Relevant bibliographies by topics / Average treatment effect on the treated

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Academic literature on the topic 'Average treatment effect on the treated'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Average treatment effect on the treated"

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Abdia, Younathan, K. B. Kulasekera, Somnath Datta, Maxwell Boakye, and Maiying Kong. "Propensity scores based methods for estimating average treatment effect and average treatment effect among treated: A comparative study." Biometrical Journal 59, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 967–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.201600094.

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Hartman, Erin, Richard Grieve, Roland Ramsahai, and Jasjeet S. Sekhon. "From sample average treatment effect to population average treatment effect on the treated: combining experimental with observational studies to estimate population treatment effects." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 178, no. 3 (January 27, 2015): 757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12094.

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Pirracchio, R., M. Carone, M. Resche Rigon, E. Caruana, A. Mebazaa, and S. Chevret. "Propensity score estimators for the average treatment effect and the average treatment effect on the treated may yield very different estimates." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 25, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 1938–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280213507034.

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Moodie, Erica E. M., Olli Saarela, and David A. Stephens. "A doubly robust weighting estimator of the average treatment effect on the treated." Stat 7, no. 1 (2018): e205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sta4.205.

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Capistrano, Estelina S. M., Erica E. M. Moodie, and Alexandra M. Schmidt. "Bayesian estimation of the average treatment effect on the treated using inverse weighting." Statistics in Medicine 38, no. 13 (March 11, 2019): 2447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.8121.

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Brodie, Graham, Craig Rath, Merita Devanny, Jessica Reeve, Carmel Lancaster, Gerry Harris, Sarah Chaplin, and Chris Laird. "Effect of microwave treatment on lucerne fodder." Animal Production Science 50, no. 2 (2010): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09085.

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Preliminary research has suggested that in vitro dry matter disappearance of some poor-quality fodder materials can be improved by microwave treatment. A laboratory-scale experiment that treated 50-g samples of lucerne hay in a 750-W microwave oven for 0, 40 and 80 s revealed that dry matter percentage increased by 1.7% as microwave treatment time increased from 0 to 80 s. The in vitro dry matter disappearance increased by 14.9% as microwave treatment increased from 0 to 80 s; however, there was no significant change in crude protein due to excessive variability in the results. This experiment was followed up with a larger-sample experiment in which 25-kg bags of lucerne fodder were treated for 7.5, 15, 22.5 or 30 min in an experimental 6-kW microwave chamber. Dry matter percentage increased by 7.2% as microwave treatment time increased from 0 to 30 min. Microwave treatment significantly increased dry matter disappearance during the in vitro digestion study; however, there were no significant differences between the various microwave treatment times. The 15-min treatment resulted in the greatest increase in dry matter disappearance (5.9%). The crude protein retained in the digestion residues increased by 19.2% as microwave treatment increased from 0 to 30 min. These laboratory studies were followed up with an animal response study in which 22 12–14-month-old Merino wethers were randomly allocated into either a group receiving a maintenance ration of untreated lucerne or a group receiving the same weight of microwave-treated lucerne. The average weight of the control group fluctuated around their starting weight during the 5-week-long trial, as would be expected from feeding a maintenance ration. By the end of the trial their average weight was 0.4% higher than when they started. However the group being fed the microwave-treated lucerne gained 8.1% of their initial bodyweight by the end of the trial.
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Caracciolo, Francesco, and Marilena Furno. "Quantile treatment effect and double robust estimators." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2016-0026.

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Purpose Several approaches have been proposed to evaluate treatment effect, relying on matching methods propensity score, quantile regression, influence function, bootstrap and various combinations of the above. This paper considers two of these approaches to define the quantile double robust (DR) estimator: the inverse propensity score weights, to compare potential output of treated and untreated groups; the Machado and Mata quantile decomposition approach to compute the unconditional quantiles within each group – treated and control. Two Monte Carlo studies and an empirical application for the Italian job labor market conclude the analysis. The paper aims to discuss these issue. Design/methodology/approach The DR estimator is extended to analyze the tails of the distribution comparing treated and untreated groups, thus defining the quantile based DR estimator. It allows us to measure the treatment effect along the entire outcome distribution. Such a detailed analysis uncovers the presence of heterogeneous impacts of the treatment along the outcome distribution. The computation of the treatment effect at the quantiles, points out variations in the impact of treatment along the outcome distributions. Indeed it is often the case that the impact in the tails sizably differs from the average treatment effect. Findings Two Monte Carlo studies show that away from average, the quantile DR estimator can be profitably implemented. In the real data example, the nationwide results are compared with the analysis at a regional level. While at the median and at the upper quartile the nationwide impact is similar to the regional impacts, at the first quartile – the lower incomes – the nationwide effect is close to the North-Center impact but undervalues the impact in the South. Originality/value The computation of the treatment effect at various quantiles allows to point out discrepancies between treatment and control along the entire outcome distributions. The discrepancy in the tails may differ from the divergence between the average values. Treatment can be more effective at the lower/higher quantiles. The simulations show the performance at the quartiles of quantile DR estimator. In a wage equation comparing long and short term contracts, this estimator shows the presence of an heterogeneous impact of short term contracts. Their impact changes depending on the income level, the outcome quantiles, and on the geographical region.
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Fan, Yanqin, and Carlos A. Manzanares. "Partial identification of average treatment effects on the treated through difference-in-differences." Econometric Reviews 36, no. 6-9 (May 16, 2017): 1057–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2017.1308036.

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Gabos Grecu, I., M. Gabos Grecu, M. Florea, T. Moica, M. Ferencz, and C. Gabos Grecu. "Weight gain - a side effect of antidepressive treatment." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72334-3.

