Journal articles: 'Avoidable damage'

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Dempster, Helen. "Combating the collateral damage of COVID-19." Practice Management 30, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prma.2020.30.5.40.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, many patients have been fearful of seeking medical attention in fear of contracting coronavirus or being a ‘burden’ on the overstretched NHS, meaning even treatable illnesses could escalate into an avoidable situation

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Asplund, Chad A., and Thomas M. Best. "Brain damage in American Football Inevitable consequence or avoidable risk?" British Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 15 (July 16, 2015): 1015–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-h1381rep.

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O’Kane, Declan, Aparna Pusalkar, Will Topping, Oliver Spooner, and Emma Roantree. "An avoidable cause of cardioembolic stroke." Acute Medicine Journal 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0361.

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Left Atrial Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation is safe and effective for most patients. However a rare complication is thermal damage to the integrity of the normal physical barriers between the left atrium and the adjacent oesophagus due to the ablation process. This can lead to formation of an Atrial-Oesophageal fistula with sepsis, haemorrhage and systemic cardioembolism occurring even up to 2 months post procedure. The presentation is similar to endocarditis but localised instrumentation specifically Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) can provoke systemic cardioembolism. This is an important differential in those presenting acutely with a Pyrexia of Unknown Origin or endocarditis-like picture within 2 months of ablation therapy.

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Matijević, Ratko, and Katja Erjavec. "Responsibilities of Pregnant Women for on Going Pregnancy - Medical Aspects." Medicine, Law & Society 9, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/24637955.9.2.121-130(2016).

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There are numerous factors known to affect the course of pregnancy and adversely impact perinatal mortality and morbidity. Some of them are avoidable and some are not. Avoidable factors can be either under responsibility of medical staff, health care systems and communities; or under responsibility of pregnant women. By modifying and changing their lifestyle, pregnant women can influence some avoidable factors and improve their pregnancy outcome. However, by ignoring them, they can cause potential damage to themselves and to their unborn child. There is no well defined responsibility for women concerning ways they influence their pregnancy outcome; they have a full right to make decisions about themselves and their unborn children, whether right or wrong. Good communication, education and understanding are essential when dealing with these issues.

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Gutiérrez, Ester, and Sebastián Lozano. "Avoidable damage assessment of forest fires in European countries: an efficient frontier approach." European Journal of Forest Research 132, no. 1 (August 31, 2012): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0650-5.

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Sendy, Feras. "Laparoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Stage 4 Endometriosis after Traumatic Agni karma with Abdominal Scars: a Case Report." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 4, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/040.

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Agni karma refers to the use of heated metals by traditional physicians. Endometriosis is defined as implantation of endometrial cells outside the endometrial cavity. Presenting symptoms are dyspareunia and dysmenorrhea. Recognition and awareness of such disorder are vital to avoid skin damage. A 31 years old nulliparous presented with dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia after unsuccessful attempts to alleviate symptoms by heated metals. Stage 4 endometrioses was diagnosed via laparoscopy and bilateral ovarian cystectomy was done for endometriomas. Agni karma is an unacceptable treatment for endometriosis as it results in avoidable body damage. Using heated rods is contraindicated in endometriosis, as it does neither alleviate symptoms nor treat the condition. It is used due to its lower cost, rapidity to treat the illness and non-complex equipment. To prevent unnecessary body damages, awareness is crucial along with consulting legal healthcare centers where medical and surgical treatment from qualified healthcare professionals is provided.

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Zanazzi, E., E. Coïsson, and D. Ferretti. "GIS ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC DAMAGE ON HISTORICAL MASONRY SPIRES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1173-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Emilia 2012 earthquake highlighted the high vulnerability of historical masonry spires, at the top of bell towers. Indeed almost half of the spires, in the area hit by the seismic event, show the loss of the top. The observed collapse mechanism consists in sliding of the spire top and in the resulting overturning. Once the emergency phase has passed, it is now a duty to learn from this traumatic experience and to provide new tools for the prevention of the destructive effects of future earthquakes. In this perspective, a geodatabase was designed, using the ArcGIS Pro software, for monitoring the vulnerabilities of the surveyed spires. Indeed, as we learn from the study of the effects of past earthquakes, seismic damages are recurrent for each building typology and therefore they can be predictable and avoidable. For example, by statistically elaborating the data of the designed database, a correlation arose between the levels of damage of the spires and their type of masonry arrangement. Indeed four different masonry typologies have been distinguished. The work then focuses on three damaged spires of churches belfries, proposing three consolidation hypotheses to prevent the future loss of the rebuilt top part of the spire. The structural analyses, performed with Abaqus CAE and detailed in a different work, showed that the same intervention produces different results on the different case studies: a demonstration that there is not an “absolute” best solution, but an intervention suitable for each case.</p>

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Cioffi, Andrea, and Raffaella Rinaldi. "Covid-19 and medical liability: A delicate balance." Medico-Legal Journal 88, no. 4 (July 3, 2020): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817220935879.

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During the Covid-19 pandemic, many countries around the world are considering whether and how to provide liability protection to front-line healthcare staff. The guiding principle of liability protection for physicians and others is to ensure that, in a serious emergency situation, health professionals can devote themselves exclusively to their work and to patient care, without the fear of future claims for unforeseeable, but above all unavoidable, injury, loss and damage caused by their conduct. Great care is needed to balance the interests and rights of all those involved. Liability protection could have risky consequences with the final result that doctors will not be protected, but institutions such as health facilities will be even if they were in fact responsible for foreseeable and avoidable damage.

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Lev-Ari, Shahar, Benjamin Rolnik, and Ilan Volovitz. "Immune Responses to SARS-CoV2 Mirror Societal Responses to COVID-19: Identifying Factors Underlying a Successful Viral Response." Biology 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10060485.

