Academic literature on the topic 'Avarice – Early works to 1800'
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Journal articles on the topic "Avarice – Early works to 1800"
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Fontaine, Laurence. "Prodigality, Avarice and Anger." European Journal of Sociology 59, no. 1 (April 2018): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975618000048.
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AbstractIn a status society, such as early modern Europe, the development of the market economy threatened social hierarchies. At a time when religion was the source of power, priests and warriors strove to protect themselves from what was a foreseeable attack going to the very root of their domination, which was jeopardized by the potentialities of the capitalist economy. They therefore developed religious, legal and moral tools to counter capital accumulation and interest-bearing loans in order to break the motor of capitalism. Avarice, one of the Seven Deadly Sins, and usury, which was punished by excommunication, were the moral weapons used to exclude those from the community who hoarded money or who charged, however little, interest on loans. But whereas greed, the disease of market exchange, was considered one of the Seven Deadly Sins, prodigality, which lies at the heart of aristocratic exchange, was considered one of the Seven Heavenly Virtues. Contemporary theatre, with its misers and spendthrifts, is a perfect place to hear echoes of the struggles between the antagonistic values in society, and to follow the way in which individuals reacted to the conflicts that these struggles provoked.The essay is based on literary works reflecting behaviors that could also be echoed in judicial archives and in texts from writers of the time. It analyses plays from Shakespeare (Timon of Athens, The Merchant of Venice), Ben Jonson (Volpone) and Molière (The Miser).
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Špelda, Daniel. "Kepler in the Early Historiography of Astronomy (1615–1800)." Journal for the History of Astronomy 48, no. 4 (November 2017): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828617740948.
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This article discusses the reception of Kepler’s work in the earliest interpretations of the history of astronomy, which appeared in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The focus is not on the reception of Kepler’s work among astronomers themselves but instead on its significance for the history of science as seen by early historians of mathematics and astronomy. The first section discusses the evaluation of Kepler in the so-called “Prefatory Histories” of astronomy that appeared in various astronomical works during the seventeenth century. In these, Kepler was considered mainly to be the person who brought the work of Tycho Brahe to completion, rather than an original astronomer. The second section is devoted to the evaluation of Kepler in interpretations of the history of astronomy that appeared in the eighteenth century (often as part of the history of mathematics). In these works, Kepler is regarded as a genius who deserves tremendous credit for the advancement of the human spirit. Both sections also devote attention to Copernicus and Tycho Brahe because this facilitates the explanation of how Kepler’s contribution was judged. By studying the reception of Johannes Kepler’s work, we may gain greater insight into the transition from a cyclical perception of the history of science to the progressive model.
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King, Martina. "Gesteinsschichten, Tasthaare, Damenmoden: Epistemologie des Vergleichens zwischen Natur und Kultur – um und nach 1800." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 246–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0014.
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AbstractThis paper investigates comparison as a fundamental practice within the early life sciences. Four episodes are selected that show how comparing species works in the early 19th century and how it builds bridges between scientific and literary culture: comparing living organisms in pre-Darwinian natural history (Lacépède, Treviranus), comparing species distribution in actualistic geology (Lyell), comparing organs in comparative anatomy (Müller), and – last but not least – comparing social classes in new literary genres such as sketch, ‘Paris physiology’, or travel feuilleton.
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SAMPSON, MARGARET. "‘THE WOE THAT WAS IN MARRIAGE’: SOME RECENT WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND EUROPE." Historical Journal 40, no. 3 (September 1997): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007437.
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Marriage and the English Reformation. By Eric Josef Carlson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Pp. ix+276. ISBN 0-631-16864-8. £45.00Gender, sex and subordination in England, 1550–1800. By Anthony Fletcher. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+442. ISBN 0-300-06531-0. £19.95.Domestic dangers: women, words, and sex in early modern London. By Laura Gowing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. 301. ISBN 0-19-820517-1. £35.00.The prospect before her: a history of women in western Europe, Volume one, 1500–1800. By Olwen Hufton. London: HarperCollins, 1995. Pp. xiv+654. ISBN 0-00255120-9. £25.00.Sex and subjection: attitudes to women in early modern society. By Margaret R. Sommerville. London: Edward Arnold, 1995. Pp. 287. ISBN 0-340-64574-1. £14.99.