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IntroductionLike all medical therapies, antidepressants have several limitations that clinicians should consider when choosing treatments for their patients. [1] Common long-term side effects of antidepressants are weight gain, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances, fatigue, apathy, and cognitive impairment. [2] These side effects will influence the quality of life and will be an important factor in determining the compliance to treatment for these patients. [3]AimIs to present a study on weight gain in patients treated long term with antidepressants.Methods: We made a retrospective study of 422 patients with Major Depressive Disorder hospitalized in First Clinic of Psychiatry Tirgu Mures, between Jan/2009 and June/2009. We built the study after patient data on the following criteria: age, sex, place of origin, educational level, occupation, primary diagnosis, BMI at first admission, BMI at the last hospitalization, the average years of treatment, the average hospitalizations and antidepressant treatment applied.ResultsThe vast majority of hospitalized patients were females (71%) in the age group 40-49. In summarizing this side effect of antidepressant treatment, we can say that weight gain is significant for long-term treatment with tricyclic antidepresives (64.38% of patients), tetra cyclic (50.30% of patients) and NaSSA (40% of patients). We found an increase of BMI of about 13.5% in these patients. For the patients treated with SSRIs, NDRI and SNRI we found that weight gain was present in less than 40% of patients and this had also influenced the compliance and the adherence to treatment of these patients.
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Wright, Christopher, John M. Halstead, and Ju-Chin Huang. "Estimating Treatment Effects of Unit-Based Pricing of Household Solid Waste Disposal." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 48, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2018.2.

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Propensity score matching is used to estimate treatment effects when data are observational. Results presented in this study demonstrate the use of propensity score matching to evaluate the average treatment effect of unit-based pricing of household trash for reducing municipal solid waste disposal. Average treatment effect of the treated for 34 New Hampshire communities range from an annual reduction of 631 pounds per household to 823 pounds per household. This represents an annual reduction of 42 percent to 54 percent from an average of 1530 pounds per household if a town did not adopt municipal solid waste user fees.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Average treatment effect on the treated"

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Tvaranaviciute, Iveta. "Fisher Inference and Local Average Treatment Effect: A Simulation study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412989.

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This thesis studies inference to the complier treatment effect denoted LATE. The standard approach is to base the inference on the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator and asymptotic Neyman inference, i.e., the t-test. The paper suggests a Fisher Randomization Test based on the t-test statistic as an alternative to the Neyman inference. Based on the setup with a randomized experiment with noncompliance, for which one can identify the LATE, I compare the two approaches in a Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The results from the MC simulation is that the Fisher randomization test is not a valid alternative to the Neyman’s test as it has too low power.
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Peter, Yanda. "Measurement of the average radiation dose to patients during intracranial aneurysm coil embolization." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2976.

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Thesis (MSc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
Introduction: Intracranial aneurysm coil embolization is a fluoroscopically guided interventional procedure that is often preferred over surgical clipping for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Fluoroscopically guided procedures are associated with high levels of radiation doses which have the potential to induce skin injuries; and this necessitates adherence to radiation protection measures, especially the optimization of radiation exposure during fluoroscopically guided procedures. Optimization of radiation exposure can be achieved by applying the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principle and by implementing diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). Monitoring and documentation of radiation doses at the end of each procedure is also essential to identify patients that are at risk of developing radiation-induced injuries for possible follow-up. Aim: This research study aimed to determine the average radiation dose to patients' thyroid glands and skin during intracranial aneurysm coil embolization. The objectives were to establish preliminary DRLs for intracranial aneurysm coil embolization; to ascertain whether the anatomical location of the intracranial aneurysm had an effect on the radiation dose and to compare the measured thyroid gland and skin doses to the Monte Carlo calculated doses. Methods: A prospective quantitative research study was conducted on 34 participants who had intracranial aneurysms that required coil embolization during the study period. Radiation doses to the anterior neck of participants, over the thyroid gland region, were measured using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). In addition, the air-kerma area product (KAP) values were used to determine the participants' skin dose and the DRLs. Considering that it is not possible to perform direct thyroid measurements on human beings, phantom-based simulation studies were performed to evaluate the difference between the dose measured on the anterior neck and the dose measured directly on the thyroid gland. Three different aneurysm coil embolization scenarios were simulated during the phantom-based simulation studies. TLDs were placed on the anterior neck and in the thyroid hole of the phantom, which represents the anatomical location of the thyroid gland, during each simulation. The thyroid and skin doses were also calculated using a Monte Carlo program. The measured thyroid gland and skin doses were compared to the doses obtained from Monte Carlo calculations. Results: The average percentage difference between the anterior neck doses and thyroid radiation doses was found to be 61%. This value was added to the radiation dose measured on the anterior neck of participants to obtain the thyroid absorbed doses during coil embolization procedures. The thyroid absorbed doses ranged between 3.2 and 20.95 mGy with a mean of 11.25 mGy. The KAP values ranged between 33 and 125 Gy.cm2. The DRL established during this study was 68 Gy.cm2, 616 image frames and 30 minutes of fluoroscopy time. There was no agreement between measured thyroid dose and calculated thyroid doses while there was strong positive correlation between measured and calculated skin doses. The results showed no statistically significant relationship between aneurysm location and the radiation dose. Conclusion: The skin doses in this research study were below the threshold doses suggested in the literature for deterministic effects of radiation. The study results therefore suggest that patients that undergo intracranial aneurysm coil embolization at the research site are not at risk of developing radiation-induced skin injuries. The established DRLs were also lower than internationally published DRLs for intracranial aneurysm coil embolization.
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Marston, Kathryn G. "Effect of sorghum flour treated with ozone and heat on the quality of gluten-free bread and cake." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2266.

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Nguyen, Le Phuong, Thanh Ai Lam, Thi Diem Trang Nguyen, Huu Chiem Nguyen, and Vo Chau Ngan Nguyen. "Anaerobic co-digestion cow dung and corn stalk - effect of corn stalk pre-treated timing." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33319.

