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Yitbarek, Baye Andarge. "Hydrogeological and hydrochemical framework of complex volcanic system in the Upper Awash River basin, Central Ethiopia : with special emphasis on inter-basins groundwater transfer between Blue Nile and Awash rivers." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Yitbarek-Baye-Andarge/2009-Yitbarek-Baye-Andarge-These.pdf.
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Une approche utilisant plusieurs méthodes convergentes a été mise en oeuvre pour étudier le cadre hydrogéologique du système aquifère volcanique fracturé et complexe du bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash situé sur le bord du Rift éthiopien. L'écoulement des eaux souterraines et les mécanismes de recharge des différents aquifères ont été étudiés à l'aide de méthodes conventionnelles de terrain, de l'hydrochimie, de l'hydrologie isotopique et de la modélisation numérique des flux souterrains. Des relations lithohydrostratigraphiques ont été établies à partir des logs lithologiques de forages exploratoires profonds. Les résultats montrent un modèle d'écoulement et des caractéristiques hydrauliques des différents aquifères volcaniques très complexes. La corrélation litho-hydrostratigraphique indique que l'aquifère basaltique inférieur, constitué de scories poreuses et perméables, est continu tout le long depuis le Nil Bleu jusqu'à la zone étudiée. L'analyse de la variation temporelle et spatiale des échantillons d’eau provenant d'endroits différents a révélé des interactions nettes entre l'eau souterraine et l'eau superficielle. De nouvelles évidences des transferts d'eau inter-bassins sont apparues. Deux aquifères basaltiques régionaux (l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur) ont été identifiés, montrant des signatures hydrochimiques et isotopiques bien distinctes. Dans la partie sud de la zone étudiée, l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur forment un système aquifère régional non confiné. Dans les parties nord et centrale du bassin au contraire, il apparaît que les deux systèmes sont séparés par un aquiclude régional, donnant lieu par endroits à des puits artésiens. Les eaux souterrainex provenant des puits d'exploration profonds (plus de 250 m) pénétrant l'aquifère basaltique inférieur et des puits situés au sud se sont révélées modérément mineralisées (TDS 400-650 mg/l), avec une composition isotopique stable, relativement moins enrichie et avec presque pas de tritium. Par contre, l'aquifère supérieur superficiel a une concentration ionique moins importante, davantage enrichie isotopiquement. Les résultats des différentes méthodes montrent clairement qu'il existe un transfert d'eau souterraine du nord du bassin adjacent du Nil Bleu vers le bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash. Les résultats convergent également pour attester de l'origine commune de la recharge et de la continuité hydraulique de l'aquifère basaltique inférieur exploité par des forages. Ceci peut avoir des implications pratiques capitales car l'existence d'importantes ressources d'eau souterraine en profondeur peut résoudre les problèmes d'approvisionnement de nombreuses villes, y compris la capitale, Addis Ababa. Ces résultats pourront aussi contribuer à mettre à jour d'autres aquifères régionaux le long des limites du rift dans des zones ayant une structure hydrogéologique similaire à celle du bassin supérieur du fleuve AwashIntegrated approach has been used to investigate the hydrogeological framework of a complex fractured volcanic aquifer system in the Upper Awash river basin located at the western shoulder of the Ethiopian rift. The groundwater flow system and mechanism of recharge of different aquifers have been studied using conventional hydrogeological field investigations, hydrochemistry, isotope hydrology and numerical groundwater flow modeling techniques. Litho-hydrostratigraphic relationships were constructed from lithologic logs obtained from exploratory drilling of deep boreholes. The result indicates quite complex flow pattern and hydraulic characteristics of the different volcanic aquifers. The litho-hydrostratigraphic correlation indicates that the permeable and porous scoraceous lower basaltic aquifer is extended laterally all the way from the Blue Nile Plateau to the study area. . The analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of water samples from different places revealed clear undwater-surface water interactions. New evidences have also emerged on the inter-basin groundwater transfer. Two distinct regional basaltic aquifers (Upper and lower) are identified showing distinct hydrochemical and isotopic signatures. In the southern part of the study area the upper and lower aquifers form one unconfined regional aquifer system. In the northern and central part of the basin, it appears that the two systems are separated by regional aquiclude forming confined aquifers, in places with artesian wells. The groundwater from the deep exploratory wells (>250m) tapping the lower basaltic aquifer and wells located in the south were found to be moderately mineralized (TDS: 400-600 mg/l), with relatively depleted stable isotope composition and with almost zero tritium. In contrast, the upper shallow aquifer has lesser ionic concentration, more isotopically enriched. Evidences from the different methods clearly indicate inter-basin groundwater transfer from the Blue Nile basin to the Upper Awash basin. The evidences also converge to testify common origin of recharge, presence of hydraulic connectivity for systems tapping the lower basaltic aquifer. This has enormous practical implication in finding large groundwater reserve at a greater depth that can solve the current water supply problems of the community including the capital Addis Ababa. It will also have important role in finding more regional aquifers along the plateau-rift margins in many areas having similar hydrogeological setup as the study area
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Konchi, Wakgari Furi. "Hydrogeology of complex volcanic systems in continental rifted zone : integrated geochimical, geophysical and hydrodynamic approach : Middle Awash basin, Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Konchi-Wakgari-Furi/2010-Konchi-Wakgari-Furi-These.pdf.