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The adaptive immune system was sculpted to protect individuals, societies, and species since its inception, developing effective strategies to cope with emerging pathogens. Here, we show that similar successful or failed dynamics govern personal and societal responses to a pathogen as SARS-CoV2. Understanding the self-similarity between the health-protective measures taken to protect the individual or the society, help identify critical factors underlying the effectiveness of societal response to a pathogenic challenge. These include (1) the quick employment of adaptive-like, pathogen-specific strategies to cope with the threat including the development of “memory-like responses”; (2) enabling productive coaction and interaction within the society by employing effective decision-making processes; and (3) the quick inhibition of positive feedback loops generated by hazardous or false information. Learning from adaptive anti-pathogen immune responses, policymakers and scientists could reduce the direct damages associated with COVID-19 and avert an avoidable “social cytokine storm” with its ensuing socioeconomic damage.

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Boss, Andreas, Stephan Clasen, Markus Kuczyk, Aristotelis Anastasiadis, Diethard Schmidt, Claus D. Claussen, Fritz Schick, and Philippe L. Pereira. "Thermal Damage of the Genitofemoral Nerve Due to Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Potentially Avoidable Complication." American Journal of Roentgenology 185, no. 6 (December 2005): 1627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.04.1946.

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Waddell, K. M., and P. R. Saunderson. "Is leprosy blindness avoidable? The effect of disease type, duration, and treatment on eye damage from leprosy in Uganda." British Journal of Ophthalmology 79, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.79.3.250.

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Afroze, Ayesha, and Imran Mohammed. "Hypertension: Diagnosis and management in primary care." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 14, no. 9 (June 9, 2021): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17557380211019450.

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The global prevalence of hypertension is high and continues to rise, making it an increasingly common condition managed in primary care. Untreated hypertension can cause end-organ damage leading to complications that increase morbidity and mortality from cardiac, renal, and cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension can significantly affect an individual patient’s quality of life and can cause a considerable strain on the healthcare system. If hypertension is detected early, these events are avoidable, as there is an opportunity for intervention at a much lesser cost. Several proven, highly effective, and well-tolerated lifestyle and drug treatment strategies can achieve reduction in blood pressure. The aim of this article is to illustrate evidence-based steps that are applicable in the diagnosis and management of hypertension in primary care.

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Salunke, Abhijeet Ashok, Prem Haridas Menon, Gurunathampalayam Ilango Nambi, Junhao Tan, Vivek Patel, Yongsheng Chen, and Jay Kumar. "Removing a broken guidewire in the hip joint: treatment options and recommendations for preventing an avoidable surgical catastrophe. A case report." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 133, no. 6 (October 9, 2015): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014.9061512.

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ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Hardware breakage during hip surgery can pose challenging and difficult problems for orthopedic surgeons. Apart from technical difficulties relating to retrieval of the broken hardware, complications such as adjacent joint arthritis and damage to neurovascular structures and major viscera can occur. Complications occurring during the perioperative period must be informed to the patient and proper documentation is essential. The treatment options must be discussed with the patient and relatives and the implant company must be informed about this untoward incident. CASE REPORT: We report a case of complete removal of the implant and then removal of the broken guidewire using a combination of techniques, including a cannulated drill bit, pituitary forceps and Kerrison rongeur. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest some treatment options and recommendations for preventing an avoidable surgical catastrophe.

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Gefen, Amit. "The aetiology of medical device-related pressure ulcers and how to prevent them." British Journal of Nursing 30, no. 15 (August 12, 2021): S24—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.15.s24.

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This article provides an introduction to the aetiology of medical device-related pressure ulcers (MDRPUs), describes the vicious cycle that leads to these injuries and highlights bioengineering methodologies and findings that connect the aetiology to the clinical practice of preventing MDRPUs. Specifically, the vicious cycle of MDRPUs is triggered by the sustained tissue deformations induced by a skin-contacting device. The primary, deformation-inflicted cell damage leads to a secondary inflammatory-oedema-related damage and then to tertiary ischaemic damage. Each of these three factors contributes to cumulative cell death and tissue damage under and near the applied device. The damage therefore develops in an escalated manner, as a result of the added contributions of the above three factors. This phenomenon is exemplified through two common clinical scenarios. First, through the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) masks, which are being applied extensively in the current COVID-19 pandemic, and, second, through the use of doughnut-shaped head positioners, which are applied to surgical patients and sometimes to bedridden individuals who receive intensive care in a supine position. These two medical devices cause intense, localised mechanical loads in the facial skin and underlying tissues (CPAP mask) and at the occipital scalp (doughnut-shaped positioner), where the soft tissues cannot swell in response to the inflammatory oedema as, in both cases, the tissues are sandwiched between the device and the skull. Accordingly, the two device types result in characteristic MDRPUs that are avoidable through appropriate prophylactic interventions, that is, preventive dressings under the CPAP mask and replacement of the doughnut device by a soft, shape-conforming support aid to alleviate and disperse the localised soft tissue deformations. Hence, understanding the aetiology of MDRPUs targets and focuses effective clinical interventions.

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Ganapathy, Apoorva. "AI Fitness Checks, Maintenance and Monitoring on Systems Managing Content & Data: A Study on CMS World." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v2i2.553.

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Artificial intelligence health checks, monitoring, and maintenance on system managing content in the CMS world are essential to prevent damage and avoidable expenses. To also avoid loss of time from massive downtime, AI has been employed for maintenance functions. Servers which are the houses and homes for data and content from computers, have to be maintained to allow the system to function at an optimal level. The use of AI for this maintenance involves a lot of factors. This work discusses these factors and how the various aspects work to monitor and maintain systems managing content and data. AI is programmed using health monitoring scripts which are commands executed by a particular programming language. This scripts program the AI to check and monitor servers for maintenance function. This maintenance aims to track CPU optimization and allow for the best functioning of the CPU using preventive and predictive maintenance techniques.