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Oostindie, Gert, and Jessica Vance Roitman. "Repositioning the Dutch in the Atlantic, 1680–1800." Itinerario 36, no. 2 (August 2012): 129–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115312000605.
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After some decades of historical debate about the early modern Atlantic, it has become a truism that the Atlantic may better be understood as a world of connections rather than as a collection of isolated national sub-empires. Likewise, it is commonly accepted that the study of this interconnected Atlantic world should be interdisciplinary, going beyond traditional economic and political history to include the study of the circulation of people and cultures. This view was espoused and expanded upon in the issue of Itinerario on the nature of Atlantic history published thirteen years ago—the same issue in which Pieter Emmer and Wim Klooster famously asserted that there was no Dutch Atlantic empire. Since this controversial article appeared, there has been a resurgence of interest among scholars about the role of the Dutch in the Atlantic. With Atlantic history continuing to occupy a prominent place in Anglo-American university history departments, it seems high time to appraise the output of this resurgence of interest with an historiographical essay reviewing the major works and trends in the study of the Dutch in the Atlantic.
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Liljas, Juvas Marianne. "”Från pappas lydige Henric”: Pedagogiska perspektiv på det tidiga 1800-talets bildningsresande." Nordic Journal of Educational History 6, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v6i2.151.
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“From daddy’s obedient Henric”: Pedagogical perspectives on educational travel of the early 1800s. This article analyses educational travel in the early 1800s from the perspective of its educational heritage and praxis. The aim is to develop an understanding of the pedagogical significance of educational travel. The article makes clear how upbringing and education are represented in the framework of travel narratives in pre-industrial landscapes. The argument is based on the influence of the mercantile class on educational travel and the informal effect of these trips on changes in pedagogical thinking. The travel letters of Johan Henrik Munktell from 1828 to 1830 are used as primary sources. Using Paul Ricoeur’s memory-critical hermeneutics, travel narratives become significant sources for how education is arranged, and immanent pedagogy is a key term. The results demonstrate that the individualisation process works together with forms of crypto-learning, the core of the personal development vision, and society’s long-term memory.
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Gommans, Jos. "Trade and Civilization around the Bay of Bengal, c. 1650–1800." Itinerario 19, no. 3 (November 1995): 82–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300021331.
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About seven years ago the journalItinerarioissued a special volume on theAncien Régimein India and Indonesia that carried the papers presented at the third Cambridge-Leiden-Delhi-Yogyakarta conference. The aim of the conference was a comparative one in which state-formation, trading net-works and socio-political aspects of Islam were the major topics. Thumbing through the pages of this issue (while preparing this essay) I had the impression that the results of the conference went beyond its initial comparative goals. Directly or indirectly, several papers stressed that during the early-modern phase India and Indonesia were still part of a cultural continuum that was only gradually broken up by the ongoing process of European expansion during the nineteenth century. It appeared that even after the earlier course of so-called ‘Indianisation’ – a designation that unjustly conveys an Indian ‘otherness’ – India and the Archipelago shared many characteristics, especially in terms of their political and religious orientation. More importantly, these shared traits were shaped by highly mobile groups of traders, pilgrims and courtiers who criss-crossed the Bay of Bengal, traversing both the lands above and below the winds.
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Girard, Philip. "Themes and Variations in Early Canadian Legal Culture: Beamish Murdoch and hisEpitome of the Laws of Nova-Scotia." Law and History Review 11, no. 1 (1993): 101–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743601.
