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Journal articles on the topic 'Aviation Meteorology'
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1
Dalton, Frank. "Aviation Meteorology." Journal of Navigation 45, no. 2 (May 1992): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010754.
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British Airways was recently granted permission for its fleet of Boeing 747-400 and 767 aircraft to operate using automatic landing systems in Category IIIB conditions; that is, decision height lower than 50 ft and a runway visual range of less than 200 m. This development might lead some people to think that the weather is no longer a significant factor in aviation operations. However, while these developments are taking place one sees reports such as ‘departure delays are still on the increase’; ‘poor weather slowed airport operations’; ‘BA flight from Singapore delayed by strong winds was five minutes from declaring an emergency’; ‘heavy rain might reduce wing lift when an airliner most needs it’. These reports confirm the realistic state of affairs that the weather, despite the introduction of modern avionics on board the aircraft, and automated instrumentation on the ground assisting aerodrome operations, is still a vital part of aircraft operations decision-making, affecting the safety and efficiency of flying.
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Potts, Rod, and Philip G. Gill. "Developments in aviation meteorology." Meteorological Applications 21, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.1450.
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Gultepe, Ismail, and Wayne F. Feltz. "Aviation Meteorology: Observations and Models. Introduction." Pure and Applied Geophysics 176, no. 5 (May 2019): 1863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02188-2.
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George, D. J. "The history of civil aviation meteorology." Weather 48, no. 5 (May 1993): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05875.x.
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Jerg, Matthias. "Editorial for: Remote Sensing Methods and Applications for Traffic Meteorology." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 2197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192197.
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Safronov, Alexander. "Aviation Meteorology at Several Plane Crash Sites." Atmosphere 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020050.
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The causes of aircraft crashes were investigated for several accidents, such as the Tu-154 and the Airbus A320-211 crashes near Sochi, Russia; the Airbus A320-232 crash near the Perpignan airport; and the Airbus A310-324 crash during landing in Moroni, Comoros Islands. Failures related to aircraft aerodynamics caused these air catastrophes. Upon encountering an upward vertical front, the airstream over the plane wing was disrupted and, as a result, the aerodynamic lifting force suddenly and dramatically decreased. The critical value of the vertical wind speed in a sea-land front (SLF) was determined to be ~0.5–1.0 m s−1. Some recommendations are proposed to prevent such aircraft accidents near coastal airfields. Forecast predictions of a sea-land breeze w-Front and of MWT (Mountain Wave Turbulence) were performed by regional atmospheric models with a resolution no lower than 2 km. Further, a possible reason for the sudden disappearance of aircraft near the coast of Florida is suggested.
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Gultepe, Ismail, R. Sharman, Paul D. Williams, Binbin Zhou, G. Ellrod, P. Minnis, S. Trier, et al. "A Review of High Impact Weather for Aviation Meteorology." Pure and Applied Geophysics 176, no. 5 (May 2019): 1869–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02168-6.
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Teoh, Roger, Ulrich Schumann, Edward Gryspeerdt, Marc Shapiro, Jarlath Molloy, George Koudis, Christiane Voigt, and Marc E. J. Stettler. "Aviation contrail climate effects in the North Atlantic from 2016 to 2021." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 16 (August 29, 2022): 10919–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10919-2022.
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Abstract. Around 5 % of anthropogenic radiative forcing (RF) is attributed to aviation CO2 and non-CO2 impacts. This paper quantifies aviation emissions and contrail climate forcing in the North Atlantic, one of the world's busiest air traffic corridors, over 5 years. Between 2016 and 2019, growth in CO2 (+3.13 % yr−1) and nitrogen oxide emissions (+4.5 % yr−1) outpaced increases in flight distance (+3.05 % yr−1). Over the same period, the annual mean contrail cirrus net RF (204–280 mW m−2) showed significant inter-annual variability caused by variations in meteorology. Responses to COVID-19 caused significant reductions in flight distance travelled (−66 %), CO2 emissions (−71 %) and the contrail net RF (−66 %) compared with the prior 1-year period. Around 12 % of all flights in this region cause 80 % of the annual contrail energy forcing, and the factors associated with strongly warming/cooling contrails include seasonal changes in meteorology and radiation, time of day, background cloud fields, and engine-specific non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions. Strongly warming contrails in this region are generally formed in wintertime, close to the tropopause, between 15:00 and 04:00 UTC, and above low-level clouds. The most strongly cooling contrails occur in the spring, in the upper troposphere, between 06:00 and 15:00 UTC, and without lower-level clouds. Uncertainty in the contrail cirrus net RF (216–238 mW m−2) arising from meteorology in 2019 is smaller than the inter-annual variability. The contrail RF estimates are most sensitive to the humidity fields, followed by nvPM emissions and aircraft mass assumptions. This longitudinal evaluation of aviation contrail impacts contributes a quantified understanding of inter-annual variability and informs strategies for contrail mitigation.
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Nofal Gojayeva Gasimova, Sevda. "Basic features of calculating field characteristics of meteorological quantities." NATURE AND SCIENCE 04, no. 05 (December 28, 2020): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/05/49-52.
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The article analyzes the main characteristics of the field characteristics of meteorological quantities. One of the main priorities now facing aviation meteorology is to use numerical prediction models for the development of weather forecasts to ensure the regularity and reliability of modern meteorological flights. In this regard, the analysis of the basic characteristics of the field characteristics of meteorological quantities is practical. The use of numerical prediction models in the design of weather forecasts provides the basis for their reliability. Key words: weather pressure, weather temperature, weather humidity, forecast model
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Fadholi, Akhmad. "STUDY PENGARUH SUHU DAN TEKANAN UDARA TERHADAP OPERASI PENERBANGAN DI BANDARA H.A.S. HANANJOEDDIN BULUH TUMBANG BELITUNG PERIODE 1980-2010." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 3, no. 1 (June 14, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v3n1.p1-10.
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Dalam operasi penerbangan ada tiga tingkat (fase) yang sangat penting dan berhubungan dengan meteorology yaitu lepas landas (take off), penerbangan, dan mendarat (landing). Dalam hal ini sejumlah unsur meteorologi dapat berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan pesawat terbang pada saat-saat kritis. Diantara unsur yang dapat menunjang kelancaran ketiga fase di atas adalah suhu dan tekanan udara, dimana unsur cuaca tersebut harus dimengerti dan diperhitungkan yang selanjutnya akan menentukan kerapatan udaranya dan selanjutnya akan menentukan daya angkat pesawat terbang. Menggunakan metode regresi linier sederhana trend suhu maksimum tahun 1980-2010 di Bandara Hananjoeddin Belitung cenderung naik 1,17o dan tekanan udara cenderung turun 0,47oC. Menggunakan rumus density height didapatkan nilai terendah tahun 1988 sebesar 1878,39 feet dan tertinggi tahun 2006 sebesar 2118,22 feet. Hasil penelitian ini dipandang perlu untuk mengetahui mengenai pengaruh unsur cuaca khususnya bagi dunia penerbangan sehingga ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) membuat satuan standar yang diperuntukkan bagi pelayanan dan keselamatan penerbangan.
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Haupt, Sue Ellen, Robert M. Rauber, Bruce Carmichael, Jason C. Knievel, and James L. Cogan. "100 Years of Progress in Applied Meteorology. Part I: Basic Applications." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2018): 22.1–22.33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0004.1.
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Abstract The field of atmospheric science has been enhanced by its long-standing collaboration with entities with specific needs. This chapter and the two subsequent ones describe how applications have worked to advance the science at the same time that the science has served the needs of society. This chapter briefly reviews the synergy between the applications and advancing the science. It specifically describes progress in weather modification, aviation weather, and applications for security. Each of these applications has resulted in enhanced understanding of the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere, new and improved observing equipment, better models, and a push for greater computing power.
