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Journal articles on the topic 'Avida'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Lark, Amy, Gail Richmond, Louise S. Mead, James J. Smith, and Robert T. Pennock. "Exploring the Relationship between Experiences with Digital Evolution and Students' Scientific Understanding and Acceptance of Evolution." American Biology Teacher 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.2.74.

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Recent reforms in K-16 science education advocate for the integration of science content and practice. However, engaging students in authentic science practices can be particularly challenging for certain subjects such as evolution. We describe Avida-ED, a research-based platform for digital evolution that overcomes many of the challenges associated with using biological model organisms in the classroom. We then report the findings of a nationwide, multiple-case study on classroom implementation of Avida-ED and its influence on student understanding and acceptance of evolution. We found that engagement in lessons with Avida-ED both supported student learning of fundamental evolution concepts and was associated with an increase in student acceptance of evolution as evidence-based science. In addition, we found a significant, positive association between increased understanding and acceptance. We discuss the implications of supporting reform-based pedagogical practices with tools such as Avida-ED that integrate science content with authentic science practice.

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2

Ofria, Charles, and Claus O. Wilke. "Avida: A Software Platform for Research in Computational Evolutionary Biology." Artificial Life 10, no. 2 (March 2004): 191–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454604773563612.

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Avida is a software platform for experiments with self-replicating and evolving computer programs. It provides detailed control over experimental settings and protocols, a large array of measurement tools, and sophisticated methods to analyze and post-process experimental data. We explain the general principles on which Avida is built, as well as its main components and their interactions. We also explain how experiments are set up, carried out, and analyzed.

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3

Abi Abdallah, Delbert S., Christopher W. Fonner, Neil C. Lax, Matthew R. Babeji, and Fatimata A. Palé. "Evaluating the Use of Avida-ED Digital Organisms to Teach Evolution & Natural Selection." American Biology Teacher 82, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.2.114.

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The concepts of evolution and natural selection remain as some of the most challenging topics to teach. The difficulty in teaching these topics arises from the fact that evolution is difficult to observe, and computer simulations do not always result in a clear understanding of evolutionary principles. Recently, the Avida-ED software has been developed to simulate evolution in a laboratory setting. Unlike other simulations, Avida-ED allows students to manipulate the environment, change the genetics of the virtual organisms, and track offspring in real time. We have demonstrated, by using pretest and posttest questionnaires, that students gained a deeper understanding of evolutionary concepts by using this software. In particular, students showed the greatest increase in their ability to explain evolutionary concepts in answers to open-ended questions. Our results show that Avida-ED could be a useful tool in helping students understand and combat preconceived notions about evolution.

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Koyano, Shinta, and Lukáš Pichl. "EXPLORATION OF STYLIZED FACTS IN THE ARTIFICIAL LIFE SYSTEM AVIDA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 26, 2016): 791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.852.

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Population dynamics in the evolution, extinction, and re-evolution of various logic-function performing organisms is studied in the artificial life system, Avida. Following the work of Yedid (2009), we design an experiment involving two extinction regimes, pulse-extinction (corresponding to a random-kill event) and press-extinction (corresponding to a prolonged episode of rare resources). In addition, we study the effect of environmental topology (toroidal grid and clique graph). In the study of population dynamics, logarithmic returns are generally applied. The resulting distributions display a fat tail form of the power law: the more complex the logic function (in terms of NAND components), the broader the full width at half a maximum of the histogram. The power law exponents were in sound agreement with those of “real-life” populations and distributions. The distributions of evolutionary times, as well as post-extinction recovery periods, were very broad, and presumably had no standard deviations. Using 100 runs of 200,000 updates for each of the four cases (about 1 month of central processing unit time), we established the dynamics of the average population, with the effect of world topology.

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Grenzer, Matthias. "EM DEFESA DA CRIANÇA." Revista de Cultura Teológica. ISSN (impresso) 0104-0529 (eletrônico) 2317-4307, no. 55 (May 3, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19176/rct.v0i55.15032.

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Este estudo exegético descrevea beleza literária e as perspectivasteológico-éticas de duas narrativasque marcam o início das tradiçõesdo êxodo. Em que sentido as parteirashebréias assim como a filhado faraó, a irmã e a mãe de Moisés,todas elas dispostas a defender avida de crianças inocentes, podemser vistas como modelo de fé e decomportamento?

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Grinblatt, David L., Mohit Narang, James M. Malone, David A. Sweet, Tim S. Dunne, and Kristen A. Sullivan. "Transfusion Independence in Patients with Hematologic Disorders Receiving Azacitidine Who Are Enrolled in AVIDA, a Longitudinal Patient Registry." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2683.2683.

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Abstract Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or other hematologic disorders experience anemia and/or thrombocytopenia at some point during the course of their disease. Current management of these cytopenias includes frequent red blood cell (RBC) and platelet transfusions, and use of other supportive therapy (eg, erythropoietin). Dependence on transfusions can be coupled with diminished quality of life, poorer outcomes, and increased economic burden. Azacitidine, a hypomethylating agent approved in the US for the treatment of all 5 MDS subtypes, is associated with transfusion independence in patients enrolled in clinical trials (Silverman, et al. J Clin Oncol.2006;24:3895). The establishment of transfusion independence in patients receiving azacitidine in the non-clinical trial/community-based setting is not well characterized. AVIDA is a longitudinal, multicenter patient registry designed to prospectively collect data from community-based hematology clinics on the natural history and management of patients with MDS and other hematologic disorders, including acute myeloid leukemia, who are treated with azacitidine. Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were obtained at enrollment. Transfusion requirements and onset of RBC and platelet transfusion independence were recorded. Transfusion independence was defined as no transfusions for at least 56 days. The first day of the 56-day period with no transfusions was noted as the time at which patients first achieved transfusion independence. As of August 1, 2008, 220 (154 males, 66 females; mean age, 73.5 yrs) have been enrolled in AVIDA. At baseline, the majority of patients had primary MDS (183 patients; 83%), an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 (164 patients; 75%), and an International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) risk classification of Low/Intermediate-1 (130 patients; 59%); 55 (25%) had a Intermediate-2/high IPSS risk and 35 (16%) had unknown IPSS risk. Median time from first MDS diagnosis until azacitidine treatment was 3 months (range, 0 to 149). A total of 732 cycles of azacitidine have been administered either by subcutaneous (46%) or intravenous (54%) infusion; 203 patients have received a median of 3 cycles (range, 1–15). The most common dose and schedule is 75 mg/m2 (82%) at 5 days on treatment (51%). Transfusion data are available for 136 patients who have received at least 2 cycles of azacitidine. Eighty-three of 136 (61%) patients had received at least 1 RBC transfusion during the 6 months prior to AVIDA. Of these patients, 33/83 (40%) achieved RBC transfusion independence; 23/33 (70%) first achieved RBC transfusion independence during the first 2 cycles of azacitidine therapy. Among those patients who had received a platelet transfusion 6 months prior to AVIDA, 13/22 (59%) achieved platelet transfusion independence; 11/13 (85%) first achieved platelet transfusion independence within the first 2 cycles. Azacitidine was generally well tolerated; the most common adverse events were anemia (18%), thrombocytopenia (14%), fatigue (13%), nausea (13%), constipation (12%), and neutropenia (10%). These data demonstrate that in the community-based setting, patients with MDS or other hematologic disorders can achieve transfusion independence within the first 2 cycles. The full benefit of achieving transfusion independence on quality of life and clinical outcomes will be elucidated as more patients are enrolled in AVIDA.

