Academic literature on the topic 'Aviation Emissions'

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Journal articles on the topic "Aviation Emissions"

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Bows, A. "Aviation and climate change: confronting the challenge." Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1158 (August 2010): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400000395x.

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Abstract Each year greenhouse gas emissions remain high the climate mitigation and adaptation challenges grow. The economic downturn was already in train in 2008, yet concentrations of CO2 increased unabated. Without concerted effort across all sectors there will be little chance of avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’ and the aviation sector has a clear role to play. Current and forthcoming technologies, operational practices and behavioural change offer widespread opportunities for other sectors to mitigate their CO2 emissions in absolute terms, but as they do so, aviation will become an increasingly important player. By comparing a range of global cross-sector emission scenarios with existing aviation projections, this paper illustrates the importance of understanding the future context with regard to other sectors when assessing the aviation industry’s potential impact. Given growth projections for aviation and the relatively slow pace of technological change, aviation’s proportion of 2050 global CO2 emissions is low only in those global cross-sector emission scenarios where there is a high probability of ‘dangerous climate change’. For a ‘reasonable’ (>50%) chance of avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’, the most technologically radical scenarios for aviation make up 15% of global CO2 in 2050 and conventional scenarios exceed the carbon budget entirely. Only by recognising that aviation’s currently projected emissions are incompatible with avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’ can the industry fully grasp the challenge of accelerating innovation and managing demand to deliver a more sustainable route to 2050 and beyond.
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Pardede, Leony Marcha Rotua Cahaya. "PERAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DALAM MENEKAN PENGARUH EMISI SEKTOR PENERBANGAN TERHADAP LAJU PERUBAHAN IKLIM." BELLI AC PACIS 7, no. 2 (March 11, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/belli.v7i2.59997.

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Aviation emission as a factor in increasing and distribution of Greenhouse Gasses emission is a contributor to climate change and are expected to increase from 3% to 15% in 2050 if no international standard precautions are applied. Therefore, there is a need for regulations to be put in place to control aviation emissions. This legal research aims to describe the role of international law in efforts to reduce emission from aviation sector, as well as the enforcement imposed on countries to control emissions. Using a legal approach, the author examines how the Chicago Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement regulate aviation emissions. The results of this study indicate that aviation emission are regulated in two international regimes, namely the International Civil Aviation regime and the Climate Change Regime, but with the enactment of these two regimes, there is still an increase in aviation emissions from countries by the year 2019. Therefore, a new and more structured steps are needed to reduce emissions from the aviation sector.
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Zhang, Qingchuan. "The quest to mitigation of aviation emissions and pollutions." Applied and Computational Engineering 26, no. 1 (November 7, 2023): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/26/20230803.

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With the aviation industry's continuous development and commercial air travel's growing popularity, the emissions and pollution resulting from air transportation have experienced a rapid surge. In recent years, as environmental awareness has increased and there has been a growing reflection on the pollution caused by technology, the significance of aviation emissions has been increasingly acknowledged. This article aims to summarize achievements and challenges concerning the current state of aviation emissions and the technologies employed for their reduction. It begins by outlining the present state of aviation emissions, followed by an analysis of common pollutants emitted by the aviation sector, such as NOx, CO, and HC, as well as the mechanisms underlying greenhouse gas emissions and their associated hazards. Furthermore, the article explores several prevalent emission reduction strategies, including applying biofuels, improving combustion chambers, and optimizing flight procedures. Finally, the article provides an outlook on potential future directions for aviation emission reduction technologies.
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Lee, David S., Brigitte Brunner, Andreas Döpelheuer, Robert S. Falk, Roger M. Gardner, Manfred Lecht, Martin Leech, Dave H. Lister, and Peter J. Newton. "Aviation emissions: present-day and future." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 11, no. 3 (August 2, 2002): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2002/0011-0141.

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She, Ying, Yangu Deng, and Meiling Chen. "From Takeoff to Touchdown: A Decade’s Review of Carbon Emissions from Civil Aviation in China’s Expanding Megacities." Sustainability 15, no. 24 (December 5, 2023): 16558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416558.

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The rapid growth of urbanization in China has led to a substantial escalation in the demand for civil aviation services, consequently propelling China to the third-largest contributor of carbon emissions within the aviation sector. Using the 2012–2021 data on takeoffs and landings of civil aviation aircraft in China, the aircraft engine emission factor database of the Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) from EUROCONTROL, this paper investigates the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants, primarily carbon emissions from Chinese civil aviation aircraft in 19 megacities. The results indicate that (1) China’s aviation CO2 emissions equivalent between 2012 and 2022 has been on an upward trajectory, peaking at 186.53 MT in 2019 with an average annual growth of 12.52%. The trend, albeit momentarily interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, appears to persist. (2) CO2 constitutes the highest proportion of aircraft emissions at 83.87%, with Cruise Climb Descent (CCD) cycle emissions accounting for 96.24%. CO2 and NOX, with the highest increase rates in the CCD and Landing and Takeoff (LTO) phases, respectively, are identified as the chief culprits in aviation-related greenhouse effects. (3) There is a marked spatial imbalance, with 19 megacities contributing 62.08% of total CO2 emissions, compared to the 207 least-emitting cities contributing just 9.29%. (4) The pattern of city carbon emissions is changing, with rapid growth rates in the western cities of Xinjiang, Tibet, Shaanxi, and Guizhou, and varied growth rates among megacities. The implications of this study emphasize the urgency for advancements in aviation fuel technology, rigorous management of CCD phase pollutants, strategic carbon emission controls in populous cities, fostering green aviation initiatives in western regions, diverse carbon mitigation tactics, and strengthening the precision and surveillance of aviation carbon accounting systems. Collectively, this study paints a grand picture of the complexities and challenges associated with China’s urban sprawl and aviation carbon emissions.
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Prashanth, Prakash, Sebastian D. Eastham, Raymond L. Speth, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "Aerosol formation pathways from aviation emissions." Environmental Research Communications 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 021002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac5229.

