Journal articles: 'Average treatment effect on the treated'

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Abdia, Younathan, K. B. Kulasekera, Somnath Datta, Maxwell Boakye, and Maiying Kong. "Propensity scores based methods for estimating average treatment effect and average treatment effect among treated: A comparative study." Biometrical Journal 59, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 967–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.201600094.

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Hartman, Erin, Richard Grieve, Roland Ramsahai, and Jasjeet S. Sekhon. "From sample average treatment effect to population average treatment effect on the treated: combining experimental with observational studies to estimate population treatment effects." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 178, no. 3 (January 27, 2015): 757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12094.

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Pirracchio, R., M. Carone, M. Resche Rigon, E. Caruana, A. Mebazaa, and S. Chevret. "Propensity score estimators for the average treatment effect and the average treatment effect on the treated may yield very different estimates." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 25, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 1938–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280213507034.

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Moodie, Erica E. M., Olli Saarela, and David A. Stephens. "A doubly robust weighting estimator of the average treatment effect on the treated." Stat 7, no. 1 (2018): e205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sta4.205.

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Capistrano, Estelina S. M., Erica E. M. Moodie, and Alexandra M. Schmidt. "Bayesian estimation of the average treatment effect on the treated using inverse weighting." Statistics in Medicine 38, no. 13 (March 11, 2019): 2447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.8121.

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Brodie, Graham, Craig Rath, Merita Devanny, Jessica Reeve, Carmel Lancaster, Gerry Harris, Sarah Chaplin, and Chris Laird. "Effect of microwave treatment on lucerne fodder." Animal Production Science 50, no. 2 (2010): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09085.

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Preliminary research has suggested that in vitro dry matter disappearance of some poor-quality fodder materials can be improved by microwave treatment. A laboratory-scale experiment that treated 50-g samples of lucerne hay in a 750-W microwave oven for 0, 40 and 80 s revealed that dry matter percentage increased by 1.7% as microwave treatment time increased from 0 to 80 s. The in vitro dry matter disappearance increased by 14.9% as microwave treatment increased from 0 to 80 s; however, there was no significant change in crude protein due to excessive variability in the results. This experiment was followed up with a larger-sample experiment in which 25-kg bags of lucerne fodder were treated for 7.5, 15, 22.5 or 30 min in an experimental 6-kW microwave chamber. Dry matter percentage increased by 7.2% as microwave treatment time increased from 0 to 30 min. Microwave treatment significantly increased dry matter disappearance during the in vitro digestion study; however, there were no significant differences between the various microwave treatment times. The 15-min treatment resulted in the greatest increase in dry matter disappearance (5.9%). The crude protein retained in the digestion residues increased by 19.2% as microwave treatment increased from 0 to 30 min. These laboratory studies were followed up with an animal response study in which 22 12–14-month-old Merino wethers were randomly allocated into either a group receiving a maintenance ration of untreated lucerne or a group receiving the same weight of microwave-treated lucerne. The average weight of the control group fluctuated around their starting weight during the 5-week-long trial, as would be expected from feeding a maintenance ration. By the end of the trial their average weight was 0.4% higher than when they started. However the group being fed the microwave-treated lucerne gained 8.1% of their initial bodyweight by the end of the trial.

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Caracciolo, Francesco, and Marilena Furno. "Quantile treatment effect and double robust estimators." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2016-0026.

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Purpose Several approaches have been proposed to evaluate treatment effect, relying on matching methods propensity score, quantile regression, influence function, bootstrap and various combinations of the above. This paper considers two of these approaches to define the quantile double robust (DR) estimator: the inverse propensity score weights, to compare potential output of treated and untreated groups; the Machado and Mata quantile decomposition approach to compute the unconditional quantiles within each group – treated and control. Two Monte Carlo studies and an empirical application for the Italian job labor market conclude the analysis. The paper aims to discuss these issue. Design/methodology/approach The DR estimator is extended to analyze the tails of the distribution comparing treated and untreated groups, thus defining the quantile based DR estimator. It allows us to measure the treatment effect along the entire outcome distribution. Such a detailed analysis uncovers the presence of heterogeneous impacts of the treatment along the outcome distribution. The computation of the treatment effect at the quantiles, points out variations in the impact of treatment along the outcome distributions. Indeed it is often the case that the impact in the tails sizably differs from the average treatment effect. Findings Two Monte Carlo studies show that away from average, the quantile DR estimator can be profitably implemented. In the real data example, the nationwide results are compared with the analysis at a regional level. While at the median and at the upper quartile the nationwide impact is similar to the regional impacts, at the first quartile – the lower incomes – the nationwide effect is close to the North-Center impact but undervalues the impact in the South. Originality/value The computation of the treatment effect at various quantiles allows to point out discrepancies between treatment and control along the entire outcome distributions. The discrepancy in the tails may differ from the divergence between the average values. Treatment can be more effective at the lower/higher quantiles. The simulations show the performance at the quartiles of quantile DR estimator. In a wage equation comparing long and short term contracts, this estimator shows the presence of an heterogeneous impact of short term contracts. Their impact changes depending on the income level, the outcome quantiles, and on the geographical region.

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Fan, Yanqin, and Carlos A. Manzanares. "Partial identification of average treatment effects on the treated through difference-in-differences." Econometric Reviews 36, no. 6-9 (May 16, 2017): 1057–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2017.1308036.

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Gabos Grecu, I., M. Gabos Grecu, M. Florea, T. Moica, M. Ferencz, and C. Gabos Grecu. "Weight gain - a side effect of antidepressive treatment." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72334-3.

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IntroductionLike all medical therapies, antidepressants have several limitations that clinicians should consider when choosing treatments for their patients. [1] Common long-term side effects of antidepressants are weight gain, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances, fatigue, apathy, and cognitive impairment. [2] These side effects will influence the quality of life and will be an important factor in determining the compliance to treatment for these patients. [3]AimIs to present a study on weight gain in patients treated long term with antidepressants.Methods: We made a retrospective study of 422 patients with Major Depressive Disorder hospitalized in First Clinic of Psychiatry Tirgu Mures, between Jan/2009 and June/2009. We built the study after patient data on the following criteria: age, sex, place of origin, educational level, occupation, primary diagnosis, BMI at first admission, BMI at the last hospitalization, the average years of treatment, the average hospitalizations and antidepressant treatment applied.ResultsThe vast majority of hospitalized patients were females (71%) in the age group 40-49. In summarizing this side effect of antidepressant treatment, we can say that weight gain is significant for long-term treatment with tricyclic antidepresives (64.38% of patients), tetra cyclic (50.30% of patients) and NaSSA (40% of patients). We found an increase of BMI of about 13.5% in these patients. For the patients treated with SSRIs, NDRI and SNRI we found that weight gain was present in less than 40% of patients and this had also influenced the compliance and the adherence to treatment of these patients.

