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Journal articles on the topic 'Avoidant personality disorder'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Bidani, Navneet. "Avoidant Personality Disorder." Homoeopathic Links 27, no. 04 (2014): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1383202.

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Maruta, Toshimasa, Masaaki Kato, Chihiro Matsumoto, and Makio Iimori. "Avoidant personality disorder." Personality and Mental Health 6, no. 3 (2012): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1210.

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3

Joyce, Peter R., Janice M. Mckenzie, Suzanne E. Luty, et al. "Temperament, childhood environment and psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 6 (2003): 756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01263.x.

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Objective: To evaluate childhood experiences (neglect and abuse), temperament and childhood and adolescent psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders in depressed outpatients. Method: One hundred and eighty depressed outpatients were evaluated for personality disorders. Risk factors of childhood abuse, parental care, temperament, conduct disorder symptoms, childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders, depressive episodes, hypomania and alcohol and drug dependence were obtained by questionnaires and interviews. Results: Avoidant personality disorder can be conceptualized as arising from a combination of high harm avoidance (shy, anxious), childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders and parental neglect. Borderline personality disorder can be formulated as arising from a combination of childhood abuse and/or neglect, a borderline temperament (high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance), and childhood and adolescent depression, hypomania, conduct disorder and alcohol and drug dependence. Conclusions: Combinations of risk factors from the three domains of temperament, childhood experiences and childhood and adolescent psychopathology make major contributions to the development of avoidant and borderline personality disorders.
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LONDON, ROBERT T. "Treating Avoidant Personality Disorder." Clinical Psychiatry News 35, no. 6 (2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(07)70355-7.

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5

Akiskal, H. S. "Personality in Anxiety Disorders." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 3, S2 (1988): 161s—166s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00002182.

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SummaryPatients with anxiety disorders are often described as anancastic, high in neuroticism, dependent and avoidant. These personalities overlap with those of nonbipolar depressives – in whom these disorders are less pronounced. Yet many indices of social adjustment appear less disturbed in anxiety disorders. Review of recent data front systematic investigations supports the thesis that the personality attributes observed in anxiety disorders represent either formes frustes expressions or postmorbid complications of these disorders.Thus, neuroticism is best viewed as subclinically expressed neurosis. Likewise, anancastic traits are not easily separable from generalized anxiety disorder; the same can be said about avoidant personality and social phobia. Avoidance appears to be an inherent psychobiologic defense which is mobilized by anxiogenic situations. Dependency, which may reflect upbringing with an anxious parent, is further accentuated by handicaps imposed by the anxiety disorder.
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West, Malcolm, M. Sarah Rose, and Adrienne Sheldon-Keller. "Interpersonal Disorder in Schizoid and Avoidant Personality Disorders: An Attachment Perspective." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 7 (1995): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379504000708.

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Objective To investigate the characteristics related to avoidant attachment of 13 schizoid/avoidant psychiatric outpatients and 20 nonschizoid/avoidant psychiatric outpatients. Method Three scales (“maintains distance in relationships”, “high priority on self-sufficiency” and “attachment relationship is a threat to security”) differentiated schizoid and avoidant personality disordered patients from other personality disordered patients. Results The results are discussed in terms of the attachment and DSM diagnostic models of avoidant styles in relationships. Conclusion The 2 groups of schizoid and avoidant personality disordered patients were not significantly different on the desire for close affectional bonds scale.
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7

Lampe, Lisa, and Gin Malhi. "Avoidant personality disorder: current insights." Psychology Research and Behavior Management Volume 11 (March 2018): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s121073.

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8

Marteinsdottir, I., T. Furmark, M. Tillfors, M. Fredrikson, and L. Ekselius. "Personality traits in social phobia." European Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (2001): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00555-7.

