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Journal articles on the topic 'Average rainfall'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Nunn, John. "Average rainfall figures." Weather 63, no. 4 (2008): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.221.

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Prior, John. "Average rainfall figures." Weather 63, no. 8 (2008): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.294.

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Brychta, Jiří, and Miloslav Janeček. "Determination of erosion rainfall criteria based on natural rainfall measurement and its impact on spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Czech Republic." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 3 (2019): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/91/2018-swr.

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Rainfall erosivity is the main factor of the USLE or RUSLE equations. Its accuracy depends on recording precision and its temporal resolution, number of stations and their spatial distribution, length of recorded period, recorded period, erosion rainfall criteria, time step of rainfall intensity and interpolation method. This research focuses on erosion rainfall criteria. A network of 32 ombrographic stations, 1-min temporal resolution rainfall data, 35.6-year period and experimental runoff plots were used. We analysed 8951 rainfalls from ombrographic stations, 100 rainfalls and caused soil lo

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V.B, BHANU MURTHY, and KULANDAIVELU R. "AVERAGE RAINFALL OF COIMBATORE DISTRICT." Madras Agricultural Journal 73, May (1986): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02259.

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Wide variations are seen in the occurrence of rainfall and distribution in Coimbatore district. As such arithmetic mean may not represent the average rainfall. so Thiessen-weighted average and Isohyetal average of rainfall were worked out.. The arithmetic mean (826.70 mm) was the lowest and the Thiessen weighted average value was increased by about 100 mm. The isohyetal average showed a very high value (1348.05 mm): These variations were due to the non-uniformity in the dis- tribution of rain gauges and also because of steep precipitation gradients. Isobyetal mean which seems to be more repres

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5

Yoo, Chul-Sang. "Rainfall Seasonality and Estimation Errors of Area-Average Rainfall." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 35, no. 5 (2002): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2002.35.5.575.

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R., E. Daffi, and B. Wamyil F. "Evaluation of Three Geostatistical Interpolation Methods for the Estimation of Average Daily Rainfall." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 3, no. 1 (2017): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEE/2017/34002.

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This study focuses on evaluating the results from three geostatistical interpolation methods used for the estimation of average daily rainfall in ILWIS 3.7. Rainfall data from nine (9) gauging points over the Upper Dep River Basin, North Central Nigeria were used.The total catchment area is 6076 km<sup>2</sup>. The moving average method, ordinary kriging technique and nearest point or Thiessen method were used for the interpolation. The rainfall values used were for five (5) days in the same month where rainfall data for at least six (6) of the nine (9) gauging points were recorded, since rain

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Sundaram, S. Meenakshi, and M. Lakshmi M.Lakshmi. "Rainfall Prediction using Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average model." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 4 (2012): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/apr2014/17.

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Zohrab A. Samani and George H. Hargreaves. "Estimating Rainfall Probabilities from Average Values." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2, no. 2 (1986): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26729.

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9

Chèze, Jean-Luc, and Henri Sauvageot. "Area-average rainfall and lightning activity." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, no. D2 (1997): 1707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jd02972.

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Agrawal, D. C. "Average Annual Rainfall Over the Globe." Physics Teacher 51, no. 9 (2013): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4830066.

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Junges, Amanda H., Carolina Bremm, and Denise C. Fontana. "Rainfall climatology, variability, and trends in Veranópolis, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 3 (2019): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n3p160-166.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the rainfall climatology in Veranópolis, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through analyses of means, variabilities related to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and temporal trends, using a 60-year data series (1956-2015). Descriptive statistics of annual, monthly and seasonal rainfall were used to characterize the rainfall climatology. The differences between seasons, and influence of ENSO were evaluated using analysis of variance and the Duncan’s test. Rainfall trends were evaluated by the Mann Kendall test. The local average annual rainfa

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Ikpang, Ikpang Nkereuwem, and Ekom-obong Jackson Okon. "Modeling Average Rainfall in Nigeria With Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Models and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) Models." International Journal of Statistics and Probability 11, no. 4 (2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v11n4p53.

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Rainfall prediction is one of the most essential and challenging operational obligations undertaken by meteorological services globally. In this article we conduct a comparative study between the ANN models and the traditional SARIMA models to show the most suitable model for predicting rainfall in Nigeria. Average monthly rainfall data in Nigerian for the period Jan. 1991 to Dec.2020 were considered. The ACF and PACF plots clearly identifies the SARIMA (1,0,2)x(1,1,2)12 as an appropriate model for predicting average monthly rainfall. The performance of the trained Neural Network (NN) analysis

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Hearman, A. J., and C. Hinz. "Sensitivity of point scale surface runoff predictions to rainfall resolution." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (2007): 965–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-965-2007.