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Wright, Christopher, John M. Halstead, and Ju-Chin Huang. "Estimating Treatment Effects of Unit-Based Pricing of Household Solid Waste Disposal." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 48, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2018.2.

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Propensity score matching is used to estimate treatment effects when data are observational. Results presented in this study demonstrate the use of propensity score matching to evaluate the average treatment effect of unit-based pricing of household trash for reducing municipal solid waste disposal. Average treatment effect of the treated for 34 New Hampshire communities range from an annual reduction of 631 pounds per household to 823 pounds per household. This represents an annual reduction of 42 percent to 54 percent from an average of 1530 pounds per household if a town did not adopt municipal solid waste user fees.

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Parimin, Noraziana, and Esah Hamzah. "Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure of Fe-33Ni-19Cr Alloy." Materials Science Forum 1010 (September 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.21.

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The effect of solution treatment temperature on the microstructure, phase present and hardness on Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was study in this work. The Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was experienced a solution treatment process at six different temperatures which are 950 °C, 1000 °C, 1050 °C, 1100 °C, 1150 °C and 1200 °C for 3 hours soaking time followed by water quench. The average grain size was measured by using linear intercept methods ASTM E112. Microstructure of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was characterized by using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The phase present was analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The Vickers hardness was used to measure the hardness of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy. Increasing the solution treatment temperatures were increase the average grain size of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy. In addition, all samples exhibited an equiaxed matrix grain with slight distribution of precipitates particles. The hardness of solution-treated Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was decrease as the solution treatment temperature increase.

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Chalak, Karim. "Identification of average effects under magnitude and sign restrictions on confounding." Quantitative Economics 10, no. 4 (2019): 1619–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe689.

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This paper studies measuring various average effects of X on Y in general structural systems with unobserved confounders U, a potential instrument Z, and a proxy W for U. We do not require X or Z to be exogenous given the covariates or W to be a perfect one‐to‐one mapping of U. We study the identification of coefficients in linear structures as well as covariate‐conditioned average nonparametric discrete and marginal effects (e.g., average treatment effect on the treated), and local and marginal treatment effects. First, we characterize the bias, due to the omitted variables U, of (nonparametric) regression and instrumental variables estimands, thereby generalizing the classic linear regression omitted variable bias formula. We then study the identification of the average effects of X on Y when U may statistically depend on X and Z. These average effects are point identified if the average direct effect of U on Y is zero, in which case exogeneity holds, or if W is a perfect proxy, in which case the ratio (contrast) of the average direct effect of U on Y to the average effect of U on W is also identified. More generally, restricting how the average direct effect of U on Y compares in magnitude and/or sign to the average effect of U on W can partially identify the average effects of X on Y. These restrictions on confounding are weaker than requiring benchmark assumptions, such as exogeneity or a perfect proxy, and enable a sensitivity analysis. After discussing estimation and inference, we apply this framework to study earnings equations.

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Burns, G. C., S. K. Paul, I. R. Toth, and S. L. Sivak. "Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in HIV-associated nephropathy." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 8, no. 7 (July 1997): 1140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v871140.

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) delays progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease. This study examined the effect of fosinopril, 10 mg by mouth daily, in HIV-associated nephropathy (HIV-AN). Twenty patients with HIV-AN were studied. Of 11 patients with non-nephrotic-range proteinuria, 7 received treatment and 4 did not. Average baseline creatinine (mg/dl) for treated and nontreated patients was 1.3 +/- 0.24 and 1.0 +/- 0.25, respectively (P = 0.07). At 24 wk, creatinine of treated and nontreated patients was 1.5 +/- 0.34 and 4.9 +/- 2.4 (P = 0.006). Average baseline 24-h urine protein excretion (g/d) for treated and nontreated patients was 1.6 +/- 0.68 and 0.78 +/- 0.39, respectively (P = 0.02). At 24 wk, 24-h protein excretion of treated and non-treated patients was 1.25 +/- 0.86 and 8.5 +/- 1.4 (P = 0.006). Of nine patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria, five were treated and four were not. Average baseline creatinine for treated and nontreated patients was 1.7 +/- 0.46 and 1.9 +/- 0.42, respectively (P = 0.4). At 12 wk, creatinine for treated and nontreated patients was 2.0 +/- 1.0 and 9.2 +/- 2.0 (P = 0.02). The baseline 24-h protein excretion for treated and nontreated patients was 5.4 +/- 1.6 and 5.2 +/- 0.97 (P = 0.9). At 12 wk, 24-h protein excretion for treated and nontreated was 2.8 +/- 1.0 and 10.5 +/- 3.5 (P = 0.008). These preliminary data suggest that treatment with ACEI may stabilize serum creatinine and 24-h protein excretion for up to 24 wk in patients with non-nephrotic-range proteinuria and for up to 12 wk in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria when initial serum creatinine is < or = 2.0 mg/dl. Furthermore, the renin-angiotensin system may play a role in HIV-AN, and early treatment with ACEI may be beneficial in HIV-AN.

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Luo, Ji, and Daniel J. Henderson. "Minimum Wage Changes across Provinces in China: Average Treatment Effects on Employment and Investment Decisions." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010022.

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We exploit data from the China Household Finance Survey to examine the impact of changes in the minimum wage on employment and investment decisions. We are able to non-parametrically identify the average treatment effect on the treated via exogenous variation in the minimum wage across provinces. We find that changes in the minimum wage had no adverse effects on employment (in terms of days worked per month or hours worked per work day) but found evidence that changes in the minimum wage impacted the percentage of families that had a bank account, a family in a rural area owned their home, and whether families (whose highest level of education was primary school) planned to purchase a home.

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Gage, Nicholas A., Walter Leite, Karen Childs, and Don Kincaid. "Average Treatment Effect of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports on School-Level Academic Achievement in Florida." Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 19, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098300717693556.

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The relationship between school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS) and school-level academic achievement has not been established. Most experimental research has found little to no evidence that SWPBIS has a distal effect on school-level achievement. Yet, an underlying assumption of SWPBIS is that improving social behavior and reducing problem behavior increasingly exposes all students to classroom instruction and the opportunity for academic success. Therefore, we examined the average treatment effect of SWPBIS implemented with fidelity on the treated schools by leveraging 10 consecutive years of school-level academic achievement data. All elementary schools in Florida (~2,033 schools), including an average of 235 schools implementing SWPBIS with fidelity each year, were included in this study. We estimated a two-level mixed-effects regression model, with schools nested in districts across time, and modeled the percentage of students at or above grade-level benchmark on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) reading and mathematics. Results indicate that schools implementing SWPBIS with fidelity had statistically significantly more students at or above grade-level benchmarks, however the effect sizes were small. The results are discussed within the context of distal effects and the fact that few evidence-based academic interventions have demonstrated larger effects when experimentally evaluated.