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Abstract Aviation emissions are responsible for an estimated 24,000 premature mortalities annually and 3.5% of anthropogenic radiative forcing (RF). Emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NOx and SOx) contribute to these impacts. However, the relative contributions and mechanisms linking these emissions to formation and impacts of secondary aerosols (as opposed to direct aerosol emissions) have not been quantified, including how short-lived aerosol precursors at altitude can increase surface-level aerosol concentrations. We apply global chemistry transport modeling to identify and quantify the different chemical pathways to aerosol formation from aviation emissions, including the resulting impact on radiative forcing. We estimate a net aerosol radiative forcing of –8.3 mWm−2, of which –0.67 and –7.8 mWm−2 result from nitrate and sulfate aerosols respectively. We find that aviation NOx causes –1.7 mWm−2 through nitrate aerosol forcing but also –1.6 mWm−2 of sulfate aerosol forcing by promoting oxidation of SO2 to sulfate aerosol. This accounts for 21% of the total sulfate forcing, and oxidation of SO2 due to aviation NOx is responsible for 47% of the net aviation NOx attributable RF. Aviation NOx emissions in turn account for 41% of net aviation-aerosol-attributable RF (non-contrail). This is due to ozone-mediated oxidation of background sulfur and the ‘nitrate bounce-back’ effect, which reduces the net impact of sulfur emissions. The ozone-mediated mechanism also explains the ability of cruise aviation emissions to significantly affect surface aerosol concentrations. We find that aviation NOx emissions cause 72% of aviation-attributable, near-surface aerosol loading by mass, compared to 27% from aviation SOx emissions and less than 0.1% from direct emission of black carbon. We conclude that aviation NOx and SOx emissions are the dominant cause of aviation-attributable secondary inorganic aerosol radiative forcing, and that conversion of background aerosol precursors at all altitudes is amplified by enhanced production of aviation attributable oxidants at cruise altitudes.
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Grabar, V. A. "ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL AVIATION AND NAVIGATION FROM THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA." Fundamental and Applied Climatology 4 (2020): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21513/2410-8758-2020-4-38-53.

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The current intensive development of shipping and aviation is accompanied by an increase in anthropogenic impact on the environment and climate. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) assessments, greenhouse gas emissions from international air and sea traffic are expected to increase by 2-3 times by 2050. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from international aviation and navigation from the territory of Russia for the period of 1990-2018 were estimated, the dynamics and the main drivers of emissions changes are analyzed, international comparisons are provided. The calculation was made in accordance with the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on the data from the Federal Air Transport Agency and IAA «Port News». Analysis of historical trends shows that greenhouse gas emissions dynamics during the reporting period for international sea and air shippingis almost the same. In 2018, the total emission of CO2, СH4 and N2O from international transport from the territory of Russia amounted to 47.0 million tons of CO2-equivalent, which is 2.7 times higher than in 1990. Carbon dioxide dominates in the component composition of the emissions, its share in the total emission amounted to 99.5%. Contributions of methane and nitrous oxide emissions were 0.1% and 0.4%, respectively. Shipping makes a major contribution to emissions. Russia's share of worldwide carbon dioxide emission from international water and aviation transport does not exceed 3.5%.Emissions from aviation and shipping have been largely driven by economy and international trade. Greenhouse gases emissions from international aviation and maritime transport are expected to decrease in the coming years related to IMO's banon high-sulfur fuel use and reduction of international air and sea traffic in the light of the spread of the coronavirus in 2020.
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Hardeman, Andreas. "A Common Approach to Aviation Emissions Trading." Air and Space Law 32, Issue 1 (February 1, 2007): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2007002.

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With global climate change high on the international political agenda, pressure on the aviation sector is mounting to address its growing share of global CO2 emissions. In this article, emissions trading is considered as a measure to limit aviation’s impact on the global atmosphere, comparing its use with other types of economic measures and outlining emerging regulations within ICAO and in Europe. Concrete proposals under development by the European Commission have raised questions about whether States can integrate international aviation emissions from aircraft operators of other States in their emissions trading scheme without mutual agreement. In the absence of bilateral or multilateral agreements between States to specifically address aviation’s atmospheric impact on a consensual basis, the author seeks to provide answers within the boundaries of the existing legal framework of the 1944 Chicago Convention, the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Having established that the intended effect and operational implications of emissions trading obligations are of an international, trans-boundary nature and thus potentially affecting the sovereignty of other States, the conclusion is that there are fundamental doubts that international aviation emissions could be included without mutual agreement if these emissions occur or originate outside the territory of parties to the trading scheme.
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Thor, Robin N., Mariano Mertens, Sigrun Matthes, Mattia Righi, Johannes Hendricks, Sabine Brinkop, Phoebe Graf, Volker Grewe, Patrick Jöckel, and Steven Smith. "An inconsistency in aviation emissions between CMIP5 and CMIP6 and the implications for short-lived species and their radiative forcing." Geoscientific Model Development 16, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 1459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1459-2023.