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SummaryThe purpose was to assess personality traits in subjects with a DSM-IV diagnosis of social phobia. Thirty-two subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axes I and II disorders (SCID I and II). Personality traits were assessed by means of the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Current and lifetime axis I co-morbidity was diagnosed in 28% and 53% of the subjects, respectively. In total, 59% had at least one personality disorder and 47% were diagnosed with an avoidant personality disorder.The social phobics scored significantly higher than a Swedish normative sample on the KSP measuring anxiety proneness, irritability, detachment, and indirect aggression but lower on the scales for socialisation and social desirability. The presence as compared to absence of avoidant personality disorder in the social phobics was associated with significantly higher psychic anxiety and inhibition of aggression. In addition, symptom severity was higher in social phobics with an avoidant personality disorder. Generally, the results support the view that social phobia and avoidant personality disorder reflect different aspects of a social anxiety spectrum.
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LaFreniere, Peter. "A functionalist perspective on social anxiety and avoidant personality disorder." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 4 (2009): 1065–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409990046.

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AbstractA developmental–evolutionary perspective is used to synthesize basic research from the neurosciences, ethology, genetics, and developmental psychology into a unified framework for understanding the nature and origins of social anxiety and avoidant personality disorder. Evidence is presented that social anxiety disorder (social phobia) and avoidant personality disorder may be alternate conceptualizations of the same disorder because they have virtually the same symptoms and genetic basis, and respond to the same pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions. A functionalist perspective on social anxiety is formulated to (a) explain the origins of normative states of anxiety, (b) outline developmental pathways in the transition from normative anxiety to social anxiety and avoidant personality disorders, and (c) account for the processes leading to gender-differentiated patterns of anxiety-related disorders after puberty.
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10

Pirkalani, K. K., and Z. Talaee Rad. "Reciprocal interaction between sexuality and personality: parallel assessment of patients with QSAF- 2009 and MCMI-III." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73256-4.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate mutual interaction between sexuality and personality we tried to study 111 patients with QSAF 2009 and MCMI-III.MethodsHundred and eleven consecutive patients with sexual problems (76) or personality disorders (35) were examined with two tests. Only volunteer personality disorder patients were enrolled to this trial. The results were compared with 325 examinees evaluated with QSAF and 1600 patients evaluated with MCMI-III.ResultsAll patients with sexual problems showed at least two scores higher than 72 in their MCMI-III. This was more prominent in sexual deviations than dysfunctions. Homosexuals had higher scores in schizoid and schizotypal, pedophiles in schizoid and antisocial, voyeurs in schizoid and avoidant, masochists in dependent and self defeating personality scales …. Sexually deviated persons remain clinically latent and show themselves as alien, aloof and eccentric. Almost all deviated persons show high scores in personality disorder scales. On the contrary, only a minority of personality disorder patients show prominent sexual problems in the form of deviation. They predominantly have disturbed sexual self image, show inhibited sexual desire problems (dependent, schizoid and avoidant) personality, dyspareunia and vaginism (avoidant and schizotypal personality), spouse abuse (borderline and antisocial personality) postcoital disorders (borderline, dependent and narcissistic personality) and extramarital relationship in a series of disorders including histrionic personality …. as studied by the QSAF 2009 which evaluates 64 sexual scales.ConclusionEvaluation of personality disordered patients in regard to sexuality and vice versa is essential for better understanding the pathogenesis of each disease and helps in smoother treatments.
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Didenko, A. V., M. M. Aksenov, and O. K. Alenina. "Social Phobia and Avoidant Personality Disorder: Comorbidity and Clinical-Diagnostic Problems (Analytical Review)." Клиническая и специальная психология 9, no. 4 (2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2020090401.

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When assessing social phobia and avoidant personality disorder, a number of researchers consider their comorbidity in the continuum of social anxiety and avoidance within a single mental disorder. Based on the analysis and generalization of research data, it is shown that social phobia and avoidant personality disorder have close clinical and pathogenetic links, but very differentiated depending on the contribution of biological, socio-psychological and environmental factors to the formation of pathology. At the present stage of studying the problem, it is premature to talk about the existence of a single mental disorder or its alternative conceptualization. The directions for further study of comorbid relationships associated with the search for markers of differences between avoidant personality disorder and social phobia in the form of biological, personality, cognitive and behavioral (avoidant behavior) parameters are proposed. The study of these markers in dynamics, as well as in the context of the influence of environmental and sociocultural factors, seems promising. The data obtained in the course of further research will be in demand in therapeutic practice.
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Chioqueta, Andrea P., and Tore C. Stiles. "Assessing Suicide Risk in Cluster C Personality Disorders." Crisis 25, no. 3 (2004): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.3.128.