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Mbahi, T. F., A. Adi, B. Yakubu, and R. J. Wafar. "Effect of yeast treated bovine blood-rumen content mixture on performance and blood profile of weaner rabbits." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i2.485.

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The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of yeast treated Bovine blood–rumen content mixture (YTBRM) on performance of 60 weaner rabbits with an average weight of 501.96 ± 0.22g. The rabbits were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized design. T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 had 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% YTBRM. Data were collected on growth performance, carcass characteristics and haematological indices. At the end of the experiment, 4 rabbits were randomly selected from each treatment and slaughtered to determine the effect of graded levels of YTBRM on carcass yield and internal organs characteristics. The result of growth performance revealed that all parameters measured were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary inclusion of YTBRM except for feed conversion ratio which ranged from 3.05 in T1 to 3.64 in T2. Average daily feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher (101.69) in treatment T5 while the other treatment groups were similar.. Average daily weight gain were significantly higher in T (29.72g) and T4 (28.05g) while the least value was obtained in T2 (25.46g). Carcass yield was significant (P<0.05) across the treatment groups. Dressing percentages were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (82.35%), T1 (77.62%) and T4 (74.08%) than T5 (63.57%) and T3 (69.79%). Result of the internal organs shows that they were all similar across the treatment groups. Haematological and biochemical indices shows no significant diffrerence (P>0.05) in all the parameters evaluated. It could be concluded from this study that YTBRM can be included up to 40% in weaner rabbits diet without adverse effect on the growth performance, blood profile, carcass and internal organs characteristics.

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Atuesta, Laura H., and Yuri Soares. "Urban upgrading in Rio de Janeiro: Evidence from the Favela-Bairro programme." Urban Studies 55, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016669290.

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This paper estimates average treatment effects and distributional and locational effects of the Favela-Bairro programme at the household level on direct outputs and on property values. Not surprisingly, households in treated neighbourhoods are better off in terms of the direct outputs delivered by the programme. However, in terms of property values, at the average level, the intervention was not translated on appreciation of housing values, suggesting that, without a land titling component, slum upgrading programmes do not have an effect on the value of dwellings. On the contrary, when estimating heterogeneous effects of the programme within treated neighbourhoods, the results suggest that appreciation of housing values is observed in properties with poor accessibility and low-value dwellings. These distributional and locational effects suggest that, although the average treatment effects on housing values are not significant, the programme was successful in decreasing inequality among slum dwellers, and reducing economic and spatial segregation within treated neighbourhoods.

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Borman, Adil, Md Faruk Islam, Md Shajedur Rahman, Md Fazlul Hoque, Sandip Kispotta, and Md Anowarul Haque. "Effects of periparturient anthelmintic treatment on milk yield and quality in dairy cows." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i3.30111.

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This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of anthelmintics against gastrointestinal parasite in periparturient dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and quality. Sixty mixed breed pregnant cows were selected divided into four groups, A (n=18), B (n=14), C (n=16) and D (n=12) and group D kept as control. Cows of group A were treated with Nitroxynilat the rate of 10 mg/kg bwt. s/c, 30 days before parturition and average feacal egg per gram(EPG) was reduced from 506.1 ± 172.3 to 157.8 ± 24.9 within 14 days. Group B were treated with combined triclabendazole and levamisoleat the rate of19.5 mg/kg bwt. orally at calving. The average EPG was reduced from 967.7 ± 237.1 to 172.0 ± 25.9. Group C were treated with same as group B at calving and 42 days after. The mean EPG fall from 794.6 ± 310.5 to 166.7 ± 26.2.In group D average EPG increased from 791.7 ± 268.5 to 864.2 ± 290.7. The mean change in EPG 14 days after treatment was significantly higher (p<0.05) in treated (79.1%) cows than control (-9.2%). The average milk yield in all treated cows was significantly (p<0.01) higher in treated lactation (2.5 ± 0.7) than previous lactation (2.2 ± 0.7) and control cows (2.2 ± 0.8). Although, milk yields were higher in second parity (2.5 ± 0.7) than the first (2.4 ± 0.7), there was no significant difference (p>0.05). The percentage of milk fat, protein, lactose, SNF was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treated group than the control group.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2016, 2(3): 409-413

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Haviv, Yael, Aaron Lubetsky, Ben-Ami Sela, David Ezra, and David Olchovsky. "Effect of Enoxaparin on Homocysteine Concentration in Warfarin-Treated Patients." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 9 (September 2002): 1355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a460.

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BACKGROUND: Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration is an emerging independent risk factor for hypercoagulability states and cardiovascular diseases. Many disease states and various drug treatment regimens are known to affect plasma tHcy concentration. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of short-term treatment with the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin on plasma tHcy concentrations. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in an outpatient anticoagulation clinic set in a tertiary care referral medical center. Subjects included twenty-four consecutive patients treated with warfarin who were scheduled for short-term enoxaparin treatment. Fasting plasma tHcy concentrations were measured before and after 3 days of enoxaparin treatment in patients who began short-term therapy with enoxaparin because of temporary inadequate anticoagulation (international normalized ratio <1.5). The main outcome measures were the difference in tHcy concentration between baseline and after enoxaparin treatment. RESULTS: tHcy plasma concentrations decreased in most patients (n = 21), did not change in 2, and increased in 1 patient after 3 days of enoxaparin treatment. The decline of tHcy was statistically significant: from 9.8 ± 3.4 to 7.6 ± 2.6 μmol/L (mean ± SD; p < 0.005). This decline was more prominent in patients with baseline tHcy plasma concentrations above the normal range compared with patients with normal baseline concentrations. Six patients in whom a third sample was obtained 15–30 days after the last enoxaparin injection developed decreased mean tHcy plasma concentrations: from 9.1 ± 3.0 μmol/L at baseline to 6.4 ± 2.0 μmol/L on day 3 and further to 5.7 ± 1.8 μmol/L on days 15–30. No relation was found between age, gender, treatment indication, and average weekly dose of warfarin to the presence or magnitude of tHcy plasma concentration decline. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term treatment with enoxaparin reduces plasma tHcy concentrations. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism and the clinical significance of enoxaparin's effect.