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Abstract. We report on an inconsistency in the latitudinal distribution of aviation emissions between the data products of phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Emissions in the CMIP6 data occur at higher latitudes than in the CMIP5 data for all scenarios, years, and emitted species. A comparative simulation with the chemistry–climate model ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) reveals that the difference in nitrogen oxide emission distribution leads to reduced overall ozone changes due to aviation in the CMIP6 scenarios because in those scenarios the distribution of emissions is partly shifted towards the chemically less active higher latitudes. The radiative forcing associated with aviation ozone is 7.6 % higher, and the decrease in methane lifetime is 5.7 % larger for the year 2015 when using the CMIP5 latitudinal distribution of emissions compared to when using the CMIP6 distribution. We do not find a statistically significant difference in the radiative forcing associated with aviation aerosol emissions. In total, future studies investigating the effects of aviation emissions on ozone and climate should consider the inconsistency reported here.
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Zhang, Qun, Hua Sheng Xu, Yue Wu, Shun Li Sun, Dong Bo Yan, and Tao Gui. "Estimation on LTO Cycle Emissions from Aircrafts at Civil Airports." Applied Mechanics and Materials 694 (November 2014): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.694.34.

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A calculation method on pollutant emission inventory is established based on the standard LTO cycle of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) by analyzing the factors influencing aircraft engine emissions at civil aviation airports. For a certain airport in China, the emissions of HC, CO, NOx and SO2per hour for a whole day from the aircraft engines are calculated, and the variations of various pollutant emissions with time are analyzed based on the air traffic data, the civil aviation fleet composition, the flight detailed take-off and landing information at the airport, and ICAO engine emission data bank. It’s found that the variations of the pollutant emissions with time are different, in which, the emissions of HC and CO are significantly influenced by the frequency of flight arrival at airport, however, the emission of NOx is influenced by the frequency of flight departure from airport greatly, and the emission of SO2is influenced by the total frequency of flight arrival at and departure from airport comprehensively. For solving the problem of local high-emission time, some solutions are suggested, such as equipping aircrafts with low-emission engines or optimizing the flight schedule.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aviation Emissions"

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Gustavsson, Anna, and Kristina Andersson. "Reducing aviation carbon emissions." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279501.

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För att nå internationella klimatmål bör de globala koldioxidutsläppen halveras till och med år 2030. I flygintensiva organisationer, där flygresor utgör en betydande del av organisationens totala, årliga koldioxidutsläpp finns det således ofta en strävan att minska på anställdas flygresande. Forskningsprojektet FLIGHT på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) utforskar verktyg som ämnar hjälpa organisationer att minska sina flygrelaterade koldioxidutsläpp. På uppdrag av FLIGHT har studenter på KTH framställt verktyget FlightViz, som sammanställer och visualiserar information om flygresor gjorda av anställda på KTH. Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur FlightViz bör vidareutvecklas för att vara användbart för fler än den ursprungliga användargruppen - forskarna involverade i FLIGHT. Forskningsfrågan som ställs är vilka funktioner som bör inkluderas och vilka designförändringar som bör implementeras för att FlightViz ska vara användbart för en bredare grupp användare på KTH. Forskningsintervjuer med hållbarhetsstrateger på KTH Sustainability Office och med anställda på olika skolor på KTH genomfördes i syfte att kartlägga användarbehov och skapa underlag till att besvara forskningsfrågan. Resultatet av studien visade att en rad funktioner och designförändringar är av hög betydelse för FlightViz användbarhet. Att visualisera personanpassad data per årsarbetskraft, årsvis och i förhållande till olika genomsnitt är eftertraktat, och visades vara av hög betydelse vid vidareutveckling av FlightViz. Huruvida datan ska vara anonym är en fråga utan ett lika självklart svar. Trots det var anonymitet ett viktigt ämne i studien.
In order to reach international climate goals, global carbon emissions must be halved by 2030. In flight-intensive organisations, where air travel makes up a significant portion of the organisation’s total annual carbon emissions, there is therefore often an ambition to reduce employee flight travel. The research project FLIGHT at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) explores tools that are designed to help organisations reduce their flight-related carbon emissions. On behalf of FLIGHT, students at KTH have developed a tool called FlightViz, which combines and visualises information about travels by flight, made by KTH employees. This study aims to investigate how FlightViz can be developed further, in order to be useful to a larger group of users, other than the originally intended user base - the researchers in the FLIGHT project. The research question asked is what features should be included and what design changes should be implemented in order to make FlightViz useful for a wider group of users at KTH. Research interviews with sustainability strategists at KTH Sustainability Office and with employees from different schools at KTH were conducted, with the aim of identifying user needs and creating a basis for answering the research question. The results of the study indicated that a number of features and design alterations are desirable in order to make FlightViz usable for a broader user base. Visualising personalised data per annual workforce, per year and in relation to various averages was found to be of high importance in the further development of FlightViz. Whether the data should be anonymous or not, was a question with a less obvious answer. Nevertheless, anonymity was an important topic in the study.
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Balkmar, Liv, and Norell Carola Vega. "Measures to control climate impact of aviation : How to reach a sustainable aviation industry." Thesis, Linköping University, The Tema Institute, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7155.