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Abstract. This paper investigates the effects of using non-linear, high resolution rainfall, compared to time averaged rainfall on the triggering of hydrologic thresholds and therefore model predictions of infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff at the point scale. The bounded random cascade model, parameterized to three locations in Western Australia, was used to scale rainfall intensities at various time resolutions ranging from 1.875 min to 2 h. A one dimensional, conceptual rainfall partitioning model was used that instantaneously partitioned water into infiltration excess, infilt

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Pasaribu, Yenni P., Hariani Fitrianti, and Dessy Rizki Suryani. "Rainfall Forecast of Merauke Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 12010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187312010.

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Climate is an important element for human life, one of them is to agriculture sector. Global climate change leads to increased frequency and extreme climatic intensity such as storms, floods, and droughts. Rainfall is climate factor that causes the failure of harvest in Merauke. Therefore, rainfall forecast information is very useful in anticipating the occurrence of extreme events that can lead to crop failure. The purpose of this research is to model rainfall using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The ARIMA model can be used to predict future events using a set of past

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Fernández-Alvarez, José C., Albenis Pérez-Alarcon, Alfo J. Batista-Leyva, and Oscar Díaz-Rodríguez. "Evaluation of Precipitation Forecast of System: Numerical Tools for Hurricane Forecast." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815949.

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Heavy rainfall events, typically associated with tropical cyclones (TCs), provoke intense flooding, consequently causing severe losses to life and property. Therefore, the amount and distribution of rain associated with TCs must be forecasted precisely within a reasonable time to guarantee the protection of lives and goods. In this study, the skill of the Numerical Tool for Hurricane Forecast (NTHF) for determining rainfall pattern, average rainfall, rainfall volume, and extreme amounts of rain observed during TCs is evaluated against Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. A sample c

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Kobayashi, Kenichiro, Shigenori Otsuka, and Kazuo Saito. "Ensemble flood simulation for a small dam catchment in Japan using 10 and 2 km resolution nonhydrostatic model rainfalls." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (2016): 1821–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1821-2016.

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Abstract. This paper presents a study on short-term ensemble flood forecasting specifically for small dam catchments in Japan. Numerical ensemble simulations of rainfall from the Japan Meteorological Agency nonhydrostatic model (JMA-NHM) are used as the input data to a rainfall–runoff model for predicting river discharge into a dam. The ensemble weather simulations use a conventional 10 km and a high-resolution 2 km spatial resolutions. A distributed rainfall–runoff model is constructed for the Kasahori dam catchment (approx. 70 km2) and applied with the ensemble rainfalls. The results show th

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Kobayashi, K., S. Otsuka, and K. Saito. "Ensemble flood forecasting to support dam water release operation using 10 and 2 km-resolution JMA Nonhydrostatic Model ensemble rainfalls." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 12 (2015): 7411–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-7411-2015.

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Abstract. This paper presents a study on short-term ensemble flood forecasting specifically for small dam catchments in Japan. Numerical ensemble simulations of rainfall from the Japan Meteorological Agency Nonhydrostatic Model are used as the input data to a rainfall–runoff model for predicting river discharge into a dam. The ensemble weather simulations use a conventional 10 km and a high-resolution 2 km spatial resolution. A distributed rainfall–runoff model is constructed for the Kasahori dam catchment (approx. 70 km2) and applied with the ensemble rainfalls. The results show that the hour

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Schulze, E. D., R. J. Williams, G. D. Farquhar, et al. "Carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination and nitrogen nutrition of trees along a rainfall gradient in northern Australia." Functional Plant Biology 25, no. 4 (1998): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp97113.

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Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and nitrogen isotope ratios, N-concentrations and specific leaf area of 50 tree species were investigated along a continental-scale transect through northern Australia over which annual rainfall varied from 1800 mm to 216 mm rainfall. Average specific leaf area (SLA, m2 kg-1) of leaves ranged from 10.7 ± 1.7 (av. ± s.d.) in N2 fixing deciduous trees to 0.8 ± 0.4 in spinescent sclerophylls shrubs. SLA generally decreased with increasing aridity. N2 fixing species had higher leaf N concentration (average N-concentration 20.1 ± 3.7 mgN g-1) than non- N2 fixing (1

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Esquierdo, Ida E., Fel B. Muncada, Jr., and Olga D. Unay. "Average Rainfall Trend in Northern Samar, Philippines during 2010 to 2019." Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports 19, no. 4 (2025): 114–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2025/v19i4968.

