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Journal articles on the topic 'Average cost'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Harianto, Lisa, Sri Basriati, Elfra Safitri, and Yuslenita Muda. "Distribution Cost Optimization Using Average Opportunity Cost Method and Average Total Opportunity Cost Method." Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Optimization 2, no. 1 (2024): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jomso.v2i1.31.

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Every company carries out distribution activities to distribute goods to consumers. PT Petrokimia Gresik is one of the providers of organic fertilizer called petragonik fertilizer. They must ensure that distribution from source to destinations does not occur scarcity of organic fertilizers. Selection of inappropriate distribution channels, very high transportation costs and to meet the number of different requests for each detination are factors that can hinder the process of distributing goods. The main aim of this research is to help PT Petrokimia Gresik in solving cost optimization problems

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2

Erlenkotter, Donald. "Average cost expansion sequencing." Operations Research Letters 8, no. 4 (1989): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6377(89)90058-8.

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3

Turner, Leah. "market view: AVERAGE COST." Nursery World 2024, no. 4 (2024): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2024.4.52.

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4

Kumari, Binita, B.S. Chandel, M.K. Jally, A.K. Gupta, and Sneha Singh. "Analysis of various costs, breakeven point (BEP) and factors affecting costs of a dairy enterprise in eastern region of India." AgriSustain-An International Journal 03, no. 01 (2025): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15031320.

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The present study was undertaken with a sample of 300 dairy households in the eastern region of India with an aim to study the various cost structures and determine the optimum and breakeven output level. It was observed that the variable costs (Rs. 733.31) were about eight times higher than the fixed costs (Rs. 96.30) incurred on a dairy herd. All the average cost curves slope downward from left to right showing diseconomies of scale. It was observed that out of a decrease of Rs. 0.189 in average total cost due to one litre increase in milk output, Rs. 0.168 increment was that in average vari

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5

Tsitsiklis, John N., and Benjamin Van Roy. "Average cost temporal-difference learning." Automatica 35, no. 11 (1999): 1799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-1098(99)00099-0.

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6

Khandke, Kailash, and Ken Peterson. "The tangency requirement between average revenue and average cost curves." Atlantic Economic Journal 30, no. 2 (2002): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02299168.

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7

Enkhbat, R., N. Tungalag, and A. S. Strekalovsky. "Pseudoconvexity properties of average cost functions." Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization 5, no. 3 (2015): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/naco.2015.5.233.

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8

Lelkes, Anne-Marie Teresa. "Weighted average consumption of cost drivers." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 21, no. 1 (2019): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-12-2018-0197.

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Purpose An Activity-Based Costing (ABC) system generates a significant amount of detailed, complex data for management to evaluate and use, potentially reducing decision-making effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to show how reducing the magnitude of detailed information that an ABC system provides can increase decision-making effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach This study develops a theoretical Weighted Average ABC model by taking ABC information and rearranging it to enhance decision-making effectiveness. Findings Weighted Average ABC provides cost assignments that are approxi

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9

Sennott, Linn I. "Constrained Average Cost Markov Decision Chains." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 7, no. 1 (1993): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800002795.

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A Markov decision chain with denumerable state space incurs two types of costs — for example, an operating cost and a holding cost. The objective is to minimize the expected average operating cost, subject to a constraint on the expected average holding cost. We prove the existence of an optimal constrained randomized stationary policy, for which the two stationary policies differ on at most one state. The examples treated are a packet communication system with reject option and a single-server queue with service rate control.

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10

Fjell, Kenneth, Øystein Foros, and Debashis Pal. "Endogenous Average Cost Based Access Pricing." Review of Industrial Organization 36, no. 2 (2010): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-010-9238-8.

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11

Morimoto, Hiroaki. "On average cost stopping time problems." Probability Theory and Related Fields 90, no. 4 (1991): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01192139.

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12

Chen, Y. L. "The minimal average cost flow problem." European Journal of Operational Research 81, no. 3 (1995): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(93)e0348-2.

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13

Freixas, Xavier, and Jean-Jacques Laffont. "Average cost pricing versus marginal cost pricing under moral hazard." Journal of Public Economics 26, no. 2 (1985): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(85)90001-5.