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Aviation industry has been developing throughout the last decades and is today an important part of the global economy. This constant growth makes it important to constrain the climate impacts derived from it. The IPCC report (1999), Aviation and the global atmosphere, lists four measures to reduce emissions and environmental impacts of aviation; Aircraft and engine technology options, fuel options, operational options and regulatory and economic options. The study aims to discuss the efficiency and implementation level of the measures. The theoretical frame for the research is based on literature studies whereas the empirical material is based on qualitative interviews of representatives of three key sectors; the authority, the service provider and the aircraft operator.

While analysing the theoretical and the empirical results, a certain emphasis on the regulatory and economical measures has been noticed. Moreover, following conclusions have been drawn;

(1) An emission trading with carbon dioxide would be an incentive to improve aircraft technology and flying procedures; (2) The best way of having international aviation included in the European emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) would be through an initial grandfathering distribution (costless distribution of permits according to historical emission and volume of fuel use) done according to a best-practise philosophy; (3) A robust instrument to measure emissions behaviour at different levels of the atmosphere is still missing. (4) The exclusion of the international aviation from the Kyoto Protocol negotiations makes it harder to include it in the existing EU ETS. Finally, all measures are needed and should be put into practise, but a trading with emissions would be the one to start the improving cycle leading to more sustainable results regarding time, environment and economy.

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Kopsch, Fredrik. "Including International Aviation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33999.

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Petzold, Andreas. "Particle emissions from aviation : microphysics, chemistry, and climate impact /." Köln : DLR, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015380591&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Stettler, Marc Emil John. "Aviation emissions of black carbon and other air pollutants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648379.

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Nyampong, Yaw Otu Mankata. "The regulation of aircraft engine emissions from international civil aviation /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82666.