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Epstein, Samuel S., Nicholas A. Ashford, Brent Blackwelder, Barry Castleman, Gary Cohen, Edward Goldsmith, Anthony Mazzocchi, and Quentin D. Young. "The Crisis in U.S. and International Cancer Policy." International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 669–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4f8c-qw9w-qdhg-2r4f.

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The incidence of cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations has escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, and greater increases are expected. While smoking is the single largest cause of cancer, the incidence of childhood cancers and a wide range of predominantly nonsmoking-related cancers in men and women has increased greatly. This modern epidemic does not reflect lack of resources of the U.S. cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society; the NCI budget has increased 20-fold since passage of the 1971 National Cancer Act, while funding for research and public information on primary prevention remains minimal. The cancer establishment bears major responsibility for the cancer epidemic, due to its overwhelming fixation on damage control—screening, diagnosis, treatment, and related molecular research—and indifference to preventing a wide range of avoidable causes of cancer, other than faulty lifestyle, particularly smoking. This mindset is based on a discredited 1981 report by a prominent pro-industry epidemiologist, guesstimating that environmental and occupational exposures were responsible for only 5 percent of cancer mortality, even though a prior chemical industry report admitted that 20 percent was occupational in origin. This report still dominates public policy, despite overwhelming contrary scientific evidence on avoidable causes of cancer from involuntary exposures to a wide range of environmental carcinogens. Since 1998, the ACS has been planning to gain control of national cancer policy, now under federal authority. These plans, developed behind closed doors and under conditions of nontransparency, with recent well-intentioned but mistaken bipartisan Congressional support, pose a major and poorly reversible threat to cancer prevention and to winning the losing war against cancer.

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Abdu, Lawan. "Epidemiological Properties of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Nigeria." Journal of Ophthalmology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/402739.

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Background. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is progressive chronic optic neuropathy in adults in which intraocular pressure (IOP) and other currently unknown factors contribute to damage. POAG is the second commonest cause of avoidable blindness in Nigeria.Pattern of Presentation. POAG is characterized by late presentation. Absence of pain which is a driving force for seeking medical help, inadequacy of trained eye care personnel, paucity of facilities, misdistribution of resources, lack of awareness, poor education, and poverty may all contribute to this. Medical and surgical treatment options available are challenging and tasking.Screening for Glaucoma. Screening is the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease (POAG) by applying test(s) which can be applied rapidly. Such test(s) should be of high reliability, validity, yield, acceptable, and cost effective. The test should ideally be sensitive, specific, and efficient. It is difficult to select a suitable test that meets these criteria. Intraocular pressure (IOP) appears to be the easiest option. But, high IOP is not diagnostic nor does normal value exclude the disease. Health education is a possible strategy in early case detection and management.Treatment of POAG. Glaucoma treatment can either be medical or surgical (this includes laser). Considering unavailability, potency, cost, and long-term effects of medication, surgery (trabeculectomy) could be a better option. Laser trabeculoplasty is available in a few centers. Viscocanalostomy is not routinely performed. Patient education is vital to success as management is for life.Conclusion. POAG remains a cause of avoidable blindness in Nigeria. There is need for long-term strategy to identify patients early and institute prompt management. Improvement in training of eye care personnel and provision of up to date equipment is essential in achieving this goal.

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Welch, James. "What’s in a name? Complications in overcoming reputational damage during the corporate recovery process." Strategic Direction 36, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-09-2019-0167.

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Purpose It is an unfortunate and sometimes entirely avoidable prospect that very successful companies can suffer self-inflicted reputational harm due to poor corporate executive decision making. One contemporary example is seen with the once popular and rapidly growing pizza chain, Papa John’s as the company has been facing an uphill battle to recover its reputational standing following recent scandal. This article examines the recovery process and the very specific complications with the company itself. Design/methodology/approach This is a case study approach examining corporate reputational recovery using a four-pronged turnaround model of replacing the leadership, restructuring the organization, redeveloping the strategy, and re-branding the product. Findings While the four pronged approach of replace, restructure, redevelop, and re-brand, appears to be a model that can work across industries, there are some challenges depending on corporate specifics. The major challenge with Papa John’s seems to be in the ongoing connection to the founder with related problems dealing with the legacy of the corporate culture. After all, it is very difficult to move beyond reputational damage for a company still bearing the name of the corporate executive who had been the source of the scandal as well as a company that is largely intact structurally. Originality/value This article examines the corporate recovery process for Papa Johns Pizza using a four step model for corporate recovery. The new four pronged approach centers on replacement of the corporate leadership, restructure of the organization, redevelopment of strategy and the re-branding of the product. Papa Johns continues to struggle to regain traction following public relations stumbles in 2017 and 2018 and the four pronged corporate recovery model serves as a valuable analytical tool to examine the impact and effectiveness of their efforts thus far as well as their future prospects.

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Halamek, L. "Is neonatal neurological damage in the delivery room avoidable? Experience of 33 levels I and II maternity units of a French perinatal network." Yearbook of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine 2008 (January 2008): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8756-5005(08)79013-9.

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Dupuis, O., C. Dupont, P. Gaucherand, R. C. Rudigoz, M. P. Fernandez, E. Peigne, and J. M. Labaune. "Is Neonatal Neurological Damage in the Delivery Room Avoidable? Experience of 33 Levels I and II Maternity Units of a French Perinatal Network." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 63, no. 1 (January 2008): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000298318.22660.a0.

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Dupuis, O., C. Dupont, P. Gaucherand, R. C. Rudigoz, M. P. Fernandez, E. Peigne, and J. M. Labaune. "Is neonatal neurological damage in the delivery room avoidable? Experience of 33 levels I and II maternity units of a French perinatal network." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 134, no. 1 (September 2007): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.09.008.