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苏, 艳华. "Brief Introduction on How to Fully Play the Role of Aviation Meteorology Service in Civil Aviation Collaborative Operation Decision-Making." Climate Change Research Letters 10, no. 04 (2021): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ccrl.2021.104042.
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Zhu, Jiahui, Haijiang Wang, Jing Li, and Zili Xu. "Research and Optimization of Meteo-Particle Model for Wind Retrieval." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091114.
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As the aviation industry has entered a critical period of development, the demand for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) technology is becoming increasingly urgent. Real-time detection of aviation wind field information and the early warning of wind field shear by atmospheric sounding system are two important factors related to the safe operation of aviation and airport. According to the advantages of ADS-B and Mode S data, this paper uses the Meteo-Particle (MP) model proposed by Sun et al., in their previous research to retrieve high-altitude wind field. Comparing the precision and accuracy of wind field retrieved results, and the optimization parameters of MP model suitable for meteorological model are further studied. To solve the problem of incomplete wind field coverage obtained by retrieval, an extrapolation algorithm of wind field is proposed. The results show that: (1) a comprehensive evaluation index is introduced, which can more effectively evaluate the comprehensive difference of wind field retrieval results in wind speed and direction. (2) The adaptability results of MP model in different periods and altitudes provide some reference for the research of other scholars. (3) The new parameter setting can improve the accuracy of the retrieved results, and the appropriate extrapolation of wind field fills in the blank part of aviation and meteorology.
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Khayoon, Oday F., and Osama T. Al-Taai. "Severe Meteorological Factors Affecting Civil Aviation Flights at Iraqi Airports." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 33, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v33i4.1179.
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By studying the impact of severe weather conditions on civil aviation flights at Iraqi international airports, data were obtained from the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, the Iraqi Civil Aviation Authority, and Iraqi Airways, as daily data for Baghdad International Airport, Erbil Airport, Sulaymaniyah Airport, Najaf Airport, and Basra Airport. The frequency of occurrence of thunderstorms, dust storms, fog, and snow was calculated and analyzed depending on the extent of horizontal visibility to determine the hours of air closure and aircraft movement at all airports of the study. This paper also discussed the temperature and its effect on the take-off and landing processes, the results showed that Baghdad International Airport was greatly affected by the occurrence of fog, followed by the airports of Erbil and Sulaymaniyah and their impact by the occurrence of thunderstorms and snow, while both Najaf Airport and Basra International Airport were greatly affected by dust storms.
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Rosyadi, Fahmi, Masbah R. T. Siregar, and Abdul Multi. "INTEGRASI DISTRIBUSI DATA RADAR MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI BLOCKCHAIN DAN KRIPTOGRAF." SAINSTECH: JURNAL PENELITIAN DAN PENGKAJIAN SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 32, no. 3 (July 18, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37277/stch.v32i3.1343.
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Abstract
Currently, radar is widely used in various fields such as meteorology, military, police, shipping, aviation, agriculture, disaster, and research. Meanwhile, currently the use of radar is still in the form of sectoral, partial, and fragmented so that the use of radar data is only internal. With Indonesia's geographical condition which is very broad and the integration and distribution of radar data has not been maximized, this has resulted in the lack of geographic area of Indonesia that is reached by radar. The use or exchange of radar data still uses client-server-based information technology, and with centralized storage which has information security and privacy risk factors that are vulnerable to being misused or exploited. In addition, there is the possibility of data loss which makes it difficult to get data back, even when you have implemented a backup system with cloud or other protection, there is still a risk of complete data loss when compared to implementing a decentralized platform. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate and distribute radar data with a decentralized platform so that the radar data is not sectoral, partial, and fragmented. The integration and distribution of radar data will later be able to maximize the use of cross-field radar so that one radar can be used more optimally for all fields including meteorology, military, police, shipping, aviation, agriculture, disaster, and research. One of the technologies that can be used for the integration of radar distribution is blockchain and cryptography.
Keywords: Radar, Blockchain, Cryptography.
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Fabbian, Dustin, Richard de Dear, and Stephen Lellyett. "Application of Artificial Neural Network Forecasts to Predict Fog at Canberra International Airport." Weather and Forecasting 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf980.1.
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Abstract The occurrence of fog can significantly impact air transport operations, and plays an important role in aviation safety. The economic value of aviation forecasts for Sydney Airport alone in 1993 was estimated at $6.8 million (Australian dollars) for Quantas Airways. The prediction of fog remains difficult despite improvements in numerical weather prediction guidance and models of the fog phenomenon. This paper assesses the ability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to provide accurate forecasts of such events at Canberra International Airport (YSCB). Unlike conventional statistical techniques, ANNs are well suited to problems involving complex nonlinear interactions and therefore have potential in application to fog prediction. A 44-yr database of standard meteorological observations obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology was used to develop, train, test, and validate ANNs designed to predict fog occurrence. Fog forecasting aids were developed for 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18-h lead times from 0600 local standard time. The forecasting skill of various ANN architectures was assessed through analysis of relative operating characteristic curves. Results indicate that ANNs are able to offer good discrimination ability at all four lead times. The results were robust to error perturbation for various input parameters. It is recommended that such models be included when preparing forecasts for YSCB, and that the technique should be extended in its application to cover other similarly fog-prone aviation locations.
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Uccellini, Louis W., Paul J. Kocin, Joseph Sienkiewicz, Robert Kistler, and Michael Baker. "Fred Sanders' Roles in the Transformation of Synoptic Meteorology, the Study of Rapid Cyclogenesis, the Prediction of Marine Cyclones, and the Forecast of New York City's “Big Snow” of December 1947." Meteorological Monographs 55 (November 1, 2008): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/0065-9401-33.55.269.
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Abstract Fred Sanders' career extended over 55 yr, touching upon many of the revolutionary transformations in the field of meteorology during that period. In this paper, his contributions to the transformation of synoptic meteorology, his research into the nature of explosive cyclogenesis, and related advances in the ability to predict these storms are reviewed. In addition to this review, the current status of forecasting oceanic cyclones 4.5 days in advance is presented, illustrating the progress that has been made and the challenges that persist, especially for forecasting those extreme extratropical cyclones that are marked by surface wind speeds exceeding hurricane force. Last, Fred Sanders' participation in a forecast for the historic 1947 snowstorm (that produced snowfall amounts in the New York City area that set records at that time) is reviewed along with an attempt to use today's operational global model to simulate this storm using data that were available at the time. The study reveals the predictive limitations involved with this case based on the scarcity of upper-air data in 1947, while confirming Fred Sanders' forecasting skills when dealing with these types of major storm events, even as a young aviation forecaster at New York's LaGuardia Airport.
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McGovern, Amy, Andrea Balfour, Marissa Beene, and David Harrison. "Storm Evader: Using an iPad to Teach Kids about Meteorology and Technology." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00202.1.
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Abstract We have developed and released an iPad application, Storm Evader, to demonstrate to youth how technology can be used as a tool and to teach youth about weather and its impact on real-world activities, including flying. As technology becomes more widespread in modern society, many young people overlook the usefulness of technology and have instead come to see it primarily as a provider of entertainment. Storm Evader exposes children to meteorology and aviation in an engaging way. The game requires players to route planes across the United States while avoiding dangerous storms and conserving fuel. The artificial intelligence inside the game suggests routes around a storm. To maximize their scores, players should take the computer’s suggestions into account. Players are exposed to actual radar data and are aided by computer-generated forecast models and storm outlooks from the Storm Prediction Center. In the future, we will include a turbulence model. Exposure to the variety of weather forecasts and their use in the game introduces children to new weather concepts. We also report results of surveys of learning from groups of children playing the game.
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Means, James D., and Daniel Cayan. "Precipitable Water from GPS Zenith Delays Using North American Regional Reanalysis Meteorology." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00064.1.