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Aircraft engine emissions from civil aviation cause several adverse effects to the atmospheric environment. These emissions are among the known major contributors to changes in atmospheric chemistry and global climate change. One way in which the international community has responded to the problem has been the adoption of several international treaties, generally dealing with subjects such as protection of the ozone layer, long-range transboundary air pollution, and global climate change.
The other way in which the problem has been dealt with is the adoption of an industry-specific international regulatory regime for controlling aircraft engine emissions from civil aviation. In this regard, the international community has, through the law making functions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), adopted the mechanism of Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) to establish a regulatory framework aimed at reducing environmentally harmful engine emissions. These SARPs, though international in nature, are to be implemented at the national level by the member states of ICAO.
This thesis provides a review of current understanding of the effects of aircraft engine emissions on the atmospheric environment and an analysis of the international responses to the problem. In particular, it focuses on the industry-specific regime adopted by ICAO and considers whether it is an effective tool for achieving a balance between the safe and orderly development of civil aviation and the human environment.
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Sequeira, Christopher J. "An assessment of the health implications of aviation emissions regulations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43084.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-129).
An exploration of the health implications of aviation emissions regulations is made by assessing the results of a study of aviation's effects on United States air quality mandated by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The Energy Policy Act study results estimated that aviation is responsible for 160 yearly incidences (with a 90% confidence interval of 64 to 270 incidences) of premature mortality of adults age 30 and over ($882 million in year 2001 dollars, with a 91% CI of $196 to $1830 million) due to exposure to particulate matter below 2.5 /im in size (PM2.5) in the continental U.S. as reported by the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP). Strong regional differences were noted; for instance, 18% of the total health incidences and costs occurred in Los Angeles County. Aviation was estimated to decrease ozone concentrations, causing small premature mortality disbenefits (health effects avoided due to the presence of aviation) of approximately 2 yearly premature mortality incidences ($9 million). Primary particulate matter values in the Energy Policy Act study's emissions inventory had been generated using a conservatively biased version of the First Order Approximation method version 3.0 (FOA3), known as FOA3a, and the emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx) had been incorrectly computed (underestimated by approximately 15%). To quantify the effects of these differences on health impacts, a comparison was made with a second inventory generated by CSSI, Inc. using FOA3. Based on the comparison, it is estimated that aviation was responsible for 140 to 160 yearly incidences of premature mortality from exposure to PM. 46% to 69% of the incidences were estimated to be due to changes in concentrations of ammonium sulfate secondary PM from SOx, while ammonium nitrate secondary PM was estimated to be responsible for 18% to 20%.
(cont.) Concentrations of volatile primary PM from organic compounds and nonvolatile primary PM were responsible for 6% - 18% and 5% - 14% of the impact, respectively, while volatile primary PM from sulfates was responsible for 0% to 4%. Confidence intervals were not computed, and only the effects of changes in PM concentrations were assessed. Based on the results, it is determined that changing regulations governing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and fuel sulfur content may be effective strategies to mitigate incidences of premature mortality due to aviation. An assessment was made of the effects of changing fuel sulfur concentration from 600 parts per million (ppm), as is typical of current jet fuel, to 15 ppm across the continental U.S. It is estimated that this change would reduce yearly premature mortality incidences due to aviation-related ambient PM exposure by 38%. Confidence intervals were not computed. The cumulative additional costs to refineries to produce 15-ppm fuel could be approximately $260 million, suggesting that the benefits may be comparable to the costs. However, such a strategy could have climate warming impacts since aviation sulfur emissions have a cooling influence on climate. It is also estimated that an immediate deployment of ultra-low sulfur fuel only for takeoffs from Los Angeles County could reduce aviation-related nationwide yearly incidences of mortality by 10%, with Los Angeles County health impacts bring reduced by a factor of 2. The additional costs to refineries may be approximately $12 million, suggesting that such a policy may be cost-beneficial. Finally, a brief exploration is done of a NOx stringency assessment by the International Civil Aviation Organization's Forecasting and Economic Analysis Support Group (FESG), which predicted that an industry-wide investment of $30,000 - $40,000 would be required for every tonne of NOx eliminated if the ICAO NOx standard were to be increased by 10% in the year 2008.
(cont.) FESG found this to be the most cost-effective NO, reduction strategy. A direct comparison with the Energy Policy Act and RSM results is difficult, yet an assessment finds that NO, has health costs of only $2,000 per tonne in both sets of results.
by Christopher J. Sequeira.
S.M.
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Dorbian, Christopher S. (Christopher Salvatore). "Estimating the environmental benefits of aviation fuel and emissions reductions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59668.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-103).
With commercial aviation continuing to grow and environmental policymaking activity intensifying, it is becoming increasingly necessary to assess the environmental impact of measures that result in changes in aviation fuel bum levels. For estimating air quality and climate impacts, it is important to employ a multi-gas approach that accounts for the effects of all emitted species, not just carbon dioxide (CO₂). The main objective of this thesis is to develop a simplified framework for monetizing the CO₂ and non-CO₂ co-benefits of aviation fuel and emissions reductions. The approach is based on two main pieces, both of which are derived using the Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT). First, the air quality marginal damage cost of a unit of fuel is estimated using an air quality response surface model. Second, a simplified probabilistic impulse response function model for climate is employed to derive a non-CO₂/CO₂ impact ratio that can be multiplied by a social cost of carbon to estimate the additional benefits of fuel bum reductions from aviation beyond those associated with CO2 alone. The sensitivity of the non-CO₂/CO₂ climate ratio to metric choice, scientific assumptions, background scenarios, and other policymaker choices is explored. Notably, it is found that given the large uncertainties in short-lived effects, the choice of metric is not particularly influential on the overall ratio value (that is, similar results-within the range of uncertainty-are found for the different metrics considered). This thesis also validates the use of the climate ratios and air quality marginal damages through two sample applications. The first study explores the impact of various aviation growth scenarios and demonstrates the applicability of this framework to a multi-year analysis. The second study concerns the introduction of an advanced aircraft concept into the present-day aviation fleet and demonstrates the ability of the climate ratios to capture scientific and valuation-based uncertainties. In both cases, the derived ratios and air quality damage costs are found to be a good surrogate for a full impact analysis in APMT, relative to the overall uncertainty in estimating impacts.
by Christopher S. Dorbian.
S.M.
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Galligan, Timothy R. "CO₂ emissions reduction potential of aviation biofuels in the US." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122397.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-60).
Aviation biofuels derived from biomass and wastes have been identified as a means to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from US aviation, but the magnitude of the possible reduction has not been quantified. This scenario-based analysis quantifies the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of aviation biofuels in 2050 within the US. Projected arable land availability, growth in agricultural yields, and the availability of wastes and residues are estimated as a function of future economic and climate patterns, and variability is accounted for. Under a baseline set of assumptions, the use of aviation biofuels results in a maximum reduction of 163 Tg of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) in 2050, a 42% reduction in life cycle GHG emissions compared to petroleum-derived jet fuel. Across all scenarios assessed, the reduction in life cycle GHGs ranges from 47.0 to 207 Tg CO₂e (12-53%), requiring the use of fuels derived from wastes, agriculture and forestry residues, and cultivated energy crops. Using only fuels derived from residues and wastes, up to 35% of US jet fuel demand could be met, corresponding to a 28% reduction of CO₂e. The results are most sensitive to assumptions on the distribution of fuel products, and agricultural residue availability.
by Timothy R. Galligan.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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Ashok, Akshay. "The air quality impact of aviation in future-year emissions scenarios." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68168.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-112).
The rapid growth of aviation is critical to the world and US economy, and it faces several important challenges among which lie the environmental impacts of aviation on noise, climate and air quality. The first objective of this thesis addresses the requirements of section 753 of the US Energy Policy Act, and entails the quantification of present and future-year regional air quality impacts of US Landing and Take-Off (LTO) aviation emissions. In addition, this thesis characterizes the sensitivity of these impacts to variations in the projection of non-aviation anthropogenic emissions (referred to as background emissions). Finally, the implication of a future-year background emissions scenario on the current policy analysis tool, the response surface model (RSMv2), is discussed. Aviation emissions for 2006 are generated using the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), while future-year aviation emissions are developed for 2020 and 2030 using the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP/8) NOx Stringency scenario #6. Background emissions for the year 2005 and 2025 are generated from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emissions Inventory (NEI), and two additional sensitivity scenarios are derived from the emissions forecasts. Uncertainties in present and forecast aviation and background emissions are also characterized. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is evaluated to quantify its performance in predicting ambient PM2.5 and ozone concentrations, and it is used to estimate aviation air quality impacts of aviation. Future-year aviation particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations are found to increase by a factor of 2 and 2.4 by 2020 and 2030, and are dominated by nitrate and ammonium PM. Aviation 8-hour daily maximum ozone is seen to grow by a factor of 1.9 and 2.2 by 2020 and 2030, with non-homogeneous spatial impacts. Aviation PM2.5 varies by +/-25% with a +/-50% variation of the forecast change in background emissions, while changes in ozone impacts are less symmetric at +34%/-21%. The RSMv2 is shown to under-predict future-year aviation nitrate and ammonium PM2.5. Finally, the implications of these results on the aviation industry and on aviation policy are discussed.
by Akshay Ashok.
S.M.
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Books on the topic "Aviation Emissions"

