Academic literature on the topic 'Awadhi'

Kiswahili language has undergone a lot of changes in the last decades especially at the lexical level. Many lexical items have been coined, adapted, borrowed or modified to express concepts that were hitherto unknown or non existent in the Swahili world view cosmology. One area that has witnessed a lot of these changes has been the area of sciences, or better put science has been a prime causer of many neologisms in this language. This eventuality has gone a long way to disprove the naive assumptions that the language has not come of age to express scientific concepts.

In the Heretaunga Plains area, New Zealand, parts of the low lying land adjacent to the Awanui Stream are flooded annually. The purpose of the study was to find out if the flooding water trapped in the field gets sealed off from infiltrating the soils in any way (and hence is unavailable to replenish the stream flow). What would be the effects on stream base flow if pumping of the flooding water would occur direct to the stream after wet periods and heavy rains? The method of this project was to investigate the infiltration, soil type and ground water conditions in the field. The infiltration was investigated with the help of a double ring infiltration test, a disc permeameter that measures hydraulic conductivity, and pvc-pipes with core samples were saturated for an extended period of time to find out if there was any kind of seal forming during saturated conditions. The soil in field was sampled and a soil fraction test was performed. The potential evaporation was measured with an evaporation pan and calculated with data from a climate station in field. With flow records from the outgoing drain, potential evaporation and precipitation data a rough water balance model could be created. The results showed that there is no seal formed in the top part of the soil profile preventing the water from infiltrating. The flooding water is the result of a rising groundwater table, on top of a thick clay layer seven meters down in the ground. Once the flooding water has drained and evaporated away there is nothing wrong with the infiltration rate in field. There are very fine particles of silt and clay in the top soil that decreases the infiltration rate and can cause a separation of the ground water and the water above land surface. When the project was finished two recommendations could be given to the landowner to solve the problem with the flooding. The recommendations were to either re-level the field to get the surface water to runoff towards the drains instead of being trapped in the current low parts of the field. Or to dig drains from Horonui Drain and Cambell Drain into the field's low parts and in that way drain the flooding water away.<br>I området Heretaunga Plain, Nya Zeeland, översvämmas årligen delar av det låglänta området kring floden Awanui Stream. Syftet med den här studien var att ta reda på om översvämningsvattnet i fält hindras från infiltration i jorden på något sätt (och kan där med inte bidra till basflödet till floden). Vad skulle effekterna på basflödet i floden bli om översvämningsvattnet pumpades direkt ut i floden efter våtare perioder och större regn? Metoden för att svara på detta var att undersöka infiltrationen, jordtyperna och grundvattenförhållandena i fält. Infiltrationen undersöktes med hjälp av dubbelring infiltrationstest, en s.k. disc permeameter användes för att undersöka den hydrauliska konduktiviteten och PVC-rör med borrkärnor ställdes under vattenmättadeförhållanden en längre tid för att ta reda på om infiltrationen då skulle förändras. Jorden i fält provtogs och ett kornstorlekstest utfördes. Den potentiella avdunstningen mättes med en evaporationspanna och beräknades med data från en klimatstation i fält. Med flödesdata från diket med utgående vatten, potentiell avdunstning och nederbördsdata kunde en grov uppskattning av vattenbalansen i fält göras. Resultaten visade att det inte bildas någon hinna som hindrar infiltrationen av vatten i den övre delen av jordprofilen. Översvämningen är ett resultat av en stigande grundvattenyta, som stiger från ett tjockt lager av lera 7 meter ner i marken. När vattnet har dräneras och avdunstat bort är det ingenting som hindrar infiltrationen i fält. Det är dock väldigt fina partiklar av silt och lera i den översta torvjorden som minskar infiltrationshastigheten och kan orsaka en separation av grundvatten över och under markytan. När projektet var avslutat kunde två rekommendationer ges till landägaren om hur man kan lösa problemet med översvämningen. Rekommendationerna var att antingen skulle landägaren kunna göra om marknivån i fält för att få ytvattnet att rinna av mot dikena istället för att vara fast i de lägre partierna av fältet. Eller att gräva diken in i fältet från Horonui Drain och Cambell Drain in till de lägre översvämmade områdena i fält för att dränera bort översvämningsvattnet.