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The study was aimed to investigate the effect of corn stalk pre-treatment duration on biogas production when cow dung and corn stalk was co-digested in an anaerobic digestion. Corn stalks were pre-treated in different durations: 2-days, 5-days, and 8-days before being added to cow dung into anaerobic co-digesters. The experiments were set up randomly by using triplicate batch anaerobic apparatus in 21 L containers that run in 60-days. The mixing ratio between a corn stalk and cow dung was 50%: 50% (based on the volatile solid value of each material), but corn stalk was cut into small pieces with around 10 cm length, while the cow dung was air dried. The results of the study indicated that all operation parameters such as temperature, pH, and alkalinity in the anaerobic batch were suitable for biogas production. The results showed that there was a significant improvement in total gas produced in the pre-treated 5-days treatment (206.4±8.4 L) compared to 2-days (153.4±9.6 L), and 8-days ones (174±11.1 L). The biogas yield of the pretreated 2-days, 5-days, and 8-days treatments were 392.7±9.8 L/kg VSfermented, 469.8±10.1 L/kg VSfermented and 497.1±13.3 L/kg VSfermented, respectively, that was not significantly different (5%). In all treatments, low concentration of methane in the beginning phase had been observed but increased and reached the optimum value for energy use after 10 days. The result of the study showed that it is preferable to have 5-days pre-treatment of corn stalk before the corn stalk is loaded to an anaerobic digester in combination with cow dung.
Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của thời gian xử lý thân cây bắp lên năng suất sinh khí khi ủ phối trộn phân bò và thân cây bắp trong điều kiện yếm khí. Ba mức thời gian xử lý thân cây bắp được chọn là 2 ngày, 5 ngày, và 8 ngày. Các thí nghiệm được bố trí ngẫu nhiên trong các bình ủ yếm khí theo mẻ 21 L, vận hành trong 60 ngày liên tiếp và có 3 lần lặp lại. Nguyên liệu ủ được phối trộn theo tỷ lệ 50% phân bò và 50% thân bắp, trong đó thân bắp được cắt nhỏ cỡ 10 cm. Kết quả thí nghiệm cho thấy tất cả các thông số pH, nhiệt độ, độ kiềm của mẻ ủ đều phù hợp để vận hành. Lượng khí sinh ra của các nghiệm thức xử lý ở 2 ngày, 5 ngày, 8 ngày được ghi nhận là 153,4±9,6 L, 206,4±8,4 L và 174±11,1 L; năng suất sinh khí của các nghiệm thức không khác biệt và đạt giá trị 392,7±9,8 L/kg VSphânhủy, 469,8±10,1 L/kg VSphânhủy và 497,1±13,3 L/kg VSphânhủy. Tất cả các nghiệm thức đều sản sinh lượng CH4 thấp ở giai đoạn đầu nhưng tăng dần theo thời gian ủ và đạt hiệu quả sử dụng sau 10 ngày ủ. Kết quả cho thấy có thể chọn mốc thời gian 5 ngày để xử lý thân cây bắp trước khi đưa vào hầm ủ biogas.
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Genbäck, Minna. "Uncertainty intervals and sensitivity analysis for missing data." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127121.

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In this thesis we develop methods for dealing with missing data in a univariate response variable when estimating regression parameters. Missing outcome data is a problem in a number of applications, one of which is follow-up studies. In follow-up studies data is collected at two (or more) occasions, and it is common that only some of the initial participants return at the second occasion. This is the case in Paper II, where we investigate predictors of decline in self reported health in older populations in Sweden, the Netherlands and Italy. In that study, around 50% of the study participants drop out. It is common that researchers rely on the assumption that the missingness is independent of the outcome given some observed covariates. This assumption is called data missing at random (MAR) or ignorable missingness mechanism. However, MAR cannot be tested from the data, and if it does not hold, the estimators based on this assumption are biased. In the study of Paper II, we suspect that some of the individuals drop out due to bad health. If this is the case the data is not MAR. One alternative to MAR, which we pursue, is to incorporate the uncertainty due to missing data into interval estimates instead of point estimates and uncertainty intervals instead of confidence intervals. An uncertainty interval is the analog of a confidence interval but wider due to a relaxation of assumptions on the missing data. These intervals can be used to visualize the consequences deviations from MAR have on the conclusions of the study. That is, they can be used to perform a sensitivity analysis of MAR. The thesis covers different types of linear regression. In Paper I and III we have a continuous outcome, in Paper II a binary outcome, and in Paper IV we allow for mixed effects with a continuous outcome. In Paper III we estimate the effect of a treatment, which can be seen as an example of missing outcome data.
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Duarte, Rafael Burjack Farias. "The Olympic impact on hosting candidate countries." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10176.

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Submitted by Rafael Burjack (rburjack@fgvmail.br) on 2012-10-11T20:27:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 file_0_Tese.pdf: 550931 bytes, checksum: 38cf0263f5b9d60f39a3ea5ce971d077 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2012-10-24T18:12:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 file_0_Tese.pdf: 550931 bytes, checksum: 38cf0263f5b9d60f39a3ea5ce971d077 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-30T10:37:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 file_0_Tese.pdf: 550931 bytes, checksum: 38cf0263f5b9d60f39a3ea5ce971d077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01
In this paper, we analyze the impact of hosting the Summer Olympics on macroeconomic aggregates such as GDP, consumption, government consumption and investments per capita. The data is in panel structure and includes the period of ten years before and ten years after the event containing the Olympic Summer Games between 1960 and 1996. The sample countries comprise only candidates to host the games. This sampling strategy allows us to estimate the average treatment effect consistently, because it is assumed that these countries are comparable to each other, including those that ultimately hosted the games. The impact of hosting the Olympic games is measured by Fixed Effect and First Difference regressions. Moreover, we do a structural break test developed by Andrews (1993) to identify if hosting the Olympic Games creates anticipation effects for demand changes that stimulate current GDP, consumption, government consumption and investments. The results indicate a positive effect of the Summer Olympics in all variables of interest. However, the distribution in time and anticipation of these effects is unclear in the tests, changing significantly depending on the model and the significance level used.
Neste artigo e analisado o impacto de sediar as Olimp adas de Ver~ao em agregados macroecon^omicos como PIB, consumo, gastos do governo e investimentos per capitas. Os dados utilizados est~ao em painel e cont^em o per odo entre dez anos antes e dez anos depois do evento contendo os Jogos Ol mpicos de Ver~ao entre 1960 e 1996. Os pa ses da amostra s~ao apenas os candidatos a sediar os jogos, essa estrat egia amostral permite estimar os efeitos m edios de tratamento de forma consistente, pois assume-se que esses pa ses s~ao compar aveis entre si. Para avaliar o impacto dos jogos e lan cado m~ao de t ecnicas em painel como o Efeito Fixo e a Primeira Diferen ca e, al em disso, faz-se um teste de quebra estrutural desenvolvido por Andrews (1993) entre os pa ses sede. Os resultados indicam um efeito positivo e robusto dos Jogos Ol mpicos de Ver~ao em todas as vari aveis de interesse. No entanto, a distribui c~ao no tempo e antecipa c~ao desses efeitos e amb gua nos testes mudando de forma signi cativa dependendo do modelo e n vel de signi c^ancia utilizados.
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Lorenz, Linda. "Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists – Treatment Following Renal Transplantation : An observational study investigating the effect of MR-antagonists on renal function in patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för läkarutbildning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-46001.