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Beamish Murdoch (1800–76) was a young man when the first of the four volumes of hisEpitome of the Laws of Nova-Scotiarolled off Joseph Howe's press at Halifax in the spring of 1832. He was an old man when the first installment of his three-volumeHistory of Nova-Scotia, or Acadieappeared under James Barnes's imprint in the spring of 1865. These two works have received surprisingly disparate attention in the century since Murdoch's death. Today it is Murdoch the historian who is well known: No treatment of nineteenth-century Canadian historiography would omit reference to hisHistory. Murdoch's contributions to literary and political life, as editor of theAcadian Magazineand member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1826 to 1830, have also attracted attention. Murdoch the lawyer and legal treatise-writer, by contrast, is virtually unknown in both professional and legal academic circles, even in his home province. Until recently the Epitome has attracted virtually no scholarly attention of any kind.
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Cvejić, Žarko. "From "Bach" to "Bach's son": The work of aesthetic ideology in the historical reception of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach." New Sound, no. 54-2 (2019): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1954090c.
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The paper explores the historical correlation between the marginalization of C. P. E. Bach in his posthumous critical reception in the early and mid 19th century and the paradigm shift that occurred in the philosophical, aesthetic, and ideological conception of music in Europe around 1800, whereby music was reconceived as a radically abstract and disembodied art of expression, as opposed to the Enlightenment idea of music as an irreducibly sensuous, sonic art of representation. More precisely, the paper argues that the cause of C. P. E. Bach's marginalization in his posthumous critical reception should not be sought only in the shadow cast by his father, J. S. Bach, and the focus of 19th and 20th-century music historiography on periodization, itself centred around "great men", but also in the fundamental incompatibility between this new aesthetic and philosophical ideology of music from around 1800 and C. P. E. Bach's oeuvre, predicated as it was on an older aesthetic paradigm of music, with its reliance on musical performance, especially improvisation, itself undervalued in early and mid 19th-century music criticism for the same reasons. Other factors might also include C.P. E. Bach's use of the genre of fantasia, as well as the sheer stylistic idiosyncrasy of much of his music, especially the fantasias and other works he wrote für Kenner ("for connoisseurs"). This might also explain why his music was so quickly sidelined despite its pursuit of "free" expression, a defining ideal of early to mid 19th-century music aesthetics.
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MacKay, James S. "The Second Repeat in Beethoven's Sonata-Form Movements: Tonal, Formal and Motivic Strategies." Music Theory and Analysis (MTA) 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/mta.8.1.1.
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Around the middle of the Classical period, there was a paradigm shift concerning sectional repeats in sonata-form movements. Whereas previously the repeat of both halves (exposition and development/recapitulation) was virtually pro forma, by the late 1700s composers typically only indicated the first repeat. When composers began to indicate the second repeat infrequently, this decision took on greater musical significance.<br/> Whereas Haydn and Mozart indicated the second repeat frequently, even in their late works, Beethoven indicated this repeat rarely (nineteen times in works with opus numbers). This infrequency is noteworthy and prompts the question: Are there issues of formal balance or tonal/motivic connections that would be lost if performers omitted this repeat? I will examine these works in depth, noting similarities in formal balance, motivic content, tonal procedures, and large-scale design. Although many of these movements date from Beethoven's early period, he also indicated the second repeat six times after 1800, including the finale of his last quartet, Op. 135. We can conclude that repeating a sonata-form movement's second half remained an option for Beethoven late in life, even after he had ostensibly broken definitively with the formal conventions of his Classical predecessors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Avarice – Early works to 1800"
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McNally, Louis K. "The Weather of 1785: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Meteorological Reconstruction Using Forensic Synoptic Analysis." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/McNallyLK2004.pdf.
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Préfontaine, Jennifer. "Secrets des femmes." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98575.
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The goal of this thesis is a critical edition of the Secrets des femmes, a text attributed to Arnold de Vilanova. In the exegetic tradition, this attribution has been widely argued. Our preliminary findings lead to the same conclusions. The text composed in French couldn't have been written by Vilanova, who would have composed it in Latin, the language of the "clerks", or in Catalan, his first language. Critical tradition shows that the Secrets des femmes is based on three manuscripts. But we have demonstrated that the Mazarine's manuscript is not at the base of this work, but rather of a text entitled Les Termes et secrets des femmes. For the critical edition, which is the objective of our study, there is no doubt that the Arsenal's text is the basic manuscript, while the Vatican's manuscript is the Arsenal's metalanguage.