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Abstract Precipitable water or integrated water vapor can be obtained from zenith travel-time delays from global positioning system (GPS) signals if the atmospheric pressure and temperature at the GPS site is known. There have been more than 10 000 GPS receivers deployed as part of geophysics research programs around the world; but, unfortunately, most of these receivers do not have collocated barometers. This paper describes a new technique to use North American Regional Reanalysis pressure, temperature, and geopotential height data to calculate station pressures and surface temperature at the GPS sites. This enables precipitable water to be calculated at those sites using archived zenith delays. The technique has been evaluated by calculating altimeter readings at aviation routine weather report (METAR) sites and comparing them with reported altimeter readings. Additionally, the precipitable water values calculated using this method have been found to agree with SuomiNet GPS precipitable water, with RMS differences of 2 mm or less, and are also generally in agreement with radiosonde measurements of precipitable water. Applications of this technique are shown and are explored for different synoptic situations, including atmospheric-river-type baroclinic storms and the North American monsoon.
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Rybalkina, A. L., A. S. Spirin, and E. I. Trusova. "REDUCING INFLUENCE OF ADVERSE EXTERNAL CONDITIONS IN THE LOCAL AIRPORTS." Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 21, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2018-21-3-101-114.
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The problem of the unfavorable weather conditions impact on aircraft, including electric discharges on aircraft, continues to be relevant. For the successful implementation of flights, aviation as a type of transport should ensure safety, regularity and economy of air transportation. The aerial meteorology always takes an active part in above problems solution, since flight safety depends on timely prediction of unfavorable weather conditions. Modern airfield and aircraft equipment, as well as a new meteorological technique, helped to improve flight safety and reduce the number of accidents associated with adverse weather conditions, but this did not solve all the problems of civil aviation meteorological support. This problem is especially acute in small airports, where there are often no means of meteorological support and warnings about dangerous weather phenomena or they are insufficient. The article analyzes various unfavorable weather conditions, their influence on aircraft, provides statistics related to unfavorable weather conditions of aviation accidents, and shows the proportion of meteorological conditions among the factors affecting safety. Particular attention is paid to the problem of electric discharges to aircraft. The consequences of electric discharges on aircraft, as well as weather conditions contributing to electric discharges, are analyzed. In order to improve flight safety at local airports, it is proposed to create mobile units for collecting, processing and transmitting meteorological information that is territorially spread over the aerodrome zone; it allows to create mobile meteorological radar network. The structural scheme of the deployment of the mobile network for meteorological radars is given.
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SURESH, R. "A simple thermodynamical model to estimate the rate of depletion of nocturnal low level inversion layer." MAUSAM 51, no. 1 (December 17, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v51i1.1755.
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The low level inversion, be it that of ground based or elevated, plays a significant role in the dispersion of polluted particles and in aviation meteorology. The rate of rise of the ground based inversion top and the base of elevated inversion causes the decrease of inversion strength and thereby permits vertical mixing of pollutants as the stability of the atmosphere is reduced. A simple thermodynamical model using the global radiation and vertical temperature profile has been proposed to estimate the rate of rise of (i) the ground based inversion top and (ii) the base of the elevated inversion. The depth of inversion thus estimated can be used in the pollution/fog dispersion models. The model is simple and operationally practicable. The limitations of the model are also discussed.
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Lootens, Karel Joris Bert, and Marina Efthymiou. "The Adoption of Network-Centric Data Sharing in Air Traffic Management." Information Resources Management Journal 32, no. 3 (July 2019): 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2019070103.
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Network-centric sharing of data between all Air Traffic Management (ATM) stakeholders can improve the aviation network substantially. The System Wide Information Management (SWIM) platform is a platform for the open sharing of all information between aircraft operators, airports, air navigation services providers (ANSPs), and meteorology services, but has struggled to find a following. This article aims to identify the potential reasons for the slow adoption of the SWIM platform, and to investigate how to better communicate its potential. To gain insight into the drivers for each of the stakeholders, a series of semi-structured interviews was conducted with airlines, airports and ANSPs. Moreover, an Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) initiative at the airport in Dublin was included as a case study. Recommendations are provided on how to address the results from a governance point of view.
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Laskin, David. "The Weatherman & The Millionaire: How Carl-Gustaf Rossby And Harry E Guggenheim Revolutionized Aviation and Meteorology in America." Weatherwise 58, no. 4 (July 2005): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/wewi.58.4.28-33.
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Harvey, Natalie J., Helen F. Dacre, Helen N. Webster, Isabelle A. Taylor, Sujan Khanal, Roy G. Grainger, and Michael C. Cooke. "The Impact of Ensemble Meteorology on Inverse Modeling Estimates of Volcano Emissions and Ash Dispersion Forecasts: Grímsvötn 2011." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101022.
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Volcanic ash can interact with the earth system on many temporal and spatial scales and is a significant hazard to aircraft. In the event of a volcanic eruption, fast and robust decisions need to be made by aviation authorities about which routes are safe to operate. Such decisions take into account forecasts of ash location issued by Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) which are informed by simulations from Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion (VATD) models. The estimation of the time-evolving vertical distribution of ash emissions for use in VATD simulations in real time is difficult which can lead to large uncertainty in these forecasts. This study presents a method for constraining the ash emission estimates by combining an inversion modeling technique with an ensemble of meteorological forecasts, resulting in an ensemble of ash emission estimates. These estimates of ash emissions can be used to produce a robust ash forecast consistent with observations. This new ensemble approach is applied to the 2011 eruption of the Icelandic volcano Grímsvötn. The resulting emission profiles each have a similar temporal evolution but there are differences in the magnitude of ash emitted at different heights. For this eruption, the impact of precipitation uncertainty (and the associated wet deposition of ash) on the estimate of the total amount of ash emitted is larger than the impact of the uncertainty in the wind fields. Despite the differences that are dominated by wet deposition uncertainty, the ensemble inversion provides confidence that the reduction of the unconstrained emissions (a priori), particularly above 4 km, is robust across all members. In this case, the use of posterior emission profiles greatly reduces the magnitude and extent of the forecast ash cloud. The ensemble of posterior emission profiles gives a range of ash column loadings much closer in agreement with a set of independent satellite retrievals in comparison to the a priori emissions. Furthermore, airspace containing volcanic ash concentrations deemed to be associated with the highest risk (likelihood of exceeding a high concentration threshold) to aviation are reduced by over 85%. Such improvements could have large implications in emergency response situations. Future research will focus on quantifying the impact of uncertainty in precipitation forecasts on wet deposition in other eruptions and developing an inversion system that makes use of the state-of-the-art meteorological ensembles which has the potential to be used in an operational setting.
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Tang, Lin, Jian Zhang, Micheal Simpson, Ami Arthur, Heather Grams, Yadong Wang, and Carrie Langston. "Updates on the Radar Data Quality Control in the MRMS Quantitative Precipitation Estimation System." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0165.1.
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AbstractThe Multi-Radar-Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system was transitioned into operations at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction in the fall of 2014. It provides high-quality and high-resolution severe weather and precipitation products for meteorology, hydrology, and aviation applications. Among processing modules, the radar data quality control (QC) plays a critical role in effectively identifying and removing various nonhydrometeor radar echoes for accurate quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). Since its initial implementation in 2014, the radar QC has undergone continuous refinements and enhancements to ensure its robust performance across seasons and all regions in the continental United States and southern Canada. These updates include 1) improved melting-layer delineation, 2) clearance of wind farm contamination, 3) mitigation of corrupt data impacts due to hardware issues, 4) mitigation of sun spikes, and 5) mitigation of residual ground/lake/sea clutter due to sidelobe effects and anomalous propagation. This paper provides an overview of the MRMS radar data QC enhancements since 2014.