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14

Moulin, Hervé, and Scott Shenker. "Average Cost Pricing versus Serial Cost Sharing: An Axiomatic Comparison." Journal of Economic Theory 64, no. 1 (1994): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1994.1061.

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15

Balletta, Luigi, and Antonio Tesoriere. "Strictly convex variable cost does not imply U-shaped average cost." Research in Economics 70, no. 4 (2016): 766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2016.05.002.

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16

Bang, Heejung, and Hongwei Zhao. "Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio with Censored Data." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 22, no. 2 (2012): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2010.544437.

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17

Garibaldi, Eduardo, and Marcelo Sobottka. "Average Sex Ratio and Population Maintenance Cost." SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 71, no. 4 (2011): 1009–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/100817310.

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18

Matoglu, Melda Ormeci, John H. Vande Vate, and Haiyue Yu. "The economic average cost Brownian control problem." Advances in Applied Probability 51, no. 01 (2019): 300–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2019.12.

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AbstractIn this paper we introduce and solve a generalization of the classic average cost Brownian control problem in which a system manager dynamically controls the drift rate of a diffusion process X. At each instant, the system manager chooses the drift rate from a pair {u, v} of available rates and can invoke instantaneous controls either to keep X from falling or to keep it from rising. The objective is to minimize the long-run average cost consisting of holding or delay costs, processing costs, costs for invoking instantaneous controls, and fixed costs for changing the drift rate. We pro

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19

Gosavi, Abhijit. "Reinforcement learning for long-run average cost." European Journal of Operational Research 155, no. 3 (2004): 654–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(02)00874-3.

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20

Hernández-Lerma, O., J. C. Hennet, and J. B. Lasserre. "Average cost Markov Decision Processes: Optimality conditions." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 158, no. 2 (1991): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-247x(91)90244-t.

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21

Richter, Knut. "Average cost estimation of lot-sizing heuristics." International Journal of Production Economics 26, no. 1-3 (1992): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-5273(92)90085-l.

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22

Veatch, Michael H. "Approximate Linear Programming for Average Cost MDPs." Mathematics of Operations Research 38, no. 3 (2013): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/moor.1120.0574.

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23

Munteanu, Valeriu, Daniela Tarniceriu, and Gheorghe Zaharia. "Entropy and Average Cost of AUH Codes." Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences 7, no. 1 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/amis/070101.

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24

Altomonte, Carlo, Alessandro Barattieri, and Susanto Basu. "Average-cost pricing: Some evidence and implications." European Economic Review 79 (October 2015): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.08.003.

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25

Laska, Eugene M., Morris Meisner, and Carole Siegel. "The usefulness of average cost-effectiveness ratios." Health Economics 6, no. 5 (1997): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1050(199709)6:5<497::aid-hec298>3.0.co;2-v.

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26

Bäuerle, Nicole. "Convex Stochastic Fluid Programs with Average Cost." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 259, no. 1 (2001): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmaa.2000.7400.

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27

Van Witteloostuijn, Arjen. "Contestability and investment in average cost reduction." European Journal of Political Economy 6, no. 1 (1990): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0176-2680(90)90034-g.

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28

Dr., David Augustine Bull. "Average Length of Stay, Average Preventable Readmission Rates, and Average Total Cost of Care: Is there a Relationship?" International Journal of Healthcare Sciences 11, no. 2 (2023): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10370737.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Average Length of Stay (ALOS), Average Preventable Readmission Rates (APRRs), and Average Total Cost of Care (ATCc) were examined to see if any relationship exists among the variables. Secondary data from the Texas hospital data collection database was used for the study. Out 379 acute care hospitals in Texas, 65 hospitals were selected for analysis using a G*Power analysis. Demographic analysis, Spearman's Rank correlation, and Regression Analyses were conducted to explore the relationship. The results of the Spearman's Rho correlation showed a significant negative

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29

Zamparelli, Luca. "Average cost and marginal cost pricing in Marshall: Textual analysis and interpretation." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 16, no. 4 (2009): 665–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672560903201276.

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30

Levy, J. F., M. A. Rosenberg, and D. J. Vanness. "US Based Drug Cost Parameter Estimates Using National Average Drug Acquisition Cost." Value in Health 18, no. 3 (2015): A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.03.047.