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Iselin, Michael. "Estimating the Potential Impact of Requiring a Stand-Alone Board-Level Risk Committee." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1402311135.

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Betti, Luana Priscila. "Características da escola e desempenho acadêmico : uma análise sobre o impacto da distribuição desigual de recursos escolares nas notas dos alunos brasileiros." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/158185.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como o nível de recursos escolares e a sua distribuição entre os estudantes afetam o desempenho acadêmico dos alunos brasileiros da rede pública de ensino. Para atingir tal objetivo, utilizou-se duas óticas de análise: uma análise descritiva e uma análise econométrica, ambas com base em dados do Censo Escolar e da Prova Brasil de 2013. Sob a ótica descritiva, parte-se da constatação de que as escolas públicas de Ensino Fundamental apresentam desigualdades nos patamares de recursos escolares conforme a região em que a escola se localiza. Em especial, as crianças de regiões mais empobrecidas tendem a enfrentar restrições de oferta de escolas públicas com maiores dotações de equipamentos pedagógicos, de instalações e de qualificação docente. A fim de avaliar apropriadamente a relação entre os recursos escolares e os resultados acadêmicos dos alunos no contexto brasileiro, tal distribuição não aleatória de recursos escolares entre os alunos foi considerada na análise econométrica. Nesta ótica de análise, por sua vez, foi estimado um modelo de correção em dois estágios que identificou os efeitos dos recursos escolares nas notas de Português e de Matemática dos alunos de 5º ano/4ª série do Ensino Fundamental das escolas públicas brasileiras, considerando a restrição de oferta de escolas com maior nível de recursos por meio do emprego de variável instrumental. Os resultados encontrados apontaram para a existência do efeito positivo que escolas mais bem equipadas em termos de recursos escolares têm sobre o desempenho escolar dos alunos, sendo esse efeito maior para as notas de Matemática e para a subpopulação de alunos oriundos de municípios com maior restrição de oferta de escola de alto nível de recursos.
The aim of this study is to analyze how the level of school resources and its distribution among the students affect the academic performance of Brazilian students from public schools. To achieve this goal, we used two analytical forms: a descriptive and an econometric analysis, both based in the Brazilian School Census and Prova Brasil data of 2013. Under the descriptive point of view, it is observed that public schools of Ensino Fundamental have inequalities in school resource levels depending on the region where the school is located. In particular, children from the poorest regions tend to face supply constraints of public schools with larger endowments of teaching equipment, facilities and teaching qualification. In order to properly evaluate the relationship between school resources and academic achievement of students in the Brazilian context, such non-random distribution of school resources among students was considered in the econometric analysis. In this analytical form, in its turn, a two-step correction model was estimated which identified the effects of school resources in the results of test scores in Portuguese and Math of 5th year/4th grade students of Ensino Fundamental education in Brazilian public schools, accounting for the supply restriction of schools with high level of resources using an instrumental variable. The findings pointed to the existence of the positive effect that the best equipped schools in terms of school resources have on school performance of students. This effect is particularly greater in Math scores and for the subpopulation of students from municipalities with the highest supply restriction of high quality schools.
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Švarc, Michal. "Empirická analýza projektu: Stáže ve firmách." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192454.

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This paper is dedicated to the empirical analysis of the pilot trainee project Stáže ve firmách, which is considered as treatment in this analysis. The main objective of the empirical analysis is estimation of average treatment effect(ATE) and average treatment effect on treated(ATET) for characteristics like socioeconomic status and wage. Counterfactual methods for policy impact evaluation like Difference in Differences Estimator(DiD), First Differences Estimator(FD) and Propensity Score Matching(PSM) are used to estimation mentioned effects. This paper contains extension of Assignment Problem that is used for people matching purposes as alternative for PSM. This way of matching provides better control over creation of couples. Resulting pairs are more similar in selected characteristics due to better control during couples creation process.
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Books on the topic "Average treatment effect on the treated"

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Flores, Carlos A., and Xuan Chen. Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2017-0.

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Carneiro, Pedro. Evaluating marginal policy changes and the average effect of treatment for individuals at the margin. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009.

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Chen, Xuan, and Carlos A. Flores. Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice. Springer, 2019.

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Chen, Xuan, and Carlos A. Flores. Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice. Springer, 2018.

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Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0324.

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Management of Alport syndrome has in the past been expectant and supportive. Modern hearing aids have substantially improved the function of affected individuals. However, animal data and more recently observational data from Alport registries strongly suggest a protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. There is a suggestion that early commencement of treatment may slow progression substantially. These should now be recommended for all with proteinuria, and possibly even before then for those known to harbour mutations certain to cause end-stage renal failure. A very small minority develop the difficult post-transplant complication of Alport anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. This can rarely be treated successfully and leaves some patients on long-term dialysis. However, overall, patients with Alport syndrome have better than average survival and other outcomes than other patients with end-stage renal failure. Most are successfully transplanted. The question of risk to heterozygous carriers from donating kidneys to their affected relatives arises frequently. The risks may be felt acceptable in some circumstances. Additional therapies are under investigation.
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Bedoya, Guadalupe, Luca Bittarello, Jonathan Davis, and Nikolas Mittag. Distributional Impact Analysis: Toolkit and Illustrations of Impacts Beyond the Average Treatment Effect. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8139.

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Opper, Isaac. Using Machine Learning Techniques to Improving Average Treatment Effect Estimates in Small-Scale Randomized Controlled Trials. RAND Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/wra1004-1.

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Effects of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent on cold water stream productivity in experimental stream channels: Fifth progress report. New York, N.Y. (260 Madison Ave., New York 10016): National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, 1989.