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Middle Awash basin, located in the complex volcanic centre of the Ethiopian Rift valley, is one of the drought prone areas marked by considerable water supply problems. Due to lack of surface waters, groundwater remains the sole resource supplying water for domestic and livestock. However, its effective use has been hampered due to the complex aquifer system of this basin. In this study, multidisciplinary method has been applied to characterize the hydrogeological system of this complex volcanic basin. The combined results from datasets show two distinct aquifer systems linked to geology and physiographic location. The Ca-alkaline rocks like basalt, ignimbrite, and trachybasalt form aquifers in the mountain regions whereas the Na-alkalne rocks which include scoria, pumice, tuff, and volcanoclastics are main aquifers in rift floor. Ground waters circulating in the highland areas are slightly mineralized and are Ca-Na-HCO3 type. On the other hand, ground waters in the rift floor are Na-HCO3-Cl types and are highly mineralized as well as contain high load of fluoride much higher than the permitted standard. Rivers hydrograph, hydrochemistry, environmental isotope, and 2D tomography are in good agreement showing fast percolation of rainfall and strong interaction between surface waters and ground waters. Result from numerical groundwater flow modeling further indicates the strong interaction between groundwater and surface waters in the form of losing and gainingLe bassin central d'Awash, situé dans le centre volcanique complexe de la Vallée du Rift éthiopien, est un des secteurs les plus touchés par la sécheresse et par des problèmes considérables d'approvisionnement en eau. En raison du manque d'eau de surface, l'eau souterraine reste la ressource unique fournissant l'eau potable. Cependant, l'exploitation effective de l'eau souterraine s'est heurtée à la méconnaissance du système hydrogéologique complexe de ce bassin. Dans cette étude, une approche pluridisciplinaire a été mise en oeuvre pour caractériser l'hydrogéologie de ce bassin volcanique complexe. Les résultats couplés de l'ensemble des données montrent deux systèmes aquifères distincts liés à la géologie et à la localisation physiographique. Les roches Ca-alcalines comme le basalte, l'ignimbrite et le trachybasalte forment des aquifères dans les régions de montagne tandis que les roches Na-alcalines qui incluent les scories, la pierre ponce, les tufs et les volcanoclastiques constituent les principaux aquifères au niveau du plancher du rift. Les eaux souterraines circulant dans les secteurs montagneux sont légèrement minéralisées et sont de type Ca-Na-HCO3. Par contre, les eaux souterraines du plancher du rift sont de type Na-HCO3-Cl, sont fortement minéralisées et contiennent une charge en fluorure beaucoup plus élevée que les normes permises. Les résultats de diverses approches (hydrogrammes des fleuves, hydrochimie, isotopes environnementaux et tomographie 2D) sont concordants et montrent une percolation rapide des eaux de pluie et une forte interaction entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines. Les résultats de modélisation numérique confirment la forte interaction eau souterraine - eaux de surface
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Nicol, Alan Leslie. "Contested margins : water resources, decentralisation and the state in the Awash valley, Ethiopia, 1985-1998." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271353.
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Edossa, D. C., and M. S. Babel. "Development of streamflow forecasting model using artificial neural network in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 10 , Issue 1: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/332.
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Published ArticleEarly indication of possible drought can help in developing suitable drought mitigation strategies and measures in advance. Therefore, drought forecasting plays an important role in the planning and management of water resource in such circumstances. In this study, a non-linear streamflow forecasting model was developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling technique at the Melka Sedi stream gauging station, Ethiopia, with adequate lead times. The available data was divided into two independent sets using a split sampling tool of the neural network software. The first data set was used for training and the second data set, which is normally about one fourth of the total available data, was used for testing the model. A one year data was set aside for validating the ANN model. The streamflow predicted using the model on weekly time step compared favorably with the measured streamflow data (R2 = 75%) during the validation period. Application of the model in assessing appropriate agricultural water management strategies for a large-scale irrigation scheme in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia, has already been considered for publication in a referred journal.
