Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Avfallsförbränning'
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Löfgren, Helena. "NOx-reducering vid avfallsförbränning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158644.
Full textWaste incineration is used to reduce the volume of waste, destruction of hazardous waste and to extract energy in combined heat and power plants (CHP). Umeå Energi’s CHP Dåva 1 incinerates municipal solid waste (MSW) and other hazardous waste. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed in the combustion process. The emission of NOx is regulated in Sweden’s regulation SFS 2013:253 and law 1990:613. Dåva 1 uses selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) with ammonia as flue gas treatment, to reduce NOx in the flue gas. Some of the ammonia in the process remains unreacted (ammonia slip) and it probably contributes to corrosion in the colder economizer. Umeå Energi wants to reduce the NOx emissions without increasing the ammonia related corrosion of the economizer. In the present study, the possibility to reduce NOx formation by SNCR optimization was evaluated. Furthermore an investigation on the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in waste incineration plants in Sweden, and whether it is beneficent to install in Dåva 1, was included. The current efficiency of the SNCR system was tested by switching of the ammonia in short periods of time and measuring and logging the flue gas composition. The efficiency (80 %) proved to be very high if operated at the optimal temperature. ButHowever, the test also showed that the temperature limits for the injection levels could be optimized for improved efficiency. Improved efficiency at all temperatures could reduce both NOx emission and ammonia use. The use of SCR in Swedish waste incineration plants was investigated through interviews. It was found that only five plants are equipped with SCR and they were placed in the clean gas position – after electrostatic precipitatorelectric filter and wet scrubber treatment. The contents of the flue gas was examined monitored at three positions at Dåva 1. The content of SO2, HCl and dust were measured, which in combination with ammonia can cause coating with reduces the efficiency of the catalyst. All three positions were located after the textile filters and had low contents of dust. Position A was located between the textile fabric filters and the economizers and was the hottest position with 205℃. Position B was located after the economizers and had the temperature of 145℃. Position C had the cleanest and thereby the safest position for a catalyst, due to its location after all the flue gas treatments, but the temperature was only 65℃ and requires most re-heating of the flue gas. Since the SNCR system proved to have potential to be more efficient, it should be optimized before considering an investment in a SCR system.
Lysell, Sara. "Livscykelanalys av avfallsförbränning och biogasproduktion." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21064.
Full textLife cycle assessment as a method is used to evaluate products or services from “cradle to grave”. A life cycle assessment of municipal waste incineration with energy recovery is conducted with the software SimaPro. The result is compared with life cycle assessment conducted on biogas production from food waste, the comparison shows the process with the least impact on the environment. Incineration of municipal waste contributes to reduced environmental impact with 63.9 kg CO2-equivalents per ton waste. Biogas production reduces the environmental impact with 11.6 kg CO2-equivalents per ton food waste. Incineration of municipal waste is the treatment with the least environmental impact. Power generation with waste as fuel is unsustainable long term, waste is an unsustainable fuel and the European Union is actively working to reduce the generation of waste.
Filipson, John. "Informationssystem för avfallsförbränning enligt Naturvårdsverkets förbränningsdirektiv." Thesis, University West, Department of Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-336.
Full textLindberg, Melica. "Samverkan, miljöstrategi och verktyg, i beslutsprocessen för avfallsförbränning." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2513.
Full textDet pågår utbyggnad av avfallskapacitet i Sverige samtidigt är statens strategi rörande avfallshanteringen otydlig. Föreliggande studies syfte är att analysera hur aktörer på olika nivåer samverkat och att se vilka drivande faktorer som funnits i beslutsprocessen kring byggandet av avfallsförbränningsanläggningar. Det huvudsakliga teoretiska perspektivet i studien är hämtat från Sexton et al. De menar att en integration av perspektiv från företag, myndigheter och samhälle är en av nycklarna till bättre miljöbeslut. De menar också att verktyg som är framtagna för att ge vägledning för olika beslut kan vara användbara vid beslutsprocesser. En kvalitativ intervjumetodik har använts för att besvara syftena. Tio respondenter har intervjuats från tre fall, där det nyligen beslutats om upprättande eller utbyggnad av avfallsförbränningsanläggningar. Dessa är lokaliserade i ett och samma län i Sverige. Studiens syfte besvarades med hjälp av ett analysinstrument som växte fram. Vid analysen av de olika frågeområdena skapades kodenheter som belyser innehållet i intervjumaterialet. I uppsatsen diskuteras resultaten och förhålls till de teoretiska perspektiven som lyfts fram i studien och tidigare forskning på området.