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Cieser de Araújo, Gadiego, and Rita Morais de Andrade. "Traje mortuário: permanências e dissidências da vestimenta da morte na cultura popular brasileira." Revista Confluências Culturais 8, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rccult.v8i3.810.

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Os trajes mortuários podem ser considerados parte do conjunto materiale intangível do patrimônio cultural. Estão ligados às mentalidades sociais e podemser entendidos como ritos de passagem tão importantes quanto os que celebram avida. Este artigo discute como tal fenômeno tem se manifestado no tempo e destaca alguns sentidos que a cultura popular brasileira atribui a essa prática no passado oitocentista e no presente.

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Jakovlev, Jevgeni, and Alexei Polevoi. "Two new species of the genus Phronia Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from Finland and Russian Karelia." Entomologica Fennica 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84436.

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Phronia avidoides sp.n. and Phronia fennica sp.n. are described based on several adult males collected by Malaise trapping, sweep-netting and rearing from decaying wood in Finland and Russian Karelia in the period 1989–2005. Detailed illustrations of male terminalia are also presented for three further closely related but poorly known species, Phronia avida Gagne, 1975, Phronia petulans Dziedzicki, 1889 and Phronia subsilvatica Hackman, 1970.

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LaBar, Thomas, Arend Hintze, and Christoph Adami. "Evolvability Tradeoffs in Emergent Digital Replicators." Artificial Life 22, no. 4 (November 2016): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00214.

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The role of historical contingency in the origin of life is one of the great unknowns in modern science. Only one example of life exists—one that proceeded from a single self-replicating organism (or a set of replicating hypercycles) to the vast complexity we see today in Earth's biosphere. We know that emergent life has the potential to evolve great increases in complexity, but it is unknown if evolvability is automatic given any self-replicating organism. At the same time, it is difficult to test such questions in biochemical systems. Laboratory studies with RNA replicators have had some success with exploring the capacities of simple self-replicators, but these experiments are still limited in both capabilities and scope. Here, we use the digital evolution system Avida to explore the interplay between emergent replicators (rare randomly assembled self-replicators) and evolvability. We find that we can classify fixed-length emergent replicators in Avida into two classes based on functional analysis. One class is more evolvable in the sense of optimizing the replicators' replication abilities. However, the other class is more evolvable in the sense of acquiring evolutionary innovations. We tie this tradeoff in evolvability to the structure of the respective classes' replication machinery, and speculate on the relevance of these results to biochemical replicators.

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Grinblatt, D. L., M. Narang, J. M. Malone, D. A. Sweet, T. S. Dunne, and K. A. Sullivan. "Patients with secondary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who are enrolled in AVIDA, a longitudinal registry for patients receiving azacitidine (AZA)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 7094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.7094.

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7094 Background: Prevalence of secondary MDS (sMDS) is increasing because of improved survival of patients treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy and aging of the population. Methylation of cell cycle regulators is common in sMDS, thus the hypomethylating agent AZA may have a role in the treatment of these patients. AVIDA is a longitudinal, multicenter patient registry designed to prospectively collect data from community-based hematology clinics on the natural history and management of patients receiving AZA. AVIDA patients with sMDS were investigated and compared with registry patients with primary MDS (pMDS). Methods: Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were obtained at enrollment. Transfusion requirements and onset of transfusion independence were recorded. Transfusion independence was defined as no transfusions for at least 56 days. The first day of the 56-day period with no transfusions was noted as the time at which patients first achieved transfusion independence. Results: As of October 8, 2008, 23 patients with sMDS due to exposure to radioiodine (18), benzene (2), radiation (1), or other (2) have received AZA. Median time since diagnosis was 1 month versus 4 months for pMDS patients (n = 203). At baseline, patients with sMDS had a similar median age (71 yrs) compared with pMDS patients (75 yrs). However, a higher proportion of patients with sMDS had a poor-risk karyotype (44% vs. 11%), 2 to 3 cytopenias (78% vs. 52%), and an International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) risk score of intermediate-2/high (57% vs. 23%) compared with pMDS patients. Patients with sMDS have received 93 cycles of AZA, and as of this analysis, have received a median of 4 cycles (range, 1–13). Most common dose and schedule was 75 mg/m2 (81%), 7 days on treatment (39%) for patients with sMDS vs 75 mg/m2 (88%), 5 days on (47%) for pMDS patients. Six of 15 (40%) sMDS patients with ≥ 56 days treatment duration had received a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion during the 6 months prior to AVIDA. Of these patients, 4/6 (67%) have achieved RBC transfusion independence. Conclusions: Patients with sMDS are being treated with AZA in the community-based setting with early data demonstrating substantial benefit in transfusion independence. [Table: see text]

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Hagstrom, George I., Dehua H. Hang, Charles Ofria, and Eric Torng. "Using Avida to Test the Effects of Natural Selection on Phylogenetic Reconstruction Methods." Artificial Life 10, no. 2 (March 2004): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454604773563586.