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Labriola, Daniele. "On Plato's conception of philosophy in the Republic and certain post-Republic dialogues." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4497.
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This dissertation is generally concerned with Plato's conception of philosophy, as the conception is ascertainable from the Republic and certain ‘post-Republic' dialogues. It argues that philosophy, according to Plato, is multi-disciplinary; that ‘philosophy' does not mark off just one art or science; that there are various philosophers corresponding to various philosophical sciences, all of which come together under a common aim: betterment of self through intellectual activity. A major part of this dissertation is concerned with Plato's science par excellence, ‘the science of dialectic' (he epistêmê dialektikê). The science of dialectic is distinguished in Plato by being concerned with Forms or Kinds as such; the science of dialectic, alone amongst the philosophical sciences, fully understands what it means for Form X to be a Form. I track the science of dialectic, from its showcase in Republic VI and VII, and analyze its place in relation to the other philosophical sciences in certain post-Republic dialogues. Ultimately, I show that, whilst it is not the only science constituting philosophy, Plato's science of dialectic represents the intellectual zenith obtainable by man; the expert of this science is the topmost philosopher. In this dissertation I also argue that Socrates, as variously depicted in these dialogues, always falls short of being identified as the philosopher par excellence, as that expert with positive knowledge of Forms as such. Yet I also show that, far from being in conflict, the elenctic Socrates and the philosopher par excellence form a complementary relationship: the elenctic philosopher gets pupils to think about certain things in the right way prior to sending them off to work with the philosopher par excellence.
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蔡瑞珩. "《鍼經指南》之鍼刺手法研究." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/132.
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《鍼經指南》為元代竇默，字漢卿，所著。其所記載的鍼刺手法上承《黃帝內經》、《難經》，下啟《金鍼賦》、《玉龍歌》、《鍼灸大成》等，為鍼刺手法發展史上里程碑，亦是後世各種複式手法發展的啟蒙。 本文通過對《鍼經指南》相關鍼刺手法的篇章進行整理，從＂呼吸補瀉＂、＂燃轉補瀉＂、＂提插補瀉＂、＂迎隨補瀉＂、＂寒熱補瀉＂，及＂手指補瀉十四法＂等方面展開分析，分別探討《鍼經指南》的學術淵源和《鍼經指南》對元明時期鍼刺手法發展的影響。最後將相關醫家觀點與《鍼經指南》中鍼刺手法理論進行對比分析，討論其異同點。 通過資料整理，學術思想的對比分析，筆者總結《鍼經指南》對鍼刺手法理論主要貢獻是：1.提出調息治神法﹔ 2.熱補涼瀉復合補瀉手法﹔ 3.＂提鍼豆許＂手法技巧﹔ 4.＂瀉南補北＂迎隨補瀉理論。元代與明代主要鍼灸醫家的手法技巧和鍼刺理論均從《鍼經指南》的內容中發展與推衍出來。 根據研究結果顯示，鍼刺手法自《鍼經指南》后空前發展。鍼刺補瀉理論體系更加完善，手法操作更加繁複。符合由簡而繁的事物發展規律。此外，後世醫家在臨床實踐中將《鍼經指南》的鍼刺手法理論與當代文化思想結合并產生新的鍼刺手法及鍼刺理論，從另一方面體現了理論與實踐相結合的哲學思想。 關鍵詞：誠刺手法﹔《鍼經指南》﹔竇漢卿
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Kotarcic, Ana. "Aristotle's concept of lexis : a theory of language and style." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7754.