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Gardner, John. "A simple approximation to the average effect of the treatment on the treated in panel settings with selective enrolment." Applied Economics Letters 25, no. 11 (August 22, 2017): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1366636.

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Goodson, Jason, Amy Helstrom, Jacqueline M. Halpern, Michael P. Ferenschak, Seth J. Gillihan, and Mark B. Powers. "Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. Combat Veterans: A Meta-Analytic Review." Psychological Reports 109, no. 2 (October 2011): 573–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.15.16.pr0.109.5.573-599.

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Among U.S. veterans who have been exposed to combat-related trauma, significantly elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are reported. Veterans with PTSD are treated for the disorder at Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals through a variety of psychotherapeutic interventions. Given the significant impairment associated with PTSD, it is imperative to assess the typical treatment response associated with these interventions. 24 studies with a total sample size of 1,742 participants were quantitatively reviewed. Overall, analyses showed a medium between-groups effect size for active treatments compared to control conditions. Thus, the average VA-treated patient fared better than 66% of patients in control conditions. VA treatments incorporating exposure-based interventions showed the highest within-group effect size. Effect sizes were not moderated by treatment dose, sample size, or publication year. Findings are encouraging for treatment seekers for combat-related PTSD in VA settings.

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Gravier, Michelle L., Michael W. Dickey, William D. Hula, William S. Evans, Rebecca L. Owens, Ronda L. Winans-Mitrik, and Patrick J. Doyle. "What Matters in Semantic Feature Analysis: Practice-Related Predictors of Treatment Response in Aphasia." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 1S (March 2018): 438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0196.

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Purpose This study investigated the predictive value of practice-related variables—number of treatment trials delivered, total treatment time, average number of trials per hour, and average number of participant-generated features per trial—in response to semantic feature analysis (SFA) treatment. Method SFA was administered to 17 participants with chronic aphasia daily for 4 weeks. Individualized treatment and semantically related probe lists were generated from items that participants were unable to name consistently during baseline testing. Treatment was administered to each list sequentially in a multiple-baseline design. Naming accuracy for treated and untreated items was obtained at study entry, exit, and 1-month follow-up. Results Item-level naming accuracy was analyzed using logistic mixed-effect regression models. The average number of features generated per trial positively predicted naming accuracy for both treated and untreated items, at exit and follow-up. In contrast, total treatment time and average trials per hour did not significantly predict treatment response. The predictive effect of number of treatment trials on naming accuracy trended toward significance at exit, although this relationship held for treated items only. Conclusions These results suggest that the number of patient-generated features may be more strongly associated with SFA-related naming outcomes, particularly generalization and maintenance, than other practice-related variables. Supplemental Materials https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5734113

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Mrdja, Jelena, Nenad Dusanic, Velimir Radic, and Vladimir Miklic. "Effect of different substratum on treated sunflower seed germination." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, no. 1 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1001001m.

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Results of the examination of Rimi hybrid seed showed the existence of a highly significant effect of different substratum on germination energy and germination. Also, a highly significant influence was detected between treatments, while the substratum x treatments interaction was significant. On average, germination energy was the highest on filter paper and it was 90.10%. Also, the germination was the best on filter paper (92.05%). This value was statistically significantly higher (by 13.60%) with respect to germination determined in sand and by 4.00% concerning germination determined in compost.

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Amman, Gene D., Ralph W. Thier, Mark D. McGregor, and Richard F. Schmitz. "Efficacy of verbenone in reducing lodgepole pine infestation by mountain pine beetles in Idaho." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-008.

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Verbenone, a bark beetle antiaggregative pheromone, was deployed in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in the Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho, U.S.A., to test its efficacy in reducing tree losses to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins). Treatments tested were verbenone, mountain pine beetle tree bait, verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and a control. Each treatment was applied individually to 1-ha blocks and replicated four times. Treatment effects were measured by percentage of infested (i.e., mass-attacked) lodgepole pine. ANOVA showed a significant treatment effect (P < 0.005). Blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits had significantly (P < 0.002) higher average percentages of infested trees (24.4%), whereas no significant difference occurred in percentages of infested trees among the other three treatments. Average percentages of infested trees were 0.9% for verbenone, 7.4% for verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and 3.3% for the control. A 2.3-fold reduction in infested trees occurred when verbenone was applied to blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits.

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Mason, Neil Thomas, Nikhil I. Khushalani, Scott Joseph Antonia, and Howard L. McLeod. "Incidence and average cost per toxicity in patients treated with nivolumab." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.7_suppl.93.

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93 Background: Recently approved PD-1 inhibitors such as nivolumab have demonstrated clear efficacy in metastatic melanoma and other cancers, but also come at a high cost and with the potential for severe side effects. However, most of the data available comes from clinical trials rather than patients treated in clinical practice as standard-of-care. This study reports the incidence of severe toxicities in a number of cancer types and estimates the per patient cost of managing these toxicities. Methods: Patients with metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with nivolumab between January 1, 2014 through April 30, 2016 were identified at Moffitt Cancer Center (N=74). Toxicities occurring during treatment or within 2 months of stopping treatment were identified by a chart review and each toxicity graded using the CTCAE 4.0 criteria. A cost of care analysis was performed to estimate the cost of serious toxicities (Grade 3-5) compared to a control group who experienced no or minor adverse events (Grade 0-2). Billing data was used to estimate the mean cost of care for each group. Costs were subcategorized by service line, e.g., pharmacy costs, radiology, laboratory services. Results: The most common severe toxicities were anemia, dyspnea, renal failure, colitis, fatigue, and pneumonitis (Table 1). The average cost of care for patients experiencing grade 3-5 toxicities was $2,036 higher than those without toxicity. Conclusions: The incidence of toxicity in our population was similar to that reported in clinical trials. Costs were higher for patients with toxicities, driven by additional outpatient care (19% higher cost per patient) as well as additional pharmacy costs (22% higher per patient). Though small in comparison to the cost of nivolumab, over $6,000 per dose, these costs should not be dismissed, particularly when performing cost effectiveness and value research. [Table: see text]

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Chernozhukov, Victor, Denis Chetverikov, Mert Demirer, Esther Duflo, Christian Hansen, and Whitney Newey. "Double/Debiased/Neyman Machine Learning of Treatment Effects." American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171038.

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Chernozhukov et al. (2016) provide a generic double/de-biased machine learning (ML) approach for obtaining valid inferential statements about focal parameters, using Neyman-orthogonal scores and cross-fitting, in settings where nuisance parameters are estimated using ML methods. In this note, we illustrate the application of this method in the context of estimating average treatment effects and average treatment effects on the treated using observational data.