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Walkup, Laura Casey. "TEPHROSTRATIGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITIONALLY HETEROGENEOUS SILICIC TEPHRA IN THE MIDDLE AWASH REGION, AFAR, ETHIOPIA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1375966531.
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Awada, Ahmad [Verfasser], Anja [Akademischer Betreuer] Klein, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Mitschele-Thiel. "Inter-RAT Mobility Robustness Optimization in Self-Organizing Networks / Ahmad Awada. Betreuer: Anja Klein ; Andreas Mitschele-Thiel." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1110791828/34.
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Tessema, Selome M. "Hydrological modeling as a tool for sustainable water resources management: a case study of the Awash River Basin." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33617.
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The growing pressure on the world‘s fresh water resources is enforced by population growth that leads to conflicts between demands for different purposes. A main concern on water use is the conflict between the environment and other purposes like hydropower, irrigation for agriculture and domestic and industry water supply, where total flows are diverted without releasing water for ecological conservation. As a consequence, some of the common problems related to water faced by many countries are shortage, quality deterioration and flood impacts. Hence, utilization of integrated water resources management in a single system, which is built up by river basin, is an optimum way to handle the question of water. However, in many areas, when planning for balancing water demands major gaps exist on baseline knowledge of water resources. In order to bridge these gaps, hydro-logical models are among the available tools used to acquire adequate understanding of the characteristics of the river basin. Apart from forecasting and predicting the quantity and quality of water for decision makers, some models could also help in predicting the impacts of natural and anthropogenic changes on water resources and also in quantifying the spatial and temporal availability of the resources. However, main challenges lie in choosing and utilizing these models for a specific basin and managerial plan. In this study, an analysis of the different types of models and application of a selected model to characterize the Awash River basin, located in Ethiopia, is presented. The results from the modeling procedure and the performance of the model are discussed. The different possible sources of uncertainties in the modeling process are also discussed. The results indicate dissimilar predictions in using different methods; hence proper care must be taken in selecting and employing available methods for a specific watershed prior to presenting the results to decision makers.QC 20110516
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Grimwood, Robert M. "An evaluation of non-Sunday School children's training programs used by conservative, local Baptist churches in Michigan." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Awada, Ali [Verfasser], and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Menzel. "Variable Range Hopping in Metalloxid-Halbleitern: Tieftemperatur-Transportmessungen an dünnen SnO2- und TiO2-Schichten / Ali Awada ; Betreuer: Dirk Menzel." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1175824127/34.
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Getachew, Kassa Negussie. "Tradition, continuity and socio-economic change among the pastoral Afar of the Middle Awash Valley in North Eastern Ethiopia." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286730.
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Tegegn, Ferezer. "Physico-chemical pollution pattern along Akaki River basin, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-80460.
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The present study focuses on the analysis of physico-chemical parameters: electrical conductivity, nitrate and phosphate in the Akaki River basin of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These secondary water quality parameters were obtained from two different sources: the surface water quality data both for Little and Great Akaki were retrieved from Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Agency (AAEPA). Whereas, the groundwater quality data for four water wells were obtained from Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA). These water quality parameters have been determined in order to assess the pollution levels of Akaki River basin. The values of the parameters have been evaluated with respect to the maximum acceptable standard level of WHO (World Health Organization) for surface and drinking water. The outcome of the study observed absence of spatial and temporal pattern both on surface and groundwater but displayed a huge variation. The result also showed increasing concentration and variation of all parameters inside and outside the city of Addis Ababa with increasing industrialization and urbanization. Comparison also showed that the little Akaki is highly polluted as compared to Great Akaki River. The ground water chemistry also showed a high phosphate load in all of the productive wells. On the contrary, all the wells displayed nitrate level below WHO standard and they are free from Nitrate. KEY WORDS: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Physico-chemical, Little and Great Akaki, AAEPA, AAWSA, Spatial, temporal.
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Proulx, Geneviève. "Male Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Schools: Barriers to Community Action and Strategies for Change. The Case of Awaso, Ghana." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20569.