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Petrak, Frank, and Bonnie Röhrig. Treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a brief overview of the current scientific evidence for the treatment of depression in type 2 diabetes. Considering the multiple adverse interactions between both conditions, treatment targets should always focus on diabetes-related medical outcome and improvement or remission of depression at the same time in people with diabetes. Depression can be treated with moderate to good results in depressed patients with type 2 diabetes by a variety of psychological and pharmacological interventions, with comparable results to the treatment of depressive patients without diabetes. Results regarding glycaemic control are inconsistent and indicate a low effectiveness of psychological interventions. Antidepressants demonstrated mild to moderate effect regarding better glycaemic control, but the results are still inconclusive and long-term effects are widely unknown. The chapter ends with a critical summary of methodological limitations of the research in that area and concludes with evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
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Thien Lim, Thien, and Hubert H. Fernandez. Parkinson Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0003.

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Levodopa is the most efficacious medication to reduce motor impairment in Parkinson disease (PD). The effect of levodopa can wear off after time, which is treated by increasing the dose or shortening the inter-dose interval. Dyskinesias can be treated by a change in levodopa dosing or route of administration, such as by constant administration of levodopa as a gel through a jejunostomy tube or a change to dopamine agonists or amantadine. Non-motor signs including depression can be treated with several antidepressants. Surgical treatments including pallidotomy, thalamotomy, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have emerged as effective therapies in selected patients with PD refractory to drug treatment.
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Book chapters on the topic "Average treatment effect on the treated"

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Balzer, Laura B., Maya L. Petersen, and Mark J. van der Laan. "The Sample Average Treatment Effect." In Springer Series in Statistics, 175–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65304-4_12.

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Cerulli, Giovanni. "Local Average Treatment Effect and Regression-Discontinuity-Design." In Econometric Evaluation of Socio-Economic Programs, 229–308. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46405-2_4.

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Soares, Carlos José, Antheunis Versluis, Daranee Tantbirojn, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, and Crisnicaw Veríssimo. "Effect of Endodontic Treatment Procedures on Canal Shape and Mechanical Properties of a Tooth." In Restoration of Root Canal-Treated Teeth, 25–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15401-5_2.

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Forcina, Antonio. "Partial Compliance, Effect of Treatment on the Treated and Instrumental Variables." In Classification and Multivariate Analysis for Complex Data Structures, 317–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13312-1_33.

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Heckman, James J., and Edward J. Vytlacil. "Instrumental variables, selection models, and tight bounds on the average treatment effect." In Econometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies, 1–15. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57615-7_1.

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Flores, Carlos A., and Xuan Chen. "Introduction." In Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice, 1–5. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2017-0_1.

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Flores, Carlos A., and Xuan Chen. "Econometric Framework." In Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice, 7–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2017-0_2.

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Flores, Carlos A., and Xuan Chen. "Bounds Under Different Identification Assumptions." In Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice, 13–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2017-0_3.

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Flores, Carlos A., and Xuan Chen. "Comparison of Bounds Across Different Assumptions." In Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice, 41–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2017-0_4.

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Flores, Carlos A., and Xuan Chen. "Assessment of Validity of Different Assumptions." In Average Treatment Effect Bounds with an Instrumental Variable: Theory and Practice, 55–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2017-0_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Average treatment effect on the treated"

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Wang, Yachao, Jing Shi, Xiaoyang Deng, and Shiqiang Lu. "Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced Inconel 718 Composites by Selective Laser Melting." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67304.

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Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have many outstanding properties, such as high mechanical strengths, light weight, and high electric conductivity. These unique properties make it an ideal filler material for various composites. On the other hand, the development MMNCs (metal matrix nanocomposites) through additive manufacturing (AM) processes has become a major innovation in the field of advanced structural materials, owing to shorter production lead time, less material waste, high production flexibility. It is of great innovativeness to have the attractive features combined to produce GNPs reinforced MMNCs using AM techniques. In addition, metal components produced by laser assisted additive manufacturing (LAAM) methods usually have inferior mechanical properties, as compared to the counterparts by the traditional metal forming processes. To achieve optimized mechanical properties, the obtained MMNCs are subjected to various post treatment routines and the effect of post heat treatment on material properties is investigated. In this study, pure Inconel 718 and GNPs reinforced IN718 with 1.1 vol.% and 4.4 vol.% filler material are fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). Room temperature tensile tests are conducted to evaluate the tensile properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations are conducted to analyze the microstructure of materials and to understand the reinforcing mechanism. It is found that fabrication of GNPs reinforced MMC using SLM is a viable approach. The obtained composites possess dense microstructure and enhanced tensile strength. The strengthening effect and mechanisms involved in the composites are discussed. Solution treatments at three levels of temperature (940, 980, and 1020°C) for 1 hour period are carried out to evaluate the effect of the heat treatment on the material microstructure and therefore the resulted mechanical properties of the composite material. The results of samples with and without heat treatment are also compared. The experiments results indicate that that addition of GNPs into Inconel 718 results in significant strength improvement. Moreover, at any volume content of reinforcement, higher solution treatment leads to lower strength, mainly due to coarsened microstructure. The addition of GNPs effectively inhibits the grain growth during the post heat process and the average grain size is significantly refined compared to unreinforced samples. Moreover, through the investigation of various strengthening mechanisms, it is found that Orowan strengthening effect is small and can be neglected for both as-built and heat treated conditions. Load transfer effect is the dominating strengthening effect among all contributors and solution treatment significantly reduces thermal mismatch strengthening.
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Timms, Chris, Duane DeGeer, and Martin McLamb. "Effects of a Thermal Coating Process on X100 UOE Line Pipe." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67401.