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Rainfall is one of the most crucial elements in the climatic cycle that could significantly affect mostly the sustainability of our ecosystems, agriculture, human activity, and livelihood. This study focused on the analysis of the average rainfall trend in Northern Samar, Philippines 2010 to 2019. The researcher collected the data through the PAG ASA Catarman Northern Samar after which the annual average rainfall and monthly rainfall was analyzed. Results showed that the rainy months with higher average rainfall recorded were during the months of September, October, November, December, January

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Seprima, Melani, and Defrianto Defrianto. "PREDIKSI CURAH HUJAN DAN KELEMBABAN UDARA KOTA PEKANBARU MENGGUNAKAN METODE MONTE CARLO." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 17, no. 3 (2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.17.3.134-138.

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Weather prediction is important in our lives and can minimize the impact that will occur in the future. Rainfaal and humidity greatly affect the weather conditions in Indonesia. Accuracy in the prediction of rainfall and humidity is very important because it can be used in various interests. The data used are the monthly average data of rainfall and humidity in the city of Pekanbaru in 2014–2018 obtained from BMKG Pekanbaru, then the monthly average data will be processed using a MATLAB R2015a based program so that an average rainfall prediction simulation is obtained and air humidity in 2019–

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Yoo, Chulsang, and Eunho Ha. "Basin average rainfall and its sampling error." Water Resources Research 38, no. 11 (2002): 41–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001wr001081.

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Yu, B., and D. T. Neil. "Global warming and regional rainfall: The difference between average and high intensity rainfalls." International Journal of Climatology 11, no. 6 (2007): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370110607.

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23

I Gusti Ngurah Putu Dharmayasa, Cathleen Ariella Simatupang, and Doni Marisi Sinaga. "NASA Power’s: an alternative rainfall data resources for hydrology research and planning activities in Bali Island, Indonesia." Journal of Infrastructure Planning and Engineering (JIPE) 1, no. 1 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jipe.1.1.2022.1-7.

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Rainfall data is critical for planning and research in the field of hydrology. Rainfall data must be available continuously, which means it must be recorded continuously. This recording will continue since numerous projects in the field of hydrology require continuous rainfall data. Although rainfall data are collected and recorded daily, some stations frequently have insufficient rainfall records, particularly in developing countries such as Bali, Indonesia. These issues may impair the quality of rainfall data, resulting in inaccuracies in the analysis results. To address this issue, we need

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Huang, Ching-Yuang, Cher-Wei Chou, Shu-Hua Chen, and Jia-Hong Xie. "Topographic Rainfall of Tropical Cyclones past a Mountain Range as Categorized by Idealized Simulations." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 1 (2019): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0120.1.

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Abstract Topographic rainfall induced by westbound tropical cyclones past an island mountain is investigated using an idealized Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Idealized simulations with varying vortex core size R (100–250 km), vortex intensity Vmax (20–35 m s−1), and steering wind speed U (4–10 m s−1) are conducted. The results show that the geometric distributions of major rainfall over the island are not greatly sensitive to cloud microphysics schemes using either single momentum or double momentum. Major rainfall is produced over northeastern and southwestern slopes of the mo

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Hwang, Seokhwan, Narae Kang, and Jung Soo Yoon. "Error Generation Characteristics of the Areal Rainfall Estimation Interpolation Method Using Rainfall Radar Data." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 6 (2022): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.273.

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This study evaluated the effects of watershed area, rain gauge density, rain gauge distribution, and rainfall movement direction on regional average rainfall estimates by comparing the spatial interpolation results. To this end, the interpolated watershed mean using radar grid data from the Ministry of Environment’s TM rain gauge point was compared with the watershed mean of all radar grids within the watershed. Results showed that eight or more rain gauges are required for accurate area average rainfall estimates in small watersheds of less than 500 km<sup>2</sup>. In addition, th

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Obi, Lawrence Echefulechukwu. "Application of Hydrological Computations in Predicting Rainfall Trends in Imo State of Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 9 (2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.9.367.