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Aristotle's concept of lexis has been discussed by numerous scholars, yet no comprehensive account of lexis has been produced so far. To fill this gap in scholarship, this thesis offers a systematic analysis of Aristotle's concept of lexis by dividing it into three levels, which allow a step-by-step approach to understanding this multi-layered concept. By considering Plato's and Isocrates' thoughts on lexis, Chapter 1 outlines the intellectual context in which Aristotle's ideas on the concept of lexis developed. Chapters 2-5 focus on the three levels of lexis and Chapter 6 brings a concluding discussion of metaphor. In Chapter 2 the linguistic elements treated under the notion of lexis and Aristotle's theory of language are delineated. These not only present Aristotle's thoughts on language as an abstract system, but they also form the most fundamental level upon which the remainder of Aristotle's thoughts on the concept of lexis are based. Chapter 3 explores Aristotle's remarks regarding individuals' use of linguistic elements as determined by sociolinguistic factors. Aristotle's occasional statements about language usage within the concept of lexis provide valuable pieces of evidence for studies in sociolinguistics and for his ideas on lexis on its third level as discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. In Chapter 4 the intra-textual aspect of Aristotle's remarks on lexis as a means for the creation of different kinds of poetry and rhetoric, i.e. lexis as technē, is examined. In Chapter 5 extra-textual factors are considered and are followed by a discussion of the purpose and function of lexis on its third level. Chapter 6 concludes the discussion of lexis by focusing on metaphor, the linguistic and stylistic element par excellence treated under the notion of lexis, which further highlights the benefits of a three-level approach to Aristotle's concept of lexis.
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Littlehailes, Lucy Elizabeth. "Vital heat, conception and development in Aristotle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a8e96b05-0ff7-4791-a65a-6135be68df57.
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In this account of the pan that heat plays in the conception and development of living substances according to Aristotle, I begin by examining the concept of heat. I discover that Aristotle uses a distinction between to thermon and thermotes: the former is, in living substances, material; the latter is never material, being the powerful aspect of heat. For example, an animal possesses heat (to thermon) which maintains it through its power (thermotes) to concoct. I then turn to the biological works. Conception, it seems, does not fit the standard account of change, but is rather a concoction, performed by the heat of the semen. Nor is the usual account of conception ascribed to Aristotle adequate: I attempt to demonstrate that he held a more moderate account in which pneuma, the nature of which is to thermon, is transmitted to the embryo. I then examine the development of the embryo, which is performed using to thermon as a tool. The transmission and development of the rational psuche in particular has often caused problems: I offer an account of the transmission of psuche from parent to embryo, and describe the part that pneuma plays in this transmission and in the development and operation of the various levels of psuche. Development extends from foetal development until adulthood, and this poses another problem for the standard account of change as it appears to be neither substantial nor accidental change, yet these are apparently exhaustive possibilities. I conclude that development, like conception, is a concoction performed by the vital heat. Finally, I turn to the conception and development of spontaneously generated animals, and of abnormal animals such as monsters. I demonstrate the relationship between these generations and sexual generation, and the significance of heat and pneuma.
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周瑩. "古代飲茶致病的文獻探究." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/127.
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中國茶文化源遠流長，茶作為一種日常飲品，與咖啡、可可並稱為世界三大無酒精飲料。近年來，隨著人們生活水平的日益提高，茶葉的保健功效越來越受到社會的重視。據各文獻史料記載，我國飲用茶葉已有千年曆史，記載有關茶葉的文獻古籍繁多。而一直以來，茶葉與“健康”一詞密不可分，古人經過歸納前人的記述總結出了茶葉的二十四功效，如清熱、消食、醒酒、去疾等，並對茶有著極高的評價，然而很少人注意到通過飲茶所達到的有利功效需要建立在適度飲茶，科學飲茶的前提下，盲目品飲只會起到相反效果。與此同時，隨著醫學經驗、藥學知識的日益豐富，不當飲茶所帶來的一些副作用同樣也引起了古代醫學家與茶人的重視，人們開始不僅只是單純的追求茶葉的口感，更多的是開始關注飲茶對身體的影響及飲茶時的身心體驗，通過自己多年的親身感悟，長期與他人的經驗分享，總結歸納出了飲茶的利弊，教導後人飲茶需有度，因人而飲。 本文擬在分析我國古代文獻中飲茶不當導致的疾病，尋找飲用單一味茶葉對人體所產生的不良反應，其中不包括複方茶及非茶之“茶”，通過歸納、整理，探究古代不當飲茶所造成的對人體的危害疾病，提出適度飲茶，健康飲茶，科學飲茶的觀念，為今後的茶學及醫學研究不當飲茶致病因素提供古代文獻線索依據。 關鍵字：過度飲茶，過派飲茶，飲茶致病
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Harrop, Patrick H. "Inseminate architecture : an archontological reading of Athanasius Kircher's Turris Babel." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56976.