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Anwar, Badrul, Nizwardi Jalinus, and Rijal Abdullah. "Weather Forecast In Medan City With Hopfield Artificial Neural Network Algorithm." Sinkron 8, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v8i1.12048.
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Many aspects are very influential for the continuity of Indonesian society, especially Medan. One of the aspects that affect the continuity of the people of Medan is the weather. Weather plays an important role in various sectors, such as agriculture, aviation, and many other sectors. The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) is always trying to develop their innovations to be able to provide accurate weather information to the public. To assist the process of disseminating weather information to the public in Medan City, we need a Weather Forecast application that uses Website-based computer technology so that it can help disseminate weather information easily and effectively which is generated through the support of the Hopfield method by connecting the application with BMKG data. Based on the results of this study, a weather forecasting application was successfully built to help disseminate weather information in Medan City to all Medan City people who want to get information about the weather.
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Zaunbrecher, Michelle, and Kerri Reeks. "Cyclone evacuation in the Timor Sea—a case study." APPEA Journal 48, no. 1 (2008): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj07005.
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Nexus Energy (Nexus) is the operator of the ACP23 permit in the Territory of Ashmore Cartier in the Timor Sea. The permit contains the Crux gas and condensate field. During March 2007, Nexus was undertaking drilling operations at the Crux field using the semi-submersible drilling rig Songa Venus, operated by Songa Drilling. Nexus utilised the Truscott Airbase to land fixed wing aircraft from Darwin, and then flew helicopters from Truscott out to the rig. An incident occurred as a result of failing to completely down-man the Songa Venus in the face of approaching Tropical Cyclone George. The National Offshore Petroleum Safety Authority (NOPSA) issued an Improvement Notice to Songa as the Rig Safety Case owner. Nexus was responsible for providing aviation transport and logistics. The evacuation planning allowed for a 12 hour buffer. Nonetheless, rapid changes in weather resulted in this buffer time being inadequate. On the morning of the planned final evacuation flight, the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) issued a forecast of cloud base below the aviation alternate minima for Truscott (1,079 ft above ground level and 4.4 km visibility). The weather forecast of the cloud base minima being predicted to be below the aviation alternate minima invokes an aviation regulatory rule. This aviation regulatory rule requires that a suitable onshore alternate landing site is available before the helicopter is allowed to take off. The designated alternate landing point at Troughton Island was predicted to be similarly affected by weather and not suitable as an alternate landing point. The selected alternate landing site cannot then also require an alternate. Therefore, the helicopter was not able to take off and the flight to the rig was consequently aborted leaving 17 people onboard the rig. Nexus has since dedicated significant effort and resources to rectifying the situation that occurred. Nexus plans to develop the Crux field and therefore must find a reliable solution for future cyclone evacuations. Nexus undertook an extensive review of regional alternate landing sites relevant to Truscott airbase and Crux. The most viable and reliable options for the Crux field were assessed as Cape Leveque and Kupang, West Timor. Along with other technical solutions, Nexus has funded the upgrade of the existing Truscott BOM weather station facilities to an Automatic Weather Information System (AWIS), which will be operational for the 2007/08 cyclone season. The AWIS includes: a ceilometer that measures cloud base minima, a vis-meter that measures cloud cover, and an air pressure sensing pparatus (QNH). This information is measured and transmitted in real time to aviator operators. The documented height above the runway designated as the alternate minima is determined by the height of the surrounding terrain. The philosophy behind the lowering of the alternate level, when AWIS information is available, is based upon the flight crew being able to accurately set a known current QNH reading onto an altimeter sub scale, thus increasing altimeter integrity. The improved weather measurement information has allowed for a 100 ft reduction in approach and alternate minima for the airbase. This is of potentially significant benefit given that the incident described in this paper was directly related to the inability of the helicopter to take off from Truscott due to restrictions on alternate minima. In addition, the installation of the AWIS will allow for more accurate weather forecasting for Truscott and the region. A key outcome of the assessment undertaken was to improve the definition of the tasks that need to be undertaken for cyclone emergency planning, and clearly assign these tasks to positions in the emergency response team. The revised emergency response team is comprised of three key roles: cyclone evacuation coordinator; transport coordinator; and aviation technical advisor. The cumulative effect of multiple operators working in the region needs to be assessed on an ongoing basis. Substantial improvements can be made to cyclone evacuation infrastructure and resources via an industry-wide approach.
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Riordan, Allen J. "Forecasting for a Remote Island: A Class Exercise." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-84-6-777.
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Students enrolled in a satellite meteorology course at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, recently had an unusual opportunity to apply their forecast skills to predict wind and weather conditions for a remote site in the Southern Hemisphere. For about 40 days starting in early February 2001, students used satellite and model guidance to develop forecasts to support a research team stationed on Bouvet Island (54°26′S, 3°24′E). Internet products together with current output from NCEP's Aviation (AVN) model supported the activity. Wind forecasts were of particular interest to the Bouvet team because violent winds often developed unexpectedly and posed a safety hazard. Results were encouraging in that 24-h wind speed forecasts showed reasonable reliability over a wide range of wind speeds. Forecasts for 48 h showed only marginal skill, however. Two critical events were well forecasted—the major February storm with wind speeds of over 120 kt and a brief calm period following several days of strong winds in early March. The latter forecast proved instrumental in recovering the research team.
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Hyvärinen, Otto, Elena Saltikoff, and Harri Hohti. "Validation of Automatic Cb Observations for METAR Messages without Ground Truth." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 10 (October 2015): 2063–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0222.1.
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AbstractIn aviation meteorology, METAR messages are used to disseminate the existence of cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds. METAR messages are traditionally constructed manually from human observations, but there is a growing trend toward automation of this process. At the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), METAR messages incorporate an operational automatic detection of Cb based solely on weather radar data, when manual observations are not available. However, the verification of this automatic Cb detection is challenging, as good ground truth data are not often available; even human observations are not perfect as Cb clouds can be obscured by other clouds, for example. Therefore, statistical estimation of the relevant verification measures from imperfect observations using latent class analysis (LCA) was explored. In addition to radar-based products and human observations, the convective rainfall rate from EUMETSAT’s Nowcasting Satellite Application Facility and lightning products from the Finnish lightning network were used for determining the existence of Cb clouds. Results suggest that LCA gives reasonable estimates of verification measures and, based on these estimates, the Cb detection system at FMI gives results comparable to human observations.
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Komarov, V. S., A. V. Lavrinenko, N. Ya Lomakina, and S. N. Il’in. "Application of a Dynamic-Stochastic Approach to Short-Term Forecasting of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 12 (November 25, 2013): 4507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00283.1.
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Abstract A two-dimensional, dynamic-stochastic model presented in this study is used for short-term forecasting of vertical profiles of air temperature and wind velocity orthogonal components in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The technique of using a two-dimensional dynamic-stochastic model involves preliminary estimation of its coefficients using the Kalman filter (KF) algorithm and observations at only one measuring station. The results obtained can be useful for aviation meteorology, mobile meteorological systems deployed in regions uncovered or rarely covered by meteorological observations, and devices with limited computational resources. In addition, they can be useful for wind-power and pollutant dispersion applications. Two cases of experiments with real observations using a radiometer and sodar (Doppler radar) deployed in the region of Tomsk, Russia, and data of more frequent (4 times a day) radiosonde observations in the region of Omsk (station 28698) are examined. The forecast period of numerical weather prediction (NWP) for all cases considered in this study ranged from 0.5 to 6 h. The results obtained demonstrate higher forecast quality in comparison with the persistence forecast.
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Harvey, Natalie J., Helen F. Dacre, Cameron Saint, Andrew T. Prata, Helen N. Webster, and Roy G. Grainger. "Quantifying the impact of meteorological uncertainty on emission estimates and the risk to aviation using source inversion for the Raikoke 2019 eruption." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 8529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8529-2022.