Resultatet indikerar att aktörers samverkan mellan olika nivåer och dimensioner är bristfällig. Det förefaller som byggandet av avfallsförbränningsanläggningar drivs av initiativ på bolags/projektnivån, medan andra nivåer (lokal-, regional-, nationell- och europeisknivå) och miljöstrategiska dimensioner är svagt företrädda i beslutsprocessen. Drivande faktorer av ekonomisk och marknadsmässig karaktär framstår som de starkaste drivkrafterna i beslutsprocessen för att upprätta avfallsförbränningsanläggningar i de undersökta fallen. Även drivande faktorer i form av lagar och regleringar ses som starka. Genom studiens resultat verkar det som om verktyg i form av hjälpmedel för kunskapshantering och beslutstöd av ekonomi och marknadsmässig karaktär styr inriktningen och utformningen av projekten att upprätta en avfallsförbränningsanläggning. Det verkar inte som användningen av verktyg av miljöstrategisk karaktär används i samma utsträckning och har då inte heller möjlighet att vara styrande. Jag tror att det finns en potential hos miljöstrategiska verktyg att påverka samverkan mellan aktörer vid upprättande och utbyggnad av avfallsförbränning och påverka hanteringen av miljöfrågor i beslutsprocessen.
Laggren, Anna. "Avsättningsmöjligheter för slaggrus från avfallsförbränning vid Åmotfors Energi." Thesis, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229651.
Full textKarolina, Bengtsdotter. "Interaktioner mellan svavel, klor och kvicksilver vid avfallsförbränning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148911.
Full textFor a long time, mercury has been a very popular to use in different kinds of products due to its unique properties. Which has led to a lot of different things containing mercury ends up in waste plants to be incinerated. Mercury are also considered to be one of the most dangerous substances and therefore emissions needs to be kept at minimum. Oxidizing mercury from its form Hg0 to Hg2+ is considered to be extremely important due to the later are easier to remove from the flue gas. The main objective with this thesis was to investigate if mercury would exist more in its elementary form Hg0 than its oxidized state Hg2+ in the flue gas when the ratio between sulfur and chlorine was changed. The former is insoluble in water and therefore difficult to remove from the flue gas with today’s cleaning facility’s. It is also considered one of the more dangerous substances in the world. The project was done in collaboration with Umeå Energi AB. The method that was used to explore this was measuring the mercury content of the flue gas from the waste fired boiler Dåva 1 outside Umeå. The measurement was done with and without extra sulfur added to the fuel in the form of car tires. An additional analysis was done on the ash from the fabricfilter and from the superheater to see if there was something there to give some clarity on why there would be any change in the amount of mercury. The measurement did indeed indicate that sulfur increases the amount of mercury in the flue gas. The main theory to why this has occurred was the increased amount of SO3, which could be found in the flue gas when extra sulphur was added. SO3 is then absorbed by the activated carbon that is added to the flue gas that should have absorbed Hg0 instead. However, this result is not conclusive and further studies needs to be done. Another possible theory to why this has occurred could be that the increase of sulfur could lead to more Na2SO4 in the particle filter. Which could have led to a decrease of NaCl in the filter that could perhaps be a more efficient oxidizing agent of Hg0 than HCl. Another thing that has been revealed is that the cleaning systems that is used today is capable of cleaning mercury from the flue gas even though the added sulfur caused an increase in the amount.
Öberg, Annica. "Askor från avfallsförbränning farligt avfall eller en framtida resurs." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26576.