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Akyol, Ethem, and Mustafa Güneşdoğdu. "Benmari ve Ultrasonik Banyo Yöntemleriyle Isıtmanın Balların Kristalize Olması Üzerine Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2291-2294.3088.

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This study was carried out to determine the effect of ultrasonic bath and bain-marie heat treatment on recrystallization/crystallization of polifloral and cotton honey. Crystallized solid and liquid honey samples obtained from local beekeepers were subjected to ultrasonic bath and bain-marie heat treatment for 2 hours at 25°C and 50°C. Honey samples without any treatment were used as a control group for comparison. While the average crystallization rate of honeys in which ultrasonic heat treatment was applied was 8.75%, the average crystallization rate in honeys treated with bain-marie method was found to be 31.25%. In the control group, the average crystallization rate was found to be 90%. As a result, significant differences were found between the effects of applied heat treatments on crystallization and it was determined that 50°C ultrasonic bath method would be an effective application for 2 hours to avoid crystallization of honeys.

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Jiang, Ning, Donglin Zhang, and Michael A. Dirr. "Effect of Growth Regulators on Rooting of Magnolia grandifloraCultivars." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 503d—503. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.503d.

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Cuttings from three southern magnolia cultivars, `Claudia Wannamaker', `Greenback™', and `Little Gem', were treated with KIBA, KNAA, and Hormodin #3, separately and in combination, at varying concentrations. The rooting of cuttings was cultivar-dependent, with `Greenback™' responding significantly to all the treatments. Only the high KNAA and combination treatments were effective with `Little Gem' and `Claudia Wannamaker'. The effect of KNAA on rooting with increasing concentration was significant. No similar response was observed with KIBA. The combination treatment with quick dip plus the talc formation produced the greatest rooting and root quality with the three cultivars. With this treatment, the average rooting rate of three cultivars was 67.4%, whereas the rooting rate of control plants was only 11.8%.

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Denkowska, Sabina. "Assessing the Robustness to an Unobserved Confounder of the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated Estimated by Propensity Score Matching." Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia, no. 15 (2016): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15678/aoc.2016.1504.

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Han, Chirok, and Beomsoo Kim. "A GMM interpretation of the paradox in the inverse probability weighting estimation of the average treatment effect on the treated." Economics Letters 110, no. 2 (February 2011): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.11.001.

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Avrahami, Matan, Miriam Peskin, Tyler Moore, Adi Drapisz, Jerome Taylor, Hadar Segal-Gavish, Livia Balan-Moshe, et al. "Body mass index increase in preschoolers with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses treated with risperidone." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 1134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211008592.

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Objective: Use of risperidone in preschool-aged children is growing, with rising concerns of adverse metabolic consequences. Longitudinal data on risperidone-related weight gain in preschoolers are scarce. We aimed to evaluate changes in body mass index (BMI) that are associated with risperidone treatment in preschoolers. Method: We analyzed naturalistic, longitudinal data on 141 preschool children (112 boys, 29 girls) receiving psychiatric care. Mean patient age at baseline was 5.0 years (SD=0.8) and average follow-up period was 1.3 years (SD=0.8), with >8 mean BMI measurements per patient. We studied the effect of risperidone exposure ( n=78) on age-and-sex-standardized BMI (BMI Z-score) implementing mixed models with random subject intercepts to account for repeated measures, covarying for multiple confounders including demographics, stimulant treatment and psychiatric diagnoses. We employed similar models to study dose and duration effects. Results: Risperidone treatment was significantly associated with an increase in BMI (effect size of exposure=0.45 SD (SE=0.06), t (949)=7.7, p<0.001) covarying for stimulant exposure and other confounders, independent of treatment indication. Females exhibited stronger effects (risperidone treatment × sex interaction t=2.32, p=0.02)). Risperidone daily dose was associated with increase in BMI (for each additional 1 mg, effect size=0.28 SD (SE=0.07), t(419)=3.76, p<0.001). Conclusion: Similar to older populations, risperidone treatment in preschoolers is associated with significant weight gain, with evidence for dose effects. Findings provide critical data that can inform clinicians.

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Hofmann, Arne, Angelika Hilgers, Maria Lehnung, Peter Liebermann, Luca Ostacoli, Wolfgang Schneider, and Michael Hase. "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing as an Adjunctive Treatment of Unipolar Depression: A Controlled Study." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 8, no. 3 (2014): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.3.103.

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Depression is a severe mental disorder that challenges mental health systems worldwide. About 30% of treated patients do not experience a full remission after treatment, and more than 75% of patients suffer from recurrent depressive episodes. Although psychotherapy and medication can improve remission rates, the success rates of current treatments are limited. In this nonrandomized controlled exploratory study, 21 patients with unipolar primary depression were treated with a mean of 44.5 sessions of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) including an average 6.9 adjunctive sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). A control group (n = 21) was treated with an average of 47.1 sessions of CBT sessions alone. The main outcome measure was the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). The treatment groups did not differ in their BDI-II scores before treatment, and both treatments resulted in significant improvement. There was an additional benefit for patients treated with adjunctive EMDR (p = .029). Also the number of remissions at posttreatment, as measured by a symptom level below a BDI-II score of 12, was significantly better in the adjunctive EMDR group, the group showing more remissions (n = 18) than the control group (n = 8; p < .001). This potential effect of EMDR in patients with primary depression should be examined further in larger randomized controlled studies.

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Uchibori, Toshiya, Takeshi Fujino, and Takashi Asaeda. "Turbidity removal effect and surface charge shift for electrochemically treated retentate without coagulant addition." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.479.

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An electrolytic treatment method promoting dense aggregates was developed in order to thicken retentate quickly without coagulant addition. A kaolin suspension with a turbidity of 200 NTU with a large fraction of colloidal particles was used as the retentate. Comparative testing showed that the electrolytic treatment increased aggregate size and enhanced the turbidity removal effect up to 75% on average with increasing retention time. Even though the Al ion concentration in the treated retentate was much lower than 0.1 mg/L, along with the large upward shift of surface charge, the turbidity removal effect was enhanced considerably with independently stabilized pH compared with alum as the coagulant. Comparison between the charging behaviors indicated that the electrochemical treatment generates polymeric Al hydroxide species that form adsorption layers with fewer defects, thereby inducing a stronger removal effect.

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Jarošová, Alžbeta, Marcela Jandlová, and Josef Kameník. "Effect of sous-vide heat treatment on the phthalic acid esters content in meat." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1081.