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Abstract. Due to the remote location of many volcanoes, there is substantial uncertainty about the timing, amount and vertical distribution of volcanic ash released when they erupt. One approach to determine these properties is to combine prior estimates with satellite retrievals and simulations from atmospheric dispersion models to create posterior emission estimates, constrained by both the observations and the prior estimates, using a technique known as source inversion. However, the results are dependent not only on the accuracy of the prior assumptions, the atmospheric dispersion model and the observations used, but also on the accuracy of the meteorological data used in the dispersion simulations. In this study, we advance the source inversion approach by using an ensemble of meteorological data from the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System to represent the uncertainty in the meteorological data and apply it to the 2019 eruption of Raikoke. Retrievals from the Himawari-8 satellite are combined with NAME dispersion model simulations to create posterior emission estimates. The use of ensemble meteorology provides confidence in the posterior emission estimates and associated dispersion simulations that are used to produce ash forecasts. Prior mean estimates of fine volcanic ash emissions for the Raikoke eruption based on plume height observations are more than 15 times higher than any of the mean posterior ensemble estimates. In addition, the posterior estimates have a different vertical distribution, with 27 %–44 % of ash being emitted into the stratosphere compared to 8 % in the mean prior estimate. This has consequences for the long-range transport of ash, as deposition to the surface from this region of the atmosphere happens over long timescales. The posterior ensemble spread represents uncertainty in the inversion estimate of the ash emissions. For the first 48 h following the eruption, the prior ash column loadings lie outside an estimate of the error associated with a set of independent satellite retrievals, whereas the posterior ensemble column loadings do not. Applying a risk-based methodology to an ensemble of dispersion simulations using the posterior emissions shows that the area deemed to be of the highest risk to aviation, based on the fraction of ensemble members exceeding predefined ash concentration thresholds, is reduced by 49 %. This is compared to estimates using an ensemble of dispersion simulations using the prior emissions with ensemble meteorology. If source inversion had been used following the eruption of Raikoke, it would have had the potential to significantly reduce disruptions to aviation operations. The posterior inversion emission estimates are also sensitive to uncertainty in other eruption source parameters and internal dispersion model parameters. Extending the ensemble inversion methodology to account for uncertainty in these parameters would give a more complete picture of the emission uncertainty, further increasing confidence in these estimates.
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Makhambetova, M. M., and N. N. Abayev. "THE POSSIBILITIES OF ANALYZING THE INVERSION LAYER ACCORDING TO REANALYSIS DATA." Hydrometeorology and ecology 109, no. 2 (July 18, 2023): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54668/2789-6323-2023-109-2-23-33.
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The study of thermal inversion layers in the atmosphere plays an important role in understanding various atmospheric processes and solving environmental and meteorological problems. This work is devoted to evaluating the potential of thermal inversion layer analysis using ERA5 reanalysis data in the nearground layer as an alternative to the limited availability of aerological stations.The characteristics of inversions calculated using ERA5 reanalysis data and radiosonde data from the Karaganda Aerological Station for the period from 2012 to 2021 were compared. General inversions occur most often in January (15...18 times), while in spring and autumn, the average monthly number of cases is 4...10. In the summertime, surface inversions occur most frequently, with a mean monthly value of up to 25 times. The intensity of different surface inversions varies between -1 °C ... -9 °С. The results of the study showed a close similarity between the ERA5 reanalysis data and the radiosonde data. This indicates the suitability of the reanalysis data for studying thermal inversions. This study contributes to the development of knowledge in atmospheric pollution, weather forecasting, aviation meteorology, and the development of climate models by using reanalysis data to study inversion phenomena.
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Dills, Patrick, Amy Stevermer, Tony Mancus, Bryan Guarente, Tim Alberta, and Elizabeth Page. "COMET’s Education and Training for the Worldwide Meteorological Satellite User Community: Meeting Evolving Needs with Innovative Instruction." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8070311.
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Since 1989, the COMET<sup>®</sup> Program’s staff of instructional designers, scientists, graphic artists, and web developers has been creating targeted, effective, and scientifically sound instructional materials for the geosciences in multiple languages and formats. The majority of COMET training materials and services are available via COMET’s online training portal, MetEd. MetEd hosts over 500 self-paced English-language lessons, which are freely available to registered users. The lessons cover a broad array of topics, including satellite meteorology, numerical weather prediction, hydrometeorology, oceanography, aviation weather, climate science, and decision support. Nearly 300 lessons have been translated to other languages. NOAA NESDIS, EUMETSAT, the Meteorological Service of Canada, and the US National Weather Service all provide funding and subject matter expertise for satellite training efforts at COMET. The COMET team is focused on helping our sponsors refine their learning objectives and produce instructional material that is focused on learner engagement, knowledge retention, and measurable performance improvement. The COMET Program has continually transformed its instructional approach to better meet the shifting needs of learners. Our satellite remote sensing educational and training materials provide sound foundational knowledge for existing and new satellite products paired with increasing opportunities to apply that knowledge.
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Simanjuntak, Febryanto, Ilham Jamaluddin, Tang-Huang Lin, Hary Aprianto Wijaya Siahaan, and Ying-Nong Chen. "Rainfall Forecast Using Machine Learning with High Spatiotemporal Satellite Imagery Every 10 Minutes." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14235950.
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Increasing the accuracy of rainfall forecasts is crucial as an effort to prevent hydrometeorological disasters. Weather changes that can occur suddenly and in a local scope make fast and precise weather forecasts increasingly difficult to inform. Additionally, the results of the numerical weather model used by the Indonesia Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics are only able to predict the rainfall with a temporal resolution of 1–3 h and cannot yet address the need for rainfall information with high spatial and temporal resolution. Therefore, this study aims to provide the rainfall forecast in high spatiotemporal resolution using Himawari-8 and GPM IMERG (Global Precipitation Measurement: The Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals) data. The multivariate LSTM (long short-term memory) forecasting is employed to predict the cloud brightness temperature by using the selected Himawari-8 bands as the input and training data. For the rain rate regression, we used the random forest technique to identify the rainfall and non-rainfall pixels from GPM IMERG data as the input in advance. The results of the rainfall forecast showed low values of mean error and root mean square error of 0.71 and 1.54 mm/3 h, respectively, compared to the observation data, indicating that the proposed study may help meteorological stations provide the weather information for aviation purposes.
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Rizza, Umberto, Franck Donnadieu, Mauro Morichetti, Elenio Avolio, Giuseppe Castorina, Agostino Semprebello, Salvatore Magazu, Giorgio Passerini, Enrico Mancinelli, and Clothilde Biensan. "Airspace Contamination by Volcanic Ash from Sequences of Etna Paroxysms: Coupling the WRF-Chem Dispersion Model with Near-Source L-Band Radar Observations." Remote Sensing 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2023): 3760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153760.
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Volcanic emissions (ash, gas, aerosols) dispersed in the atmosphere during explosive eruptions generate hazards affecting aviation, human health, air quality, and the environment. We document for the first time the contamination of airspace by very fine volcanic ash due to sequences of transient ash plumes from Mount Etna. The atmospheric dispersal of sub-10 μm (PM10) ash is modelled using the WRF-Chem model, coupled online with meteorology and aerosols and offline with mass eruption rates (MERs) derived from near-vent Doppler radar measurements and inferred plume altitudes. We analyze two sequences of paroxysms with widely varied volcanological conditions and contrasted meteorological synoptic patterns in October–December 2013 and on 3–5 December 2015. We analyze the PM10 ash dispersal simulation maps in terms of time-averaged columnar ash density, concentration at specified flight levels averaged over the entire sequence interval, and daily average concentration during selected paroxysm days at these flight levels. The very fine ash from such eruption sequences is shown to easily contaminate the airspace around the volcano within a radius of about 1000 km in a matter of a few days. Synoptic patterns with relatively weak tropospheric currents lead to the accumulation of PM10 ash at a regional scale all around Etna. In this context, closely interspersed paroxysms tend to accumulate very fine ash more diffusively at a lower troposphere and in stretched ash clouds higher up in the troposphere. Low-pressure, high-winds weather systems tend to stretch ash clouds into ~100 km wide clouds, forming large-scale vortices 800–1600 km in diameter. Daily average PM10 ash concentrations commonly exceed the aviation hazard threshold, up to 1000 km downwind from the volcano and up to the upper troposphere for intense paroxysms. Vertical distributions show ash cloud thicknesses in the range 0.7–3 km, and PM10 sometimes stagnates at ground level, which represent a potential health hazard.