Full textThe combustion of waste is increasing in Sweden and the waste is not an entirely definable fuel. This is very much economically and environmentally defensible by the high quality of smoke purification, which ensures that a very small percentage of pollutants reaching the atmosphere, but on the other hand they are concentrated in the ash. Ashes from the incineration of waste go largely to landfills and are used to cap or to be deposited, and that a large amount of fly ash is transported to Langöya. Within a decade, the landfill will be completed covered and Langöya fulfilled, while the amount of ashes from the incineration are increasing, which would require new solutions. The reason for the particular fly ash as hazardous waste is the concentration of heavy metals and pollutions emanating from the fuel. It has been researched for years about the methods that provide environmentally sound use and methods to reduce the environmental impact of ashes, but further research is needed to find answer to the long-term environmental impact and alternative uses. Are ashes from waste hazardous waste or a future resource, a difficult question to answer, because there is much work needed from politicians, government agencies, industry, research and the general public attitude towards waste separation to successfully transform a hazardous waste into a resource.
Jung, Jonas. "Energikartläggning av avfallsförbränningen i Uppsala." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126233.
Full textVattenfall Heat Uppsala runs the waste incineration plant in Uppsala, which produces district heating, process steam, district cooling and electricity. Vattenfall Heat Uppsala has decided to introduce an energy management system with the aim to increase the energy efficiency of the plant. The basis in such a system is to make an energy mapping.
In this thesis an energy mapping has been performed at the waste incineration plant with the aim to identify and determine the size of energy flows. The investigated energy flows are used fuel, produced and used steam, produced district heating and cooling. Also the use of electricity to run the processes has been investigated. The results have also been used to look at the energy flows in the perspective of exergy to investigate how the quality of different energy forms are used in the processes.With the results of the energy mapping, potential for energy efficiency measures has been identified.
The results from the mapping shows that the use of electricity is low compared to similar plants and therefore any major actions to lower the use of electricity have not been found. Many internal processes use steam for different types of heating. The pressure of the used steam is often reduced by reducing valves, which causes a loss of exergy. Calculations show that theoretically about 30 GWh of electricity could be produced if the steam instead expands in turbines to reduce its pressure.
Lantto, Therese. "Logistiska utmaningar : Med avseende på radioaktivitet i anläggningar för avfallsförbränning." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Maskinteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40854.
Full textKonsultföretaget Rejlers har fått i uppdrag av E.ON Värme i Norrköping att införa radioaktivitetskontroller på ankommande avfall på Händelöverket. Det görs genom att installera detektorer som läser av strålningen i samband med att lastbilen åker in på området. Om lasten innehåller något radioaktivt avfall kommer detektorn att larma. Ger inte detektorn något larm får lastbilen åka in på området och tippa lasten i avfallshallen. Vad som ska göras när lasten innehåller radioaktivt avfall är dock svårt att veta, då det inte existera några klara riktlinjer för detta. Därför utförs detta examensarbete av en student på Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. Syftet med arbetet är att ge förslag på en korrekt logistisk hantering med avseende på lagkrav från detektering till sluthantering. Tre frågeställningar formulerades för att arbetet ska kunna uppfylla syftet. Den första frågeställningen handlade om att identifiera och analysera E.ON:s nuvarande avfallslogistik. Den andra frågeställningen besvarar vad det finns för lagar och rekommendationer för en förbränningsanläggning som behöver hantera radioaktivt avfall. Den sista frågeställningen behandlar hur andra företag hanterar larm i en sådan detektor. Arbetet har haft en kvalitativ inriktning i form av en fallstudie, där empirin har insamlats framförallt genom intervjuer med bland annat andra förbränningsanläggningar och Strålskyddsmyndigheten. Personer från tre olika förbränningsanläggningar intervjuades där de fick berätta hur hanteringen av radioaktivt avfall ser ut på deras företag. För att få svar på vad det finns för lagar och rekommendationer för en förbränningsanläggning, intervjuades en person från Strålskyddsmyndigheten. Den information som insamlades från fallstudien analyserades med den litteratur och dokumentation som samlades in till det teoretiska ramverket. Utifrån analysen kunde sedan ett resultat fås i form av ett förslag på en teoretiskt fungerande hantering. Detta förslag presenteras i form av ett flödesdiagram med tillhörande beskrivning. Vid larm ska detta flöde följas för att enkelt få en överblick i hur hanteringen ska se ut.