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The increased demand for high strength linepipe for onshore and offshore pipeline systems has been well documented over the past few years. The economic benefits have been demonstrated, and solutions have been developed to address the technical issues facing high strength linepipe use. However, there are still a few unanswered questions, one of which is addressed in this paper: what is the effect of thermal treatment during the pipeline coating process on the material behaviour of high strength linepipe? This paper presents the results of a thermal coupon study investigating the effects of low temperature heat treatment on the tensile and compressive stress strain curves of samples taken from X100 linepipe. Thirty axial test coupons and thirty circumferential test coupons were machined from a 52 inch diameter, 21 mm wall thickness UOE X100 linepipe. Some of the coupons were maintained in the as-received condition (no heat treatment) while others were heat-treated in a manner that simulates a coating plant induction heat treatment process. All coupons were subsequently tested in tension or compression, either at room temperature or at −18°C. This study has provided a number of interesting results. In regards to material strength, the heat treatment increased the tensile and compressive yield strengths in the longitudinal and circumferential coupons. Axial tensile, axial compressive and circumferential tensile yield strength increases ranged from 5 to 10%. Circumferential compressive yield strength increases ranged from 14 to 24%. A Y/T ratio increase of approximately 7% was observed for all heat-treated tensile coupons. The coupon tests conducted at −18°C were only slightly different than their room temperature counterparts; with an average yield strength increase of 4% in all directions and orientations and a slight reduction in Y/T ratio.
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Perera, TVRC, K. Pakeerathan, and A. Nirosha. "ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT COMMON LAB CONTAMINANT Trichoderma spp IN OYSTER MUSHROOM PRODUCTION USING AGROBASED INDUSTRY’S BY-PRODUCTS." In The 5th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 – (ICCC 2021). The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/2513258x.2021.5105.

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An abundant supply of low-cost substrate and management of green mold disease-causing fungus Trichoderma are the major hurdles in successful mushroom production. This study aimed to identify the best Agro-based industry’s by-products as a substitute for oyster mushroom production (Pleurotus ostreatus) while managing fungal contaminants eco-friendly. Two sets of In-Vitro [containing 20% extracts, from agro-based industries, such as coffee waste powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] and In-Vivo experiments [four substrates such as paddy straw, wood sawdust, paddy husk and banana leaves were incorporated with coffee powder, tea dust and Mahua oil cake] were prepared separately. All the experiments were conducted using a complete randomized design with three replicates. The In-Vitro data [mycelial growth and sporulation of both fungi], In-Vivo data [mycelial mushroom run, pinhead formation and yield] were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT mean separation using SAS 9.1 statistical package at P <0.05. In-Vitro results showed that the Trichoderma mycelial growth was significantly minimum in Mahua (2.5 cM) and coffee (3.6 cM) in comparison to control, whereas, with decreasing concentration of coffee, tea, and Mahua extract P. ostreatus showed enhanced growth. Trichoderma sporulation had significantly affected coffee treatment, and even not sporulate in Mahua treated plants. The In-Vivo experiment proved that spawn run was consistent and significant among the treatments when mixed tea (20 days) and coffee (21 days), respectively, at P <0.05. Treatment wise coffee treated spawn bags took an average of 32.5 days, whereas, in tea-treated substrates, it was more than 36 days to form pinhead. Mahua treated trials showed poor spawn run in all substrates, longer days of pinhead formation, and lower yield. In contrast, the paddy straw + coffee treatment produced a significantly highest yield of 200.67g. When sawdust was the substrate, the addition of tea showed a significantly higher yield of 185.00g than coffee (145.00g). In conclusion, coffee and tea extracts have a significant effect on yield with paddy straw and sawdust while minimizing the growth of Trichoderma. Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, eco-friendly, plant extract, substrate, coffee, paddy straw
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Sevostianov, Vladislav. "Evaluation of Decalcification Induced Changes in Bone Strength Using Electrical Conductivity Measurements." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38638.

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The paper focuses on the effect of decalcification on microstructure and the mechanical and electrical properties of cortical bone. Decalcification is produced by placing the specimens into 5% vinegar acid for 72 hours. This acid treatment leads to a decrease in mass of the specimens 7.78 % (averaged over ten acid treated specimens). Microstructure of natural bone and acid treated bone is then compared using confocal microscopy. To estimate effect of acid treatment on electrical resistivity of bone, the specimens are rinsed and saturated with 0.9% NaCl solution for ten minutes. Then electrical resistance is measured by the four-point method and electrical resistivity is calculated. Averaging over ten acid treated specimens and ten control specimens show that decalcification lead to increase of electrical resistivity 5.85 times. Comparison of mechanical properties of natural and acid treated bones is done by three point bending using Instron 5882 testing machine. It is observed that 7.78 % mass loss in cortical bone yields reduction of the Young’s modulus about 2.7 times and bending strength of the specimens by 35%. A positive correlation between change in strength and Young’s modulus and electrical resistivity of the individual specimens is observed. The obtained results allows one to estimate changes in mechanical and electrical properties of bone from known losses in bone mass and, thus, non-destructively evaluate the decrease in bone strength through changes in electrical resistivity.
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Chan, H. L., J. Lu, and A. Schoberth. "Study of the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Aluminum Obtained by SMAT." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43290.

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Enhanced mechanical properties were found on an Aluminum alloy treated by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) in this work. The average hardness of the annealed Aluminum alloy at the surface was enhanced up to 43% and reached 170 HV, and that of the bulk part could also be improved up to 20% which is 140 HV. The yield strength obtained under tensile test had significant improvement which may achieve up to 400 MPa. In this study, it is discovered that the surface nanostructured layer obtained by SMAT can be as thick as 100 μm and its effect can be observable along a specimen of 2 mm thickness. In the paper, more detailed experimental results will be presented as well as the experimental setup. The present study demonstrates the potential of the process for obtaining good strength on Aluminum alloy for aerospace applications.
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VOJEVODA, Lidija, Anita OSVALDE, Gunta ČEKSTERE, and Andis KARLSONS. "ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST AND PEAT EXTRACTS ON NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION IN TUBERS AND POTATO YIELD." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.166.