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Méri, Ladislav, Ladislav Gaál, Juraj Bartok, Martin Gažák, Martin Gera, Marián Jurašek, and Miroslav Kelemen. "Improved Radar Composites and Enhanced Value of Meteorological Radar Data Using Different Quality Indices." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 9, 2021): 5285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095285.
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Radar measurements are inherently affected by various meteorological and non-meteorological factors that may lead to a degradation of their quality, and the unwanted effects are also transferred into composites, i.e., overlapping images from different radars. The paper was aimed at answering the research question whether we could create ‘cleaner’ radar composites without disturbing features, and if yes, how the operational practice could take advantage of the improved results. To achieve these goals, the qRad and qPrec software packages, based on the concept of quality indices, were used. The qRad package estimates the true quality of the C-band radar volume data using various quality indices and attempts to correct some of the adverse effects on the measurements. The qPrec package uses a probabilistic approach to estimate precipitation intensity, based on heterogeneous input data and quality-based outputs of the qRad software. The advantages of the qRad software are improved radar composites, which offer benefits, among others, for aviation meteorology. At the same time, the advantages of the qPrec software are manifested through improved quantitative precipitation estimation, which can be translated into hydrological modeling or climatological precipitation mapping. Beyond this, the developed software indirectly contributes to sustainability and environmental protection—for instance, by enabling fuel savings due to the more effective planning of flight routes or avoiding runway excursions due to information on the increased risk of aquaplaning.
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Schumann, U. "A contrail cirrus prediction model." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 3 (May 3, 2012): 543–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-543-2012.
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Abstract. A new model to simulate and predict the properties of a large ensemble of contrails as a function of given air traffic and meteorology is described. The model is designed for approximate prediction of contrail cirrus cover and analysis of contrail climate impact, e.g. within aviation system optimization processes. The model simulates the full contrail life-cycle. Contrail segments form between waypoints of individual aircraft tracks in sufficiently cold and humid air masses. The initial contrail properties depend on the aircraft. The advection and evolution of the contrails is followed with a Lagrangian Gaussian plume model. Mixing and bulk cloud processes are treated quasi analytically or with an effective numerical scheme. Contrails disappear when the bulk ice content is sublimating or precipitating. The model has been implemented in a "Contrail Cirrus Prediction Tool" (CoCiP). This paper describes the model assumptions, the equations for individual contrails, and the analysis-method for contrail-cirrus cover derived from the optical depth of the ensemble of contrails and background cirrus. The model has been applied for a case study and compared to the results of other models and in-situ contrail measurements. The simple model reproduces a considerable part of observed contrail properties. Mid-aged contrails provide the largest contributions to the product of optical depth and contrail width, important for climate impact.
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Schumann, U. "A contrail cirrus prediction model." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 4, no. 4 (November 28, 2011): 3185–293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-3185-2011.
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Abstract. A new model to simulate and predict the properties of a large ensemble of contrails as a function of given air traffic and meteorology is described. The model is designed for approximate prediction of contrail cirrus cover and analysis of contrail climate impact, e.g. within aviation system optimization processes. The model simulates the full contrail life-cycle. Contrail segments form between waypoints of individual aircraft tracks in sufficiently cold and humid air masses. The initial contrail properties depend on the aircraft. The advection and evolution of the contrails is followed with a Lagrangian Gaussian plume model. Mixing and bulk cloud processes are treated quasi analytically or with an effective numerical scheme. Contrails disappear when the bulk ice content is sublimating or precipitating. The model has been implemented in a "Contrail Cirrus Prediction Tool" (CoCiP). This paper describes the model assumptions, the equations for individual contrails, and the analysis-method for contrail-cirrus cover derived from the optical depth of the ensemble of contrails and background cirrus. The model has been applied for a case study and compared to the results of other models and in-situ contrail measurements. The simple model reproduces a considerable part of observed contrail properties. Mid-aged contrails provide the largest contributions to the product of optical depth and contrail width, important for climate impact.
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Llanes Álvarez, C., A. San Roman Uría, P. Nunes Nancabu, M. Ruiz Gippini, P. López Landeiro, and M. Á. Franco Martín. "Chemtrails: An Overview of The Phenomenon." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1635.
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IntroductionThe term contrail is a contraction of condensation and trail, as chemtrail is of chemical and trail. The first one is used to name trails left in the sky by aircrafts under certain atmospheric conditions. Some people argue that when contrails do not dissipate quickly is because contain substances added and sprayed for sinister purposes undisclosed to the population (weather modification and biological and/or chemical war are the most common).ObjectiveExist various versions of the chemtrail theory, most of them propagated via the internet in discussions forums or websites, and to a lesser degree by the mass media such as TV and radio programs. The outspread popularity and diffusion of the theory has already become a reality. Scientific community has repeatedly rejected that chemtrails exist, insisting that are just contrails. We analyze this phenomenon.MethodsWe made a exhaustive literature review in Journals of Meteorology and Aviation, about the formation of condensation trails, in Social Pychology Journals about the genesis and dissemination of the chemtrails theory. Finally, we will make a brief presentation of documentation built around the theory of chemtrails in the province of Zamora (Spain), where is one of the most active spots in southern Europe.Conclusionsofficial statements on the non-existence of chemtrails have not discouraged the proponents of the theory of chemtrails.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Potts, Rodney, Julie Haggerty, Allyson Rugg, and Alain Protat. "Demonstration of a Nowcasting Service for High Ice Water Content (HIWC) Conditions." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050786.
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Areas of high ice water content (HIWC) within cloud systems may cause power loss events and engine damage in jet aircraft due to ice crystal icing (ICI). The Algorithm for Prediction of HIWC Areas (ALPHA) was developed to identify these regions and enable provision of guidance to airlines. ALPHA combines numerical weather prediction model data, satellite data, and radar data (where available), and applies fuzzy logic to identify the likely presence of HIWC. In a collaboration between the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, and Australian airlines, a trial of ALPHA was conducted for an area across Indonesia, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and northern Australia, a region with frequent deep convection and a relatively high incidence of ICI events. ALPHA was adapted to ingest data from the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator model and the Japanese Himawari-8 geostationary meteorological satellite. Radar data was not used. The HIWC product was made available to stakeholder groups for evaluation. Independent validation of the HIWC product was undertaken by comparing it with retrieved profiles of ice water content (IWC) from the cloud profiling radar on the NASA polar-orbiting CloudSat satellite. Conduct of the ALPHA trial and results from validation of the HIWC product provides confidence in the potential utility for flight planning, maintaining situational awareness, and flight monitoring.
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Kim, Kyunghun, Hoyong Lee, Myungjin Lee, Young Hye Bae, Hung Soo Kim, and Soojun Kim. "Analysis of Weather Factors on Aircraft Cancellation using a Multilayer Complex Network." Entropy 25, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25081209.