Öberg, Sofia. "Metod för beräkning av andelen fossilt kol i avfallsbränsle." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-102835.
Full textFrom 2013 waste-to-energy (WTE) plants in Sweden are included in the European Union Emissions Trading System, EU ETS. EU ETS involves only carbon emissions created by fossil fuels. Household waste and industrial waste, which is the fuel, consists of a mixture of biogenic and fossil fuels. This amendment imposes new demands on measurement accuracy and reporting of fossil part of carbon emissions. In the current situation there are a number of methods to carry out these measurements, but these methods are highly expensive. This work is carried out on behalf of Tekniska verken, Linköping, which owns and operates WTE plants and thus have strong interest in this result. The aim of this work is to investigate whether a new calculation method can be applied and if the method is reliable for the determination of fossil carbon in the emissions. When starting the work an equation for the heating value was available. This equation was the basis for the further calculation of the proportion of the fossil and biogenic fuels in the waste. The method was recommended to be based on the facility's existing operational data. To tackle the main problem, the work started with a review of the literature .To make the calculations, knowledge of the fuel heating value and the biogenic and fossil fuel heating value were needed. Due to these parameters the method was divided into six different areas and related equations, which are reported below. o Mass Balance / waste composition o Heat Value Calculation o Water Balance / moisture in fuel o Ash content o Effect relationships o Flue gas The calculation method published in this work might work theoretically, but for reliable results further studies in each area are required. The calculation method requires many measurement signals which makes the method become uncertain. Small changes in the measured signals provide a major impact on the method's final results, i.e the proportion of fossil carbon in the waste. This means that the method requires reliable measurement data with small uncertainties to produce a correct outcome. Before the implementation of the calculated method the recommendation is to verify the method with other known methods, such as 14C - analysis.
Sherif, Dalia, and Elham Jafarianesfahani. "Utvinning av zink ur flygaska med saltsyra- och sulfatskrubber vatten från rökgasreningen." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-11136.
Full textLarsson, Simon. "Den svenska avfallsförbränningen : Praktisk eller problematisk?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-154350.
Full textWith support in EU legislation and the Swedish National Environmental Objectives, the waste management of Sweden has shifted from an earlier system based on disposal in landfills to one focused on various recycling methods. The waste treatment method that has perhaps had the most success during the beginning of the 21st century is that of energy recovery, which means energy extraction coupled waste incineration. A large portion of the type of waste that was disposed of before the bans on landfilling of combustible waste and of organic waste in 2002 and 2005, respectively, has since the bans’ coming into force instead been incinerated to produce a considerable part of Sweden’s electricity and heating. This literature study aimed to, from an environmental point of view, review waste incineration as a method of waste treatment and of energy production, focusing on emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. The emissions from the Swedish energy recovery were analysed and discussed in relation to the alternative methods for waste treatment and electricity and heat production that were also utilized in Sweden at the time of writing. The perception of greenhouse gas emissions from the Swedish waste management, arguments in favour of the environmental benefits of energy recovery, and the attitude towards a continued expansion of energy recovery in Sweden were questioned. The conclusions drawn from the study were that energy recovery should, with benefits for the environment, be replaced with recycling of materials and biological treatment of waste as well as combustion of bio-fuels, which there were already certain incentives for in legislation and state plans at the time of writing.
Gerebäck, David, and Gustav Zetterkvist. "Logistical challenges for the establishment of a fly ash treatment facility." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122917.
Full textSandström, Karin. "Bildning och sulfatering av fluorider i aska vid förbränning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148600.