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Mesquita, Maria dos Anjos. "The effects of alcohol in newborns." Einstein (São Paulo) 8, no. 3 (September 2010): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082010rw1624.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this article was to present a review of the effects of alcohol consumption by pregnant mothers on their newborn. Definitions, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, follow-up, treatment and prevention were discussed. A search was performed in Medline, LILACS, and SciELO databases using the following terms: “fetus”, “newborn”, “pregnant woman”, “alcohol”, “alcoholism”, “fetal alcohol syndrome”, and “alcohol-related disorders”. Portuguese and English articles published from 2000 to 2009 were reviewed. The effects of alcohol consumed by pregnant women on newborns are extremely serious and occur frequently; it is a major issue in Public Health worldwide. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders cause harm to individuals, their families, and the entire society. Nevertheless, diagnostic difficulties and inexperience of healthcare professionals result in such damage, being remembered rarely or even remaining uncovered. Alcohol-related injury to the fetus is fully avoidable; all it takes is for women not to drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. Therefore, detecting women who consume alcohol during pregnancy is paramount, as are specific programs to educate people about the consequences of alcohol use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

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Bünck, Matthias, and Andreas Bührig-Polaczek. "Properties of Thixocast Spring Steel Ratchets." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.197.

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Forging is state of the art for the production of hand tools in industrial scales. Due to high demands on stiffness and fracture toughness high-strength forged steels are used to provide components with high mechanical load capacity. In spite of all advantages forging is restricted by some means like the freedom of scope. However, because of the extreme thermal load and the hardly avoidable casting defects, hand tools are nowadays not cast. By thixocasting steel technical difficulties can be reduced and new options are provided, which allow manufacturing of components with much higher complexity than forging. During this work ratchets were thixocast successfully using spring steel type 61SiCr7. Based on the STC-concept, a new method to prevent the shot sleeve from damage was tested. Dies made of hot forming tool steel X38CrMoV5 were optimized by simulation and coated by plasma chemical deposition of crystalline Al2O3 protective coatings. The cast parts were heat treated successfully to enhance the toughness, which was measured by tensile and Charpy impact tests.

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Chauhan, P. K., Rishma ., V. Singh, and Abhishek B. "Comparaative study of Lipid profile and level of Antioxidant enzymes in cigarette smokers with non cigaretee smokers." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 01 (January 31, 2013): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.1.5.

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Cigarette smoking is the serious health problems and most important avoidable cause of death in world. Worldwide more than 8 million people currently die each year from smoking half of them before of the age of 60. Every cigarette reduces the life span by about 5 minutes. Smoke contains oxidising agents and the oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions that damage cells. In the present study 40 male subjects were divided into four different groups and their lipid profile have been estimated by various tests i.e. Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-C, LDLC, VLDL-C. It was observed that in cigarette smokers HDL-C level decreased and cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, VLDL-C level increased as compared to the control i.e. non- cigarette smokers. In case of MDA and Antioxidant enzymes test, the value of MDA increases and antioxidant enzymes decreases in cigarette smokers as compared to the control i.e. non- cigarette smokers. The variation in the level of lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes from normal values causes several diseases such as Lung cancer, other cancers, heart disease, and stroke and has numerous immediate health effects on the brain and on the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune systems.

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Morgan, Pete. "A response to “A preventable death? A family’s perspective on an adult safeguarding review regarding an adult with traumatic brain injury”." Journal of Adult Protection 19, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-01-2017-0002.

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Purpose To reflect on the particular case from a professional’s perspective to provide, in conjunction with the original article, a more holistic overview of some of its implications for safeguarding practice and, by definition, for the provision of health and social care support services to individuals with a traumatic brain injury and their families. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A response to an already published article. Findings That a lack of “professional curiosity” on the part of practitioners across a range of professions and agencies led to a failure to initiate safeguarding processes and procedures appropriately, resulting in avoidable damage to the subject of the article, the author’s partner and their families. Practical implications There is a need for a greater awareness and understanding of the implications of traumatic brain injuries across health and social care services: that hospital discharge planning and community support services need to be more flexible in identifying and meeting the needs of patients with traumatic brain injury, that there is no substitute for “professional curiosity” in ensuring that assessments are holistic, and that services are appropriate and multi-agency working is effective. Originality/value This is a response to an existing publication.

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Kamda Silapeux, A. G., Roger Ponka, Chiara Frazzoli, and Elie Fokou. "Waste of Fresh Fruits in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Challenges for Retailers and Impacts on Consumer Health." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020089.

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Post-harvest losses contribute significantly to food insecurity and affect the nutritional status and health of populations. This study estimates the waste of fresh fruits in the post-harvest chain and identifies avoidable causes along the food supply chain to extrapolate good practices for the empowerment of retailers. A semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist were used in the administrative units of Yaoundé, Cameroon, from May to June 2017. Fifty fresh fruit retailers were randomly selected. Information, including socioeconomic profile, handling practices, transport, and food wastes, was analyzed. Dominant figure in the fruit market are 34-aged women. Despite significant professional experience, none of retailers received formal training. The perceived main causes of fruit waste were failure to sell, mechanical damage during transport, and storage conditions. Inappropriate packaging materials and poor hygiene were also observed, and about 40–50% of fruits did not reach the consumers’ table. Nutritional education of the general population is crucial in facing the challenge of fresh fruit waste. The analysis of critical points in the post-harvest fresh fruit chain highlights good cost-effective practices. Training and empowerment of retailers represent the main measures to decrease fruit waste, in addition to nutritional training programs for the general population recommending the daily consumption of fruits for healthy life.