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Investigations on the potential beneficial effect of humic substances on crop plant cultivation under extremely diverse soil and climatic conditions is of global character, thereby knowledge obtained on the basis of local investigations are of great importance world-wide. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of different application methods (seed tuber treatment and foliar application) of commercially-produced peat and vermicompost extracts on nutrient uptake in tubers and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using field experiments in organic farming system with potato variety ‘Borodjanskij Rozovij’. The tested extracts from the organic products included: peat extract (K45) and vermicompost extract (B45) obtained at +45°C by cavitation. The investigation was carried out at Stende Research Centre (Institute of Agro-resources and Economics) from 2011 to 2012. The chemical composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B) of potato tubers was determined. The application of organic extract from vermicompost had a stimulating effect on mineral nutrient as N, P, K, Mg, and S accumulation in potato tubers, but 50% of cases showed reduction in Ca and Cu content that could influence the storage of tubers. The use of peat extract was significantly effective when the tubers were treated before planting. On average, tuber treatment and foliar spray with organic extracts contributed to 10% of tuber yield increase.
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Roth, R., F. Duckert, and G. Marbet. "A MONITORING PARAMETER IN THROMBOLYSIS?" In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643142.

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D-dimers are specific derivatives of cross-linked fibrin. Their concentration may be used to conduct thrombolysis and predict its outcome. In this investigation we studied the relationship between D-dimer plasma levels during thrombolysis of deep leg vein thrombosis (DVT) and the phlebographic success.METHODS: 17 patients (9 males, 8 females, age range 17-56 years) were studied. All patients had DVT and were treated with either an acylated streptokinaseplasminogen complex (n=lO) or streptokinase (n=5) or both drugs successively (n=2) for 4.6 days on average. The thrombolytic effect was assessed by ascending phlebography and the patients were divided into 3 groups: A complete clearance, B partial clearance, C no change. The D-dimers were measured by a non-competitive EIA assay with a monoclonal antibody against a conformational epitope on the plasmin-resistant D-dimer, fragment of cross-linked fibrin.RESULTS: The table gives the mean D-dimer levels in the 3 groups of patients at 12 hours intervals.The statistical analysis (Newman-Keuls multiple range test) suggests that low D-dimer levels, especially over the first 36 hours are related to treatment failures.CONCLUSIONS: Despite some overlapping between successful and non-successful cases and lack of absolute specificity of the assay the D-dimer concentration may predict treatment failure in the first two days.
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Dewan, Mohammad W., Muhammad A. Wahab, and Khurshida Sharmin. "Effects of Post Weld Heat Treatments (PWHT) on Friction Stir Welded AA2219-T87 Joints." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-3021.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) offers significantly better performance on aluminum alloy joints compared to the conventional fusion arc welding techniques; however, plastic deformation, visco-plastic flow of metals, and complex non-uniform heating cycles during FSW processes, result in dissolution of alloying elements, intrinsic microstructural changes, and post-weld residual stress development. As a consequence, about 30% reduction in ultimate strength (UTS) and 60% reduction in yield strength (YS) were observed in defect-free, as-welded AA2219-T87 joints. PWHT is a common practice to refine grain-coarsened microstructures which removes or redistributes post-weld residual stresses; and improves mechanical properties of heat-treatable welded aluminum alloys by precipitation hardening. An extensive experimental program was undertaken on PWHT of FS-welded AA2219-T87 to obtain optimum PWHT conditions and improvement of the tensile properties. Artificial age-hardening (AH) helped in the precipitation of supersaturated alloying elements produced around weld nugget area during the welding process. As a result, an average 20% improvement in YS and 5% improvements in UTS was observed in age-hardened (AH-170°C-18h) specimens as compared to AW specimens. To achieve full benefit of PWHT, solution-treatment followed by age-hardening (STAH) was performed on FS-welded AA2219-T87 specimens. Solution-treatment (ST) helps in the grain refinement and formation of supersaturated precipitates in aluminum alloys. Age-hardening of ST specimens help in the precipitation of alloying elements around grain boundaries and strengthen the specimens. Optimum aging period is important to achieve better mechanical properties. For FS-welded AA2219-T87 peak aging time was 5 hours at 170°C. STAH-170°C -5h treated specimens showed about 78% JE based on UTS, 61% JE based on yield strength, and 36% JE based on tensile toughness values of base metal.
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Guo, Kai, Yuling Lv, Limin He, Xiaoming Luo, and Donghai Yang. "Investigation on Corrosion Base Characteristics and Deep Dehydration Technology of Micro-Droplets in Oil Pipelines." In ASME 2019 Asia Pacific Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/appc2019-7617.

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Abstract Corrosion is an important cause of steel pipeline failure and oil leakage, especially local pitting corrosion in long distance crude oil pipelines. Deep dehydration is of great significance to pipeline anticorrosion, however, further experimental results show that it is very difficult to achieve deep dehydration by a single electric field. Recent studies have shown that the particle size change of dispersed phase for the emulsion with large droplets after electromagnetic synergistic treatment is more obvious than that of a single electric field. In this study, the effect of micro-droplets on corrosion of oil pipelines are revealed. The role of micro-droplets in the process of microbial corrosion and electrochemical corrosion in a strong or weak acid solution for oil pipelines was summarized. A structural model of on-line tubular electromagnetic synergistic intensification coalescing device was established. The size change of particle of the dispersed phase in emulsions was studied. Crude oil and water were used as experimental materials, and the particle size distribution of dispersed phase in emulsions was tested by the evaluation system. The results showed that mean radius, d10 and d50 of water droplets in emulsion treated by electromagnetic synergism are larger than those treated by a single electric field. Strengthening droplets coalescence by electromagnetic synergism is also effective on emulsions whose particle size of the dispersed phase is less than 100μm. The role of micro-droplets in pitting corrosion is summarized based on corrosion channels. In the process of microbial corrosion and electrochemical corrosion in strong or weak acid solution, the role of water is presented in two aspects like participating in the reaction and providing ion electron transmission media. Analogous to culture medium, micro water droplets can be called corrosion medium for pitting corrosion in long-distance crude oil pipelines. A structural model of on-line tubular electromagnetic synergistic intensification coalescing device was established, including an electric field generation device and a magnetic field excitation component with orthogonal distribution and synchronous synergy. And emulsions are treated by electric and magnetic fields while flowing through the medium channel. The particle size change of dispersed phase in emulsions with average particle size of dispersed phase less than 100μm was experimental studied. It is found that mean radius, d10 and d50 of water droplets in emulsion treated by electromagnetic synergism are larger than that by a single electric field. Therefore, electromagnetic synergism can further enhance the dehydration depth compared with a single electric field.
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Watson, Kyle A., William T. Stringfellow, Edwin R. Pejack, John J. Paoluccio, and Ravi K. Jain. "A Liquid Torrefication Process for Producing a Storable, Energy-Dense Fuel From Biomass Feedstock." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27083.