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Airlines provide one of the most popular and important transportation services for passengers. While the importance of the airline industry is rising, flight cancellations are also increasing due to abnormal weather factors, such as rainfall and wind speed. Although previous studies on cancellations due to weather factors considered both aircraft and weather factors concurrently, the complex network studies only treated the aircraft factor with a single-layer network. Therefore, the aim of this study was to apply a multilayer complex network (MCN) method that incorporated three different factors, namely, aircraft, rainfall, and wind speed, to investigate aircraft cancellations at 14 airports in the Republic of Korea. The results showed that rainfall had a greater impact on aircraft cancellations compared with wind speed. To find out the most important node in the cancellation, we applied centrality analysis based on information entropy. According to the centrality analysis, Jeju Airport was identified as the most influential node since it has a high demand for aircraft. Also, we showed that characteristics and factors of aircraft cancellation should be appropriately defined by links in the MCN. Furthermore, we verified the applicability of the MCN method in the fields of aviation and meteorology. It is expected that the suggested methodology in this study can help to understand aircraft cancellation due to weather factors.
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Wang, Jinhu, Binze Xie, Jiahan Cai, Yuhao Wang, and Jiang Chen. "Study on Icing Environment Judgment Based on Radar Data." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111534.
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As a major threat to aviation flight safety, it is particularly important to make accurate judgments and forecasts of the ice accumulation environment. Radar is widely used in civil aviation and meteorology, and has the advantages of high timeliness and resolution. In this paper, a variety of machine learning methods are used to establish the relationship between radar data and icing index (Ic) to determine the ice accumulation environment. The research shows the following. (1) A linear model was established, based on the scattering rate factor (Zh), radial velocity (v), spectral width (w), velocity standard deviation (σ) detected by 94 GHz millimeter wave radar, and backward attenuation coefficient (β) detected by 905 nm lidar, so linear regression was carried out. After principal component analysis (PCA), the correction determination coefficient of the linear equation was increased from 0.7127 to 0.7240. (2) Ice accumulation was unlikely for samples that were significantly off-center. By clustering the data into three or four categories, the proportion of icing lattice points could be increased from 18.81% to 33.03%. If the clustering number was further increased, the ice accumulation ratio will not be further increased, and the increased classification is reflected in the classification of pairs of noises and the possibility of omission is also increased. (3) Considering the classification and nonlinear factors of ice accumulation risk, the neural network method was used to judge the ice accumulation environment. Two kinds of neural network structures were established for quantitative calculation: Structure 1 first distinguished whether there was ice accumulation, and further calculated the icing index for the points where there was ice accumulation; Structure 2 directly calculated the temperature and relative humidity, and calculated the icing index according to definition. The accuracy of the above two structures could reach nearly 60%, but the quantitative judgment of the ice accumulation index was not ideal. The reasons for this dissatisfaction may be the small number of variables and samples, the interval between time and space, the difference in instrument detection principle, and the representativeness of the ice accumulation index. Further research can be improved from the above four points. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and analysis of the aircraft ice accumulation environment.
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Thobois, L., P. Royer, R. Parmentier, M. Brooks, A. Knoepfle, J. Alexander, P. Stidwell, and R. Kumar. "Monitoring and Quantifying Particles Emissions around Industrial Sites with Scanning Doppler Lidar." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817604013.
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Scanning Coherent Doppler Lidars have been used over the last decade for measuring wind for applications in wind energy [1], meteorology [2] and aviation [3]. They allow for accurate measurements of wind speeds up to a distance of 10 km based on the Doppler shift effect of aerosols. The signal reflectivity (CNR or Carrier-to-Noise Ratio) profiles can also be retrieved from the strength of the Lidar signal. In this study, we will present the developments of algorithm for retrieving aerosol optical properties like the relative attenuated backscatter coefficient and the mass concentration of particles. The use of these algorithms during one operational trial in Point Samson, Western Australia to monitor fugitive emissions over a mine will be presented. This project has been initiated by the Australian Department of Environment Regulations to better determine the impact of the Port on the neighboring town. During the trial in Summer, the strong impact of turbulence refractive index on Lidar performances has been observed. Multiple methodologies have been applied to reduce this impact with more or less success. At the end, a dedicated setup and configuration have been established that allow to properly observe the plumes of the mine with the scanning Lidar. The Lidar data has also been coupled to beta attenuation in-situ sensors for retrieving mass concentration maps. A few case of dispersion of plumes will be presented showing the necessity to combine both the wind and aerosol data.
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Montesarchio, M., A. L. Zollo, M. Ferrucci, and E. Bucchignani. "Latest developments in AWAS: the Advanced Weather Awareness System in the COAST Project." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1226, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1226/1/012089.
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Abstract In the framework of the COAST (Cost Optimized Avionics SysTem) project funded by Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking in the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, several key technologies are under development, aimed to enable single pilot operations of Small Air Transport (SAT) vehicles. One of these technologies is AWAS (Advanced Weather Awareness System), which aims to provide and visualize on board of the aircraft updated weather information regarding areas affected by weather hazards, in order to increase the weather awareness of the pilot. The system is composed by three main components: AWAS on-ground, devoted to generate and provide on board data regarding weather hazards observed and forecast along the flight route; AWAS on-board, aimed to send on-ground information concerning aircraft position and current time and to elaborate data provided by AWAS on-ground; AWAS Human Machine Interface (HMI), that visualize data on-board over a Portable Electronic Device (PED). AWAS on-ground and AWAS on-board segments are connected each other via a low-cost satellite communication system. The meteorological information is extracted from MATISSE (Meteorological AviaTIon Supporting System), a prototype software developed by the Meteorology Laboratory of CIRA. This paper describes the main functionalities and components of the system under development, highlighting the advancements achieved with respect to the one presented in 2020, and the work performed to allow the on-board integration of AWAS system. Furthermore, the paper reports the main results obtained during the dedicated flight test campaign successfully completed in summer 2021, validating the technology when integrated into the aircraft.
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Capponi, Antonio, Natalie J. Harvey, Helen F. Dacre, Keith Beven, Cameron Saint, Cathie Wells, and Mike R. James. "Refining an ensemble of volcanic ash forecasts using satellite retrievals: Raikoke 2019." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 9 (May 10, 2022): 6115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6115-2022.
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Abstract. Volcanic ash advisories are produced by specialised forecasters who combine several sources of observational data and volcanic ash dispersion model outputs based on their subjective expertise. These advisories are used by the aviation industry to make decisions about where it is safe to fly. However, both observations and dispersion model simulations are subject to various sources of uncertainties that are not represented in operational forecasts. Quantification and communication of these uncertainties are fundamental for making more informed decisions. Here, we develop a data assimilation method that combines satellite retrievals and volcanic ash transport and dispersion model (VATDM) output, considering uncertainties in both data sources. The methodology is applied to a case study of the 2019 Raikoke eruption. To represent uncertainty in the VATDM output, 1000 simulations are performed by simultaneously perturbing the eruption source parameters, meteorology, and internal model parameters (known as the prior ensemble). The ensemble members are filtered, based on their level of agreement with the ash column loading, and their uncertainty, of the Himawari–8 satellite retrievals, to produce a constrained posterior ensemble. For the Raikoke eruption, filtering the ensemble skews the values of mass eruption rate towards the lower values within the wider parameters ranges initially used in the prior ensemble (mean reduces from 1 to 0.1 Tg h−1). Furthermore, including satellite observations from subsequent times increasingly constrains the posterior ensemble. These results suggest that the prior ensemble leads to an overestimate of both the magnitude and uncertainty in ash column loadings. Based on the prior ensemble, flight operations would have been severely disrupted over the Pacific Ocean. Using the constrained posterior ensemble, the regions where the risk is overestimated are reduced, potentially resulting in fewer flight disruptions. The data assimilation methodology developed in this paper is easily generalisable to other short duration eruptions and to other VATDMs and retrievals of ash from other satellites.
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Martins, Joana, Alfredo Rocha, Carolina Viceto, Susana Cardoso Pereira, and João A. Santos. "Future Projections for Wind, Wind Shear and Helicity in the Iberian Peninsula." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11091001.