When walking through the streets of Dakar, hip-hop makes its way through the radios of the city. Hip-hop has been a prominent and influential music genre and culture in Senegal since the 1980s. Hip-hop music has been used by Senegalese to cover the social, economic and political life of the country, and to promote political activism among the youth. Rapping was not born in a vacuum in Senegal but subtly continues the long-standing tradition of storytelling through spoken words and music, griotism. Moving away from hip-hop stereotypes, defined by critics as violent, racist, homophobic, sexist, materialistic, misogynistic and vulgar, my case study focuses on critical and conscious Senegalese hip-hop, which embraces hip-hop social and educational movements utilized to voice societal injustice and challenge the status quo. Senegalese hip-hop is a platform for political activists to denounce institutional racism, Western domination, poverty, and national corruption, with the hope of contributing to a better and just society that recognizes and legitimizes knowledges and voices of formerly colonized Africans. Didier Awadi is one of the most talented, conscientious, influential and revolutionary hip-hop artists and political activists of the continent. His motivation stands in the Burkinabé revolutionary Thomas Sankara, who became an icon for his statement: “dare to invent the future,” the motto for Didier Awadi’s record company Studio Sankara. In 2010, after five years of research, Didier Awadi released his ambitious multidisciplinary project Présidents d’Afrique to recount Africa’s political history and honor the founding fathers of Pan-Africanism, influential thinkers and scholars from Africa and the Diaspora. His timeless album Présidents d’Afrique uses hip-hop as a form of decolonization and public pedagogy that renders the contributions of Pan-African leaders visible to Africa and the world, contributions that have been continuously omitted, ignored, and vilified by mainstream History.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Educational Studies (EDST), Department of<br>Graduate

Die Beziehungen zwischen der Reproduktionsleistung und der Körperkondition wurde in zwei Experimenten mit Awassi Schafen im Libanon untersucht. Im ersten Experiment wurden 72 Schafe in drei Altersklassen (Zutreter, primipare und multipare Mutterschafe), in zwei Körpergewichtsklassen (leichte, schwere) eingeteilt und jeweils zwei Fütterungsgruppen (ohne und mit Zufüterung) zugeordnet. Primipare und multipare Mutterschafe der Zufütterungsgruppe wiesen höhere Körperkondition, gemessen als BCS (p<br>The relationship between reproductive performances and body condition has been studied in 2 experiments using Awassi sheep in Lebanon. In the first exp., 72 experimental animals were grouped according to age (ewe lamb A, primiparous P, multiparous M), to body weight into small weight (SW) and large weight (LW), and kept under two management systems: traditional and improved (barley supplement). Primiparous and multiparous ewes showed a higher BCS (p

Middle Awash basin, located in the complex volcanic centre of the Ethiopian Rift valley, is one of the drought prone areas marked by considerable water supply problems. Due to lack of surface waters, groundwater remains the sole resource supplying water for domestic and livestock. However, its effective use has been hampered due to the complex aquifer system of this basin. In this study, multidisciplinary method has been applied to characterize the hydrogeological system of this complex volcanic basin. The combined results from datasets show two distinct aquifer systems linked to geology and physiographic location. The Ca-alkaline rocks like basalt, ignimbrite, and trachybasalt form aquifers in the mountain regions whereas the Na-alkalne rocks which include scoria, pumice, tuff, and volcanoclastics are main aquifers in rift floor. Ground waters circulating in the highland areas are slightly mineralized and are Ca-Na-HCO3 type. On the other hand, ground waters in the rift floor are Na-HCO3-Cl types and are highly mineralized as well as contain high load of fluoride much higher than the permitted standard. Rivers hydrograph, hydrochemistry, environmental isotope, and 2D tomography are in good agreement showing fast percolation of rainfall and strong interaction between surface waters and ground waters. Result from numerical groundwater flow modeling further indicates the strong interaction between groundwater and surface waters in the form of losing and gaining<br>Le bassin central d'Awash, situé dans le centre volcanique complexe de la Vallée du Rift éthiopien, est un des secteurs les plus touchés par la sécheresse et par des problèmes considérables d'approvisionnement en eau. En raison du manque d'eau de surface, l'eau souterraine reste la ressource unique fournissant l'eau potable. Cependant, l'exploitation effective de l'eau souterraine s'est heurtée à la méconnaissance du système hydrogéologique complexe de ce bassin. Dans cette étude, une approche pluridisciplinaire a été mise en oeuvre pour caractériser l'hydrogéologie de ce bassin volcanique complexe. Les résultats couplés de l'ensemble des données montrent deux systèmes aquifères distincts liés à la géologie et à la localisation physiographique. Les roches Ca-alcalines comme le basalte, l'ignimbrite et le trachybasalte forment des aquifères dans les régions de montagne tandis que les roches Na-alcalines qui incluent les scories, la pierre ponce, les tufs et les volcanoclastiques constituent les principaux aquifères au niveau du plancher du rift. Les eaux souterraines circulant dans les secteurs montagneux sont légèrement minéralisées et sont de type Ca-Na-HCO3. Par contre, les eaux souterraines du plancher du rift sont de type Na-HCO3-Cl, sont fortement minéralisées et contiennent une charge en fluorure beaucoup plus élevée que les normes permises. Les résultats de diverses approches (hydrogrammes des fleuves, hydrochimie, isotopes environnementaux et tomographie 2D) sont concordants et montrent une percolation rapide des eaux de pluie et une forte interaction entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines. Les résultats de modélisation numérique confirment la forte interaction eau souterraine - eaux de surface