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Shrestha, Sharmila, S. Maharjan, S. Shrestha, and M. A. Petrini. "Knowledge about Neonatal Jaundice among Nepalese Mothers." Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v2i1.24965.

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Background: Worldwide, Neonatal Jaundice is one of the most common disorders and causes of avoidable brain damage and physical and mental impairment, and probable death in newborns. It is an important contributor to the high neonatal morbidity and mortality in Nepal. Objective: To assess among mothers the knowledge about neonatal jaundice. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 177 mothers in selected village with convenient sampling technique. Results: Findings revealed that around half of the mothers (49.90%) had low level of knowledge (score <50%), 28.60% mothers had moderate level of knowledge (score 50-75%) and only 22%mothers had adequate level of knowledge (score >75%) regarding neonatal jaundice. A large proportion of mothers (84%) believed that danger sign of neonatal jaundice was unable to feed the baby. Few 11% mothers believed that mental retardation and death was the complication of neonatal jaundice. Few mothers (12%) were aware about the cause of neonatal jaundice. Around 74% believed that exposing the baby to the sunlight is the primary management of neonatal jaundice but only 2%heard about the phototherapy. Conclusion: Knowledge about neonatal jaundice was low among Nepalese mothers. Awareness should be created among the expecting mothers about neonatal jaundice and encourage them to take preventive measures to avert neonatal mortality and morbidity.

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Robinson, Ian K., and Jianwei Miao. "Three-Dimensional Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 3 (March 2004): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.56.

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AbstractX-rays have been widely used in the structural analysis of materials because of their significant penetration ability, at least on the length scale of the granularity of most materials. This allows, in principle, for fully three-dimensional characterization of the bulk properties of a material. One of the main advantages of x-ray diffraction over electron microscopy is that destructive sample preparation to create thin sections is often avoidable. A major disadvantage of x-ray diffraction with respect to electron microscopy is its inability to produce real-space images of the materials under investigation—there are simply no suitable lenses available. There has been significant progress in x-ray microscopy associated with the development of lenses, usually based on zone plates, Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors, or compound refractive lenses. These technologies are far behind the development of electron optics, particularly for the large magnification ratios needed to attain high resolution. In this article, the authors report progress toward the development of an alternative general approach to imaging, the direct inversion of diffraction patterns by computation methods. By avoiding the use of an objective lens altogether, the technique is free from aberrations that limit the resolution, and it can be highly efficient with respect to radiation damage of the samples. It can take full advantage of the three-dimensional capability that comes from the x-ray penetration. The inversion step employs computational methods based on oversampling to obtain a general solution of the diffraction phase problem.

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Alanazi, Wael, Mohammad Uddin, Selim Fakhruddin, and Keith Jackson. "Recurrent insulin-induced hypoglycemia induces AngII and COX2 leading to renal (pro)renin receptor expression and oxidative stress." International Journal of Medicine 5, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijm.v5i1.6858.

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Background: Recurrent insulin-induced hypoglycemia (RIIH) is an avoidable consequence in the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus. RIIH has been implicated in causing hypertension through an increase in renal and systemic AngII production.Objective: The present study was performed to assess the hypothesis that chronic insulin treatment enhances AngII and COX2 formation which in turn increases (pro) renin receptor (PRR) expression and NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress, leading to renal and cardiac injury.Methods: The present studies were conducted in Male Sprague Dawley rats treated with daily subcutaneous injections of 7u/kg insulin or saline for 14 days. On the 14th day, surgery was performed for treatment infusion (captopril 12mg/kg, NS398 0.3mg/kg or vehicle), and renal interstitial fluid sample and urine collections for biomarker measurements. At the end of the experiments, kidneys and hearts were harvested to evaluate PRR and NOX2 (NADPH oxidase subunit) expression and oxidative stress.Results: We found that RIIH enhanced AngII and COX2 activity, leading to renal PRR expression and NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress in the heart and kidney. 8-isoprostane was evaluated as a renal biomarker of oxidative stress, which was induced in insulin treated animals and modulated by captopril and NS398. In addition, there was a slight increase in NGAL, a urinary biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI), in insulin treated animals when compared to control.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that RIIH induces renal PRR expression and oxidative stress through increasing AngII and COX2 in the heart and kidney, leading to end-organ damage.

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Hartwig, Andrea, Michael Arand, Bernd Epe, Sabine Guth, Gunnar Jahnke, Alfonso Lampen, Hans-Jörg Martus, et al. "Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 6 (June 2020): 1787–877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2.

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Abstract The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as “omics” approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.

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Scott, Robert. "The injured eye." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1562 (January 27, 2011): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0234.

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Eye injuries come at a high cost to society and are avoidable. Ocular blast injuries can be primary, from the blast wave itself; secondary, from fragments carried by the blast wind; tertiary; due to structural collapse or being thrown against a fixed object; or quaternary, from burns and indirect injuries. Ballistic eye protection significantly reduces the incidence of eye injuries and should be encouraged from an early stage in Military training. Management of an injured eye requires meticulous history taking, evaluation of vision that measures the acuity and if there is a relative pupillary defect as well as careful inspection of the eyes, under anaesthetic if necessary. A lateral canthotomy with cantholysis should be performed immediately if there is a sight-threatening retrobulbar haemorrhage. Systemic antibiotics should be prescribed if there is a suspected penetrating or perforating injury. A ruptured globe should be protected by an eye shield. Primary repair of ruptured globes should be performed in a timely fashion. Secondary procedures will often be required at a later date to achieve sight preservation. A poor initial visual acuity is not a guarantee of a poor final result. The final result can be predicted after approximately 3–4 weeks. Future research in eye injuries attempts to reduce scarring and neuronal damage as well as to promote photoreceptor rescue, using post-transcriptional inhibition of cell death pathways and vaccination to promote neural recovery. Where the sight has been lost sensory substitution of a picture from a spectacle mounted video camera to the touch receptors of the tongue can be used to achieve appreciation of the outside world.

