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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Avoidance algorithms

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Academic literature on the topic 'Avoidance algorithms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Avoidance algorithms"

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N. Abdulnabi, Ali. "Obstacle Avoidance Techniques for Robot Path Planning." DJES 12, no. 1 (2019): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2019.12107.

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This paper presents a collision-free path planning approaches based on Bézier curve and A-star algorithm for robot manipulator system. The main problem of this work is to finding a feasible collision path planning from initial point to final point to transport the robot arm from the preliminary to the very last within the presence of obstacles, a sequence of joint angles alongside the path have to be determined. To solve this problem several algorithms have been presented among which it can be mention such as Bug algorithms, A-Star algorithms, potential field algorithms, Bézier curve algorithm and intelligent algorithms. In this paper obstacle avoidance algorithms were proposed Bézier and A-Star algorithms, through theoretical studies and simulations with several different cases, it's found verify the effectiveness of the methods suggested. It's founded the Bézier algorithm is smoothing accurate, and effective as compare with the A-star algorithm, but A-star is near to shortest and optimal path to free collision avoidance. The time taken and the elapsed time to traverse from its starting position and to reach the goal are recorded the tabulated results show that the elapsed time with different cases to traverse from the start location to destination using A-star Algorithm is much less as compared to the time taken by the robot using Bézier Algorithm to trace the same path. The robot used was the Lab-Volt of 5DOF Servo Robot System Model 5250 (RoboCIM5250)

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Zhou, Bin, and Jin Fa Qian. "Obstacle Avoidance Control Method of Mobile Robot Motion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.119.

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Mobile robot is an intelligent system which can move freely and is scheduled to complete the task in the working environment. Obstacle avoidance of mobile robot is the research hotspot in the control field of the mobile robot. The mobile robot obstacle avoidance methods are classified, including the traditional algorithms and the intelligent algorithms. This paper summarizes the intelligent algorithm in the mobile robot obstacle avoidance technique in the present situation, and the intelligent algorithm which is the most researched in the current. Finally, this paper prospects the development trend of intelligent obstacle avoidance of the robot.

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Abhishek, Talabattula Sai, Daniel Schilberg, and Arockia Selvakumar Arockia Doss. "Obstacle Avoidance Algorithms: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1012 (January 8, 2021): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1012/1/012052.

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Abhishek, Talabattula Sai, Daniel Schilberg, and Arockia Selvakumar Arockia Doss. "Obstacle Avoidance Algorithms: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1012 (January 8, 2021): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1012/1/012052.

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Gal, Oren. "Unified Trajectory Planning Algorithms for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Navigation." ISRN Robotics 2013 (June 9, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/329591.

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This paper presents two efficient methods for obstacle avoidance and path planning for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). These methods take into account the dynamic constraints of the vehicle using advanced simulator of AUV considering low level control and stability effects. We present modified visibility graph local avoidance method and a spiral algorithm for obstacle avoidance. The algorithms were tested in challenged scenarios demonstrating safe trajectory planning.

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Kadry, Seifedine, Gennady Alferov, and Viktor Fedorov. "D-Star Algorithm Modification." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 16, no. 08 (2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v16i08.14243.

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One of the most effective methods for solving a navigation problem is the method of constructing a navigation system based on the simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm and obstacle avoidance algorithms. One of the most effective obstacles avoidance algorithms is the D-star algorithm [1, 2, 3], which, despite its effectiveness, has some drawbacks. This modification allows to eliminate some problems arising during the implementation of the navigation system.

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Xu, Zhao, Jinwen Hu, Yunhong Ma, Man Wang, and Chunhui Zhao. "A Study on Path Planning Algorithms of UAV Collision Avoidance." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 37, no. 1 (2019): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20193710100.

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The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been a research hotspot worldwide. The UAV system is developing to be more and more intelligent and autonomous. UAV path planning is an important part of UAV autonomous control and the important guarantee of UAV's safety. For the purpose of improving the collision avoidance and path planning algorithms, the artificial potential field, fuzzy logic algorithm and ant colony algorithm are simulated respectively in the static obstacle and dynamic obstacle environments, and compared based on the minimum avoidance distance and range ratio. Meanwhile, an improved algorithm of artificial potential field is proposed, and the improvement helps the UAV escape the local minimum by introducing the vertical guidance repulsion. The simulation results are rigorous and reliable, which lay a foundation for the further fusion of multiple algorithms and improving the path planning algorithms.