Full textCombustion of waste in combined heat- and power plants are the primary solution for waste that is not recycled or reused in Sweden today. Municipal solid waste contains a wide range of ash-forming elements, which could lead to operational problems in the boiler that limits the plant’s efficiency. Different elements are found in different waste fractions, and some can cause severe corrosion problems in heat transferring parts of the boiler. The heat and power industry has been aware of the problems associated with chlorine for a long time, as this is an element that is known to contribute to corrosion. New materials mean that high levels of previously unknown elements for the heat and power industry enters the plants. One of these elements is fluorine which is found in fluoropolymers which are chemically inert plastics. Fluoropolymers are found in sports and outdoor clothing, as well as cookware and a number of other products, and the production of these type of materials is expected to increase significantly over the next few years. The purpose of this work was to investigate the distribution of fluorine by addition of sodium fluoride (NaF) to pure wood pellets. This was done through thermodynamic calculations and bench scale combustion tests. Four fuel mixtures were tested, one containing NaF alone, one containing sodium chloride (NaCl), one containing both NaF and NaCl and one containing NaF, NaCl and sulfur. During combustion tests, the concentrations of HCl, HF and SO2 in the flue gases were logged. Analysis of bottom ash, deposits and particles in the flue gas was performed with SEM/EDS and XRD-analysis after each combustion test. The results showed that fluorine appears to be more likely than chlorine to stay in the bottom ash. This was confirmed by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations and by combustion tests. Furthermore, the thermodynamic equilibrium calculations showed that a large share of fluorine should end up in the flue gas as HF. Furthermore, the combustion tests showed that sulfation of fluorine salts occurs at lower levels of sulfur than sulfation of chlorine salts. In practice, this means that if the levels of fluorine-rich fuel increases in a waste incineration plant, the proportion of HF in the flue gases should increase and that some of the sulfur in the fuel mixture will be used for sulfation of fluorine salts if they are formed. The distribution of fluorine if fluorinated plastics are added to the fuel is not investigated in this work and something that should be investigated in the future.
Johansson, Anton, and Axel Jonasson. "Rökgasrening för småskalig avfallsförbränning i länder under utveckling : En kartläggning över föroreningar i rökgaser, deras uppkomst och hur de kan reduceras." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143273.
Full textThe company Againity AB has plans to apply waste incineration systems in regions where waste management is a major issue. To manage this Againity must take flue gas treatment in consideration. As flue gas treatment isn’t their area of expertise, a disquisition of combustion techniques, pollution and emission standards will be necessary. Henceforth can an evaluation of which flue gas treatment techniques that would be suitable for waste incineration plants in the regions where the plants are intended to be. By incinerate waste in an incineration plant there is good conditions to obtain a less polluted flue gas just by using good combustion techniques. In a plant where you can control the combustion, a certain desired temperature can be achieved by injecting the right amount of air. The combination of a temperature around 800 – 1100 °C and a residence time of at least two seconds, result in complete combustion of the waste and emissions of environmental pollutants will be reduced. Based on emission standards, certain pollutants have been evaluated. One of those pollutants is sulphur dioxide, which contribute to acidification of earth and water. Another relevant pollutant is dioxins, which is harmful for humans and animals due to its capability of biomagnification. To acquire as clean flue gas as possible several flue gas treatment techniques should be applied in combination. By using filters in general, dust and particles bound in dust can be separated from the flue gas. As for acidic gases, these must react with another substance first to be separated. Nitrogen oxides however cannot be separated from the flue gas as the recently mentioned pollutants can, they can only be reduced by reacting with a reducing agent to form harmless gases. Thanks to available data concerning waste fractions, theoretical values of some pollutants in flue gases has been calculated. Emission measurements at waste incineration plants made by the company Testo, has been used for other pollutants. Calculated and measured values has been compared to the emission standards of Vietnam and the European Union and depending on the outcome of the comparison, suggestions of flue-gas techniques has been presented. Different suggestions of flue-gas systems have been presented depending of economic resources and to what extent the emissions should be reduced. Our conclusion is that complete combustion is a fundamental factor that operators must focus on. Electrostatic precipitator is a flue-gas technique that all our suggestions have in common and is a technique that we strongly recommend. We also recommend other flue-gas techniques such as scrubber and SNCR, but these methods are not always necessary. Planning of advanced flue-gas treatment needs consideration of the environmental requirements, the economic resources available and the functionality of the infrastructure.
Nordström, Christoffer. "Experimentell studie av driftparametrar och deras inverkan på förbränningen hos en avfallseldad rosterpanna." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83476.