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Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess suicide risk in psychiatric outpatients with specific cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive). A sample of 142 psychiatric outpatients was used for the study. The sample was composed of 87 outpatients meeting diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder and 53 psychiatric outpatients meeting criteria for an axis I disorder only. The results showed that dependent, but not avoidant or obsessive-compulsive, personality disorders, as well as the clusters A and B personality disorders, were significantly associated with suicide attempts. This association remained significant after controlling for both a lifetime depressive disorder and severity of depression for the cluster A and the cluster B personality disorders, but not for dependent personality disorder. The results underline the importance of assessing suicide risk in patients with cluster A and cluster B personality disorders, while the assessment of suicide risk in patients with cluster C personality disorders seems to be irrelevant as long as assessment of a comorbid depressive disorder is appropriately conducted.
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Meyer, Björn. "Personality and Mood Correlates of Avoidant Personality Disorder." Journal of Personality Disorders 16, no. 2 (2002): 174–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.16.2.174.22546.

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Moroni, Fabio, Michele Procacci, Giovanni Pellecchia, et al. "Mindreading Dysfunction in Avoidant Personality Disorder Compared With Other Personality Disorders." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 204, no. 10 (2016): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000536.

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Park, Emma C., Glenn Waller, and Kenneth Gannon. "Early Improvement in Eating Attitudes during Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Eating Disorders: The Impact of Personality Disorder Cognitions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, no. 2 (2013): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812001117.

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Background: The personality disorders are commonly comorbid with the eating disorders. Personality disorder pathology is often suggested to impair the treatment of axis 1 disorders, including the eating disorders. Aims: This study examined whether personality disorder cognitions reduce the impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for eating disorders, in terms of treatment dropout and change in eating disorder attitudes in the early stages of treatment. Method: Participants were individuals with a diagnosed eating disorder, presenting for individual outpatient CBT. They completed measures of personality disorder cognitions and eating disorder attitudes at sessions one and six of CBT. Drop-out rates prior to session six were recorded. Results: CBT had a relatively rapid onset of action, with a significant reduction in eating disorder attitudes over the first six sessions. Eating disorder attitudes were most strongly associated with cognitions related to anxiety-based personality disorders (avoidant, obsessive-compulsive and dependent). Individuals who dropped out of treatment prematurely had significantly higher levels of dependent personality disorder cognitions than those who remained in treatment. For those who remained in treatment, higher levels of avoidant, histrionic and borderline personality disorder cognitions were associated with a greater change in global eating disorder attitudes. Conclusions: CBT's action and retention of patients might be improved by consideration of such personality disorder cognitions when formulating and treating the eating disorders.
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Taylor, Charles T., Judith M. Laposa, and Lynn E. Alden. "Is Avoidant Personality Disorder More Than Just Social Avoidance?" Journal of Personality Disorders 18, no. 6 (2004): 571–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.6.571.54792.

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Mattick, Richard P., and Conrad R. Newman. "Social phobia and avoidant personality disorder." International Review of Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (1991): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269109110398.

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Deltito, Joseph A., and Madeleine Stam. "Psychopharmacological treatment of avoidant personality disorder." Comprehensive Psychiatry 30, no. 6 (1989): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(89)90079-5.

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Shao, Xu, Chu Wang, Chanchan Shen, Yanli Jia, and Wei Wang. "Nightmare experience and personality disorder functioning styles in healthy volunteers and nightmare disorder patients." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 84, no. 3 (2020): 278–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2020.84.3.278.