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Wind is among the most important climatic elements. Its characteristics are determinant for a wide range of natural processes and human activities. However, ongoing climate change is modifying these characteristics, which may have important implications. Climatic changes on wind speed and direction, wind shear intensity, and helicity, over the 21st century and for 26 cities in the Iberian Peninsula, under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 anthropogenic forcing scenario, are assessed. For this purpose, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used, with initial and boundary conditions being obtained from simulations with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM-LR) climate model and ERA-Interim reanalysis. Quantile-quantile bias correction was applied to the simulated data prior to subsequent analysis. Overall, the results hint at a reduction in the intensity of both near-surface and 850 hPa (approx. 5%) wind in the future. Nevertheless, for the 300 hPa level, a decrease in summertime wind speed is accompanied by a slight increase in the remaining months. Furthermore, significant increases in the number of occurrences of extreme wind events were also identified, mainly in northwestern Iberia. For wind shear, an intensity increase is projected throughout most of the year (approx. 5% in the upper quantiles), mainly in southwestern Iberia. Helicity is also projected to undergo a strengthening, mostly in summer months and over southwestern Iberia, with greater emphasis on events of longer duration and intensity. This study highlights some important projected changes in the wind structure and profile under future anthropogenic forcing. This knowledge may support decisions on climate change adaptation options and risk reduction of several major sectors, such as energy and aviation, thus deserving further research.
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Rizki, Yuke Sri. "Pelayanan Informasi Meteorologi Penerbangan Di Bandara Fatmawati Bengkulu." WARTA ARDHIA 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 396–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v38i4.206.396-408.
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Guidelines assesment for aviation meteorological information services is expected to be useful to improve aviation meteorological information services at the airport and will directly improve aviation safety. This assessment will evaluate the guidelines for aviation meteorological information services in order to figure out the obstacles encoutered in the services and part or elements of services that need further improvements, and to make recommendations related to the aviation meteorological information services.Pengkajian pelayanan informasi meterologi penerbangan di Bandara Fatmawati Soekarno Bengkulu diharapkan dapat bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan pelayanan informasi meteorologi penerbangan di bandar udara dan secara langsung akan meningkatkan keselamatan penerbangan. Pengkajian ini akan mengevaluasi pelayanan mana yang perlu dilakukan penyempurnaan. Pada akhir analisis akan disusun suatu rekomendasi peningkatan pelayanan informasi meteorologi penerbangan dib bandar udara Fatmawati Soekarno Bengkulu.
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Osadchyi, V. I., V. K. Khilchevskyi, and V. O. Manukalo. "NATIONAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE IN UKRAINE - CENTURY OF SYSTEM OBSERVATIONS AND FORECASTS (1921-2021)." Ukrainian Geographical Journal, no. 3 (2021): 03–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2021.03.003.
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2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the National Hydrometeorological Service in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to summarize the general history of the meteorological service and focus on the period that began in 1991 - during the independence of Ukraine, as at this time was the formation of the national hydrometeorological service. On November 19, 1921, the decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic «On the Meteorological Service in Ukraine» was signed. In 1991, the State Committee of Ukraine for Hydrometeorology was established. To overcome the problems faced by the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine in 1993, measures were developed to stabilize and maintain the functioning of the service in conditions of insufficient financial and logistical support. In 1999, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine «On Hydrometeorological Activity», in which: the term «national hydrometeorological service» appeared; the principles of state policy in the field of hydrometeorological activity; the legal status of the service were established. In order to create a branch of hydrometeorological instrument making in 1996, the Government of Ukraine adopted the State Program «Meteorology». To strengthen the study of global and regional climate change in 1997, the Climate Program of Ukraine was adopted. The meteorological service was equipped with technical means of foreign production. A powerful computer was purchased for the Ukrainian Meteorological Center, and a high-resolution data reception system from the Meteosat satellite was put into operation. The first Doppler meteorological radar in Ukraine was installed at the Ukrainian Aviation Meteorological Center (Boryspil).Since 2012, the Department of Hydrometeorology has been part of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine (SES). The Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center (UMMC) is the main organization of SES for hydrometeorological activities. 25 organizations of the Hydrometeorological Service, which have a status of a legal entity, are subordinate to UHMC with operational issues. At present about 4,200 employees work in the Hydrometeorological Service, of which almost 50% have higher education.
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Matthias, Volker, Markus Quante, Jan A. Arndt, Ronny Badeke, Lea Fink, Ronny Petrik, Josefine Feldner, et al. "The role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements during the COVID-19 lockdown period in central Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 13931–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021.
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Abstract. The lockdown measures taken to prevent a rapid spreading of the coronavirus in Europe in spring 2020 led to large emission reductions, particularly in road traffic and aviation. Atmospheric concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 were mostly reduced when compared to observations taken for the same time period in previous years; however, concentration reductions may not only be caused by emission reductions but also by specific weather situations. In order to identify the role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements in central Europe, the meteorology chemistry transport model system COSMO-CLM/CMAQ was applied to Europe for the period 1 January to 30 June 2020. Emission data for 2020 were extrapolated from most recent reported emission data, and lockdown adjustment factors were computed from reported activity data changes, e.g. Google mobility reports. Meteorological factors were investigated through additional simulations with meteorological data from previous years. The results showed that lockdown effects varied significantly among countries and were most prominent for NO2 concentrations in urban areas with 2-week-average reductions up to 55 % in the second half of March. Ozone concentrations were less strongly influenced (up to ±15 %) and showed both increasing and decreasing concentrations due to lockdown measures. This depended strongly on the meteorological situation and on the NOx / VOC emission ratio. PM2.5 revealed 2 %–12 % reductions of 2-week-average concentrations in March and April, which is much less than a different weather situation could cause. Unusually low PM2.5 concentrations as observed in northern central Europe were only marginally caused by lockdown effects. The lockdown can be seen as a big experiment about air quality improvements that can be achieved through drastic traffic emission reductions. From this investigation, it can be concluded that NO2 concentrations can be largely reduced, but effects on annual average values are small when the measures last only a few weeks. Secondary pollutants like ozone and PM2.5 depend more strongly on weather conditions and show a limited response to emission changes in single sectors.
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Li, Qiang, and Silke Groß. "Changes in cirrus cloud properties and occurrence over Europe during the COVID-19-caused air traffic reduction." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 14573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14573-2021.
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Abstract. By inducing linear contrails and contrail cirrus, air traffic has a main impact on the ice cloud coverage and occurrence. During the COVID-19 pandemic, civil air traffic over Europe was significantly reduced, in March and April 2020, to about 80 % compared to the year before. This unique situation allows us to study the effect of air traffic on cirrus clouds. This work investigates, based on satellite lidar measurements, if and how cirrus cloud properties and occurrence changed over Europe in the course of COVID-19. Cirrus cloud properties are analyzed for different years between 2014 and 2019, which showed similar meteorological conditions for the month of April as in 2020. The meteorological conditions for March, however, were warmer and drier in 2020 than the previous years. The average thickness of cirrus clouds was reduced to 1.18 km in March 2020 compared to a value of 1.40 km under normal conditions, which is stronger than expected from the aviation reduction due to the less favorable meteorology for ice cloud formation. While the April results in 2020 were only slightly reduced, with an average thickness of 70 m thinner than the composite mean of the previous 6 years. Comparing the different years shows that the cirrus cloud occurrence was reduced by about 17 %–30 %, with smaller cloud thicknesses found in 2020 for both months. In addition, the cirrus clouds measured in 2020 possess smaller values of the particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) than the previous years at a high significance level for both months, especially at colder temperatures (T<-50 ∘C). The same analyses are extended to the observations over the USA and China. Besides the regional discrimination of cirrus clouds, we reach the final conclusion that cirrus clouds show significant changes in PLDR in both March and April over Europe, no changes in both months over China, and significant changes only in April over the USA.