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Phylogenetic trees group organisms by their ancestral relationships. There are a number of distinct algorithms used to reconstruct these trees from molecular sequence data, but different methods sometimes give conflicting results. Since there are few precisely known phylogenies, simulations are typically used to test the quality of reconstruction algorithms. These simulations randomly evolve strings of symbols to produce a tree, and then the algorithms are run with the tree leaves as inputs. Here we use Avida to test two widely used reconstruction methods, which gives us the chance to observe the effect of natural selection on tree reconstruction. We find that if the organisms undergo natural selection between branch points, the methods will be successful even on very large time scales. However, these algorithms often falter when selection is absent.

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Grinblatt, David L., Mohit Narang, James M. Malone, David A. Sweet, Tim S. Dunne, and Kristen A. Sullivan. "Treatment of Patients with Low-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes Receiving Azacitidine Who Are Enrolled in AVIDA, a Longitudinal Patient Registry." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1646.1646.

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Abstract With the development of new agents such as azacitidine, a hypomethylating agent approved for the treatment of all 5 MDS subtypes, chemotherapy for MDS patients has become more common. Nonetheless, the use of hypomethylating agents in patients with low-risk MDS in the community-based setting has not been well characterized. AVIDA is a longitudinal, multicenter patient registry designed to prospectively collect data from community-based hematology clinics on the natural history and management of patients with MDS and other hematologic disorders, including acute myeloid leukemia, who are treated with azacitidine. The characteristics and transfusion status of patients enrolled in AVIDA who had an International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) risk classification score of low/intermediate-1 at baseline are presented. As of August 1, 2008, 130 (91 males, 39 females) patients with an IPSS score of low/intermediate-1 have been enrolled in AVIDA; 45 (35%) with low and 85 (65%) with intermediate-1. Median age is 74.7 years (range, 41.4–91.4), and the majority (80%) had a baseline ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Median time from first MDS diagnosis until azacitidine treatment was 7.5 months (range, 0 to 108), suggesting a delay in treatment of these patients compared with high risk patients (n = 55) in the registry (1 month). At baseline, 103/130 (79%) patients had <5% bone marrow blasts and 109/130 (84%) had a ‘good’ karyotype. Cytopenias were reported in 0 or 1 lineage for 69/130 (53%) patients and in 2 or 3 lineages for 60/130 (46%) patients; number of cytopenias at baseline is unknown for 1 (1%) patient. A total of 483 cycles of azacitidine have been administered either by subcutaneous (43%) or intravenous (57%) infusion. A total of 126 patients with an IPSS score of low/intermediate-1 have received a median of 3 cycles (range, 1 to 15); 94/126 (75%) patients have received at least 2 cycles. Transfusion independence was defined as no transfusions for at least 56 days. The first day of the 56-day period with no transfusions was noted as the time at which patients first achieved transfusion independence. Transfusion data are available for 52 patients who were receiving RBC transfusions at baseline and have received at least 2 cycles. Of these patients, 24/52 (46%) have achieved RBC transfusion independence while receiving azacitidine; 16/24 (67%) achieved RBC transfusion independence during the first 2 cycles. Thirteen patients were receiving platelet transfusions at baseline and have received at least 2 cycles of therapy. Of those patients 8/13 (62%) have achieved platelet transfusion independence; 7/8 (88%) achieved platelet transfusion independence during the first 2 cycles. In these low-risk patients, azacitidine was generally well tolerated; the most common adverse events were anemia (20%), thrombocytopenia (13%), nausea (11%), constipation (10%), fatigue (10%), and neutropenia (10%). These data demonstrate that patients with an IPSS score of low/intermediate-1 are being treated in the community-based setting and can achieve transfusion independence while receiving azacitidine. AVIDA provides a unique opportunity to characterize the MDS patient population that is receiving chemotherapy in the community-based setting. The effect of azacitidine on the outcome and overall quality of life in this patient subpopulation will become clearer as more patients with low-risk MDS are treated.

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Grinblatt, David L., Mikkael A. Sekeres, Rami S. Komrokji, Arlene S. Swern, Kristen A. Sullivan, and Mohit Narang. "Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes treated with azacitidine in clinical practice: the AVIDA®registry." Leukemia & Lymphoma 56, no. 4 (August 20, 2014): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2014.935366.

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Bray Speth, Elena, Tammy M. Long, Robert T. Pennock, and Diane Ebert-May. "Using Avida-ED for Teaching and Learning About Evolution in Undergraduate Introductory Biology Courses." Evolution: Education and Outreach 2, no. 3 (July 23, 2009): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12052-009-0154-z.

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Bray Speth, Elena, Tammy M. Long, Robert T. Pennock, and Diane Ebert-May. "Erratum to:Using Avida-ED for Teaching and Learning About Evolution in Undergraduate Introductory Biology Courses." Evolution: Education and Outreach 2, no. 4 (September 15, 2009): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12052-009-0169-5.

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Pashos, Chris L., David L. Grinblatt, Mikkael A. Sekeres, Rami S. Komrokji, Mohit Narang, Arlene S. Swern, Thomas K. Street, Kristen A. Sullivan, Gale Harding, and Zeba M. Khan. "Association of Changes in Transfusion Status with Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life of Real-World Patients with MDS Across Six Months of Treatment with Azacitidine." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 2796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.2796.2796.