Une approche utilisant plusieurs méthodes convergentes a été mise en oeuvre pour étudier le cadre hydrogéologique du système aquifère volcanique fracturé et complexe du bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash situé sur le bord du Rift éthiopien. L'écoulement des eaux souterraines et les mécanismes de recharge des différents aquifères ont été étudiés à l'aide de méthodes conventionnelles de terrain, de l'hydrochimie, de l'hydrologie isotopique et de la modélisation numérique des flux souterrains. Des relations lithohydrostratigraphiques ont été établies à partir des logs lithologiques de forages exploratoires profonds. Les résultats montrent un modèle d'écoulement et des caractéristiques hydrauliques des différents aquifères volcaniques très complexes. La corrélation litho-hydrostratigraphique indique que l'aquifère basaltique inférieur, constitué de scories poreuses et perméables, est continu tout le long depuis le Nil Bleu jusqu'à la zone étudiée. L'analyse de la variation temporelle et spatiale des échantillons d’eau provenant d'endroits différents a révélé des interactions nettes entre l'eau souterraine et l'eau superficielle. De nouvelles évidences des transferts d'eau inter-bassins sont apparues. Deux aquifères basaltiques régionaux (l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur) ont été identifiés, montrant des signatures hydrochimiques et isotopiques bien distinctes. Dans la partie sud de la zone étudiée, l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur forment un système aquifère régional non confiné. Dans les parties nord et centrale du bassin au contraire, il apparaît que les deux systèmes sont séparés par un aquiclude régional, donnant lieu par endroits à des puits artésiens. Les eaux souterrainex provenant des puits d'exploration profonds (plus de 250 m) pénétrant l'aquifère basaltique inférieur et des puits situés au sud se sont révélées modérément mineralisées (TDS 400-650 mg/l), avec une composition isotopique stable, relativement moins enrichie et avec presque pas de tritium. Par contre, l'aquifère supérieur superficiel a une concentration ionique moins importante, davantage enrichie isotopiquement. Les résultats des différentes méthodes montrent clairement qu'il existe un transfert d'eau souterraine du nord du bassin adjacent du Nil Bleu vers le bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash. Les résultats convergent également pour attester de l'origine commune de la recharge et de la continuité hydraulique de l'aquifère basaltique inférieur exploité par des forages. Ceci peut avoir des implications pratiques capitales car l'existence d'importantes ressources d'eau souterraine en profondeur peut résoudre les problèmes d'approvisionnement de nombreuses villes, y compris la capitale, Addis Ababa. Ces résultats pourront aussi contribuer à mettre à jour d'autres aquifères régionaux le long des limites du rift dans des zones ayant une structure hydrogéologique similaire à celle du bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash<br>Integrated approach has been used to investigate the hydrogeological framework of a complex fractured volcanic aquifer system in the Upper Awash river basin located at the western shoulder of the Ethiopian rift. The groundwater flow system and mechanism of recharge of different aquifers have been studied using conventional hydrogeological field investigations, hydrochemistry, isotope hydrology and numerical groundwater flow modeling techniques. Litho-hydrostratigraphic relationships were constructed from lithologic logs obtained from exploratory drilling of deep boreholes. The result indicates quite complex flow pattern and hydraulic characteristics of the different volcanic aquifers. The litho-hydrostratigraphic correlation indicates that the permeable and porous scoraceous lower basaltic aquifer is extended laterally all the way from the Blue Nile Plateau to the study area. . The analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of water samples from different places revealed clear undwater-surface water interactions. New evidences have also emerged on the inter-basin groundwater transfer. Two distinct regional basaltic aquifers (Upper and lower) are identified showing distinct hydrochemical and isotopic signatures. In the southern part of the study area the upper and lower aquifers form one unconfined regional aquifer system. In the northern and central part of the basin, it appears that the two systems are separated by regional aquiclude forming confined aquifers, in places with artesian wells. The groundwater from the deep exploratory wells (&gt;250m) tapping the lower basaltic aquifer and wells located in the south were found to be moderately mineralized (TDS: 400-600 mg/l), with relatively depleted stable isotope composition and with almost zero tritium. In contrast, the upper shallow aquifer has lesser ionic concentration, more isotopically enriched. Evidences from the different methods clearly indicate inter-basin groundwater transfer from the Blue Nile basin to the Upper Awash basin. The evidences also converge to testify common origin of recharge, presence of hydraulic connectivity for systems tapping the lower basaltic aquifer. This has enormous practical implication in finding large groundwater reserve at a greater depth that can solve the current water supply problems of the community including the capital Addis Ababa. It will also have important role in finding more regional aquifers along the plateau-rift margins in many areas having similar hydrogeological setup as the study area