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Among the vast assembly of Biblical mythology, the tower of Babel stands as an exclusive representation of the limits of human endeavor. As a paradigmatic extremity, it circumscribes the field of civic artifice. Babel is the absolute limit, and in that regard, its presence is enduring and timeless. The legacy of exegetic readings are textual shades, emanating from the point source of the paradigm. Athanasius Kircher's Turris Babel is an appropriate and intentional unfolding of this condition.Firstly, that in the awakening of the Baroque scholar to history, origin materializes as the sole legitimate chronological reference.
Secondly, that the paradigmatic extremities collapse into the empirical standard of the theoretical discourse.
This thesis is a speculative study of architecture, drawn through Turris Babel, in the shadow of the paradigmatic limits of Babel. Written in three parts, each dealing with the implications of artifice in confrontation with the post-Babel adversaries of dispersion, tyranny, and decay.
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朱加正 and Ka-ching Chu. "Reflections of the development and philosophy of Mathematics originating in a comparative study of Liu Hui's redaction of 'JiuZhang Suan Shu' and Euclid's 'Elements'." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31211380.
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Letts, Melinda. "Questioning the patient, questioning Hippocrates : Rufus of Ephesus and the limits of medical authority." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:917c8cac-6fb4-4217-95df-8e3f9db8692f.
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Rufus of Ephesus's 'Quaestiones Medicinales' is an under-studied work by one of the most respected doctors of Greco-Roman antiquity. This thesis presents a new translation - the first in English of the complete work - and a reassessment of the treatise. I propose that, far from being a simple handbook teaching doctors how to take a patient history, as has hitherto been assumed, QM is an ardent plea for doctors to recognise the limits of their own knowledge and the indispensability of questioning the patient. I argue that QM articulates the idea that the aim of medicine cannot be achieved through medical knowledge alone, and that, in constructing the patient as an essential partner in diagnosis and decisions about treatment, Rufus implies a sharing of authority between doctor and patient that is noticeably different from the emphasis that other authors, particularly the determinedly hierarchical Galen, place on securing patients' obedience, a subject on which Rufus is noticeably silent. I argue that Rufus is unusual in the clarity and candour with which he perceives and acknowledges the limits of medical knowledge, in his conceptualisation of questioning as a discursive rather than a formulaic activity, in his explicit insistence that it must be addressed directly to the patient, in his psychological concept of habits, and in his recommendation of questioning as a strategy for resolving the tension between universal theory and individual experience. I look at modern cross-cultural research into the factors that drive patient compliance, and note that chief among them is patients feeling they are partners in the treatment process. This raises the question whether and to what extent the features that drive compliance are diachronically as well as cross-culturally consistent, and whether Rufus's shared authority model is more likely to have produced successful treatment outcomes than the autocratic paradigm promoted by Galen, and subsequently absorbed into Western medical tradition, that seems to have met with so much resistance.
Books on the topic "Avarice – Early works to 1800"
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Jāḥiẓ. Avarice & the avaricious =: Kitâb al-buk̲h̲alâʼ. London: Kegan Paul, 1999.
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Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī. al- Bukhalāʾ. Bayrūt: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfīyah, 2000.
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Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī. al- Bukhalāʾ. Bayrūt: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfīyah, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Avarice – Early works to 1800"
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Prieto, Moisés. "Corrupt and Rapacious: Colonial Spanish-American Past Through the Eyes of Early Nineteenth-Century Contemporaries. A Contribution from the History of Emotions." In Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 105–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0255-9_5.