1

1968-, Klingmüller Angela, Steppler Ulrich 1970-, European Parliament, European Parliament, and European Parliament, eds. EU emissions trading scheme and aviation. Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing, 2010.

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Yacovitch, Tara I., Zhenhong Yu, Scott C. Herndon, Rick Miake-Lye, David Liscinsky, W. Berk Knighton, Mike Kenney, Cristina Schoonard, and Paola Pringle. Exhaust Emissions from In-Use General Aviation Aircraft. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24612.

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. Aviation and the global atmosphere. Geneva]: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2000.

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Abeyratne, R. I. R. Aviation and the carbon trade. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Blumenthal, George T. Aviation and climate change. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Aeronautics Research and Technology for Environmental Compatibility. For greener skies: Reducing environmental impacts of aviation. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2002.

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Piera, Alejandro. Greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation: Legal and policy challenges. The Hague, The Netherlands: Eleven International Publishing, 2015.

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Goodman, Jon C. Aviation and the environment. New York, NY: Nova Science, 2009.

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Fabian, Peter. The impact of aviation upon the atmosphere: An assessment of present knowledge, uncertainties, and research needs. New York: Pergamon, 1997.

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1936-, Albritton Daniel L., United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and Symposium on the Global Atmospheric Effects of Aviation (1996 : Virginia Beach, Va.), eds. Global atmospheric effects of aviation: Report of the proceedings of the Symposium : Virginia Beach, Virginia USA, 15-19 April 1996. [Washington, D.C: The Administration, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aviation Emissions"

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Varol, Gökhan, Gürkan Sarıkaya, Onur Tunçer, and Görkem Öztarlık. "Emissions Prediction of a Reverse Flow Combustor Using Network Models." In Sustainable Aviation, 167–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34181-1_15.

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Deuber, Odette. "The Negotiation Process to Include International Aviation in a Post-2012 Climate Regime." In Emissions Trading, 85–105. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20592-7_6.

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Lay, Jonas, and Andreas Strohmayer. "Implementation of a Two-Seat Hybrid Electric Aircraft Demonstrator for Reducing Carbon Emissions." In Sustainable Aviation, 9–15. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37299-5_2.

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Kolmes, Steven A. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Persistent Contrails, and Commercial Aviation." In Ethical Issues in Aviation, 233–58. Second Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | Revised edition of Ethical issues in aviation, c2011.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429436789-25.

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Deese, David A. "The Largely Failed IMO Efforts to Regulate Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Controlling International Shipping and Aviation Emissions, 63–72. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003352204-5.

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Deese, David A. "Local Air Quality Standards." In Controlling International Shipping and Aviation Emissions, 56–62. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003352204-4.

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Deese, David A. "Introduction." In Controlling International Shipping and Aviation Emissions, 1–5. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003352204-1.

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Deese, David A. "The Most Promising Alternative Pathways to Net-Zero 2050?" In Controlling International Shipping and Aviation Emissions, 110–46. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003352204-8.

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Deese, David A. "The Modest ICAO Measures Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Controlling International Shipping and Aviation Emissions, 73–91. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003352204-6.

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Deese, David A. "The Literature and Analytical Framework." In Controlling International Shipping and Aviation Emissions, 6–44. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003352204-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aviation Emissions"

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Thompson, Terry. "Technology Portfolio Analysis for Environmentally Responsible Aviation." In AIAA/3AF Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-2875.

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Bona, Giorgio Enrico, Mattia Bucari, Andrea Castagnoli, and Lorenzo Trainelli. "Flybrid: Envisaging the Future Hybrid-Powered Regional Aviation." In AIAA/3AF Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-2733.

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Mongia, Hukam C. "GE Aviation Low Emissions Combustion Technology Evolution." In Aerospace Technology Conference and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-3924.

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Riebl, Sebastian, Marina Braun-Unkhoff, and Uwe Riedel. "A Study on the Emissions of Alternative Aviation Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57361.