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Nightmares are prevalent in psychiatric disorders, and personality disorder features might be associated with nightmare experience, especially in nightmare disorder patients. The authors invited 219 healthy volunteers and 118 nightmare disorder patients to undergo tests of the Nightmare Experience Questionnaire (NEQ), the Parker Personality Measure (PERM), and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory. Compared to healthy volunteers, nightmare disorder patients scored significantly higher on annual nightmare frequency and NEQ Physical Effect, Negative Emotion, Meaning Interpretation, and Horrible Stimulation, and higher on PERM Paranoid, Schizotypal, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Avoidant, and Dependent styles. Borderline, Schizotypal, and Passive-Aggressive styles in healthy volunteers and Dependent, Avoidant, Histrionic, and Paranoid in patients were significant predictors of some NEQ scales. Higher annual nightmare frequency, higher scale scores of nightmare experience and personality disorder styles, and more associations between the two were found in nightmare disorder patients, implying the need for personality-adjustment therapy for nightmare disorder.
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Crawford, Thomas N., W. John Livesley, Kerry L. Jang, Phillip R. Shaver, Patricia Cohen, and Jody Ganiban. "Insecure attachment and personality disorder: a twin study of adults." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 2 (2007): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.602.

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This study used 239 twin pairs from a volunteer community sample to investigate how anxious and avoidant attachment are related to personality disorder (PD). Factor analysis showed that self‐reported anxious attachment and 11 PD scales from the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Problems loaded onto one factor (emotional dysregulation), and avoidant attachment and four PD scales loaded onto a second factor (inhibitedness). Biometric models indicated that 40% of the variance in anxious attachment was heritable, and 63% of its association with corresponding PD dimensions was attributable to common genetic effects. Avoidant attachment was influenced by the shared environment instead of genes. Correlations between avoidance and corresponding PD dimensions were attributable to experiences in the nonshared environment that influenced both variables. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Huprich, Steven K., Mark Zimmerman, and Iwona Chelminski. "Disentangling depressive personality disorder from avoidant, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders." Comprehensive Psychiatry 47, no. 4 (2006): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.09.002.

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KAROLINSKY, Lotem. "MOTHER’S PARENTING STYLE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER AMONG ISRAELI CHILDREN." Social Research Reports 11, no. 2 (2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/srr11.2.1.

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This study examines a mother's parenting style and in particular her neglect of her child as risk factors for the development of avoidant personality disorders among Israeli school children aged 11-12. The findings of this study are based on qualitative, comparative research where two groups, each comprised of five Israeli mothers of children in the same age range and from the same school, were thoroughly interviewed about their parenting style. One group comprised mothers of regular children and the other of children who suffer from avoidant personality disorder. The findings of this research lead to the conclusion that parental neglect constitutes a significant factor contributing to the development of the avoidant personality disorder.
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Tillfors, Maria, Tomas Furmark, Lisa Ekselius, and Mats Fredrikson. "Social phobia and avoidant personality disorder: One spectrum disorder?" Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 58, no. 2 (2004): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039480410005530.

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van Alphen, S. P. J. "Psychotherapy of an older adult with an avoidant personality disorder." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 4 (2010): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210001948.

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ABSTRACTThis case describes the differential diagnosis and treatment of a 70-year-old man with an avoidant personality disorder. It illustrates that diagnostic assessment and treatment of personality problems in the elderly are possible in mental health care. It demonstrates that multiple stand-alone treatment modules can form part of a single course of adaptation-focused treatment of personality disorders. An interpersonal approach forms an important basis for tackling the typical interpersonal difficulties that occur in axis-II disorders.
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van Velzen, Carol J. M., Paul M. G. Emmelkamp, and Agnes Scholing. "Generalized Social Phobia Versus Avoidant Personality Disorder." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 14, no. 4 (2000): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00030-x.

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Leichsenring, F., and E. Leibing. "Cognitive–behavioural therapy for avoidant personality disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 1 (2007): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.190.1.80.