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AbstractAround 1800, merchants, scientists and adventurers travelled to Latin America with different purposes. Their multifaceted interests in a world region, experiencing a threshold of independence from Spanish colonial rule, inspired new historical and political works about the continent’s recent past. The Enlightenment provided not only the philosophical armamentarium against corruption, but it also paved the way to a new expression of sentiments and to the loss of fear when addressing injustice. Some examples of these are Hipólito Villaroel’s list of grievances and Humboldt’s Political essay. These two authors provide some thoughts on the political landscape of New Spain (now Mexico), while the two Swiss physicians Rengger and Longchamp describe the ruthless and odd dictator Francia of independent Paraguay as a champion of anti-corruption. Finally, Argentine dictator Rosas—and his robberies as described by Rivera Indarte, Sarmiento and other anonymous authors—represent the embodiment of corruption through pure larceny, for whose crimes the Spanish colonial past apparently no longer served as a comparison.
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Hogg, James. "To Archibald Constable [Early 1806?]." In The Stirling/South Carolina Research Edition of The Collected Works of James Hogg: The Collected Letters of James Hogg, Vol. 1: 1800–1819, edited by Gillian Hughes. Edinburgh University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00173930.
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Hogg, James. "To William Blackwood [Early December 1816]." In The Stirling/South Carolina Research Edition of The Collected Works of James Hogg: The Collected Letters of James Hogg, Vol. 1: 1800–1819, edited by Gillian Hughes. Edinburgh University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00174058.
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Hogg, James. "To William Laidlaw [early December 1816]." In The Stirling/South Carolina Research Edition of The Collected Works of James Hogg: The Collected Letters of James Hogg, Vol. 1: 1800–1819, edited by Gillian Hughes, 283. Edinburgh University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00174059.
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Hogg, James. "To R. P. Gillies [Early June 1814]." In The Stirling/South Carolina Research Edition of The Collected Works of James Hogg: The Collected Letters of James Hogg, Vol. 1: 1800–1819, edited by Gillian Hughes, 185. Edinburgh University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00174004.
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Højerslev, Niels K. "A History of Early Optical Oceanographic Instrument Design in Scandinavia." In Ocean Optics. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068436.003.0011.
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Interest in the optical characteristics and variability of the sea has grown for nearly two centuries. Most of the early work in this area was performed by European investigators. Perhaps the earliest reference to an optical oceanographic research cruise can be found in the book by Otto Krümmel (1886), in which the author refers to the Rurik circumnavigational cruise of 1817 made by Otto von Kotzebue. In these studies von Kotzebue made measurements using optical instrumentation comprised of a piece of red cloth tethered to a line and lowered into the sea. With this technique, von Kotzebue was able to crudely measure the depth of penetration of light. This technique was refined by using a white plate, and the first measurements in the Pacific (at 10°N 152°W) yielded measurements of 49 meters. It is worth noting that this work was done several decades before the famous efforts of Secchi (1866). Efforts to incorporate photographic techniques to characterize the underwater light field were also developing in the late 1800’s. In March, 1885 some experiments were made in the waters off Nice, France, in which a photographic plate was submerged to depths of several hundred meters. Additional historical information can be found in the classical textbook by Sauberer and Ruttner (1941). Theoretical treatments of optical oceanography developed somewhat later. Ludvig Valentin Lorenz published the first works on the theoretical aspects of marine light scattering. This work, originally published in Danish (Lorenz, 1890), was subsequently translated into French in 1915. Martin Knudsen (founder of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, and developer of some of the fundamental concepts for making hydrographic calculations) also had concerns about marine optics as reflected in correspondence he sent to Professor Otto Pettersson (father of Hans Pettersson) in Sweden: . . . In studying those provinces of water and particularly of sea water, which are of importance to the organisms living therein, the study of the light contents of the water must occupy the prominent place. Light contents play in many respects a similar part to that of oxygen content but have not been so strongly investigated as the latter. . . .
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Coeckelbergh, Mark. "Romanticism." In New Romantic Cyborgs. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035460.003.0002.