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Abstract Abstract 2796 Introduction: The health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is worse if they are red blood cell transfusion dependent (RBC TD) than if they are RBC transfusion independent (TI). Little is known whether a change in status from RBC TD to RBC TI is associated with improved HRQOL. This analysis characterized the HRQOL of real-world patients with MDS across 6 months of treatment with Azacitidine (AZA) by their RBC TD/TI status. Methods: Data were collected from AVIDA®, a prospective, US, community-based registry of patients treated with AZA. Patients with MDS who were originally RBC TD at baseline, and who received 56 days or more of AZA were analyzed. RBC TD, defined as having received > 1 RBC transfusion within 56 consecutive days, was determined and verified centrally. Clinicians provided data on patient demographics and clinical characteristics, including RBC transfusions. Patients reported HRQOL by completing the EORTC-QLQ-C30 instrument at baseline and quarterly thereafter. Summary statistics (e.g., mean scores and changes in scores) on global health status, five functional scales, and nine symptom/other scales were analyzed. Statistical significance was ascertained by ANOVA using SAS 9.1. Results: In the full AVIDA cohort, 328 MDS patients received at least 56 days of treatment with AZA, of whom 153 reported HRQOL data at baseline and at six months. At baseline, 85 of the 153 were RBC TD, while the rest were RBC TI. At six months, 41 of the 85 had become RBC TI, while 44 remained RBC TD. Global health status improved among those who became RBC TI, but declined among those who stayed RBC TD. Statistically significant and clinically meaningful (i.e., greater than 7 points) differences in change between baseline and 6 months also were seen in physical and role function, but not in emotional, cognitive or social function. Fatigue was the only symptom score in which changes were statistically significantly different between groups, with RBC TI patients reporting less fatigue, and RBC TD patients reporting more. Conclusions: Findings from AVIDA® indicate that HRQOL among RBC TD MDS patients treated with AZA improves significantly overall and on certain domains if they achieve RBC transfusion independence. The improved global health status; better physical and role functioning; and less fatigue associated with RBC TD patients achieving RBC transfusion independence should be recognized by US clinicians as they manage patients with MDS. Disclosures: Pashos: Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Grinblatt:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Sekeres:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Komrokji:Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Narang:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Swern:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Street:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sullivan:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Khan:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership.

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Lark, Amy, Gail Richmond, and Robert T. Pennock. "Modeling Evolution in the Classroom." American Biology Teacher 76, no. 7 (September 1, 2014): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2014.76.7.6.

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New science standards and reform recommendations spanning grades K–16 focus on a limited set of key scientific concepts from each discipline that all students should know. They also emphasize the integration of these concepts with science practices so that students learn not only the “what” of science but also the “how” and “why.” In line with this approach, we present an exercise that models the integration of fundamental evolutionary concepts with science practices. Students use Avida-ED digital evolution software to test claims from a study on mutated butterflies in the vicinity of the compromised Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex subsequent to the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. This exercise is appropriate for use in both high school and undergraduate biology classrooms.

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Sekeres, Mikkael A., Mohit Narang, Rami S. Komrokji, Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski, Alan F. List, Thomas K. Street, Arlene S. Swern, Kristen A. Sullivan, and David L. Grinblatt. "Therapeutic Response to Azacitidine (AZA) In Patients with Secondary Myelodysplastic Syndromes (sMDS) Enrolled In the AVIDA Registry." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 2931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2931.2931.

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Abstract Abstract 2931 Background: The incidence of sMDS is increasing due to improved survival of patients (pts) treated with chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT) for other cancers. While studies have demonstrated hematologic improvement (HI) and survival benefits of AZA in pts with primary MDS (pMDS) (Lancet Oncol 2009;10:223), the effects of AZA in sMDS, considered rarer (5-10% of MDS diagnoses) (J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1542) and more difficult to treat, are unknown. AVIDA, a longitudinal, US, multicenter, prospective registry of pts in community-based clinics receiving AZA, is the largest database of AZA-treated pts in the world and includes a large cohort of sMDS pts. We compared the tolerability of and response rates to AZA in sMDS vs pMDS pts in the AVIDA database. Methods: MDS pt data were collected at registry entry (baseline), and then quarterly using electronic data capture, between October, 2006 and July, 2010. Treating physicians determined AZA dose, dosing schedule, and treatment duration. Baseline characteristics of sMDS and pMDS pts were evaluated but formal statistical tests comparing cohorts were intentionally not performed to avoid Type I errors. Rates of IWG-2000-defined HI or possibly better responses (HI+) were assessed centrally and compared between sMDS and pMDS cohorts (each assessment included only pts eligible for improvement). RBC and platelet transfusion independence (TI) were also evaluated between groups using logistic regression analyses with patients stratified by International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) scores (higher [score >1] vs lower [score ≤1]) and transfusion status at baseline, with age and months since diagnosis included as covariates. Odds ratios (sMDS to pMDS) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported from these models. Results: At data cut-off in July 2010, 37/417 pts (8.9%) in the registry had sMDS associated with exposure to RT, CT, or radioiodine (n=33), benzene (n=2), or radiation (n=2). Median times since diagnosis for pts with sMDS and pMDS were 1 month (range 0 – 69) and 3 months (0 – 207), and median ages were 71 years (range 41 – 86) and 75 years (29 – 91), respectively. At baseline, for pts with available IPSS scores, a larger proportion of pts with sMDS than pts with pMDS had IPSS higher-risk scores (55% vs 30%) and IPSS poor cytogenetics (59% vs 17%). Additionally, a higher proportion of sMDS vs pMDS pts had chromosome 7 abnormalities (47% vs 11%), 2–3 cytopenias (76% vs 62%), and infections requiring IV antibiotics (41% vs 16%); but similar proportions had >10% blasts (18% of both cohorts) and were dependent on RBC (57% vs 52%) and platelet (22% vs 13%) transfusions at baseline. Median follow-up was 5.9 months (range 0.2 – 24) in the sMDS and 6.7 months (0.1 – 37) in the pMDS cohorts, and median numbers of AZA treatment cycles were 4 (range 1 – 21) and 5 (1 – 26), respectively. In both the sMDS and pMDS groups, the most common treatment dose and schedules were 75 mg/m2 AZA (91% and 83%, respectively) for 5 consecutive days (46% and 55%) in ≤28-day cycles (45% and 54%). Pts with sMDS had a high rate of HI+, which was comparable to that in pts with pMDS (Table). Rates of RBC TI in baseline RBC transfusion-dependent pts with sMDS vs pMDS were 57% vs 61%, and of platelet TI for baseline platelet transfusion-dependent sMDS vs pMDS pts were 50% vs 64% (Table). Odds ratios from the logistic regression models were 1.4 (95%CI: 0.6, 3.5; p=0.47) and 0.6 (95%CI: 0.2, 1.4; p=0.23) for RBC TI and platelet TI, respectively, after adjusting for the other covariates in the model. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were similar in the 2 groups, with the exception of higher frequencies of thrombocytopenia (27% vs 11%) and infections (24% vs. 12%) in sMDS vs pMDS pts, respectively. Conclusion: Pts with sMDS treated with AZA had rates of HI or better responses comparable to those of pMDS patients, despite worse pretreatment disease characteristics. AZA was well tolerated by pts with sMDS and pMDS. A diagnosis of sMDS alone should not preclude treatment with the disease-modifying drug, azacitidine. Disclosures: Sekeres: Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Off Label Use: Azacitidine is approved in the US for treatment of patients with the FAB myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) subtypes: Refractory anemia (RA) or refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) (if accompanied by neutropenia or thrombocytopenia or requiring transfusions), refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-T), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML); and is approved in the EU for IPSS Int-2 and High risk MDS, CMML with 10–29 percent marrow blasts without myeloproliferative disorder, and AML with 20–30% blasts and multi-lineage dysplasia, according to WHO classification. This abstract describes azacitidine use in secondary MDS. Komrokji:Celgene: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Maciejewski:Celgene: Research Funding; Eisai: Research Funding; Alexion: Consultancy. List:Celgene: Research Funding. Street:Celgene: Employment. Swern:Celgene Corporation: Employment. Sullivan:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Grinblatt:Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.