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This research employed the empirical method in its approach and workings. Empirical data were collected and various hydrological computations and graphs were engaged through the application of the collected data. The mass curve of rainfall, hyetograph, moving average of annual rainfalls and the computations of recurrence intervals were done by applying the Weibul formular. With computations and its analysis, the recurrent intervals of rainfall magnitudes were determined and rainfall pattern within Imo State were predicted.

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Obi, Lawrence Echefulechukwu. "Application of Hydrological Computations in Predicting Rainfall Trends in Imo State of Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 9 (2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.9.367.

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This research employed the empirical method in its approach and workings. Empirical data were collected and various hydrological computations and graphs were engaged through the application of the collected data. The mass curve of rainfall, hyetograph, moving average of annual rainfalls and the computations of recurrence intervals were done by applying the Weibul formular. With computations and its analysis, the recurrent intervals of rainfall magnitudes were determined and rainfall pattern within Imo State were predicted.

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د. فهدة فلاح بن حشر, د. فهدة فلاح بن حشر. "Estimation and analysis of the effective rainfall In Tabuk area – Saudi Arabia." journal of King Abdulaziz University Arts And Humanities 28, no. 14 (2020): 142–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/art.28-14.4.

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this study examined the effective rainfall in Tabuk area by applying the Lang rainfall factor, De Martonne Index and the (UNEP) arid index. The study methodology was based on a statistical tests using the Normality test (Shapiro-Wilk), the Homogeneity test (Leven test), the ANOVA (LSD test) of the monthly mean of rainfall, the daily maximum rainfall and the total number of rainfall days. The multiple comparison (Tehmane’s Test) had been applied between the studied stations. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test shows that the distribution of monthly rainfall averages follows normal distribution

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Parab, S. S., S. S. Nagarkar, and B. L. Ayare. "Study of changes in temporal distribution pattern of rainfall at Dapoli station in Konkan region of Maharashtra." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 20, no. 1 (2024): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/20.1/249-256.

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Dapoli situated in the Konkan region of Maharashtra is having average annual rainfall of 3587 mm with average number of rainy days 75. The yield of major Kharif season crop rice is affected by the erratic behavior of rainfall. Present study is an attempt to study the rainfall variations at the Dapoli station which will be useful for forecasting the future temporal availability of water. Comprehensive statistical tools were used to investigate trends in averages and monthly rainfall over the station on decadal basis. Forty years (year 1972-2011) daily rainfall data for Dapoli station was used f

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Syawal, Al Fitri, Sri Wahyuningsih, and Meiliyani Siringoringo. "Peramalan Curah Hujan di Kota Samarinda Menggunakan Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)." EKSPONENSIAL 13, no. 2 (2022): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/eksponensial.v13i2.1058.

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Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) is a forecasting model for time series data analysis. In this study, the modeling and forecasting of monthly rainfall in Samarinda City was carried out using the ARIMA model. The results showed that the ARIMA (6, 1, 1) model was the best model . The results of forecasting rainfall for the period January to December 2022 in Samarinda City using the ARIMA (6, 1, 1) model show that rainfall tends to be constant every month. The lowest level of rainfall occurred in January 2022, which was 210.3869 mm. The highest level of rainfall occurred in April

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Stefanidis, Stefanos, and Dimitrios Stathis. "Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Variability over the Mountainous Central Pindus (Greece)." Climate 6, no. 3 (2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli6030075.

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In this study, the authors evaluated the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall over the central Pindus mountain range. To accomplish this, long-term (1961–2016) monthly rainfall data from nine rain gauges were collected and analyzed. Seasonal and annual rainfall data were subjected to Mann–Kendall tests to assess the possible upward or downward statistically significant trends and to change-point analyses to detect whether a change in the rainfall time series mean had taken place. Additionally, Sen’s slope method was used to estimate the trend magnitude, whereas multiple regression mode

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Hu, Jian, Jun Liu, Yong Liu, and Cheng Gao. "EMD-KNN Model for Annual Average Rainfall Forecasting." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 18, no. 11 (2013): 1450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000481.

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Wibowo, Ofana Tri, Fadhli Aslama Afghani, Imawan Mashuri, and Hasyid Agha Zuhairul Asifin. "Long-Term Changes In Rainfall Under Climate Change In East Nusa Tenggara Province 1971-2020." Sainsmat : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 13, no. 2 (2024): 147. https://doi.org/10.35580/sainsmat132569172024.