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Eikenæs, Ingeborg, Tore Gude, and Asle Hoffart. "Integrated wilderness therapy for avoidant personality disorder." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 60, no. 4 (2006): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039480600790093.

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Rees, Clare S., and Rhian Pritchard. "Brief cognitive therapy for avoidant personality disorder." Psychotherapy 52, no. 1 (2015): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035158.

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Gosnell, Savannah N., Katharine E. Crooks, Meghan Robinson, et al. "Subcortical brain morphometry of avoidant personality disorder." Journal of Affective Disorders 274 (September 2020): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.127.

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HONG, JIN PYO, JACK SAMUELS, O. JOSEPH BIENVENU, et al. "The longitudinal relationship between personality disorder dimensions and global functioning in a community-residing population." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 6 (2004): 891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704003174.

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Background. Little is known about the long-term outcome of personality disorder traits. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a community-residing population, the longitudinal relationship between psychiatrist-assessed personality disorder scores and global functioning 13–18 years later.Method. A stratified random sample of residents of east Baltimore were examined by psychiatrists in 1981 and asssessed for DSM-III personality disorders using a semi-structured instrument, the Standardized Psychiatric Examination. A total of 292 persons were re-examined by different psychiatrists during 1994–1999 using the Schedules for the Assessment of Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). After completion of the SCAN, the subjects' functional status was evaluated using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). The relationships between personality dimensions and follow-up GAF scores were evaluated using linear regression models.Results. All of the personality disorder scales measured in 1981 were inversely related to functioning 13–18 years later, with the exception of narcissistic and compulsive scales. After controlling for Axis I disorders diagnosed contemporaneously with GAF assessment, schizoid, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and avoidant personality disorder scores significantly predicted GAF scores.Conclusions. Most dimensions of DSM-III personality disorder traits were significantly associated with global functioning after an interval of 15 years. However, only schizoid, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and avoidant personality disorder traits had long-term effects on functioning when Axis I disorders at follow-up were controlled. This suggests that the functional effect of the other personality disorder traits may be mediated through their relationship with Axis I disorders. Future research is needed using more specific and sensitive outcome measures.
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Overholser, James C. "Differentiation between Schizoid and Avoidant Personalities: An Empirical Test*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 8 (1989): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400808.

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A number of authors have questioned the rationale for subdividing the DSM-II schizoid diagnosis into three separate personality disorders in DSM-III, the schizoid, avoidant, and schizotypal. The present study was designed to explore differences between psychiatric patients with schizoid and avoidant personalities as compared to psychiatric controls with no personality disorder. Differences were examined on demographic data, self-report measures, and clinical information. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed a significant overall effect for groups across MMPI subscales. However, subsequent univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVA's) revealed that almost all differences were between the two personality disorder groups as compared to the psychiatric controls. Contrary to expectations, schizoid and avoidant personalities were found to display equivalent levels of anxiety, depression, and psychotic tendencies as compared to psychiatric control patients. No meaningful distinctions were found between the avoidant and the schizoid personalities. Results are discussed in terms of problems with the assessment methods and the diagnostic criteria.
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Welander-Vatn, Audun, Fartein Ask Torvik, Nikolai Czajkowski, et al. "Relationships Among Avoidant Personality Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Normative Personality Traits: A Twin Study." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 3 (2019): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_341.

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Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) share risk factors to a substantial degree, and both are characterized by the experience of anxiety in social situations. The authors investigated whether these disorders are differentially related to the Big Five personality traits. They also examined the underlying genetic and environmental influences on these associations. A population-based sample of 1,761 female twins was interviewed at baseline, and 1,471 of these were re-interviewed 10 years later. Associations between AvPD, SAD, and personality traits were investigated with multivariate biometric analyses. The authors found that AvPD and SAD are differentially related to several personality traits at the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental level. The genetic and environmental liability to AvPD could be fully accounted for by the genetic and environmental factors influencing SAD and personality. The findings may increase current etiological understanding of these disorders and inform future classification and treatment efforts.
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Rettew, David C. "Avoidant Personality Disorder, Generalized Social Phobia, and Shyness: Putting the Personality Back into Personality Disorders." Harvard Review of Psychiatry 8, no. 6 (2000): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/hrp.8.6.283.