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Li, Juan, Jianxin Zhang, Honghan Zhang, and Zheping Yan. "A Predictive Guidance Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm for AUV in Unknown Environments." Sensors 19, no. 13 (2019): 2862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132862.

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A predictive guidance obstacle avoidance algorithm (PGOA) in unknown environments is proposed for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) that must adapt to multiple complex obstacle environments. Using the environmental information collected by the Forward-looking Sonar (FLS), the obstacle boundary is simplified by the convex algorithm and Bessel interpolation. Combining the predictive control secondary optimization function and the obstacle avoidance weight function, the predicting obstacle avoidance trajectory parameters are obtained. According to different types of obstacle environments, the corresponding obstacle avoidance rules are formulated. Lastly, combining with the obstacle avoidance parameters and rules, the AUV’s predicting obstacle avoidance trajectory point is obtained. Then AUV can successfully achieve obstacle avoidance using the guidance algorithm. The simulation results show that the PGOA algorithm can better predict the trajectory point of the obstacle avoidance path of AUV, and the secondary optimization function can successfully achieve collision avoidance for different complex obstacle environments. Lastly, comparing the execution efficiency and cost of different algorithms, which deal with various complex obstacle environments, simulation experiment results indicate the high efficiency and great adaptability of the proposed algorithm.

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Hou, Yew Cheong, Khairul Salleh Mohamed Sahari, Leong Yeng Weng, et al. "Development of collision avoidance system for multiple autonomous mobile robots." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, no. 4 (2020): 172988142092396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420923967.

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This article presents a collision avoidance system for multiple robots based on the current autonomous car collision avoidance system. The purpose of the system is to improve the current autonomous car collision avoidance system by including data input of other vehicles’ velocity and positioning via vehicle-to-vehicle communication into the current autonomous car collision avoidance system. There are two TurtleBots used in experimental testing. TurtleBot is used as the robot agent while Google Lightweight Communication and Marshalling is used for inter-robot communication. Additionally, Gazebo software is used to run the simulation. There are two types of collision avoidance system algorithm (collision avoidance system without inter-robot communication and collision avoidance system with inter-robot communication) that are developed and tested in two main road crash scenarios, rear end collision scenario and junction crossing intersection collision scenario. Both algorithms are tested and run both in simulation and experiment setup, each with 10 repetitions for Lead TurtleBot sudden stop, Lead TurtleBot decelerate, Lead TurtleBot slower speed, and straight crossing path conditions. Simulation and experimental results data for each algorithm are recorded and tabulated. A comprehensive comparison of performance between the proposed algorithms is analyzed. The results showed that the proposed system is able to prevent collision between vehicles with an acceptable success rate.

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Li, Jinxin, Hongbo Wang, Wei Zhao, and Yuanyuan Xue. "Ship’s Trajectory Planning Based on Improved Multiobjective Algorithm for Collision Avoidance." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (April 9, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4068783.

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With vigorous development of the maritime trade, many intelligent algorithms have been proposed to avoid collisions due to resulting casualties and increased costs. According to the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea (COLREGs) and the self-evolution ability of the intelligent algorithm, the collision avoidance trajectory can be more consistent with the requirements of reality and maritime personnel. In this paper, the optimization of ship collision avoidance strategies is realized by both an improved multiobjective optimization algorithm NSGA-II and the ship domain under the condition of a wide sea area without any external disturbances. By balancing the safety and economy of ship collision avoidance, the avoidance angle and the time to the action point are used as the variables encoded by the algorithm, and the fuzzy ship domain is used to calculate the collision avoidance risk to achieve collision avoidance. The simulation results show that the proposed method can optimize the ship collision avoidance strategy and provide a reasonable scheme for ship navigation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Avoidance algorithms"

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Zhang, Wenle. "Scalable deadlock avoidance algorithms for flexible manufacturing systems." Ohio : Ohio University, 2000. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179862449.