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The current climate change is when the Earth's temperature increases due to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. The increase in greenhouse gasses has the potential to change the global climate system, one of which can impact changes in rainfall patterns. As a result, changes occur in various aspects of the planet, especially the atmosphere's composition, which can affect life on Earth. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of rainfall changes in East Nusa Tenggara Province during the 1971-2020 period. The data used is ERA5 reanalysis data in the form of daily rainfall with a spat

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Alam, Md Mahbub, Md Shahadot Hossain, and Khadiza Akter. "Assessment of Long-Term Trends in Pre-Monsoon Rainfall and Temperature for Various Districts Using Moving Average and Exponential Moving Average Methods." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies 9, no. 3 (2024): 30–64. https://doi.org/10.46610/joees.2024.v09i03.004.

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Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to climate change and has faced significant challenges over recent decades, particularly regarding rainfall and temperature variability. These changes have impacted both the environment and the agricultural sector. Many global studies on climate change in Bangladesh utilize climate models to project future scenarios and uncertainties. An analysis of rainfall and temperature data from 1964 to 2016, focusing on the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, was conducted using non-parametric methods such as Moving Average and Exponential Moving Average. This study covered t

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Thompson, S., I. M. Sanni, U. A. Abubakar, and B. S. Sani. "Preliminary Analysis of Daily Rainfall Data from Kano State using Statistical Techniques." October 2022 6, no. 2 (2022): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/ijest.2022.02.0366.

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A 35-year annual rainfall was collected from NIMET to determine the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and also to study the trend of rainfall parameter in the Kano State, Northern Nigeria. The paper captures the average rainfall (normal rainfall) data for thirty-five years period which implies a rainfall of about 1081.56mm. The positive values (above zero) signify rainfalls that were higher than normal (wet); while the negative values (below zero) imply rainfalls that were lower than normal (dry). From the rainfall anomaly, 18 years (52.9%) recorded wet due to the fact that rainfall occurred

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Thompson, S., I. M. Sanni, U. A. Abubakar, and B. S. Sani. "Preliminary Analysis of Daily Rainfall Data from Kano State using Statistical Techniques." October 2022 6, no. 2 (2022): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2022.02.0366.

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A 35-year annual rainfall was collected from NIMET to determine the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and also to study the trend of rainfall parameter in the Kano State, Northern Nigeria. The paper captures the average rainfall (normal rainfall) data for thirty-five years period which implies a rainfall of about 1081.56mm. The positive values (above zero) signify rainfalls that were higher than normal (wet); while the negative values (below zero) imply rainfalls that were lower than normal (dry). From the rainfall anomaly, 18 years (52.9%) recorded wet due to the fact that rainfall occurred

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Mashuri, Imawan, Fadhli Aslama Afghani, and Ofana Tri Wibowo. "Temporal Analysis of Rainfall Characteristics in Response to Climate Change in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province." JFT: Jurnal Fisika dan Terapannya 11, no. 2 (2025): 107–21. https://doi.org/10.24252/jft.v11i2.43707.

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Climate change has resulted in uneven rainfall variations. The temporal analysis of rainfall in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province was conducted through the calculation of monthly averages, seasonal averages, and annual trends using the Climate Data Operator (CDO) and Microsoft Excel application over 60 years from 1961 to 2020, utilizing ERA5 data. The time frame is divided into two periods: 1961-1990 and 1991-2020, aiming to observe rainfall characteristics such as changes, patterns, and trends that occurred during these intervals. The highest monthly average rainfall occurs in January

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IEDERAN, Cristian, Ioan OROIAN, Ioan BRASOVEAN, Camelia TODORAN, and Cristian MÄ‚LINAȘ. "Factors Influencing Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary Attack Degree in Potato." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (2013): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9753.

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The strong relationship between the late blight and climatic factors (namely temperature and rainfall)Â hasÂ importantÂ consequencesÂ onÂ potatoÂ crops.Â InÂ Romania,Â inÂ earlyÂ springÂ andÂ earlyÂ fallÂ the attackÂ degreeÂ ofÂ theÂ Phytophthora infestansÂ Mont.Â deÂ Bary,Â lateÂ blightÂ pathogen,Â isÂ lowÂ becauseÂ in EuropeanÂ climateÂ averageÂ temperatureÂ isÂ notÂ moreÂ thanÂ 10 0C,Â andÂ usuallyÂ theÂ rainfallÂ supplyÂ is reduced;Â itÂ increasesÂ inÂ lateÂ springÂ andÂ summerÂ whenÂ averageÂ temperaturesÂ areÂ aroundÂ 20 0CÂ and rainfall average more that 65 mm/month. The aim of this pap

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Munir, Agus Qomaruddin, and Heru Ismanto. "RAINFALL PREDICTION USING SEASONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE INTEGRATED MOVING AVERAGE AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM APPROACH." JITK (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Komputer) 9, no. 1 (2023): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33480/jitk.v9i1.4180.