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Efforts to increase girls‘ access to quality education focus mostly on removing obstacles linked to poverty and discrimination, and often fail to acknowledge the violence many of them suffer in, around, and on the way to and from school. The objective of the present research is to examine the barriers to combating male sexual and gender-based violence in schools at the community level, and to consider community and expert-issued suggestions on removing these obstacles in the Ghanaian context. It does so through the lens of the Gender and Development approach and uses the Ecological Model of Gender-based Violence. Inspired by the standpoint feminist approach to research, data collection in Awaso and Accra involved classroom observation in four (4) Junior high school classes, 19 qualitative interviews with government and civil society personnel, and four (4) focus group discussions with parents, students and teachers. The findings show that barriers to eliminating male sexual and gender-based violence in Awaso include lack of knowledge of girls‘ rights to protection from violence, of consequences of violence against women and girls and of reporting mechanisms. Other barriers identified were lack of resources at the family and government levels, traditional values of family, community and religion, and social perceptions of both gender hierarchies and violence against women and girls. Gendered power dynamics underlie these barriers and hinder progress on the issue of girls‘ protection from violence, but groups of Ghanaian women, girls, men and boys are challenging these dynamics and finding ways to make schools safer for girls. Their strategies for change are also featured in the present research.
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Sasnett, Marvin E. "Improving the personal holistic renewal rituals of the Sunday school and Awana teachers of Northeast Baptist Church for full engagement in ministry." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p054-0275.
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Caudill, Gretchen Elizabeth. "Effects of Habitat Manipulations on Utah Prairie Dogs (Cynomys Parvidens) and Their Habitats on the Awapa Plateau Recovery Area in South-Central Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1271.
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The Utah prairie dog (Cynomys parvidens) was listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as an endangered species in 1973 because of range-wide population declines. The species was reclassified as threatened in 1984 because of population increases on private lands. Habitat fragmentation coupled with a lack of suitable habitat has impeded species recovery. Desired species habitat conditions include 0-8% shrub cover, 12-40% cool-season grass cover, and 1-10% perennial forb cover. Cool-season grasses are critical for Utah prairie dogs because of high spring energy requirements. Past research suggested that reducing shrub cover may increase cover of desired grasses and forbs. From 2008-2010, I evaluated the effects of high intensity fall sheep grazing and low application of herbicide (tebuthiuron) as tools to reduce shrub cover and enhance grass and forb cover on the Awapa Plateau Utah prairie dog recovery area in south-central Utah. I placed 1700 ewes in 4 ha stratified and randomly selected plots until >70% vegetation utilization was achieved. Five additional randomly-selected plots were treated with tebuthiuron at a rate of ~1.68 kg/ha. Percent cover of grass, forbs, and shrubs was recorded on treatments and paired control plots in June 2009 and 2010 to determine treatment vegetation responses. I also affixed 22 juvenile Utah prairie dogs with radio transmitters to determine if over-winter survival differed relative to treatment. Live shrub cover was lower on grazed plots in year 1 (P<0.001) and in year 2 (P=0.015). Dead shrub cover in grazed plots was higher in year 1 (P<0.001). Grazed plots exhibited increased forb cover from year 1 (P=0.104) to year 2 (P=0.008). Live shrub cover was lower in herbicide plots in year 2 (P=0.002). Dead shrub cover in herbicide plots was higher in year 2 (P=0.006). Tebuthiuron and grazed plots exhibited a reduction in shrub height (P=0.010, P=0.026, respectively). Tebuthiron plots exhibited less grass cover (P=0.034). Intensive sheep grazing and a low application of tebuthiuron reduced both shrub cover and vertical structure, but failed to increase the percent of grass cover when compared to the control plots. All plots exhibited reduced grass cover in 2010 in response to below normal precipitation. However, percent grass cover was higher on the grazed plots. It is possible that low inherent site productivity in combination with below normal average precipitation compromised treatment effects. Because of radio transmitter failure, I was not able to obtain survival data after hibernation. Prairie dog counts and weights did not differ by treatment type. If climate change reduces overall precipitation on the Awapa Plateau, recovery of the Utah prairie dog on this site will be problematic.
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Belayneh, Anteneh. "Short-term and long-term SPI drought forecasts using wavelet neural networks and wavelet support vector regression in the Awash river basin of Ethiopia." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110591.