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Chua, Kee Koon 1965. "Deadlock avoidance: Improved algorithms for centralized and distributed systems." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291335.

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A deadlock avoidance algorithm for a centralized resource allocation system is presented. Unlike the Banker's algorithm, this proposed algorithm makes use of the state of the previous safe sequence to construct a new safe sequence. The performance of this proposed algorithm is compared to that of both the Banker's algorithm and an efficient algorithm proposed by Belik. The simulation results show that our algorithm's execution time is significantly better than the Banker's algorithm and is very competitive with Belik's algorithm. In addition, our Modified Banker's Algorithm produces optimal results unlike Belik's approach which sometimes deems a safe allocation request unsafe. This centralized algorithm combined with an algorithm by Moser, is extended for use in distributed systems. Compared with Moser's algorithm, this algorithm is less restrictive in acquiring resources from other processes and allowing increase in its maximum resource requirement as confirmed by our analysis and simulation results.

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Liu, Xintong. "Different techniques for congestion avoidance algorithms in bottleneck networks." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26961.

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In this thesis, we systematically examine the ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) mechanism to be applied to some AQM (Active Queue Management) techniques developed in recent years, namely, RED (Random Early Detection), BLUE, ARED (Adaptive RED) and PI-RED (Proportional and Integral RED). We use packet marking as the indication of network congestion, instead of the strategy of dropping packet currently adopted by these AQM algorithms. The performance comparison of ECN-AQM with AQM has been conducted in not only a single bottleneck network but also a multi-bottleneck network environment. The simulation results have shown that ECN-AQM algorithms can greatly decrease unnecessary packet loss, one of the main shortcomings of RED and some other AQM algorithms. They can also reduce average queue size in most cases, but the queue size oscillation problem remains. We therefore investigate the application of the head dropping policy to AQM techniques, as a simple solution to the problem of queue oscillation, another shortcoming of RED and its variants. With this method, instead of tail dropping, which is currently used by RED and many other AQM schemes, the TCP source can be informed of the congestion occurring in the bottleneck router earlier by getting rid of time to wait through the queuing delay. We have compared DH-RED (Drop Head RED) and DH-BLUE (Drop Head BLUE) with the current RED and BLUE in both of the single bottleneck and the multi-bottleneck networks. We found the performance of queue size stability can be greatly improved by DH-RED and DH-BLUE.

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Rushall, David Aaron 1964. "Efficient heuristics for collision avoidance in three dimensions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277041.

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This thesis represents a relatively new aspect of computing with regard to robotics. The need for fast, efficient collision avoidance algorithms is growing rapidly. Because conventional methods are complex and require vast amounts of computation, heuristic algorithms are more appealing. The focus of this thesis is the problem of moving a point through three dimensional space while avoiding known polyhedral obstacles. A heuristic algorithm to find shortest (near-optimal) collision-free paths in the presence of polyhedral obstacles, given initial and final positions, is presented. Previous methods for the problem rely on an a priori discretization of the space. The points in the discretization form nodes of a graph, and the collision avoidance problem is then solved by using some shortest path algorithm on the graph. The heuristic suggested here successively adds nodes to a graph, thus keeping the size of the graph manageable. The computational results are extremely encouraging.

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Conkur, Erdinc Sahin. "Real time path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms for redundant manipulators." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389131.

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Pai, Arun S. "Development of deterministic collision-avoidance algorithms for routing automated guided vehicles /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7289.

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Ringdahl, Ola. "Techniques and Algorithms for Autonomous Vehicles in Forest Environment." Licentiate thesis, Umeå : Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1314.

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Conrad, Jeremy (Jeremy A. ). "An educational tool to assist students in the evaluation of object avoidance algorithms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36302.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 21).<br>Autonomous robots are becoming a part of everyday life. One difficulty in the creation of autonomous robots is having the robots avoid objects. In particular once one has chosen an algorithm difficulty arises in perfecting the parameters involved. Presented here is an implementation of an algorithm and an education support tool add-on to MOOS that allows the end user to quickly vary the parameters to test the performance of the system.<br>by Jeremy Conrad.<br>S.B.