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Grinblatt, David, Mohit Narang, James Malone, and David Sweet. "AVIDA: A Longitudinal Registry of Clinical and Quality of Life Outcomes in Patients with Hematologic Disorders Receiving Azacitidine." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4605.4605.

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Abstract Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and peripheral cytopenias. Treatment decisions are often based on age, performance status (PS), cytopenias, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) classification, and MDS subtype. Patient-reported results from a few clinical trials suggest that MDS can have a negative effect on a patient’s quality of life (QoL) with responses to treatment having a positive effect. Azacitidine (Vidaza) is a hypomethylating agent approved in the US for the treatment of MDS. In a phase III study, patients (pts) treated with azacitidine experienced significantly greater improvement in QoL compared with supportive care (Kornblith AB, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:2441). Evaluation of QoL in MDS pts treated in community-based hematology clinics is not well characterized. Azacitidine is approved for a dosing schedule of 75 mg/m2/day x 7 day q 28 days. However, the dose and schedule of azacitidine used in clinical practice varies. AVIDA is a unique, longitudinal, multicenter patient registry designed to prospectively collect data from community-based hematology clinics on the natural history and management of pts with MDS and other hematologic disorders, including acute myeloid leukemia, who are treated with azacitidine. It aims to further the understanding of current azacitidine treatment patterns in the community, identify common care procedures and concomitant treatments, explore correlation between duration and number of treatment cycles with ongoing clinical response, and to investigate the effect of azacitidine on patient satisfaction and QoL. Patient-reported QoL will be based on the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire with QoL measures obtained at baseline and at quarterly intervals for 2 years. Scores on the EORTC QLQ-C30 range from 0 to 100. Higher scores on the global health and functioning scales indicate better QoL in each measure/domain. Lower scores on the symptom and single-item scales indicate less impairment due to that symptom/single item. To date, 47 pts (34 males, 13 females; mean age, 73.2 years) with predominantly low-risk MDS have been enrolled in the registry. The majority (90%) is white and has an ECOG PS of 0 or 1. Median time from first MDS diagnosis is 2.2 months (mean, 14 months); 43 have primary and 4 have secondary MDS. IPSS is known for 36 pts; low for 8 pts, intermediate-1 for 21 pts, intermediate-2 for 6 pts, and high for 1 patient. Baseline QoL data are currently available for 42 pts. At baseline, pts reported a lower level (mean score) of global health (52), physical functioning (66) and role functioning (61) compared with cognitive (81), emotional (76), and social (71) functioning. Among the symptom/single item scales, fatigue scored the worst with a mean score of 48. Other symptom/single item scales that indicated pts were experiencing a moderate level of the measure included dyspnea (37), insomnia (29), and pain (22). Constipation (17), appetite loss (15), financial difficulties (15), and nausea/vomiting (8) were reported at lower levels. Ongoing results from this patient registry will provide insight into the QoL of pts with MDS and other hematologic malignancies in the real-world setting, and will explore any change in QoL associated with treatment and/or disease progression.

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Grinblatt, D., M. Narang, J. Malone, D. Sweet, T. Dunne, and K. Sullivan. "P121 Patients with hematologic disorders receiving azacitidine who are enrolled in AVIDA, a longitudinal patient registry, achieve transfusion independence." Leukemia Research 33 (May 2009): S129—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2126(09)70202-4.

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Rodrigues, Maria Eunice Garcia, and Toshio Nishijima. "Educação ambiental: trabalhando o uso racional da água nas séries iniciais." Revista Monografias Ambientais 4, no. 4 (October 11, 2011): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223613083932.

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O objetivo geral deste estudo foi propiciar aos alunos conhecimento sobre a importância dos cuidados que devemos ter com a água, e que é através da mudança de valores e atitudes quepoderemos contribuir para uma melhor qualidade de vida e ajudar na preservação desseimportante recurso natural. As atividades foram desenvolvidas com os alunos do 1º e 2º ano eda 3ª e 4ª serie, da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental, São João Batista, no Município de Formigueiro-RS. Através deste objetivo geral buscou-se alcançar os seguintesobjetivos específicos: proporcionar aos alunos o entendimento da importância da água para avida do ser humano, despertar o interesse dos alunos sobre o tema, criar jogos e textos paraavaliar o trabalho desenvolvido. Promover a educação ambiental através de temas sobrerecursos hídricos. Foram usadas técnicas como: questionário, observações, produção de texto, jogos e passeio. Foi possível observar, com a aplicação destas técnicas, que o tema EducaçãoAmbiental é relevante no sentido de sensibilizar os pais e alunos sobre o uso racional daágua, bem como os cuidados com a sua preservação.

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Caiado, Katia Regina Moreno, and Taísa Grasiela Gomes Liduenha Gonçalves. "Educação especial em escolas do campo: análise de um município do estado de São Paulo." Revista HISTEDBR On-line 13, no. 50 (August 24, 2013): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rho.v13i50.8640301.