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Rainfall is one indicator to determine the estimated adequacy of groundwater on agricultural land. The groundwater availability produced by rain can determine cropping patterns in an area. The availability of rainfall data depends on the accuracy of information on current climate conditions. This case causes the related parties to find difficulty determining the classification of cropping patterns in the future. Accurate rainfall prediction models are needed to overcome the problem of shifting rain patterns. Rainfall prediction models in determining cropping patterns are recommended by FAO, su

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Gu, Zhijia, Yuemei Li, Shuping Huang, et al. "Assessment of Erosive Rainfall and Its Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics: Case Study of Henan Province, Central China." Water 17, no. 1 (2024): 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010062.

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Erosive rainfall is essential for initiating surface runoff and soil erosion to occur. The analysis on its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics is crucial for calculating rainfall erosivity, predicting soil erosion, and implementing soil and water conservation. This study utilized daily rainfall observation data from 90 meteorological stations in Henan from 1981 to 2020, and conducted geostatistical analysis, M-K mutation test analysis, and wavelet analysis on erosive rainfall to reveal the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics over the past 40 years. Building on this founda

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Amelia, Ririn, Elyas Kustiawan, Ineu Sulistiana, and Desy Yuliana Dalimunthe. "FORECASTING RAINFALL IN PANGKALPINANG CITY USING SEASONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE INTEGRATED MOVING AVERAGE WITH EXOGENOUS (SARIMAX)." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 16, no. 1 (2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol16iss1pp137-146.

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Changes in extreme rainfall can cause disasters or losses for the wider community, so information about future rainfall is also needed. Rainfall is included in the category of time series data. One of the time series methods that can be used is Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) or Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA). However, this model only involves one variable without involving its dependence on other variables. One of the factors that can affect rainfall is wind speed which can affect the formation of convective clouds. In this study, the ARIMA model was expanded by adding eXogen variab

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Prawaka, Fanny, Ahmad Zakaria, and Subuh Tugiono. "Analisis Data Curah Hujan yang Hilang Dengan Menggunakan Metode Normal Ratio, Inversed Square Distance, dan Cara Rata-Rata Aljabar (Studi Kasus Curah Hujan Beberapa Stasiun Hujan Daerah Bandar Lampung)." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 4, no. 3 (2016): 397–406. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v4i3.418.

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This research is done with the purpose to calculate the correlation of measurable rainfall data with rainfall data on the calculation using each method mentioned above which is every method using three rainfall stasions, four rainfall stasions, and five rainfall stasions. It’s also purposed to decide with how many stasions and what method is resulting the best correlation value. As the result of the research using algebraic average method, normal ratio method, and inversed square distance method with daily rainfall data in a year, cumulative monthly rainfall data, and also average monthly rain

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Chen, Xintuo, Yiyao Wang, Chengyue Lai, et al. "Ammonia Nitrogen Pollution Characteristics of Natural Rainfall in Urban Business District in Southern China: A Case Study of Chengdu City." Energy and Earth Science 2, no. 1 (2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v2n1p15.

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<p><em>Chengdu city was chosen as the representative of southern cities in China in this work, characteristics of ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) pollution in natural rainfall were analyzed by measuring the concentration in 15 natural rainfalls from April to September in 2017. The influence of ammonia emission from toilet vent of building on NH<sub>3</sub>-N pollution in rainfall was investigated, and the variation of total NH<sub>3</sub>-N pollutants and its influencing factors were expounded. The results showed that the average concentratio

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de Andrade, Felipe M., Victor A. Godoi, and José A. Aravéquia. "Why Above-Average Rainfall Occurred in Northern Northeast Brazil during the 2019 El Niño?" Meteorology 2, no. 3 (2023): 307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2030019.