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Lee, Hua. "High-Precision Geolocation Algorithms for UAV and UUV Applications in Navigation and Collision Avoidance." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606155.

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ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California<br>UUV homing and docking and UAV collision avoidance are two seemingly separate research topics for different applications. Upon close examination, these two are a pair of dual problems, with interesting correspondences and commonality. In this paper, we present the theoretical analysis, signal processing, and the field experiments of these two algorithms in UAV and UUV applications in homing and docking as well as collision avoidance.

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Call, Brandon R. "Obstacle Avoidance for Small Unmanned Air Vehicles." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1556.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Avoidance algorithms"

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Goka, Tsuyoshi. Analysis of estimation algorithms for CDTI and CAS applications. Analytical Mechanics Associates, Inc., 1985.

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Goka, Tsuyoshi. Analysis of estimation algorithms for CDTI and CAS applications. Analytical Mechanics Associates, Inc., 1985.

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G, Rojas R., Burnside Walter Dennis 1942-, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Modelling and performance analysis of four and eight element TCAS. Ohio State University, Electroscience Laboratory, 1990.

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4

Center, Ames Research, ed. Cascading a systolic array and a feedforward neural network for navigation and obstacle avoidance using potential fields. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1991.

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Obstacle Avoidance in Multi-Robot Systems: Experiments in Parallel Genetic Algorithms (World Scientific Series in Robotics and Intelligent Systems , Vol 20). World Scientific Publishing Company, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Avoidance algorithms"

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Belik, Ferenc. "A distributed deadlock avoidance technique." In Distributed Algorithms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0019801.

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Avni, Hillel, Shlomi Dolev, and Eleftherios Kosmas. "Proactive Contention Avoidance." In Transactional Memory. Foundations, Algorithms, Tools, and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14720-8_11.

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Nikoletseas, Sotiris, and Olivier Powell. "Obstacle Avoidance Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks." In Encyclopedia of Algorithms. Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30162-4_262.

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Nikoletseas, Sotiris, and Olivier Powell. "Obstacle Avoidance Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks." In Encyclopedia of Algorithms. Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2864-4_262.

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Ofek, Yoram, and Moti Yung. "Efficient mechanism for fairness and deadlock-avoidance in high-speed networks." In Distributed Algorithms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54099-7_14.

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Molinos, E., J. Pozuelo, A. Llamazares, M. Ocaña, and J. López. "Comparison of Local Obstacle Avoidance Algorithms." In Computer Aided Systems Theory - EUROCAST 2013. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53862-9_6.

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Guzzi, Jérôme, Alessandro Giusti, Luca M. Gambardella, and Gianni A. Di Caro. "Bioinspired Obstacle Avoidance Algorithms for Robot Swarms." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06944-9_9.

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Salomon, Ralf. "Resampling and its avoidance in genetic algorithms." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0040786.

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Cook, Robert P., Lifeng Hsu, and Sang H. Son. "Real-Time, Priority-Ordered, Deadlock Avoidance Algorithms." In Foundations of Real-Time Computing: Scheduling and Resource Management. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3956-8_11.

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Huang, Chung-Ming, Rung-Shiang Cheng, and Yin-Ming Li. "The Registration-Based Collision Avoidance Mechanism for IEEE 802.11ah." In Pervasive Systems, Algorithms and Networks. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30143-9_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Avoidance algorithms"

1

Simpson, Alexander, and Chelsea M. Sabo. "Quadcopter Obstacle Avoidance using Biomimetic Algorithms." In AIAA Infotech @ Aerospace. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-0403.

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Budakova, Dilyana, Galya Pavlova, Roumen Trifonov, and Ivan Chavdarov. "Obstacle avoidance algorithms for mobile robots." In CompSysTech '19: 20th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3345252.3345284.

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Wedel, Jan W., Björn Schünemann, and Ilja Radusch. "V2X-Based Traffic Congestion Recognition and Avoidance." In 2009 10th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-span.2009.71.