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The aim of the study was to monitor the migration of the phthalic acid esters dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from packaging to meat wrapped in plastic when heat treated by sous-vide method. A heat treatment temperature of 80 °C was used for 4 and 8 hours with reheating at 80 °C for 1 hour. The average DBP and DEHP concentrations in meat ranged from 2.24 to 4.66 mg.kg-1 and 2.29 to 10.35 mg.kg-1 of the original sample, respectively. The average DBP and DEHP concentrations found in plastic packaging ranged from 3.06 to 6.37 µg.g-1 and 5.70 to 7.83 µg.g-1 of plastic, respectively. The average concentrations of DBP in water bath range from 16.25 to 23.38 µg.l-1, while the average concentrations of DEHP in water bath were determined between 0.24 and 1.82 µg.l-1. The above results were compared with the results measured at sous-vide treatment temperature of 70 °C for 4 hours, 8 hours, and with 1 hour of reheating. The average concentrations of DBP and DEHP in all meat samples exceeded the specific migration limits of both phthalates (0.3 mg.kg-1 for DBP and 1.5 mg.kg-1 for DEHP).

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Lv, X., Y. Li, C. Jiang, X. Yang, and Z. Wu. "Brain Arteriovenous Malformations and Endovascular Treatment: Effect on Seizures." Interventional Neuroradiology 16, no. 1 (March 2010): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991001600105.

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We report our experience in treating patients with seizures associated with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) without a clinical history of intracranial hemorrhage. Between 2001 and 2003, the neurovascular unit at Beijing Tiantan Hospital treated 109 patients with brain AVM endovascularly. Thirty patients (27.5%) experienced seizures before treatment. We studied the following factors: sex, age, AVM size, AVM location, seizure type, duration of seizure history, endovascular treatment and AVM obliteration. Clinical follow-up was via telephone interview. Thirty patients with seizure disorders due to brain AVMs were endovascularly treated. The age of the patients ranged from eight to 55 years. There were 22 males and eight females. The AVMs were smaller than 3 cm in five patients, between 3 cm and 6 cm in 22, and larger than 6 cm in three. The most frequent location of the AVMs was in the frontal, followed by the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. Sixty-seven embolization procedures were performed and total obliteration was achieved in four patients. Two patients developed a hemiparesis and three suffered temporary dysphasia after embolization. Two patients had visual field deficits. There were no deaths. The results of post-embolization seizure control during the average follow-up period of 80 months were excellent in 21 patients, good in four, fair in two and poor in three. Successful seizure control can be obtained with endovascular embolization.

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Zabokova-Bilbilova, Efka, Emilija Sefanovska, Aneta Mijoska, and Olga Kokoceva-Ivanovska. "Effect of fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment on DMFT-index." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 66, no. 2 (2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2020.66.02.008.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in dental status during fixed orthodontic treatment. A total of 60 patients with diagnosed malocclusion were included. Subjects were divided in 3 groups (20 subjects in each group). The first group was treated with dental cream GC Tooth Mousse, and the second group with Fluorogal - solution with a low concentration of fluoride (0.05% F). Control group comprised 20 patients. All subjects received precise instructions for oral hygiene and exclusion of dietary intake before fixed orthodontic appliance was placed and during each control. In our study clinical oral health status (DMFT-index) was registered before and at the end of the orthodontic treatment. The subjects treated with dental cream GC Tooth Mousse at the end of the orthodontic treatment had increased DMFT-index 5.85 in comparison to the beginning of the treatment, where the average value of the index was 5.25 (however, the difference was not statistically significant). A statistically significant difference between medium values of the DMFT-index before and after the orthodontic treatment was detected in the control group. The results of this study show that DMFT-index increased in a group of dental patients undergoing orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances. The patients must follow good instructions, motivation, and control of oral hygiene during the treatment. Key words: carious lesions, fixed orthodontic appliance

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Callaway, Brantly, and Tong Li. "Quantile treatment effects in difference in differences models with panel data." Quantitative Economics 10, no. 4 (2019): 1579–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe935.

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This paper considers identification and estimation of the Quantile Treatment Effect on the Treated (QTT) under a straightforward distributional extension of the most commonly invoked Mean Difference in Differences Assumption used for identifying the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Identification of the QTT is more complicated than the ATT though because it depends on the unknown dependence (or copula) between the change in untreated potential outcomes and the initial level of untreated potential outcomes for the treated group. To address this issue, we introduce a new Copula Stability Assumption that says that the missing dependence is constant over time. Under this assumption and when panel data is available, the missing dependence can be recovered, and the QTT is identified. We use our method to estimate the effect of increasing the minimum wage on quantiles of local labor markets' unemployment rates and find significant heterogeneity.

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Ogorevc, Eva, Roman Štukelj, Apolonija Bedina-Zavec, Vid Šuštar, Metka Šimundić, Veronika Kralj-Iglič, and Rado Janša. "A 32-month follow-up study of nanovesicle concentrations in blood from 12 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour treated with imatinib." Biochemical Society Transactions 41, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120247.

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Clinical studies have indicated that the NV (nanovesicle) concentration in blood samples is a potential indicator of clinical status and can be used to follow the development of the disease. For 32 months, we monitored the effect of imatinib treatment on NV concentrations in blood samples from 12 patients with GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumour). The NV concentration before the treatment increased with respect to control by a factor of 3.5 on average (range 2.6–9.2). The first week after initiation of the treatment, the NV concentration increased considerably, by a factor of 13 on average (range 5.9–21.2), whereas on average, after 1 month, it decreased to the level of the control and remained at that level for at least 1.5 years. Recent assessment (after 2.5 years) showed a somewhat increased NV concentration, by a factor of 2 on average (range 0.7–3.9). Low NV concentrations in blood samples during the treatment reflect a favourable effect of imatinib in these patients and no remission of the disease was hitherto observed.

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Branton, Alice. "Effect of Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Selenium." International Journal of Food and Nutritional Science 5, no. 1 (October 24, 2018): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2377-0619.18.1976.

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Selenium is an essential micronutrient which is useful for various biological functions in the body, as well as prevention and treatment of selenium deficiency-related diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and thermal properties of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatedselenium using the modern analytical technique. The test sample was divided into two parts viz. control and treated sample. The control sample did not receive Biofield Energy Treatment; whereas the treated sample received the Biofield Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Alice Branton. The PXRD peak intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered ranging from -21.59 to 412.20% and -6.90% to 40.68% respectively; however, the average crystallite size was significantly increased by 5.44% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The particle size values were altered by -4.54%(d10), 0.92%(d50), 1.18%( d90), and 0.66%{D(4,3)}, respectively, thus the specific surface area was increased by 2.48% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The melting point and latent heat of fusion of the treated selenium were increased by 0.27% and 5.94%, respectively compared with the control sample. The residue amount was increased by 3.83% in the treated selenium compared with the control sample. The maximum thermal degradation temperature of the treated sample was significantly increased by 14.94% compared with the control sample. The Biofield Energy Treatment might have generated a new polymorphic form of selenium which would be more efficacious against diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, viral diseases, male infertility, stress, aging, muscle disorders, neurological disorders, degenerative ailments, etc.