Full textEnergy recovery of waste via waste incineration is one of the dominant methods in Sweden for reducing the amount of waste. In Sweden, approximately 6 million tonnes of waste are incinerated annually and in 2019 this generated 16 TWh of heat and 2 TWh of electricity. Värmevärden’s heating plant Källhagsverket in Avesta produced 185 000 MWh of district heating by waste incineration from their waste-fired grate boiler in 2019. In recent seasons, Källhagsverket has had problems with the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) formed from waste incineration, as they have violated the daily average value of carbon monoxide. The aim of the project was to investigate how a stable combustion can be achieved by investigating contributing causes of incomplete combustion and the project’s goal was to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide formed from the waste incineration. At the beginning of the project, a literature study was conducted to create a better understanding of combustion and waste combustion in grate boilers. The results from this literature study showed that the factors that can contribute to high amounts of carbon monoxide were, among other things, the fuel bed of the boiler, the air distribution in the boiler and the amount of air supplied to the boiler. The method applied to the project was based on the experimental design approach. The experimental planning methodology can in summary be described as a collective concept for a way of working regarding methods that makes it possible to draw conclusions and relationships between different factors in a process. Källhagsverket’s grate boiler was examined and operating data from previous operating seasons were analysed using statistical analyses in the form of simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the statistical analyses showed that air factors such as air flows and air distribution was significant for the amount of carbon monoxide formed in the boiler. Several different experiments were performed to identify factors that affected the combustion, the formation of carbon monoxide and the limitations of the boiler. Attempts included testing different air distributions at the boiler, changing the amount of drying air supplied and grate speed distributions. After these initial experiments, two larger experiments were conducted, a 2-factor experiment and an experiment where the boiler’s oxygen content operated as a the setpoint for the secondary air instead of the amount of carbon monoxide in the flue gases. The 2-factor experiment was carried out where three factors were changed from a low level to a high level and these factors were the oxygen content in the flue gases, the secondary air distribution between the upper and lower secondary air register and the secondary air distribution between the front and rear secondary air register. The results from the experiments showed that the significant factors for the carbon monoxide formed were the oxygen content in the flue gases, the secondary air distribution and the primary air flow of grate 1 and grate 3. The results also showed that the carbon monoxide content and the amount of nitric oxide could be reduced. When oxygen content operated as the setpoint for the secondary air the amount of carbon monoxide was reduced by about 30 % and the amount of nitric oxide was reduced by about 15 %. What resulted in the best results during the project was to let the oxygen content (O2) operate as the setpoint for the secondary air instead of carbon monoxide (CO). This resulted in a carbon monoxide reduction of about 30 % and also reduced nitric oxide (NOx) emissions by 15 %. The following recommendations that were given to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide formed: secondary air control should be done via the oxygen content to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. reduce the excess air to levels with an oxygen content of about 5.5 %. Keywords: waste combustion, grate boiler, design of experiments.
Andergren, Edvin, and Hannes Lager. "En het marknad : en flerfallsstudie om hur svenska kraftvärmeverk uppnår optimerad lagernivå." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390472.
Full textNikkilä, Joakim. "Import av avfall för energiutvinning – en systemanalys av avfallshanteringens klimatpåverkan." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22294.
Full textEn undersökning om import av avfall för energiutvinning kan minska avfallshanteringen klimatpåverkan har genomförts. Utredningen har använt systemanalys som metod för detta.En systemanalys är ett metodverktyg som har förmågan att på ett systematiskt och strikt logiskt sätt undersöka komplexa system och hur dessa integrerar och påverkar varandra. I den här utredningen har en systemanalys använts för att undersöka klimatpåverkan från en avfallsimport i fallet England.Bakgrunden är att England traditionellt sätt har använt sig av deponering som huvudsaklig hantering av avfall. Deponeringen leder till stora utsläpp av växthusgasen metan. EU har fastställt ett deponeringsdirektiv som ska leda medlemsländerna bort från deponering som avfallshantering.I Sverige råder i dagens läge konkurrens om avfall för förbränning. Den vikande konjunkturen tillsammans med mindre förpackningar och en ökad källsortering ger ytterligare brist på avfall för förbränning. Allt detta sammantaget leder till att det kan bli aktuellt att importera avfall till Sverige från England.En systemanalys har därför utförts för att undersöka hur klimatpåverkan av en sådan import skulle bli.Undersökningen visar att slutresultatet är direkt beroende av de systemgränser och beräkningsmetoder som används. Grundfallet i undersökningen visar dock på en klimatvinst med 382,2 kg CO2/ton avfall som importeras för förbränning med effektiv energiutvinning i Sverige istället för deponering i England.