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Chacon, Pedro J., Jong-Yoon Park, Aly M. Aly, George Z. Voyiadjis, and Jin-Woo Choi. "A Moving Vehicle Height Monitoring Sensor System for Overheight Impact Avoidance." Infrastructures 6, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6060091.

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Bridges, overpasses, and road construction sites with reduced vertical clearance lead to collision threats from crossing vehicles that exceed their clearance due to their inherent height or improper loading. These accidents can pose slight or severe physical damage to property and, primarily, damage to involved individuals in these vehicles or their affected components (i.e., collateral damage around and above an overpass or bridge). Furthermore, the resulting consequences may also incur fatalities, injuries, structural damages, and monetary damages. It has severely impacted the repair and/or replacement costs of the affected structures. Such accidents and consequences have been observed at a national level and could be reduced with a proper implementation of an overheight sensing system to prevent them from happening as often. This paper introduces the design, prototype, and implementation of a low power sensor network to monitor and characterize vehicle height and other characteristics in real time, thus alerting overheight vehicles well in advance of a possible collision.

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Shankar, Rohit, Caryn Jory, juliet ashton, Brendan McLean, and Matthew Walker. "Epilepsy emergency rescue training." BMJ Quality Improvement Reports 4, no. 1 (2015): u208167.w3566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjquality.u208167.w3566.

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AbstractThe NICE audit of epilepsy related deaths revealed that 1200 epilepsy deaths occur every year in the UK, with 42% potentially avoidable.[1] Convulsive status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening condition with over 20% mortality rate, especially if early treatment is not initiated .[2] Ten percent of all UK emergency department (ED) admissions are due to epilepsy, usually over represented by cases of SE.[3] Six out of seven epilepsy cases seen in the ED are admitted into medical care.[4]Patients with chronic and/or treatment resistant epilepsy carry a higher risk of premature death. When a seizure lasts for five minutes or more then the patient is at high risk of continuing to SE and this may result in causing brain damage or death.[2]Buccal midazolam is an emergency rescue medication prescribed on a special named patient license to reduce the duration of an epileptic seizure and prevent SE.[2,5] It should be administered by a trained person and is widely used due to its effectiveness and social acceptability. In the UK, epilepsy education and training courses are expected to be conducted by epilepsy professionals in line with the agreed training guidelines of Joint Epilepsy Council (JEC) backed up by evidence from NICE.[6,7] Training should provide an overview of epilepsy to facilitate safe care and appropriate administration of rescue medication for people with epilepsy (PWE) when experiencing a prolonged seizure. The medication is prescribed on specialist advice by the GP or specialists directly.Unfortunately the JEC guidelines are not robust enough to provide assurances of safe care. This problem had a myriad of complexities and an appropriate solution using web based resource was piloted, tested, and applied successfully using quality improvement methodology.

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Hamid, N. H., and John B. Mander. "Damage avoidance design for buildings." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (March 2014): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0016-2.

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Hummel, Rita L., and Patrick P. Moore. "Freeze Resistance of Pacific Northwest Strawberry Flowers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 2 (March 1997): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.2.179.

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The roles of freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance in determining strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) flower freeze resistance were compared in laboratory freeze tests. Genotype, freezing point depression of expressed cell sap, and flower size were examined as potential sources of variation in freeze resistance. When ice was added as a nucleator to excised flowers, mean freeze damage was 97% at -3.0 °C, but in the absence of ice, flowers appeared to supercool and had only 15% damage at -4.0 °C. Without nucleation, cultivar differences in freeze damage were significant in three of four freezing temperatures, but the relative ranking of cultivar freeze damage was not consistent across temperatures. Cultivars that sustained the least amount of injury at -4 °C, were not necessarily the least injured at -7 °C. With an ice nucleator, damage occurred at warmer temperatures (-1.5 °C), but there was no relationship between percentage damage at -1.5 °C with nucleation and -4 °C without nucleation across cultivars. Freezing-point depression of expressed cell sap did not account for the variation in freeze resistance. In nucleated and nonnucleated treatments, larger flowers were more likely to be freeze damaged. Results of this research suggest that flowers of all cultivars are susceptible to freeze damage and survive spring frosts by freeze avoidance.

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Rowe, W. B., J. A. Pettit, A. Boyle, and J. L. Moruzzi. "Avoidance of Thermal Damage in Grinding and Prediction of the Damage Threshold." CIRP Annals 37, no. 1 (1988): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61646-1.

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Loredo-Souza, Acir M., Elias G. Lima, Matthew B. Vallis, Marcelo M. Rocha, Adrián R. Wittwer, and Mario G. K. Oliveira. "Downburst related damages in Brazilian buildings: Are they avoidable?" Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 185 (February 2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.11.022.

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Miller, K. J. "Structural integrity—whose responsibility?" Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070321700102.