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Colombo, Alessandro, and Domitilla Del Vecchio. "Efficient algorithms for collision avoidance at intersections." In the 15th ACM international conference. ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2185632.2185656.

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Moshchuk, Nikolai, Shih-Ken Chen, Chad Zagorski, and Amy Chatterjee. "Path Planning for Collision Avoidance Maneuver." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63893.

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This paper summarizes the development of an optimal path planning algorithm for collision avoidance maneuver. The goal of the optimal path is to minimize distance to the target vehicle ahead of the host vehicle subject to vehicle and environment constraints. Such path constrained by allowable lateral (centripetal) acceleration and lateral acceleration rate (jerk). Two algorithms with and without lateral jerk limitation, are presented. The algorithms were implemented in Simulink and verified in CarSim. The results indicate that the lateral jerk limitation increases time-to-collision threshold and leads to a larger distance to the target required for emergency lane change. Collision avoidance path without lateral jerk limitation minimizes the distance to the target vehicle and is suitable for path tracking control in real-time application; however tracking such a path requires very aggressive control.

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Jeng, Andy An-Kai, Rong-Hong Jan, Chien Chen, and Tsun-Chieh Chiang. "Efficient Broadcast Mechanism for Cooperative Collision Avoidance Using Power Control." In 2009 10th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-span.2009.43.

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Biswas, Susmit, Diana Franklin, Timothy Sherwood, and Frederic T. Chong. "Con?ict-Avoidance in Multicore Caching for Data-Similar Executions." In 2009 10th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-span.2009.58.

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Abbaspour, Adel, Hadi Zare Jafari, Mohammad Ali Askari Hemmat, and Khalil Alipour. "Redundancy Resolution for Singularity Avoidance of Wheeled Mobile Manipulators." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38639.

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Mobile robots consist of a mobile platform with manipulator can provide interesting functionalities in a number of applications, since, combination of platform and manipulator causes robot operates in extended work space. The analysis of these systems includes kinematics redundancy that makes more complicated problem. However, it gives more feasibility to robotic systems because of the existence of multiple solutions in a specified workspace. This paper presents a novel combination of evolutionary algorithms and artificial potential field theory for motion planning of mobile manipulator which guaranteed collision and singularity avoidance. In the proposed algorithm, the developed concepts of potential field method are applied to obstacle avoidance and interaction of mobile base with manipulator is used as a new idea for singularity avoidance ability of intermediate links for mobile operations. For this purpose, kinematic and dynamic modeling is derived to define redundant solutions. Afterward, methods from potential field theory combine with evolutionary algorithms to provide an optimum solution among possibly of redundancy resolution scheme. A controller based on dynamic feedback linearization is augmented to track the selective motion trajectory. Simulation results verify obstacle avoidance, singularity avoidance for the manipulators and asymptotic convergence of the robots errors.

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Penaranda Cebrian, Roberto, Crispin Gomez Requena, Maria Engracia Gomez Requena, Pedro Lopez, and Jose Duato Marin. "HoL-Blocking Avoidance Routing Algorithms in Direct Topologies." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on High-Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC), 2014 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security (CSS) and 2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpcc.2014.9.

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Kotikalapudi, Poojith, and Vinayak Elangovan. "Obstacle Avoidance and Path Finding for Mobile Robot Navigation." In 9th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (NLP 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101425.

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This paper investigates different methods to detect obstacles ahead of a robot using a camera in the robot, an aerial camera, and an ultrasound sensor. We also explored various efficient path finding methods for the robot to navigate to the target source. Single and multi-iteration anglebased navigation algorithms were developed. The theta-based path finding algorithms were compared with the Dijkstra’s Algorithm and their performance were analyzed.

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Reports on the topic "Avoidance algorithms"

1

Stevens, W. TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms. RFC Editor, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2001.

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Von Wahlde, Raymond, Nathan Wiedenman, Wesley A. Brown, and Cezarina Viqueira. An Open-Path Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm Using Scanning Laser Range Data. Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494907.

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Rear End Crash Avoidance System (RECAS) Algorithms and Alerting Strategies. University of Iowa Public Policy Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/q89n-flvk.

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