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O artigo descreve e analisa o trabalho com a educação especial em escolas no campo, deum município do estado de São Paulo. Para a análise dessa interface utilizamos indicadoressociais oficiais; legislação atual; e dados empíricos construídos durante as visitas aomunicípio, quando foram realizadas observações em escolas do campo, entrevistas eencontros com professores e gestores municipais. Os resultados revelam que: há alunoscom deficiência que vivem no campo e estão matriculados em escolas do campo, emboramuitos estejam matriculados em escolas na cidade; há uma dupla exclusão que constitui avida de pessoas com deficiência no campo; permanece a histórica precariedade do trabalhodocente nas escolas do campo. Com base nesses resultados coloca-se a seguinte reflexão:qual educação especial se quer no campo? Pois, para além do debate sobre acesso epermanência dos alunos nas escolas, é preciso enfrentar o debate urgente sobre qualeducação especial se quer nas escolas da cidade e do campo, explicitando qual é o projetohistórico que assumirão os educadores. Tudo indica que o movimento social de luta pelaterra terá uma significativa contribuição se colocar em pauta essa questão. Embora questãopontual, numa pauta de luta tão intensa, a condição da deficiência se impõe na vida dacidade e na vida do campo.

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Dolson, Emily, Alexander Lalejini, Steven Jorgensen, and Charles Ofria. "Interpreting the Tape of Life: Ancestry-Based Analyses Provide Insights and Intuition about Evolutionary Dynamics." Artificial Life 26, no. 1 (April 2020): 58–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00313.

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Fine-scale evolutionary dynamics can be challenging to tease out when focused on the broad brush strokes of whole populations over long time spans. We propose a suite of diagnostic analysis techniques that operate on lineages and phylogenies in digital evolution experiments, with the aim of improving our capacity to quantitatively explore the nuances of evolutionary histories in digital evolution experiments. We present three types of lineage measurements: lineage length, mutation accumulation, and phenotypic volatility. Additionally, we suggest the adoption of four phylogeny measurements from biology: phylogenetic richness, phylogenetic divergence, phylogenetic regularity, and depth of the most-recent common ancestor. In addition to quantitative metrics, we also discuss several existing data visualizations that are useful for understanding lineages and phylogenies: state sequence visualizations, fitness landscape overlays, phylogenetic trees, and Muller plots. We examine the behavior of these metrics (with the aid of data visualizations) in two well-studied computational contexts: (1) a set of two-dimensional, real-valued optimization problems under a range of mutation rates and selection strengths, and (2) a set of qualitatively different environments in the Avida digital evolution platform. These results confirm our intuition about how these metrics respond to various evolutionary conditions and indicate their broad value.

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C G, Nitash, Thomas LaBar, Arend Hintze, and Christoph Adami. "Origin of life in a digital microcosm." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2109 (November 13, 2017): 20160350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0350.

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While all organisms on Earth share a common descent, there is no consensus on whether the origin of the ancestral self-replicator was a one-off event or whether it only represented the final survivor of multiple origins. Here, we use the digital evolution system Avida to study the origin of self-replicating computer programs. By using a computational system, we avoid many of the uncertainties inherent in any biochemical system of self-replicators (while running the risk of ignoring a fundamental aspect of biochemistry). We generated the exhaustive set of minimal-genome self-replicators and analysed the network structure of this fitness landscape. We further examined the evolvability of these self-replicators and found that the evolvability of a self-replicator is dependent on its genomic architecture. We also studied the differential ability of replicators to take over the population when competed against each other, akin to a primordial-soup model of biogenesis, and found that the probability of a self-replicator outcompeting the others is not uniform. Instead, progenitor (most-recent common ancestor) genotypes are clustered in a small region of the replicator space. Our results demonstrate how computational systems can be used as test systems for hypotheses concerning the origin of life. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Reconceptualizing the origins of life’.

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Silvani, Indiamara De Oliveira Flores Dal Magro, Aline Werlang, and Tuanna Agne. "Avaliação respiratória em crianças obesas e não obesas." Revista FisiSenectus 1, no. 2 (August 8, 2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22298/rfs.2013.v1.n2.1552.

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Introdução: a obesidade é um dos problemas que se encontram associados, diretaou indiretamente, a uma ampla variedade de doenças coletivamente responsáveis poruma porcentagem significativa da morbidade anual nesse país. Objetivos: o presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar quais as diferenças na força muscular inspiratóriae expiratória máximas e o volume de pico máximo de fluxo expiratório. Materiais e métodos: a metodologia utilizada foi a leitura dos resultados no aparelho Peak Flow e Manovacuômetro, nos quais avaliam respectivamente o pico máximo de fluxo expiratórioe a força muscular. O grupo amostral foi composto por 40 crianças na faixa etária de 8 a 13anos, sendo divididos em dois grupos (obesos e não obesos). Resultados: nos resultadosda avaliação respiratória podem-se perceber diferenças entre as médias na força inspiratóriade 14,50cmH2O, na força expiratória 22,50cmH2O e no pico máximo de fluxo expiratório98,50L/min, sendo essa diferença desfavorável para o grupo de crianças obesas. Para análisedos dados utilizou-se média, desvio padrão e Teste t. Conclusão: pode-se concluir que ogrupo de crianças obesas não atingiu o valor esperado para sua altura, ficando distante dogrupo de crianças não obesas. As crianças obesas apresentaram redução no pico máximode fluxo expiratório e redução da força muscular inspiratória e expiratória. A obesidadetraz consequências sociais e psicológicas em potencial, a população infantil merece maiorenfoque, pois acarreta alterações posturais e psicológicas que poderão perdurar por toda avida do indivíduo.

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Dolson, Emily L., Anya E. Vostinar, Michael J. Wiser, and Charles Ofria. "The MODES Toolbox: Measurements of Open-Ended Dynamics in Evolving Systems." Artificial Life 25, no. 1 (April 2019): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00280.