Hejde, Alexander, and Peter Kylén. "10 kamp i fjärrvärme : Hur ett befintligt fjärrvärmesystem kan bli mer effektivt." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4811.
Full textFjärrvärmen utgör idag ungefär 12 % (48 TWh) av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Starka argument att använda fjärrvärme för att tillgodose bostäders och lokalers värmebehov är möjligheten att använda olika bränslen av skiftande pris och kvalitet, den goda verkningsgraden en centraliserad värmeanläggning erhåller samt fördelen med att kombinera produktionen av el och värme.
Halmstad energi och miljö (HEM), förser Halmstad och närområdet med fjärrvärme och total mängd producerad energi uppgick 2009 till 596 GWh. Avfall och biobränsle utgör den största produktionsandelen men även industriell spillvärme samt mindre mängder olja och naturgas används för att framställa värme.
Konkurrenssituationen för fjärrvärme är på många orter i det närmsta monopolistisk där en stor aktör äger hela marknaden. Det är viktigt att förbättra fjärrvärmesystemet för att i framtiden behålla dess konkurrenskraft. Följande rapport utreder och beskriver åtgärder för att göra ett redan befintligt fjärrvärmesystem mer effektivt.
Utifrån möten med personal på HEM har tio punkter presenterats, vilka utvärderar olika delmoment i Halmstads fjärrvärmesystem. Utifrån dessa punkter presenteras en ”kvalitetsstämpel” vilken beskriver hur väl HEM:s fjärrvärmesystem fungerar inom respektive delområde.
Slutsatsen av rapporten visar att förbättringspotential ur en energieffektiv synvinkel är möjlig men att de ekonomiska fördelarna är få.
District heating constitutes about 12 % (48 TWh) of the total energy usage in Sweden. Arguments for utilize district heating to provide housings and premises with heat are the possibility to use different kinds of fuels with various prices and quality, the good efficiency a centralized heating plant gives and the benefits of produce electricity and heat at the same time.
The energy company HEM supplies Halmstad and surrounding area with district heating and the produced amount of energy 2009 was 596 GWh. Waste and bio fuels constitutes the largest part of produced energy but also industrial lost heat and small amounts of oil and natural gas are used to produce heat.
The competitive situation for district heating is in many places close to monopolistic because only one major participant owns the market. It is important to improve a district heating system to maintain it’s ability to be competitive in the future. The following report investigates and describes interventions to make an already existing district heating system more efficient.
From meetings with personnel, ten items has been presented evaluating different elements in the district heating system of Halmstad. These elements also give a view of how well HEM:s district heating system works in different areas.
The conclusion of this report shows that the potential of a more energy efficient system is possible but the economical benefits are few.
Nilsson, Emma, and Evelina Östlund. "Möjligheterna att implementera bio-CCS och CCS på Högdalenverket : En fallstudie över fyra olika koldioxidavskiljningsteknologier och deras kompatibilitet på Högdalenverket med avseende på tekniska, ekonomiska, miljömässiga och energirelaterade aspekter." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176516.
Full textRamberg, Kajsa. "Avfall av läder, skinn och päls - en icke-fråga : En studie av det nationella stödets strävan att uppnå giftfria kretslopp inom kommunal avfallshantering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-422837.
Full textBröms, Axelsson Emilia. "Kloridutlakning från flygaska : möjligheten till en lokal hantering." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107893.