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El Niño is generally associated with negative rainfall anomalies (below-average rainfall) in northern Northeast Brazil (NNEB). In 2019, however, the opposite rainfall pattern was observed during an El Niño episode. Here, we explore the mechanisms that overwhelmed typical El Niño-related conditions and resulted in positive rainfall anomalies (above-average rainfall) in NNEB. We focus on the austral autumn when El Niño is most prone to rainfall anomalies in the region. The analysis of several datasets, including weather station data, satellite data, reanalysis data, and modelled data derived fro

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Lim, S. "A Novel Electromagnetic Wave Rain Gauge and its Average Rainfall Estimation Method." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (2020): 3528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213528.

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It is essential to accurately estimate rainfall to predict and prevent hydrological disasters such as floods. In this paper, an electromagnetic wave rain gauge system and a method to estimate average rainfall using the system’s multiple elevation observation data are presented. The compact electromagnetic wave rain gauge is a small-sized radar that performs very short-range observations using K-band dual-polarization technology. The method to estimate average rainfall is based on the concept of an average observation derived from multiple elevation scans with very short range and dual-polariza

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Minda, Haruya, and Kenji Nakamura. "High Temporal Resolution Path-Average Rain Gauge with 50-GHz Band Microwave." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, no. 2 (2005): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-1683.1.

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Abstract Rain radar measures instantaneous spatial-average rainfall, while conventional rain gauges directly measure point rainfall with low temporal resolution. Thus differences in the resolution of the sensors create difficulties for rain radar validation, especially for spaceborne rain radar. Accordingly, rainfall measurement by microwave link has been proposed for several decades, as it estimates instantaneous path-average rainfall. Thus it is expected that the microwave link rain gauge will overcome, at least partly, the problems in the rain radar validation, toward which a 50-GHz band mi

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Bagale, Damodar, Madan Sigdel, and Deepak Aryal. "Influence of Southern Oscillation Index on Rainfall Variability in Nepal during Large Deficient Monsoon Years." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (2023): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v28i1.43452.

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The study was conducted using rainfall time-series data for 42 years from 1977 to 2018. We have identified seven large monsoon deficient years. Among these years, 1992, 2009, and 2015 consisted of El Niño episodes which quantify significant rainfall deficits 19.29, 13.6, and 17.59 % respectively from an average rainfall. With some exceptions, all El Niño years observed deficit rainfall. On El Niño years averaged deficit rainfall was approximately nine percent below than the average monsoon rainfall. The eastern region observed the large deficient monsoon years frequently than the central and w

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DeGaetano, Arthur T., and Harrison Tran. "Recent Changes in Average Recurrence Interval Precipitation Extremes in the Mid-Atlantic United States." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 61, no. 2 (2022): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-21-0129.1.

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Abstract Increases in the frequency of extreme rainfall occurrence have emerged as one of the more consistent climate trends in recent decades, particularly in the eastern United States. Such changes challenge the veracity of the conventional assumption of stationarity that has been applied in the published extreme rainfall analyses that are the foundation for engineering design assessments and resiliency planning. Using partial-duration series with varying record lengths, temporal changes in daily and hourly rainfall extremes corresponding to average annual recurrence probabilities ranging fr

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Liu, Shu, Jian Wang, Yu Chen, et al. "The Average Sound Energy Spectrum Produced by a Single Raindrop." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2718, no. 1 (2024): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2718/1/012099.

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Abstract The characteristics of underwater acoustic radiation generated by a single raindrop impacting the water surface play a fundamental role in the study of rainfall noise. However, the underwater sound signal generated by a single raindrop has great randomness in the amplitude of sound pressure, frequency range and energy size, so that the uncertainty of the sound energy spectrum curve of a single raindrop is relatively large. In this paper, by generating artificial rainfall containing only one size of raindrop, the acoustic radiation generated by artificial rainfall composed of about 136

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Bonea, Dorina, and Viorica Urechean. "Response of Maize Yield to Variation in Rainfall and Average Temperature in Central Part of Oltenia." Romanian Agricultural Research 37 (2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3706.

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Maize yield is highly influenced by environmental factors, especially by increasing average temperature and the uneven distribution of rainfall, in the Oltenia area. Our study evaluated the relationship between maize yield and two climatic factors, namely rainfall and average temperature, using correlation analysis and linear regression method. The experiments with 20 Romanian maize hybrids were placed at Agricultural Research and Development Station Şimnic, during four years (2015-2018). The results show significant impact of average temperature and rainfall on maize yield in this region. The

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