, author of Faculty Hospital in Prague-Motol and other medical buildings or the Jalta hotel, a building associated with socialist realism. In my dissertation, I tried to map the main typological fields that Antonín Tenzer used in his work. My goal was to widen the portfolio of famous buildings, and on the basis I defined the architect's major themes and current issues, which were responded in his effort. I based primarily on historic materials - published projects, plan documentation and writings of public and private archives, as well as personal heritage, made available to me by the architect's family. In particular thematic areas I focused on Tenzer's vital and successful implementation of competition projects, which he later followed and extended. In addition to impulses from his collaborators, debates and majors works of those days I was looking for elements and methods of Tenzer that influenced the architecture environment. I observed the influence of historical events and the socio-political situation in his work, for example, housing issues in...

The impetus for this study was the question of whether the information, which has been handed down on Czech architects who worked with Le Corbusier is true or not. Working in the studio of one of the leading architects of the 20th century was a crucial formative experience for dozens of architects while also being an attractive entry in their résumés. The doctoral thesis Myth and Reality: The Czech Assistants of Le Corbusier 1924-1937 is based on vast research of primary sources abroad as well as in the Czech Republic. The thesis critically examines the information known in the literature until now. The study aims to look behind the curtain of the formation of the existing historiography of Czech architectural modernism. It proves that architects themselves often entered history by means of their self- promotion skills. Parts of the thesis consist of a verified and critical list of Czech assistants at Le Corbusier's studio in 35 rue de Sèvres in Paris, detailed analysis of how work was conducted in the studio and an analysis of related sources. The work presents 13 Czech architects who worked in the studio of Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret in the period between the two World Wars. The study follows individual forms of dialogue between young architects and Le Corbusier. In some cases, the research of...

This dissertation thesis deals with the work of three contemporary Czech artists - Josef Bolf, Jakub Špaňhel and Lubomír Typlt. The reason for choosing these three was the fact that all of the artists represent the same generation which entered the art scene in the late 1990s and their canvases can be equally described as expressive, although right at first glance there are noticeable differences in the intervention of the emotional and sense elements which participated in the creation process of the work of art, but also in its content. Contemporary expressive paintings are influenced by the development of art in the second half of the 20th century which is based on the continuous comparing of expressive subjectivity and its negation or intentional application and irony. That is why I decided to illustratively explore the movements which took place in terms of the foreign and Czech scene during the second half of the 20th century in the field of expressive painting. Because the Czech art arose in different conditions, I explored the changes of this phenomenon separately in these geographical areas, but at the same time I carried out a partial analysis of the works and comparisons with the work of the three chosen artists based on these findings. Subsequently, I analysed the work of the chosen...