Full textI Sverige finns det gränsvärden för hur mycket utlakningsbara ämnen avfall får innehålla för att kunna deponeras som farligt avfall. Flygaska från avfallsförbränning hamnar ofta över gränsen för vad som får deponeras, främst p.g.a. kloridinnehållet, och askan deponeras därför bl.a. i Norge och Tyskland. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda möjligheten att hantera flygaska lokalt. För att klargöra hur lagstiftningen tillämpas har miljörapporter och tillståndsbeslut från tio avfallsanläggningar med tillstånd att deponera flygaska studerats. Dessutom har en litteraturstudie gjorts av kunskapsläget när det gäller behandling av flygaska för att motverka lakning av klorider. Behandlingsmetoderna är många, men har kommit olika långt i att anses som kommersiella. Bland behandlingarna finns både fysiska, kemiska, biologiska, elektriska och termiska varianter. Många av behandlingarna (med undantag för karbonatisering och mikrobiell bioutlakning) gör att gränsvärden för utlakning av klorider klaras. Många av behandlingarna är dock orealistiskt dyra eller genererar avloppsvatten med höga kloridhalter. Av de tio anläggningar som innehar tillstånd till att deponera flygaska, så har tre även dispens för gränsvärdet för klorider. Utifrån den information som finns i tillståndsbesluten är det mycket svårt att se ett mönster vad gäller bedömningen av de enskilda fallen. I flera fall finns känsliga recipienter nedströms deponin. En anledning till att dispens ges trots denna känslighet kan vara den vägledning som Naturvårdsverket gett ut. Där formuleras inte någon specifik problematik kring klorider, utan andra ämnen är i fokus. Man behandlar därför ofta höga kloridhalter i lakvatten som ett utspädningsproblem, istället för ett utlakningsproblem.
Henriksdotter, Langer Lina. "Avfall eller resurs? En prognos över framtida behandling av restavfall och organiskt avfall." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23243.
Full textThe study was made as a final exam in Environmental Science at Malmö högskola. The subject was chosen in co operation with a few of the work force at NSR in Helsingborg and was aiming to investigate the future substance of organic waste in a northwest region in Skåne, Sweden. The waste which is taken care of at Filborna in Helsingborg was mapped out with a material flow analysis due to reveal the flows of materials to and from the construction. The aim with the study was to investigate whether the biological treatment still will be the most optimal solution in the future or if the solid waste will contain only flammable material and thereby the optimal solution will be energy recycling. Due to the varying amount of households which are sorting their organic wadte there were diffuculties to make correct estimates and thereby the results are founded on assumptions. The results are based on statistic material 2002-2006 and a forecast until 2014. They show that it will take another 19 years before the solid waste compound only flammable material. However recycling keeps improving and the forecast will shorten in time.
Andersson, Oskar. "Avskiljning av inert material från avfallsbränsle : En fältstudie av förbättrad RDF-produktion på bränsleberedningen i Västerås." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35780.
Full textEnergy recovery of waste got huge potential of decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions in the world. Combustion in fluidized bed boilers gives high resource efficiency but demands a comminuted fuel with low content of inert (non-combustible) materials, a so called refuse derived fuel (RDF). A well-functioning separation process as part of the RDF-production allows efficient combustion as well as efficient treatment of the separated materials. The purpose of this degree project is to investigate what factors that influences on the separation of inert material from waste for combustion in a fluidized bed boiler and how the separation can be improved. This is investigated through a field study of a fuel-preparation plant in Sweden. The separation process has been examined visually and by experiments based on sampling and manual sorting of waste fractions. The results show five factors that are assumed to influence on the sorting. Three of them are suggested to be solved by simple constructions. One factor that shows to have a great impact is the input waste to the process which is varying to a large extent. A measure that is suggested to give improved separation is a recurrent check of the RDF quality and the reject quality. Combined with information about the input waste this should be basis for recurrent adjustments of the plant to achieve a more stable quality of the separation output. Another measure that is suggested is to decrease the size of the material flow through the production line. This is suggested since the size of the flow is assumed to have an important impact on the separation. The decrease can be achieved by more evenly distribute the production over time and over the production lines. This will though require a more active planning of the production and minimization of production stops. As part of the work a new wind sifter has also been tested. The wind sifter show good potential of improving the separation if it would be installed to create a two-step wind sifting. However, since the investment of a new wind sifter implies a high investment, a study of the costs and saving potential is required before the investment can be suggested as a measure.
Karlsson, Linus, and Jönsson Thomas Linderholm. "Pre-feasibility Study of a Waste to Energy Plant in Chisinau, Moldova." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-170234.
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