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Building more open-ended evolutionary systems can simultaneously advance our understanding of biology, artificial life, and evolutionary computation. In order to do so, however, we need a way to determine when we are moving closer to this goal. We propose a set of metrics that allow us to measure a system's ability to produce commonly-agreed-upon hallmarks of open-ended evolution: change potential, novelty potential, complexity potential, and ecological potential. Our goal is to make these metrics easy to incorporate into a system, and comparable across systems so that we can make coherent progress as a field. To this end, we provide detailed algorithms (including C++ implementations) for these metrics that should be easy to incorporate into existing artificial life systems. Furthermore, we expect this toolbox to continue to grow as researchers implement these metrics in new languages and as the community reaches consensus about additional hallmarks of open-ended evolution. For example, we would welcome a measurement of a system's potential to produce major transitions in individuality. To confirm that our metrics accurately measure the hallmarks we are interested in, we test them on two very different experimental systems: NK landscapes and the Avida digital evolution platform. We find that our observed results are consistent with our prior knowledge about these systems, suggesting that our proposed metrics are effective and should generalize to other systems.

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Adami, Christoph, Jifeng Qian, Matthew Rupp, and Arend Hintze. "Information Content of Colored Motifs in Complex Networks." Artificial Life 17, no. 4 (October 2011): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00045.

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We study complex networks in which the nodes are tagged with different colors depending on their function (colored graphs), using information theory applied to the distribution of motifs in such networks. We find that colored motifs can be viewed as the building blocks of the networks (much more than the uncolored structural motifs can be) and that the relative frequency with which these motifs appear in the network can be used to define its information content. This information is defined in such a way that a network with random coloration (but keeping the relative number of nodes with different colors the same) has zero color information content. Thus, colored motif information captures the exceptionality of coloring in the motifs that is maintained via selection. We study the motif information content of the C. elegans brain as well as the evolution of colored motif information in networks that reflect the interaction between instructions in genomes of digital life organisms. While we find that colored motif information appears to capture essential functionality in the C. elegans brain (where the color assignment of nodes is straightforward), it is not obvious whether the colored motif information content always increases during evolution, as would be expected from a measure that captures network complexity. For a single choice of color assignment of instructions in the digital life form Avida, we find rather that colored motif information content increases or decreases during evolution, depending on how the genomes are organized, and therefore could be an interesting tool to dissect genomic rearrangements.

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Amt, Emilie. "Ela Longespee's Roll of Benefits: Piety and Reciprocity in the Thirteenth Century." Traditio 64 (2009): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900002245.

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Ipsa autem, bonorum temporalium liberalissima ac spiritualium avida beneficiorum …— 1293 charter of Oxford University, describing Ela LongespeeIn 1293, the elderly and twice-widowed Ela Longespee, countess of Warwick, or someone acting on her behalf, gathered together eighteen charters that had been issued to her over the past dozen years and sent them to the bishop of Lincoln, to be confirmed and copied into a single roll. The original charters have long since vanished, but the enrolled copy survives in The National Archives at Kew. Its component documents, all of them detailed grants to Ela by religious institutions in the Oxford area, are highly unusual; even when compared to the few surviving parallels, they stand out for their specific content. The roll itself, comprising eighteen such documents in a private archive created for a thirteenth-century laywoman, is unique. And when it is examined along with other surviving evidence of Ela's religious activities, it provides us with an extraordinary perspective on the reciprocal nature of religious patronage at this time. What is especially unusual about Ela's case is that we know much more about what the religious promised to Ela than what she granted to them. Thus Ela Longespee's records tell us the side of the story that is seldom told when we look at records of religious patronage; they reveal the return that donors expected in the late thirteenth century, with increasing precision and urgency. Using a chronological framework, this essay will examine the surviving documents, tell the story of Ela's life, and explore the most interesting dimension of that story: her startlingly explicit reciprocal relationships with religious institutions.

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Franklin, Joshua, Thomas LaBar, and Christoph Adami. "Mapping the Peaks: Fitness Landscapes of the Fittest and the Flattest." Artificial Life 25, no. 3 (August 2019): 250–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00296.

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Populations exposed to a high mutation rate harbor abundant deleterious genetic variation, leading to depressed mean fitness. This reduction in mean fitness presents an opportunity for selection to restore fitness through the evolution of mutational robustness. In extreme cases, selection for mutational robustness can lead to flat genotypes (with low fitness but high robustness) outcompeting fit genotypes (with high fitness but low robustness)—a phenomenon known as survival of the flattest. While this effect was previously explored using the digital evolution system Avida, a complete analysis of the local fitness landscapes of fit and flat genotypes has been lacking, leading to uncertainty about the genetic basis of the survival-of-the-flattest effect. Here, we repeated the survival-of-the-flattest study and analyzed the mutational neighborhoods of fit and flat genotypes. We found that the flat genotypes, compared to the fit genotypes, had a reduced likelihood of deleterious mutations as well as an increased likelihood of neutral and, surprisingly, of lethal mutations. This trend holds for mutants one to four substitutions away from the wild-type sequence. We also found that flat genotypes have, on average, no epistasis between mutations, while fit genotypes have, on average, positive epistasis. Our results demonstrate that the genetic causes of mutational robustness on complex fitness landscapes are multifaceted. While the traditional idea of the survival of the flattest emphasized the evolution of increased neutrality, others have argued for increased mutational sensitivity in response to strong mutational loads. Our results show that both increased neutrality and increased lethality can lead to the evolution of mutational robustness. Furthermore, strong negative epistasis is not required for mutational sensitivity to lead to mutational robustness. Overall, these results suggest that mutational robustness is achieved by minimizing heritable deleterious variation.

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Sekeres, Mikkael A., Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski, David W. Donley, David L. Grinblatt, Mohit Narang, James M. Malone, Rami S. Komrokji, et al. "A Study Comparing Dosing Regimens and Efficacy of Subcutaneous to Intravenous Azacitidine (AZA) for the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3797.3797.