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Structural Integrity (SI) as a single distinct subject has now come of age. It has grown, sometimes painfully, through the activities of many different engineering and scientific disciplines, numerous professional institutions, separate industrial organizations, several university engineering departments and national and international societies. An accelerated impetus has been derived from severe engineering problems and accidents, some of which are briefly reviewed. In the UK and elsewhere the numerous but separate disciplines initially involved in SI have each made valuable contributions. Engineers and scientists attempted to solve practical problems, but without accurate knowledge of the applied stress levels. They were followed by metallurgists, who focused attention on a materials microstructure. Design engineers and manufacturers were unable to incorporate defects of the order of grain size, or less, into their calculations. All were eventually assisted by two important developments. First came the rapid advances in two-and three-dimensional finite element analyses of stress distributions in complex-shaped geometries, and second, the study of cracks by elastic and then elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. When combined, these computer-assisted developments focused attention on the all-important synergistic parameter a. En-route to this improved state of affairs several alternative approaches were investigated to quantify the SI of structures, components and materials, many of these alternatives effectively delaying progress for many years, at great cost. Although the UK has made numerous positive contributions to SI investigations, sometimes due to unfortunate although avoidable accidents, of which many recent incidents are well-documented, future pitfalls and false trails have to be avoided wherever and whenever possible. To achieve this, individual discipline approaches now need to be better integrated at national and international levels. The increasing complexity of engineering components and structures intended to work at higher temperatures, in more aggressive environments, and with greater efficiency, will demand a higher degree of synthesis of effort. Society will demand nothing less Failures due to inappropriate and/or incorrect SI assessments leading to increasing costs to the nation in terms of human, animal and plant life, environmental damage to land sea and air, disruption to societal activities, not to mention the associated Government-sourced budget losses, need to be dramatically reduced. By looking at some industry-university collaborations in SI studies, it is hoped that the issues raised in this lecture will help in plotting the way forward and answering the question ‘Structural Integrity-whose responsibility?’

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Williams, Andy, Jo Stephen, Camilla Halewood, Christoph Kittl, Andrew Amis, and Steve Bollen. "The influence of posterior medial meniscocapsular lesions on tibiofemoral joint laxity with ACL deficiency and reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 5_suppl5 (May 1, 2017): 2325967117S0017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00178.

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Introduction: Injury to the posterior medial meniscocapsular junction (the ‘ramp’ lesion) occurs at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture (10-24% of cases); however there is a lack of objective evidence investigating how this affects knee kinematics. It is often missed when viewed arthroscopically from the front of the medial compartment as it can only be seen with the arthroscope in the posteromedial recess. Objectives: To investigate the biomechanical impact of the ‘ramp lesion’ on the ACL deficient and ACL reconstructed knee and the impact of suture repair of the lesion on the same knee states. Methods: Nine fresh frozen cadaveric knees were mounted in a 6 degrees of freedom rig where knee kinematics were recorded at 10° intervals from 0°-100° using an optical tracking system. Measurements were recorded using the following loading conditions: 90 N anterior and posterior tibial forces, 5 Nm internal and external tibial rotation torques, and a combined 90 N anterior tibial force and 5 Nm external tibial rotation torque. Manual Rolimeter readings of anterior translation were taken at 30° and 90°. The knees were tested in the following order: (1) intact, (2) ACL deficient, (3) ACL deficient + posterior meniscocapsule sectioned, (4) ACL deficient + posterior meniscocapsule repaired, (5) ACL patellar tendon reconstruction with posterior meniscocapsule repair and (6) ACL reconstructed + capsular lesion re-created. Statistical analysis was undertaken using repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc paired t-tests with Bonferonni correction. Results: Tibial anterior translation and external rotational laxities were both significantly increased compared to the ACL deficient knee following posterior meniscocapsular sectioning ( P < 0.05). These were both restored following ACL reconstruction and meniscocapsular lesion repair ( P > 0.05). Significant changes in anterior tibial translation between the different knee states were identified with the Rolimeter, indicating these changes are clinically detectable ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Anterior and external rotational laxities were significantly increased after mimicking the ‘ramp lesion’ by sectioning of the posteromedial meniscocapsular junction in an ACL-deficient knee. These were not restored after ACL reconstruction alone but were restored with ACL reconstruction combined with posterior meniscocapsular repair. Tibial anterior translation changes were clinically detectable by use of the Rolimeter. This study suggests that unrepaired posteromedial meniscocapsular lesions will allow abnormal meniscal and tibiofemoral laxity to persist postoperatively, predisposing the knee to meniscal and articular damage but also adding avoidable extra strain on an ACL graft, which may yield.

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Hardeland, Rudiger, and Ana Coto-Montes. "New Vistas on Oxidative Damage and Aging." Open Biology Journal 3, no. 1 (April 21, 2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18741967010030100039.

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Age-associated rises in oxidative damage are assumed to be a central phenomenon of aging. Their attenuation is an aim for both healthy aging and life extension. This review intends to critically discuss the potential of anti-oxidant actions, but even more to direct the attention to the modes of radical avoidance and to regulatory networks involved. Mitochondria seem to play a decisive role in radical formation and cellular decline. Avoidance and repair of disruptions in the electron transport chain reduce electron leakage and, thus, oxidative damage. Several low molecular weight compounds, such as melatonin, its metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine, resveratrol, α-lipoic acid, and various mitochondrially targeted nitrones are capable of supporting mitochondrial electron flux. Some of them have been successfully used for extending the lifespan of experimental animals. Importantly, chemopreventive effects of these substances against cancer development should not be confused with a slowing of the aging process. We also focus on connections between these compounds and mitochondrial biogenesis, including the roles of sirtuins and signaling via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, the participation of the circadian oscillator system in radical avoidance, as well as the potentially beneficial or detrimental effects of NO, as either a regulator or a source of mitochondrial dysfunction. Especially in the central nervous system, anti-excitatory actions by melatonin, kynurenic acid and theanine are discussed, which seem to prevent calcium overload that results in mitochondrial dysfunction. New findings on direct binding of melatonin to the amphipathic ramp of Complex I may indicate an additional regulatory role in the avoidance of electron leakage.

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Tucker, V., F. King, and J. Nightingale. "Thoracic epidurals and avoidance of potential neurological damage." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 19, no. 10 (October 2002): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265021502291231.

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Tucker, V., F. King, and J. Nightingale. "Thoracic epidurals and avoidance of potential neurological damage." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 19, no. 10 (October 2002): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-200210000-00017.

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Cookson, J. A. "Specimen damage by nuclear microbeams and its avoidance." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 30, no. 3 (March 1988): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(88)90020-1.