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HESS, DOMINIK, PETR PAŘIL, JAKUB DÖMÉNY, and JAN BAAR. "PERMEABILITY AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MICROWAVE PRE-TREATED NORWAY SPRUCE RIPEWOOD." WOOD RESEARCH 66(4) 2021 66, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.4.569581.

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This is a studyofthe influence of microwave (MW) pre-treatment on the permeabilityof Norway spruceripewood(Picea abiesL. Karst)as it affects its mechanical properties. Specimens weretreated under variable moisture content,MW intensity,and impregnation processes. According to the results,thespecimens withaninitial moisture contentof 45–65% exhibited the highest permeabilityvaluescompared to referencesamples. Aninsignificant difference was found between MW pre-treatments at2 and3kW.Statistically significant results were found afterlong-time (24h) vacuum-pressureimpregnation(LP). Theaverage retention value followingLP was 132 kg.m-3, which isalmost threetimes greater thanthe MW-treatedgroupsimpregnated in ashort-time vacuum-pressure process. The average depth of penetration after LP was 2.0mm and the proportion of the impregnation area followingLP was 17.6%. MW pre-treatment had no effect on the impregnability or the mechanical propertiesof the wood; other MW regimes are open for further examination.

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Chattopadhyay, D. P., and B. H. Patel. "Effect of Nanosized Colloidal Copper on Cotton Fabric." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 5, no. 3 (September 2010): 155892501000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501000500301.

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This research deals with the synthesis of nanosized copper as colloidal solution and its application to cotton fabric. Copper nano colloids were prepared by chemical reduction of copper salt using sodium borohydride as reducing agent in presence of tri-sodium citrate. The size and size distribution of the particles were examined by particle size analyzer and the morphology of the synthesized particles was examined by SEM and AFM techniques. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy detected the presence of copper in the treated fabric. The results of particle size analysis showed that the average particle size varied from 60 nm to 100 nm. The nano copper treated cotton was subjected to soil burial test for the assessment of its resistance towards microbial attack. SEM images of treated fabric indicate copper nano particles are well dispersed on the surface of the specimens. The treatments of nano copper colloidal solution on cotton not only improve its antimicrobial efficiency but also influenced the tensile strength of the fabric sample positively. The treatment was found to enhance the color depth and fastness properties of direct dyed cotton fabric samples.

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Mendez-Encinas, Mayra A., Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan, Jesús Ortega-García, Lubitza B. Santiago-Gómez, Yubia De Anda-Flores, Karla G. Martínez-Robinson, and Dora E. Valencia-Rivera. "Effect of Ultrasound-Treated Arabinoxylans on the Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil." Antioxidants 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020147.

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Arabinoxylans (AX) are polysaccharides with antioxidant activity and emulsifying properties, which make them an attractive alternative for its potential application as a natural antioxidant in oils. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasonic treatment of AX on their antioxidant capacity and its ability to improve the oxidative stability of soybean oil. For this purpose, AX were exposed to ultrasonic treatment at 25% (100 W, AX-1) and 50% (200 W, AX-2) power and an operating frequency of 20 KHz during 15 min, and their macromolecular properties (weight average molecular weight (Mw), polydispersity index and intrinsic viscosity) were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of AX was determined by the DPPH assay and Rancimat test. Results showed that ultrasonic treatment did not affect the molecular identity of the polysaccharide but modified its Mw distribution. AX-1 showed the highest antioxidant activity (75% inhibition) at 533 µg/mL by the DPPH method compared to AX and AX-2. AX at 0.25% (w/v) and AX-1 at 0.01% (w/v) exerted the highest protective effects on oxidative stability of soybean oil with induction periods of 7.69 and 5.54 h, respectively. The results indicate that AX could be a good alternative for the potential application as a natural antioxidant in oils.

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Kristek, S., A. Kristek, V. Guberac, and A. Stanisavljević. "Effect of bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and low fungicide dose seed treatments on parasite fungus Aphanomyces cochlioides and sugar beet yield and quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No, 7 (November 17, 2011): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3447-pse.

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Effect of sugar beet seed inoculation with a bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and treatment by fungicides Thiram 42-S and Dithane S-60 with and without seed inoculation aiming to control Aphanomyces cochlioides – root decay agent was studied. The trial lasted for three years on two soil types (Mollic Gleysols and Eutric Cambisols). The following parameters of sugar beet yield and quality were investigated: root yield, sugar content, sugar in molasses, sugar yield as well as percentage of the infected and decayed plants as a consequence of parasite fungus infestation. The highest average sugar beet root yield was obtained in the variant of the seed treated with fungicide Thiram 42-S and inoculated with bacterium P. fluorescens (85.15 t/ha). However, there were no statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the above-mentioned variant and the one with seed inoculated only with bacterium P. fluorescens (84.63 t/ha). The highest mean sugar content of 16.39% was also accomplished during the three-year investigation in the variant of the inoculated seed treated by fungicide Thiram 42-S. All other variants accomplished statistically very significantly lower values of this parameter. The same variant was characterized by the highest mean sugar yield value (12.79 t/ha) on both soil types. Namely, an average sugar yield of the variants inoculated with bacteria was 11.22 t/ha and by 44.22% higher compared to an average yield of non-inoculated variants. The highest percent of the infected and decayed plants (average value on both soil types in the three year investigation) was reported in the control variant (28.92% infected and 25.00% decayed plants) whereas the lowest one was detected in the variant of the seed inoculated with bacterium P. fluorescens in combination with low dose of fungicide Thiram 42-S (4.70% infected plants and 2.88% decayed plants). An average percent of the infected plants inoculated with bacterium P. fluorescens was 9.13% whereas the aforesaid value of the plants infected with parasitic fungus A. cochlioides in non-inoculated variants was by 146.00% higher being 22.42%.

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Clark, John R., and Gina E. Fernandez. "EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON SEED TRACES OF ARKANSAS TABLE GRAPES." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 486d—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.486d.

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Gibberellic Acid (GA3) was applied to `Venus' table grape flower clusters seven days after full bloom at 0, 150 and 300 ppm in 1987 and 1988. For both years, berry, cluster and average individual seed trace weights were not significantly affected by GA3 treatment. Total seed traces/berry were reduced an average of 50%, resulting in one seed trace/berry for GA3 treated clusters compared to two seed traces/berry for the control. Yield was increased in 1988 with the 300 ppm rate.