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Rettew, D. C. "Avoidant Personality Disorder, Generalized Social Phobia, and Shyness: Putting the Personality Back into Personality Disorders." Harvard Review of Psychiatry 8, no. 6 (2000): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrp/8.6.283.

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Ellason, Joan W., Colin A. Ross, and Dayna L. Fuchs. "Assessment of Dissociative Identity Disorder with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II." Psychological Reports 76, no. 3 (1995): 895–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3.895.

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96 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder were administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II. The most elevated personality disorder scales were Avoidant, Self-defeating, Borderline, and Passive-Aggressive personality disorders. Elevated Axis I scales included Dysthymia, Major Depression, Thought Disorder, and Anxiety Disorder. Millon–II profiles of a patient before and after integration showed normalization of a previously pathological profile.
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Bennett, Alice, and Darren Johnson. "Co-morbidity of personality disorder and clinical syndrome in high-risk incarcerated offenders." Journal of Forensic Practice 19, no. 3 (2017): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-05-2016-0026.

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Purpose In light of the clinical importance of understanding co-morbidity within offender populations, the purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence and comorbidities of clinical disorder (Axis I) and personality disorder (Axis II) within a sample of high risk, male offenders located in a high secure, prison-based personality disorder treatment service. Design/methodology/approach The study utilised clinical assessment data for both Axis I diagnoses (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV) and Axis II diagnoses (International Personality Disorder Examination) of 115 personality disordered offenders who met the criteria for the treatment service between 2004 and 2015. Findings Co-morbidity between Axis I and Axis II diagnoses was high, with 81 per cent of the sample having co-morbid personality disorder and clinical disorder diagnosis. The most prevalent Axis I disorder was substance misuse, and Axis II was antisocial, borderline, and paranoid personality disorder. Following χ2 analysis, Cluster A personality disorder demonstrated co-morbidity with both mood disorder and schizophrenia/other psychotic disorder. Paranoid, schizoid, narcissistic, and avoidant personality disorder demonstrated a level of co-morbidity with Axis I disorders. There was no association found between the clinical disorders of substance use and anxiety with any personality disorder within this sample. Practical implications In part these results suggest that certain Axis II disorders may increase the risk of lifetime Axis I disorders. Originality/value The findings of no co-morbidity between the clinical disorders of substance use and anxiety with any personality disorder within sample are inconsistent to previous findings.
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Oliva, F., S. Bramante, A. Portigliatti Pomeri, et al. "Personality Traits and Disorders Among Adult ADHD Patients: Is Borderline Personality Disorder as Common as we Expect?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.060.

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IntroductionPatients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have shown a high risk to develop a DSM cluster B (i.e., Borderline, OR = 13.16; Antisocial, OR = 3.03; Narcissistic, OR = 8.69) and DSM Avoidant personality disorder (OR = 9.77). Similarly, higher rates of DSM cluster B personality disorder were found among adult ADHD patients (6-25%) than general population. Although some authors investigated the prevalence of personality traits and disorders among adult ADHD patients, no studies have been yet reported about the assessment of Millon's Evolution-Based Personality profiles in adult ADHD patients.AimsTo explore the prevalence of personality traits and disorders among adult ADHD patients.MethodsMillon's personality traits and disorders were assessed in a consecutive sample of 35 adult ADHD outpatients accessing the Service for Adult ADHD of the AOU San Luigi Gonzaga (Orbassano, TO) using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI-III).ResultsAccording to the MCMI-III manual, ADHD patients in our sample showed more frequently both Cluster C and Cluster A traits and disorders, with a high prevalence of avoidant/depressive (8.6%/14.3%) and negativistic/self-defeating (20%/5.7%) personality disorders. Conversely, we found a low prevalence of Narcissistic (5.7%) and Histrionic (5.7%) traits, and no patient showed Borderline personality traits or disorder.ConclusionsUnexpectedly, the dimensional assessment of adult ADHD personality reveals a high prevalence of cluster C and cluster A personality traits and disorders, and a low prevalence of cluster B personality disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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FAVA, M., A. H. FARABAUGH, A. H. SICKINGER, et al. "Personality disorders and depression." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 6 (2002): 1049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005780.