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Currently, the aviation sector is seeking for alternatives to kerosene from crude oil, as part of the efforts combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), and ensuring security of supply at affordable prices. Several synthetic jet fuels have been developed including sustainable bio-kerosene, a low-carbon fuel. Over the last years, the technical feasibility as well as the compatibility of alternative jet fuels with today’s planes has been proven However, when burning a jet fuel, the exhaust gases are a mixture of many species, going beyond CO2 and water (H2O) emissions, with nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) including aromatic species and further precursors of particles and soot among them. These emissions have an impact on the local air quality as well as on the climate (particles, soot, contrails). Therefore, a detailed knowledge and understanding of the emission patterns when burning synthetic aviation fuels is inevitable. In the present paper, these issues are addressed by studying numerically the combustion of four synthetic jet fuels (Fischer-Tropsch fuels). For reference, two types of crude-oil based kerosenes (Jet A-1 and Jet A) are considered, too. Plug flow calculations were performed by using a detailed chemical-kinetic model validated previously. The composition of the multi-component jet fuels were imaged by using the surrogate approach. Calculations were done for relevant temperatures, pressures, residence times, and fuel equivalence ratios φ. Results are discussed for NOx, CO as well as benzene and acetylene as major soot precursors. According to the predictions, the NOx and CO emissions are within about ± 10% for all fuels considered, within the parameter range studied: T = 1800 K, T = 2200 K; 0.25 ≤ φ ≤ 1.8; p = 40 bar; t = 3 ms. The aromatics free GtL (Gas to Liquid) fuel displayed higher NOx values compared to Jet A-1/A. In addition, synthetic fuels show slightly lower (better) CO emission data than Jet A-1/A. The antagonist role of CO and NOx is apparent. Major differences were predicted for benzene emissions, depending strongly on the aromatics content in the specific fuel, with lower levels predicted for the synthetic aviation fuels. Acetylene levels show a similar, but less pronounced, effect.
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Chishty, Wajid A., Craig R. Davison, Jeffrey Bird, Tak Chan, Kevin Cuddihy, Mark McCurdy, Peter Barton, Aneliia Krasteva, and Pierre Poitras. "Emissions Assessment of Alternative Aviation Fuel at Simulated Altitudes." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45133.

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To address the global fuel challenges of energy security, economic sustainability and climate change the stakeholders of aviation industry are actively pursuing the development and qualification of alternative ‘drop-in’ fuels. New standards will be required to regulate the use of these new fuels, which requires not only fuel specification and rig/engine and flight testing but also an emission life cycle impact assessment of these fuels. This paper reports on emission data measured at various simulated altitudes and engine speeds from a jet engine operated on conventional and alternative aviation fuels. The work was conducted as part of on-going efforts by departments within the Government of Canada to systematically assess regulated as well as non-regulated emissions from the use of alternative aviation fuels. The measurements were performed on an instrumented 1000 N-thrust turbojet engine using a baseline conventional Jet A-1 fuel and a semi-synthetic (50/50) blend with Camelina based Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet (JP8-HRJ8) fuel. Emission results reported here include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter measured at several simulated altitudes and power settings. In order to ensure that the assessments have a common baseline, relevant engine performance and operability data were also recorded.
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Brown, Anthony P. "In-situ Measurements of SAF Emissions and Young Contrails." In AIAA AVIATION 2023 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3545.

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Döpelheuer, Andreas. "Quantities, Characteristics and Reduction Potentials of Aircraft Engine Emissions." In World Aviation Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3008.

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Mercer, Carolyn, William Haller, and Michael Tong. "Adaptive Engine Technologies for Aviation CO2 Emissions Reduction." In 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-5105.

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Wolters, Florian, Martin Schaefer, and Ralf von der Bank. "Potential Impact of Renewable Fuels and Technological Innovations on Global Air Traffic Emissions Development by 2050." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25087.

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The aviation industry has set ambitious reduction targets for future air traffic emissions to compensate for the environmental impact of increasing air transport. Besides technological innovation in the fields of aircraft and engine technology, alternative fuels from non-petroleum feedstock are often seen as having long-term potential to offer reductions in aviation’s greenhouse gas emissions. The current paper studies the effects of potential emission reduction measures up to the year 2050, taking technology developments as well as renewable fuel scenarios into account. The individual impacts of both contributions are assessed in terms of fuel burn, direct CO2 emissions, and life cycle CO2eq emissions. The results are compared to the agreed mid and long term reductions targets, i.e. carbon-neutral growth by 2020 and halving CO2 emissions by 2050. Future air traffic emissions are evaluated based on one reference scenario and three technology scenarios, derived from the ICAO global fuel burn forecast and Flightpath 2050 technology improvement goals. Four renewable fuel penetration scenarios are considered and the impact of alternative renewable fuels in terms of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) on fuel burn and direct CO2 emissions are taken into consideration. Moreover, to account for the fuels’ life cycle emissions three different life cycle CO2eq emission reduction potentials scenarios are applied. This study provides a quantitative view on exponential growth of aviation fleet CO2 emissions. The potential of individual contributions are explicitly highlighted and potential developments in air traffic emissions are quantified. The results show that in addition to significant efficiency improvements in aircraft and engine technology, a high renewable fuel share will be required to compensate for steady air traffic growth and to achieve carbon neutral growth from 2020 onwards and a 50% CO2eq emission reduction by 2050.
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Schmidt, Jakob, Manfred Kaltenbacher, Andreas Fürlinger, and Stefan Schoder. "Experimental Characterization of an Electric Ducted Fan Unit's Acoustic Emissions." In AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2174.