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In chapter 2 historical Romanticism is outlined as it emerged and thrived in Germany, Britain, and France around 1800 and as it reached deep into the nineteenth century. The works and lives of Rousseau, Novalis, Morris, and others are discussed for this purpose. Moreover, he social and political side of Romanticism (Ruskin, Morris, and Marx) and romantic Gothic are discussed. Historical Romanticism is then linked to romanticism more broadly defined. The author argues that in many ways romanticism still persists today and that there is a line to be drawn start from Rousseau in the late eighteenth century to twentieth century counterculture and beyond. Even in the early twenty-first century forms of subjectivity are very much shaped by Romanticism - mainly in the form of our heritage from 1960s and 1970s romantic counterculture.
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Fowler, Alastair. "Relevance." In Remembered Words, 142–45. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856979.003.0012.
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This chapter reflects on the relevance of literature and literary works. The meaning of the word ‘relevance’ has unobtrusively changed. In the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, ‘relevance’ meant ‘pertinent to a case or argument’ or occasionally ‘pertinent to the matter in hand’. By 1800, however, ‘relevant’ was more often used to mean ‘pertinent to the issue’; and after that it altered rapidly, since what was taken to be the current issue kept changing. In fact, ‘relevance’ began to imply pertinency to specifically new issues, or the newest issue. In literary criticism, this collectivist assumption had an astonishing influence. Relevance came to be used as an overriding criterion; considerable and negligible, good and bad, were distinguished simply in terms of this one factor. Was the work socially relevant, relevant to the public? Such a criterion could easily exclude much of literature and soon it did. The chapter then looks at modern relevance theory, the thrust of which is to replace decoding with ordinary inference and so to recover the idea of pertinency—albeit pertinency reconceived in linguistic terms.
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"Local Authorities (continued): Pavage and Improvement Acts, A.D. 1301-1662: Calais: London and Westminster Improvement Act, 1662: Rebuilding Decaved Towns, A.D. 1540: Two Pennies Scots Acts: Early Sanitary Legislation: Commissions of Sewers: Sanitary State of Towns, 1800-47: Parliamentary Committees and Royal Commissions: Local Rating, 1845: Charge for Permanent Works: Sanitary Administration in the Metropolis, 1845-7." In A History of Private Bill Legislation, 274–338. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203770399-9.
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Fagan, Brian. "Greece Bespoiled." In From Stonehenge to Samarkand. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160918.003.0007.
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The grand tour took the young and wealthy to Rome and Naples, but not as far as Greece, which had sunk into oblivion under its Byzantine emperors, who began to rule in A.D. 527. For seven hundred years Greece remained masked in obscurity as Crusaders, Venetians, and then Turks established princedoms and trading posts there. The Turks entered Athens in 1455 and turned the Parthenon and Acropolis into a fortress, transforming Greece into a rundown province of the Ottoman Empire. Worse yet, the ravages of wind, rain, and earthquake, of villagers seeking building stone and mortar, buried and eroded the ancient Greek temples and sculptures. Only a handful of intrepid artists and antiquarians came from Europe to sketch and collect before 1800, for Greek art and architecture were still little known or admired in the West, overshadowed as they were by the fashion for things Roman that dominated eighteenth-century taste. A small group of English connoisseurs financed the artists James Stuart and Nicholas Revett on a mission to record Greek art and architecture in 1755, and the first book in their multivolume Antiquities of Athens appeared in 1762. This, and other works, stimulated antiquarian interest, but in spite of such publications, few travelers ventured far off the familiar Italian track. The Parthenon was, of course, well known, but places like the oracle at Delphi, the temple of Poseidon at Sounion—at the time a pirates’ nest— and Olympia were little visited. In 1766, however, Richard Chandler, an Oxford academic, did visit Olympia, under the sponsorship of the Society of Dilettanti. The journey took him through overgrown fields of cotton shrubs, thistles, and licorice. Chandler had high expectations, but found himself in an insect-infested field of ruins: Early in the morning we crossed a shallow brook, and commenced our survey of the spot before us with a degree of expectation from which our disappointment on finding it almost naked received a considerable addition. The ruin, which we had seen in evening, we found to be the walls of the cell of a very large temple, standing many feet high and well-built, its stones all injured . . .