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Abstract Abstract 3797 Poster Board III-733 Background AZA, the most commonly used disease-modifying therapy for MDS in the US, demonstrates a survival advantage in higher-risk (International Prognostic Scoring System [IPSS] Int-2, High, or excess blasts) MDS subtypes. It was approved by the US FDA in 2004 as a 7-day per 28-day, subcutaneous (SC) regimen, based on response rates, with the 7-day intravenous (IV) route approved in 2007 based on efficacy data from the CALGB 8421 study and pharmacokinetic data. This registry allows for the evaluation of community based practices for dosing and effectiveness of IV compared with SC administration in MDS. Methods AVIDA, a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter US patient (pt), registry collects data from community-based hematology clinics on the history and management of pts with MDS treated with AZA. Interim analyses were conducted on data collected from October 2006 – May 2009 with investigator chosen regimens according to the most commonly used per pt. Responses used 2006 International Working Group criteria, quantified as hematologic improvement (HI) or better and were assessed centrally. ANCOVA models were used for dose per cycle analyses and generalized estimating equations were used for analyses of cycle delay. Cox models incorporating survival were used for multivariate analyses. Results Of 380 registry pts (median age, 75 years [range, 29-91], 104 (31%), female), 331 had MDS or oligoblastic leukemia, of whom 190 (57%) most commonly received AZA via IV and 141 (43%) by SC (both for a median of 4 cycles). Median time since MDS diagnosis was 2 months (range, 0-207), and 10% of pts had secondary MDS. Baseline bone marrow blast % was: <5% (46%); 5-10% (26%); 11-20% (14%); 21-30% (3%); and unknown (11%); IPSS cytogenetic groups were: good (61%); intermediate (10%); poor (17%); unknown (11%), with 6% and 9% of pts having a chromosome 7 and 7q abnormalities, respectively. IPSS risk groups were: Low (11%); Int-1 (36%); Int-2 (15%); High (6%); unknown (33%). ECOG performance status was: 0 (25%); 1 (53%); 2 (16%); 3 (6%). Only 17% of pts received the FDA-approved continuous 7-day dosing schedule; 51% received <7 days; 30% 7 days with breaks; and 2% >7 days. There were no significant differences between SC and IV AZA recipients for any of the above baseline parameters. At the interim analysis time point of 600 days, there were 21 deaths (15%) in the SC group and 32 deaths (17%) in the IV group. In univariate analyses, the following predicted for worse survival: black race (versus white, P = .02); higher-risk MDS (P = .02); cytogenetic abnormalities (P = .004); IPSS poor risk cytogenetic group (P = .04); low body mass index (BMI, P = .03), high blast % (P = .01)and baseline low hemoglobin (hgb, P = .007), or low platelets (plt, P = .05), all analyzed continuously. SC vs. IV dosing had no differing effect on HI rate (24% overall). In multivariate analyses, significant variables included low hgb (P = .006), low plt (P = .05), high blast % (P = .04), cytogenetic abnormalities (P = .05), and low BMI (P = .002). Delays in cycle start times (>28 days from previous cycle start) were related in multivariate analyses to higher blast % (P = .004), male gender (P = .03), dosing schedule (P = .02), a trend with IV dosing (P = .1), cytogenetic risk score (P = .1) and del (5q) (P = .09). Lower AZA doses per cycle were related in multivariate analyses to IV dosing (P = .001, on average 12 mg lower); older age (P = .01, on average .6mg less per year); BMI (P < .001), female gender (P < .001), and, as expected, dosing schedule (P = .04). Conclusions In this interim analysis of the ongoing AVIDA Registry, IV AZA appears equi-efficacious to SC, although dose, schedule, and treatment differed between groups. Though the FDA-approved continuous dosing schedule of AZA was infrequently used, this has not negatively impacted efficacy to date. In multivariate analyses, traditional IPSS predictors of survival are still relevant in pts treated with AZA. These analyses also reveal other potentially significant factors, such as low BMI, the effect of gender, and age on treatment intensity and clinical outcomes in patients receiving AZA. Disclosures: Baker: Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sullivan:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership.

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MUROJI, Yoshihito. "The Definitions in Vasubandhu's Pancaskandhaka of Sraddha and Avidya." Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) 63, no. 2 (2015): 977–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.63.2_977.

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Álvarez Alonso, Marina, Asunción Cámara Gómez, and María Dolores Alvarez Alonso. "Levantamiento planimétrico de la catedral de Ávila." Informes de la Construcción 43, no. 416 (December 30, 1991): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.1991.v43.i416.1361.

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BLANKERS, Harriëtte. "Teresa of Avila." Journal of the European Society of Women in Theological Research 2 (January 1, 1994): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/eswtr.2.0.2017327.

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Rahmani, Aviva. "From Aviva Rahmani." Art Journal 50, no. 4 (1991): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/777335.

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Aldrich, Michael S., and Alon Avidan. "Alon Y. Avidan." Seminars in Neurology 24, no. 3 (2004): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-835059.

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Roos, Karen. "Alon Y. Avidan." Seminars in Neurology 29, no. 04 (September 2009): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237111.

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Roos, Karen L. "Alon Y. Avidan." Seminars in Neurology 25, no. 01 (March 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-867084.

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KATO, Tatsuoki. "On the usage of avidya by Sankara: avidya-kama-karman." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 55, no. 1 (2006): 335–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.55.335.

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&NA;. "AVID study." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1214 (November 1999): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199912140-00040.

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Hume, John C. "AVDA News." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 12, no. 4 (October 1985): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-198510000-00017.

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&NA;. "AVDA News." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 16, no. 3 (July 1989): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-198907000-00010.

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&NA;. "AVDA News." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 17, no. 1 (January 1990): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199001000-00012.

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&NA;. "AVDA News." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 17, no. 1 (January 1990): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199017010-00012.

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Catteraix, R. Duncan. "AVDA News." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 18, no. 2 (April 1991): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199104000-00010.

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KAMPMEIER, RUDOLPH H., and WILLIAM M. MCCORMACK. "AVDA News." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 18, no. 3 (July 1991): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199107000-00015.

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EPSTEIN, ANDREW E. "AVID Necessity." Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 16, no. 9 (September 1993): 1773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1993.tb01808.x.

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Hackett, David A., Gila Almagor, Eitan Evan, and Eli Cohen. "The Summer of Aviya." American Historical Review 99, no. 4 (October 1994): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168781.

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OKAZAKI, Yasuhiro. "The Development of Avita." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 54, no. 3 (2006): 1133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.54.1133.

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Noone, Michael. "Victoria conference at Avila." Early Music XXII, no. 1 (February 1994): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/earlyj/xxii.1.180.

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Willis, Dawn Diez. "Contemplating Teresa of Avila." Iowa Review 30, no. 1 (April 2000): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5290.

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