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This paper discusses a novel process for creating torrefied wood pellets by using a liquid torrefication process. Torrefication is a type of pyrolysis process originally developed for converting wood to an energy-dense material with properties similar to coal that would be more compact and practical to ship long distances and store outdoors. Torrefied wood has been used in specialized metallurgy and other industrial applications, but wide-scale utilization of torrefication for biofuel production has not been commercialized. Virtually all of the processing methods used in the past involve exposing biomass to hot, inert gas in an oxygen free environment; this gas-phase torrefication has a number of drawbacks, including a net-negative overall energy balance; generation of polluted gas that is difficult to treat or control; safety issues associated with the intrusion of oxygen into the inert gas; large equipment size and associated initial capital cost; operating cost; and manufacture of a nonuniform product. This paper discusses a technique that uses a heat treatment fluid in lieu of an inert gas which has numerous advantages over gas-phase torrefication and resolves many of the problems resulting from the commercial application of gasphase torrefication. This process for converting biomass to biofuel using a liquid-phase torrefication process is being developed under the trade name CNFbiofuel™ where CNF is an acronym for Carbon Neutral Fuel. The CNF Biofuel process has been developed on a small scale and results of preliminary testing are presented. Measurements of the energy content for the proposed biofuel process indicate an 18% increase in energy content for torrefied versus untreated wood pellets. Furthermore, the energy density measurements of these treated samples were also consistently higher than the untreated samples. Measurements have also been performed in order to measure the hydrophobic ability of the treated pellets and the results indicate that saturation with water has only a small effect on energy content. The heating value was determined to be reduced by only 2.2% on average after soaking in water for six hours and then being allowed to dry for 12 hours. The potential advantages of liquid-phase torrefication over any currently available gas-phase process are discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Average treatment effect on the treated"

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Heckman, James, and Edward Vytlacil. Instrumental Variables, Selection Models, and Tight Bounds on the Average Treatment Effect. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0259.

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Jordà, Òscar, and Alan Taylor. The Time for Austerity: Estimating the Average Treatment Effect of Fiscal Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19414.

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Whang, Yoon-Jae, Ryo Okui, and Sokbae (Simon) Lee. Doubly robust uniform confidence band for the conditional average treatment effect function. Institute for Fiscal Studies, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2016.0316.

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Bitler, Marianne, Jonah Gelbach, and Hilary Hoynes. Can Variation in Subgroups' Average Treatment Effects Explain Treatment Effect Heterogeneity? Evidence from a Social Experiment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20142.

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Bisbee, James, Rajeev Dehejia, Cristian Pop-Eleches, and Cyrus Samii. Local Instruments, Global Extrapolation: External Validity of the Labor Supply-Fertility Local Average Treatment Effect. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21663.

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Carneiro, Pedro, Edward Vytlacil, and James Heckman. Evaluating marginal policy changes and the average effect of treatment for individuals at the margin. Institute for Fiscal Studies, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2009.2109.

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Carneiro, Pedro, James Heckman, and Edward Vytlacil. Evaluating Marginal Policy Changes and the Average Effect of Treatment for Individuals at the Margin. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15211.

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Semenova, Vira, and Victor Chernozhukov. Simultaneous inference for Best Linear Predictor of the Conditional Average Treatment Effect and other structural functions. The IFS, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2018.4018.

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Li, Wenjing, Ziyu Kuang, and Feng Jiang. Meta-analysis of the therapeutic effect on primary liver cancer treated with Spleen strengthening method combined with western medicine treatment. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.1.0043.

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Roschelle, Jeremy, Britte Haugan Cheng, Nicola Hodkowski, Julie Neisler, and Lina Haldar. Evaluation of an Online Tutoring Program in Elementary Mathematics. Digital Promise, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/94.

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Many students struggle with mathematics in late elementary school, particularly on the topic of fractions. In a best evidence syntheses of research on increasing achievement in elementary school mathematics, Pelligrini et al. (2018) highlighted tutoring as a way to help students. Online tutoring is attractive because costs may be lower and logistics easier than with face-to-face tutoring. Cignition developed an approach that combines online 1:1 tutoring with a fractions game, called FogStone Isle. The game provides students with additional learning opportunities and provides tutors with information that they can use to plan tutoring sessions. A randomized controlled trial investigated the research question: Do students who participate in online tutoring and a related mathematical game learn more about fractions than students who only have access to the game? Participants were 144 students from four schools, all serving low-income students with low prior mathematics achievement. In the Treatment condition, students received 20-25 minute tutoring sessions twice per week for an average of 18 sessions and also played the FogStone Isle game. In the Control condition, students had access to the game, but did not play it often. Control students did not receive tutoring. Students were randomly assigned to condition after being matched on pre-test scores. The same diagnostic assessment was used as a pre-test and as a post-test. The planned analysis looked for differences in gain scores ( post-test minus pre-test scores) between conditions. We conducted a t-test on the aggregate gain scores, comparing conditions; the results were statistically significant (t = 4.0545, df = 132.66, p-value < .001). To determine an effect size, we treated each site as a study in a meta-analysis. Using gain scores, the effect size was g=+.66. A more sophisticated treatment of the pooled standard deviation resulted in a corrected effect size of g=.46 with a 95% confidence interval of [+.23,+.70]. Students who received online tutoring and played the related Fog Stone Isle game learned more; our research found the approach to be efficacious. The Pelligrini et al. (2018) meta-analysis of elementary math tutoring programs found g = .26 and was based largely on face-to-face tutoring studies. Thus, this study compares favorably to prior research on face-to-face mathematics tutoring with elementary students. Limitations are discussed; in particular, this is an initial study of an intervention under development. Effects could increase or decrease as development continues and the program scales. Although this study was planned long before the current pandemic, results are particularly timely now that many students are at home under shelter-in-place orders due to COVID-19. The approach taken here is feasible for students at home, with tutors supporting them from a distance. It is also feasible in many other situations where equity could be addressed directly by supporting students via online tutors.
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