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31

Anonymous. "Average Time and Cost of Nursing Education Skyrockets." Journal of Gerontological Nursing 15, no. 9 (1989): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19890901-30.

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32

Bettiol, Piernicola, and Nathalie Khalil. "Necessary optimality conditions for average cost minimization problems." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B 24, no. 5 (2019): 2093–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcdsb.2019086.

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33

Shahinian, Lee. "HEALTH CARE POLICY: MARGINAL VS AVERAGE COST REIMBURSEMENT." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 24, no. 10 (1993): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-19931001-20.

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34

Lipman, M. J., and J. Abrahams. "Minimum average cost testing for partially ordered components." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 41, no. 1 (1995): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.370098.

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35

Ormoneit, D., and P. Glynn. "Kernel-based reinforcement learning in average-cost problems." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 47, no. 10 (2002): 1624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2002.803530.

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36

Bettiol, Piernicola, and Nathalie Khalil. "Average Cost Minimization Problems Subject to State Constraints." SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 62, no. 3 (2024): 1884–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/23m1558124.

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37

Ness, Mitchell R., and Stephen Walker. "Average cost pricing in the compound feed industry." British Food Journal 97, no. 1 (1995): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070709510077953.

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38

Hosaka, Masanori. "Occupation measures in average cost Markov decision processes." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 21, no. 1 (2000): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02522667.2000.10699440.

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39

Larrea, C., and J. C. Santos. "A characterization of the pseudo-average cost method." Mathematical Social Sciences 53, no. 2 (2007): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2006.10.002.

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40

Guo, Sicen, Minming Li, and Yingchao Zhao. "Optimal trees for minimizing average individual updating cost." Theoretical Computer Science 607 (November 2015): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2015.08.030.

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41

Bielecki, Tomasz R., and Jerzy A. Filar. "Singularly perturbed Markov control problem: Limiting average cost." Annals of Operations Research 28, no. 1 (1991): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02055579.

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42

Ren, Z., and B. H. Krogh. "Adaptive control of Markov chains with average cost." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 46, no. 4 (2001): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9.917662.

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43

Frank, Murray Z., and Tao Shen. "Investment and the weighted average cost of capital." Journal of Financial Economics 119, no. 2 (2016): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2015.09.001.

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44

Paulo, Stan. "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital: A Caveat." Engineering Economist 37, no. 2 (1992): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137919208903067.

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45

Mirman, Leonard J., Yair Tauman, and Israel Zang. "Ramsey prices, average cost prices and price sustainability." International Journal of Industrial Organization 4, no. 2 (1986): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7187(86)90026-3.

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46

Mann, Patrick C., and Janice A. Beecher. "Incremental and average cost methods in rate design." Journal - American Water Works Association 88, no. 6 (1996): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06569.x.

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47

Veatch, Michael H. "Approximate linear programming for networks: Average cost bounds." Computers & Operations Research 63 (November 2015): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2015.04.014.

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48

Larbi, Mehdi, Hichem Makhoukh, Loïc Desjardins, and Patrick Dufort. "EE177 Cost-Minimization: Consequences of Using the Lowest Cost Comparator Over the Weighted Average Cost (WAC)." Value in Health 28, no. 6 (2025): S95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2025.04.469.

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49

Bull, David Augustine. "Average Length of Stay, Average Preventable Readmission Rates, and Average Total Cost of Care: Is there a Relationship?" Journal of Business, Technology and Leadership 6, no. 1 (2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54845/btljournal.v6i1.41.

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Average Length of Stay (ALOS), Average Preventable Readmission Rates (APRRs), and Average Total Cost of Care (ATCc) were examined to see if any relationship exists among the variables. Secondary data from the Texas Hospital data collection database was used for the study. Out of 379 acute care hospitals in Texas, 65 hospitals were selected for analysis using a G*Power analysis. Demographic analysis, Spearman’s Rank correlation, and Regression Analyses were conducted to explore the relationship. The results of the Spearman’s Rho correlation showed a significant negative relationship between ALO

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50

Tomalty, Ray, and Andrejs Skaburskis. "Negotiating Development Charges in Ontario: Average Cost versus Marginal Cost Pricing of Services." Urban Studies 34, no. 12 (1997): 1987–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0042098975187.

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