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Background. Personality disorders (PDs) were assessed among depressed out-patients by clinical interview before and after antidepressant treatment with fluoxetine to assess the degree of stability of PD diagnoses and determine whether changes in PD diagnoses across treatment are related to the degree of improvement in depressive symptoms.Method. Three hundred and eighty-four out-patients (55% women; mean age = 39.9±10.5) with major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosed with the SCID-P were enrolled into an 8 week trial of open treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day. The SCID-II was administered to diagnose PDs at baseline and endpoint.Results. A significant proportion (64%) of our depressed out-patients met criteria for at least one co-morbid personality disorder. Following 8 weeks of fluoxetine treatment, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of patients meeting criteria for avoidant, dependent, passive-aggressive, paranoid and narcissistic PDs. From baseline to endpoint, there was also a significant reduction in the mean number of criteria met for paranoid, schizotypal, narcissistic, borderline, avoidant, dependent, obsessive–compulsive, passive aggressive and self-defeating personality disorders. While changes in cluster diagnoses were not significantly related to improvement in depressive symptoms, there were significant relationships between degree of reduction in depressive symptoms (percentage change in HAM-D-17 scores) and degree of change in the number of criteria met for paranoid, narcissistic, borderline and dependent personality disorders.Conclusions. Personality disorder diagnoses were found to be common among untreated out-patients with major depressive disorder. A significant proportion of these patients no longer met criteria for personality disorders following antidepressant treatment, and changes in personality disorder traits were significantly related to degree of improvement in depressive symptoms in some but not all personality disorders. These findings suggest that the lack of stability of PD diagnoses among patients with current MDD may be attributable in part to a direct effect of antidepressant treatment on behaviours and attitudes that comprise PDs.
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39

Hofmann, Stefan G. "Treating Avoidant Personality Disorder: The Case of Paul." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 21, no. 4 (2007): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088983907782638770.

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Individuals with social phobia (social anxiety disorder) and avoidant personality disorder typically hold a distorted and negative view of themselves as a social object. The case of Paul, an extreme case of social phobia with avoidant personality disorder, illustrates the complex interrelatedness between the perception of social norms, interpersonal relationships, and the self. Considering these variables in treatment can translate into powerful intervention strategies. Paul’s therapy combined basic behavioral principles and novel cognitive intervention strategies to specifically modify his distorted sense of self as a social object. This intervention led to a dramatic improvement, which was maintained at a 1-year follow-up assessment.
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40

Nordahl, Hans M., and Tore C. Stiles. "THE SPECIFICITY OF COGNITIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS IN CLUSTER C PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 3 (2000): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800003040.

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The aim of the study was to examine whether there are specific cognitive personality traits that are related to specific cluster C personality disorders as suggested by Beck's cognitive model. The study included 135 psychiatric outpatients and 41 healthy controls. The subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-III-R axis I and axis II. The cognitive dimensions of sociotropy, autonomy and dysfunctional attitudes were assessed. The results indicated some cognitive specificity, especially when the effects of a lifetime depressive disorder were statistically controlled for. Dependent personality disorder was significantly associated with higher scores on all sociotropic subscales and dysfunctional attitudes. Avoidant personality disorder was significantly associated with the sociotropic subscales “concern about disapproval” and “pleasing others” as well as dysfunctional attitudes, while obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was associated with only higher scores on the sociotropic subscale “concern about disapproval”.
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41

Renneberg, Babette, Alan J. Goldstein, Debora Phillips, and Dianne L. Chambless. "Intensive behavioral group treatment of avoidant personality disorder." Behavior Therapy 21, no. 3 (1990): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80337-5.