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Liu, Chang, Elisabeth Glowatzki, and Paul Albert Fuchs. "Unmyelinated type II afferent neurons report cochlear damage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 47 (November 9, 2015): 14723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515228112.

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In the mammalian cochlea, acoustic information is carried to the brain by the predominant (95%) large-diameter, myelinated type I afferents, each of which is postsynaptic to a single inner hair cell. The remaining thin, unmyelinated type II afferents extend hundreds of microns along the cochlear duct to contact many outer hair cells. Despite this extensive arbor, type II afferents are weakly activated by outer hair cell transmitter release and are insensitive to sound. Intriguingly, type II afferents remain intact in damaged regions of the cochlea. Here, we show that type II afferents are activated when outer hair cells are damaged. This response depends on both ionotropic (P2X) and metabotropic (P2Y) purinergic receptors, binding ATP released from nearby supporting cells in response to hair cell damage. Selective activation of P2Y receptors increased type II afferent excitability by the closure of KCNQ-type potassium channels, a potential mechanism for the painful hypersensitivity (that we term “noxacusis” to distinguish from hyperacusis without pain) that can accompany hearing loss. Exposure to the KCNQ channel activator retigabine suppressed the type II fiber’s response to hair cell damage. Type II afferents may be the cochlea’s nociceptors, prompting avoidance of further damage to the irreparable inner ear.

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Zhang, Hong Chang, Yu Sheng Li, and Jie Bao. "Study on the Seismic Damaging Effects of Mountainous Towns in Wenchuan Earthquake." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2041.

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Through the survey and research on seismic damage phenomena of damaged towns by Wenchuan Earthquake and geological environment , this article identify that the seismic damage effect of towns damaged by Wenchuan Earthquake mainly includes four types which are fault dislocation effect、site and foundation effect、topography motion amplified action and geologic hazard effect. Site selection of the reconstruction of damaged towns and seidmic design of building and other problems are complex and systemic engineering problems, and they refer to many complex factors such as earthquake faults、geologic hazards、national well-being and the people's livelihood, economic development and so on. The basic principles of consideration should be: for the mountain towns which are located at seismic fault zone and exist serious geological disaster, they must be avoided and relocated off-site; for the towns which are away from the fault for a distance and have no fatal geological disaster risk, we should follow the principles of "scientific planning, normative avoidance and reasonablely adjust the seismic standards" and reconstruct in the former location. Reconstruction site should also pay attention to the concealment of geological hazards, the multiplicity and long-term sustainability of induced factors and so on, so we should enhance the suitability evaluation of the geological environment and risk assessment of geological disaster.

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Saumaa, Signe, Andres Tover, Mariliis Tark, Radi Tegova, and Maia Kivisaar. "Oxidative DNA Damage Defense Systems in Avoidance of Stationary-Phase Mutagenesis in Pseudomonas putida." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 15 (June 1, 2007): 5504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00518-07.

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ABSTRACT Oxidative damage of DNA is a source of mutation in living cells. Although all organisms have evolved mechanisms of defense against oxidative damage, little is known about these mechanisms in nonenteric bacteria, including pseudomonads. Here we have studied the involvement of oxidized guanine (GO) repair enzymes and DNA-protecting enzyme Dps in the avoidance of mutations in starving Pseudomonas putida. Additionally, we examined possible connections between the oxidative damage of DNA and involvement of the error-prone DNA polymerase (Pol)V homologue RulAB in stationary-phase mutagenesis in P. putida. Our results demonstrated that the GO repair enzymes MutY, MutM, and MutT are involved in the prevention of base substitution mutations in carbon-starved P. putida. Interestingly, the antimutator effect of MutT was dependent on the growth phase of bacteria. Although the lack of MutT caused a strong mutator phenotype under carbon starvation conditions for bacteria, only a twofold increased effect on the frequency of mutations was observed for growing bacteria. This indicates that MutT has a backup system which efficiently complements the absence of this enzyme in actively growing cells. The knockout of MutM affected only the spectrum of mutations but did not change mutation frequency. Dps is known to protect DNA from oxidative damage. We found that dps-defective P. putida cells were more sensitive to sudden exposure to hydrogen peroxide than wild-type cells. At the same time, the absence of Dps did not affect the accumulation of mutations in populations of starved bacteria. Thus, it is possible that the protective role of Dps becomes essential for genome integrity only when bacteria are exposed to exogenous agents that lead to oxidative DNA damage but not under physiological conditions. Introduction of the Y family DNA polymerase PolV homologue rulAB into P. putida increased the proportion of A-to-C and A-to-G base substitutions among mutations, which occurred under starvation conditions. Since PolV is known to perform translesion synthesis past damaged bases in DNA (e.g., some oxidized forms of adenine), our results may imply that adenine oxidation products are also an important source of mutation in starving bacteria.

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Dong, Yu Peng, Masayuki Seki, Akari Yoshimura, Eri Inoue, Shinya Furukawa, Shusuke Tada, and Takemi Enomoto. "WRN Functions in a RAD18-Dependent Damage Avoidance Pathway." Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 30, no. 6 (2007): 1080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.30.1080.

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Egerton, R. F. "Vibrational-loss EELS and the avoidance of radiation damage." Ultramicroscopy 159 (December 2015): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.08.003.

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Dwyer, Laura A., James A. Shepperd, and Michelle L. Stock. "Predicting Avoidance of Skin Damage Feedback Among College Students." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 49, no. 5 (April 18, 2015): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9703-6.

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Kibriya, L. T., C. Málaga-Chuquitaype, and M. M. Kashani. "Buckling-enabled composite bracing for damage-avoidance rocking structures." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 170 (March 2020): 105359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.105359.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Avoidable damage'

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