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Bondy, Carolyn A., Phillip L. Van, Vladimir K. Bakalov, and Vincent B. Ho. "Growth Hormone Treatment and Aortic Dimensions in Turner Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2625.

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Background: In recent years many girls with Turner syndrome (TS) have been treated with supraphysiological doses of GH to increase adult height. In addition to promoting statural growth, GH may have direct effects on the cardiovascular system. Objective: We sought to determine whether GH treatment affects aortic diameter in girls with TS because there is an increased risk for aortic dilation and dissection in this syndrome. Methods: In a retrospective, cross-sectional study, we compared ascending and descending aortic diameters measured by magnetic resonance imaging in GH-treated (n = 53) vs. untreated (n = 48) patients with TS participating in a National Institutes of Health protocol between 2001 and 2004. Results: The average duration of GH treatment was 4.7 with se 0.4 yr (range 2–11 yr). The two groups were similar in age and weight, but GH-treated subjects were on average 8 cm taller (P = 0.002). The diameter of the ascending aorta was increased by 7.3% and descending aorta by 8.9% in the GH-treated group. However, after correction for age, height, weight, and presence of bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation, using a multiple regression, neither history of GH treatment nor the length of GH treatment had an effect on the aortic diameter. Weight (P = 0.02), height (P = 0.001), and presence of bicuspid aortic valve (P = 0.0001) were associated with larger ascending aortic diameter, whereas age (P = 0.008), height (P = 0.02), and history of coarctation (P = 0.006) were associated with larger descending aortic diameter. Conclusions: GH treatment of girls with TS does not seem to affect ascending or descending aortic diameter above the increase related to the larger body size.

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Jung, Min-Ho. "Factors influencing treatment efficiency:." Angle Orthodontist 91, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/050220-379.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate the effect of self-ligating brackets (SB) and other related factors that influence orthodontic treatment time. Materials and Methods This was a two-armed prospective study. Consecutively treated patients who were recruited from a private practice were enrolled and asked to choose between SB and conventional brackets (CB). If the patient did not have a preference, that patient was randomly allocated. An identical archwire sequence was used, and all patients were treated by a single orthodontist. Treatment duration, number of bracket failures, poor oral hygiene, poor elastic wear, whether or not to orthodontic mini-implants (OMI) were used, OMI failure, extraction, American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index, and arch length discrepancy were measured and statistically analyzed using t-tests, correlation analysis, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Stepwise regression analysis was conducted to generate an equation to predict treatment duration. Results A total of 134 patients with an average age of 22.73 years were included. The average treatment duration was 28.63 months. ANCOVA showed no significant difference in treatment duration between CB and SB. Stepwise regression analysis could explain 64.6% of the variance in treatment duration using five variables. Conclusions SB did not exhibit a significant reduction in treatment time as compared with CB. Patient cooperation, extractions, and malocclusion severity had a significant impact on treatment duration.

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Huber, Martin, Lukas Laffers, and Giovanni Mellace. "Sharp IV Bounds on Average Treatment Effects on the Treated and Other Populations Under Endogeneity and Noncompliance." Journal of Applied Econometrics 32, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jae.2473.

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Brown, Graham K., and Thanos Mergoupis. "Treatment Interactions with Nonexperimental Data in Stata." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 11, no. 4 (December 2011): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1201100403.

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Treatment effects may vary with the observed characteristics of the treated, often with important implications. In the context of experimental data, a growing literature deals with the problem of specifying treatment interaction terms that most effectively capture this variation. Some results of this literature are now implemented in Stata. With nonexperimental (observational) data, and in particular when selection into treatment depends on unmeasured factors, treatment effects can be estimated using Stata's treatreg command. Though not originally designed for this purpose, treatreg can be used to consistently estimate treatment interaction parameters. With interactions, however, adjustments are required to generate predicted values and estimate the average treatment effect. In this article, we introduce commands that perform this adjustment for multiplicative interactions, and we show the required adjustment for more complicated interactions.

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Obioha, E. C., and A. U. Okorie. "The Effect of Payzone on Growth Rate and Feed Efficiency of Broiler Chicks." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 1, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v1i2.1964.

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Including Payzone at 10ppm in the ration of broiler chicks produced highly significant increases in both average body weight (P<0.05) and total gains (P <0.05). Average gains were also significantly higher (P <0.05) for the Payzone-treated birds. Feed efficiency, carcass weights, liver and pectoral muscle weights were also increased, but not signicantly by Payzone feeding. There was no significant difference in either carcass characteristics or quality, but mortality was 10.5% higher in the control than the Payzone-treated group. When Payzone was fed from eight weeks, there was a detectable increase in feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency and total gain all in favour of the treatment. On the other hand when Payzone was fed from nine weeks, efficiency of feed conversion was slightly lower, on the average, for the treatment. Significant differences were obtained only when Payzone feeding was started from day- old. These results tend to indicate that the optimum effectiveness of Payzone in broiler feeds would lie in the starter stage-a stage when it would seem logical that its bacteriostatic effect on the growing chick would be most efficacious and beneficial.

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Ahmed, Shahana, Claus Hansen, Ane Laursen Dahlkilde, Ana Herrero-Fresno, Ken Steen Pedersen, Jens Peter Nielsen, and John Elmerdahl Olsen. "The Effect of Colistin Treatment on the Selection of Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Weaner Pigs." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040465.

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The treatment of diarrhea in the postweaning period is a common reason for the use of antimicrobials in pig production, and Escherichia coli is the single most important causative agent for this condition. Colistin has recently been classified as a critically important antimicrobial for human health, as it is a last-resort drug against certain multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the use of colistin has been significantly reduced in some countries, including Denmark. Despite this, the drug is still commonly used to treat diarrhea in pigs in many countries, and there is a need to understand the risks associated with this practice. We performed a prospective cohort study to investigate the effect of colistin treatment on the changes in the average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in commensal E. coli in a pig herd where no colistin-resistant bacteria were detectable before treatment. One group of pigs was batch treated with colistin after the clinical observation of diarrhea, one group was batch treated with colistin approximately 10 days before the expected onset of diarrhea, and a control group was not treated with colistin but provided with nonantimicrobial antidiarrheal feed supplement. Treatment with colistin in the dose and time combinations used did not result in a significant increase in the average colistin MIC values in E. coli. Moreover, no E. coli strains showed a MIC above the breakpoint of >2 mg/L against colistin. Co-selection of resistance to other antimicrobials was not observed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Average treatment effect on the treated'

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