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Reports on the topic "Aviation Emissions"

1

Muelaner, Jody E. Decarbonized Fuel Options for Civil Aviation. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023012.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Drop-in replacement biofuels and electrofuels can provide net-zero CO2 emissions with dramatic reductions in contrail formation. Biofuels must transition to second-generation cellulosic feedstocks while improving land and soil management. Electrofuels, or "e-fuels,” require aggressive cost reduction in hydrogen production, carbon capture, and fuel synthesis. Hydrogen has great potential for energy efficiency, cost reduction, and emissions reduction; however, its low density (even in liquid form) combined with it’s extremely low boiling temperature mean that bulky spherical tanks will consume considerable fuselage volume. Still, emerging direct-kerosene fuel cells may ultimately provide a superior zero-emission, energy-dense solution. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Decarbonized Power Options for Civil Aviation </b>discusses the current challenges with these power options and explores the economic incentives and levers vital to decarbonization. Until common and enforceable global carbon pricing arrives, targeted national measures (e.g., mandates, price support, and finance) will be required.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Löfving, Linnea, Hilma Salonen, and Sæunn Gísladóttir. Electric Aviation Outlook in the Nordics. Nordregio, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2023:4.1403-2511.

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Regarding geographical accessibility questions, the five Nordic countries stand out in Europe due to their low population density, geographic variety including fjords, lakes, and mountains but also the prominence of sustainable energy sources. Before this backdrop, electric aviation holds the potential to make the region’s transport sector more sustainable while helping to overcome regional development and accessibility challenges, particularly in rural areas. The introduction of electric airplanes in local transport networks promises the reduction inter alia greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. While several options to achieve zero- or low emission aviation are currently being developed, this report focuses primarily on the electrification of aviation. Yet, electric aircraft still face several technical and economic challenges, including limited range and passenger capacity. Despite these limitations, this working paper highlights a heightened interest in the introduction of electric aviation, exploring the existing situation, challenges and knowledge in the 5 Nordic countries.
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Faber, Jasper, and Linda Brinke. The Inclusion of Aviation in the EU Emissions Trading System. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/gp_ip_20110915.

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Skone, Timothy J., and William E. Harrison, III. Case Study: Interagency Workgroup on Life Cycle GHG Emissions of Alternative Aviation Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1523644.

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Guzman, Andres Felipe, Juan Nicolas Guzman, and Abdulrahman Alwosheel. Fuel Efficiency in Saudi Arabia’s Aviation Sector: Progress and Future Implications. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp16.

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Despite the fast global expansion of the aviation industry, due to its sustainability issues, the industry’s concerns about energy efficiency and emissions are still very important. Studying the changing energy consumption patterns in Saudi Arabia is crucial, as the country is expected to see significant changes in the coming years with new infrastructure, an increase in tourism, and new airlines.
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Pinto de Moura, Maria Cecilia. Low-Carbon Pathways for Transportation: Ramping up vehicle electrification and phasing out petroleum. Union of Concerned Scientists, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47923/2022.14770.

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We have an urgent need—and a unique opportunity—to profoundly transform the ways in which people and goods move around in the United States. A collaborative analysis led by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that using existing technologies, and at modest cost, we can achieve a zero-carbon, equitable transportation system by 2050. This transformation is made possible by phasing out petroleum and transitioning to low and zero-carbon fuels. This eliminates tailpipe emissions that endanger communities, and at the same time keeps our climate targets within reach. To get there, we need to rapidly electrify vehicle fleets; strengthen efficiency standards for both electric and internal-combustion engine vehicles; reduce emissions from the remaining liquid fuels in hard-to-decarbonize sectors such as aviation, shipping, and long distance road transportation; and enable communities to reduce or eliminate the need to drive. Achieving these goals will require a suite of forward-thinking policies and regulations at all administrative levels that are implemented with meaningful community engagement.
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Wendt-Lucas, Nicola. Implementing Electric Aviation: Critical Factors and Relevant Policy Instruments. Nordregio, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2023:3.1403-2511.

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The Nordic countries have ambitious plans to turn electric aviation into a reality in the Nordic countries in the near future. This working paper describes some critical factors which might pose a challenge to the further development and establishment of low and zero emission aviation in the Nordic countries. A special focus will be placed on purely electric aviation solutions. The publication is based on a literature review comprising first and foremost reports that have been published in recent years in the Nordic countries, resulting from in-depth studies on low and zero emission aviation in the region. It further presents possible policy instruments which could serve the creation of a Nordic policy framework to help address the identified challenges and support the implementation of electric aviation and other solutions in the Nordic countries.
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Li, Yijin, Ella Zhou, Ling Tao, Kwang Hoon Baek, Pingping Sun, and Amgad Elgowainy. Near-Term Electricity Requirement and Emission Implications for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production with CO2-to-Fuels Technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1924237.

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CO2 Emissions Reduction Progress and Future Perspectives in Aviation. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-wb09.

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CO2 emissions from aviation are a priority for policymakers, researchers, entities, and governments worldwide. Traditional approaches to analyzing the aviation sector must be modified because aviation practices are no longer supply driven. In fact, the recent increase in environmental awareness worldwide has modified previous motorized-oriented approaches to be more energy efficient by investigating how the system is designed rather than considering the provision of infrastructure.
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Decarbonizing the Water Sector in Asia and the Pacific: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities for Practitioners. Asian Development Bank, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim230531-2.

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This publication analyzes why Asia and the Pacific’s water sector is a significant source of emissions and shows how boosting efficiency, cutting consumption, and harnessing technology can help decarbonize the sector and improve water security. Designed for use by water professionals and policymakers, the publication evaluates five sectors: water supply, sanitation, water resource management, irrigated agriculture, and land use. Highlighting how emissions from wastewater are on a par with those from aviation, it assesses tools and policies, and outlines ways to mobilize finance to clean up the sector and support the shift towards net zero.
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