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42

Lampe, Lisa. "Avoidant personality disorder as a social anxiety phenotype." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 29, no. 1 (2016): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000211.

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43

Alden, Lynn. "Short-term structured treatment for avoidant personality disorder." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57, no. 6 (1989): 756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.57.6.756.

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44

Alden, Lynn E., Judith M. Laposa, Charles T. Taylor, and Andrew G. Ryder. "Avoidant Personality Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions." Journal of Personality Disorders 16, no. 1 (2002): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.16.1.1.22558.

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45

Gordon-King, Keely, Robert D. Schweitzer, and Giancarlo Dimaggio. "Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for Personality Disorders: The Case of a Man with Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder and Avoidant Personality Disorder." Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 49, no. 1 (2018): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10879-018-9404-0.

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46

Dignam, Paul. "Definitions and Defining Responsibility." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, no. 3 (1992): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072083.

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In the older nosologies under which I first studied psychiatry the terms “character neurosis” and “symptom neurosis” served to highlight the possibility of interaction or continuity between personality and illness. DSM-111 sought to clarify the relationship by establishing separate axes. This stratified model has real value in conceptualising diagnosis and organizing treatment, but reifies a distinction that is far from proven, and seems even to be fading as time passes: witness the various studies linking social phobia and avoidant PD, affective disorders and borderline PD, obsessive-compulsive disorder and personalty, and of course schizotypal PD and schizophrenia, to name a few. This is hardly surprising considering the complex and overlapping origins of both personality and disorder.
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47

Eikenaes, Ingeborg, Benjamin Hummelen, Gun Abrahamsen, Helene Andrea, and Theresa Wilberg. "Personality Functioning in Patients With Avoidant Personality Disorder and Social Phobia." Journal of Personality Disorders 27, no. 6 (2013): 746–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2013_27_109.

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48

Gökalp, P. G., R. Tükel, D. Solmaz, et al. "Clinical features and co-morbidity of social phobics in Turkey." European Psychiatry 16, no. 2 (2001): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00549-1.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical features and frequency and importance of related co-morbid disorders of social phobia in a clinical sample. Eighty-seven patients meeting DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for social phobia were studied. All patients were assessed by using a semi-structured socio-demographic form, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Sixty-eight (78.2%) of the group were male, 19 (21.8%) were female. The ages varied between 16–58 years, with a mean of 26.2 years (SD = 8.5). Fifty-one point seven percent of the subjects were assessed as having a co-morbid axis I disorder, of which 12.6% consisted of panic disorder and 10.3% agoraphobia. An additional axis II disorder had been found in 67.8% of the subjects, and 54.0% of them had been diagnosed as having avoidant personality disorder. The frequency of co-morbid disorders in our social phobic sample is lower than most of the studies in the literature. The interface between social phobia and avoidant personality disorder needs to be studied and discussed further.
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Sinha, Birendra K., and David C. Watson. "Hostility and Personality Disorder." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 25, no. 1 (2005): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bvqv-t26m-2wq3-fdf5.

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The role of hostility in personality disorder (Pd) traits was explored using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to ascertain the relative contributions of the eight hostility scales. The criterion variables were the personality disorder scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. The participants were 158 first year male and female university students. The results show that Resentment (covert hostility) explains large proportions of variances in borderline, avoidant, schizotypal, passive-aggressive, obsessive-compulsive, and schizoid disorder traits. Verbal hostility (overt hostility) is associated with antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic Pd traits. Suspiciousness contributes relatively large variances in paranoid disorder traits, whereas guilt is the dominant aspect of dependent Pd traits. The results are explained with reference to the agreeableness versus antagonism facets of the Five-Factor model of personality and Beck's schema construct.
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Frandsen, Frederik Weischer, Sebastian Simonsen, Stig Poulsen, Per Sørensen, and Marianne Engelbrecht Lau. "Social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder from an interpersonal perspective." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 93, no. 1 (2019): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papt.12214.

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