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Ethiopia's climate variability coupled with the country's heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture make it vulnerable to the impacts of drought. This vulnerability is evident in the Awash River Basin, where a significant proportion of the population is dependent on international food assistance for survival. Given this vulnerability to drought, effective drought forecasts are an essential tool for effective water resource management as well as mitigation of some of the more adverse consequences of drought. This study forecast the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) on both short-term and long-term lead times. For short-term forecasts this study computed SPI 1 and SPI 3, short-term drought indicators which represent agricultural drought. For long-term forecasts, SPI 12 and SPI 24 were computed. These two indices are long-term drought indicators which represent hydrological drought conditions.The SPI forecasts were done using five data driven models. Forecasts were compared between two machine learning techniques: artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector regression (SVR). The results from these two techniques were compared to a traditional stochastic forecast model, namely an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. In addition, ANN and SVR models were coupled with wavelet analysis (WA) to produce wavelet-neural network (WA-ANN) and wavelet-support vector regression (WA-SVR) models. This study proposed and explored, for the first time, SVR and WA-SVR methods for short term and long term SPI drought forecasting at different lead times.Traditionally, the number of wavelet decompositions of a time series (for forecasting applications) are determined either by trial and error or using the formula L = int[log(N)], with N being the number of samples. This study found that in almost all cases the approximation series after decomposition, and not the detail series, yielded the best forecast results. The decomposition level which had the approximation that yielded the best forecast results was determined to be the appropriate decomposition.With regards to ANN model architecture, traditionally the optimal number of neurons in the hidden layer is either determined using a trial and error procedure, or is determined empirically to be log (N) or 2n+1, where n is the number of input layers. This study combined all these approaches. The empirical methods helped establish upper and lower bounds for the optimal number of neurons within the hidden layer. After an interval was determined, a trial and error procedure was used to determine the optimal number of neurons in the hidden layer.The forecasts in this study were evaluated using a measure of persistence, R2, RMSE, and MAE. The forecast results indicate that WA-ANN and WA-SVR models were the most accurate methods for forecasting the SPI on both short and long-term time scales.La variabilité du climat de l'Éthiopie combinée à la forte dépendance de ce pays sur l'agriculture dépendant de la pluie le rend vulnérable aux impacts des sécheresses. Cette vulnérabilité est évidente dans le bassin de la rivière Awash, où une grande proportion de la population dépend de l'aide alimentaire internationale pour survivre. Étant donné cette vulnérabilité aux sécheresses, des prévisions efficaces d'inondations sont un outil essentiel pour la gestion efficace de ressources hydriques ainsi que pour mitiger les conséquences les plus graves des sécheresses. Cette étude prévoit l'Indice de Précipitations Standard (IPS) sur des temps de défilement à court et à long terme. Pour les prévisions à court terme, cette étude s'est penchée sur IPS 1 et IPS 3, des indicateurs de sécheresse à court terme qui représentent la sécheresse agricole. Pour les prévisions à long terme, IPS 12 et IPS 24 ont été calculés. Ces deux indices sont des indicateurs de sécheresse à long terme qui représentent des conditions de sécheresse hydrologique.Les prévisions d'IPS ont été effectuées en employant cinq modèles à base de données (data-driven models). Des prévisions ont été comparées entre deux techniques d'apprentissage automatique (machine learning) : les réseaux de neurones artificiels (RNA) et les supports de régression vectorielle (SRV). Les résultats de ces deux techniques ont été comparés à un modèle académique traditionnel de prévision, soit un modèle autorégressif intégré de moyenne mobile (ARIMM). De plus, les modèles RNA et SRV ont été combinés à une analyse d'ondelettes (AO) pour produire des modèles d'ondelettes-réseaux de neurones (AO-RNA) et des modèles d'ondelettes-supports de régression vectorielle (AO-SRV). Cette étude propose et examine, pour la première fois, des méthodes SRV et AO-SRV pour des prévisions de sécheresse IPS à court et long terme à des temps de défilement différents.Traditionnellement, le nombre de décompositions d'ondelettes dans une série temporelle (pour les applications de prévision) sont déterminées soit par essai et erreur ou en utilisant la formule L=int[log(N)], N représentant le nombre d'échantillons. Cette recherche permis de constater que dans presque tous les cas, la série d'approximation après décomposition, et non la série détail, produisait les meilleurs résultats de prévision. Le niveau de décomposition dont l'approximation avait produit les meilleurs résultats prévisionnels a déterminé la décomposition appropriée. Par rapport au modèle d'architecture RNA, traditionnellement, le nombre optimal de neurones dans une couche cachée est obtenu en utilisant une méthode d'essai et erreur, ou alors est fixé empiriquement à log (N) ou 2n+1, où n est le nombre de niveaux de input de données. Cette étude a combiné toutes ces approches. Les méthodes empiriques ont aidé à déterminer les limites supérieures et inférieures pour le nombre optimal de neurones au sein de la couche cachée. Après avoir procédé à la détermination d'un intervalle, l'essai et l'erreur ont été utilisés pour parvenir au nombre optimal de neurones dans un niveau caché.Les prévisions dans cette recherche ont été évaluées selon les mesures de la persistance, du coefficient de détermination (R2), de la déviation de valeur efficace (RMSE), et de l'erreur moyenne absolue (MAE). Les résultats de prévision indiquent que les modèles AO-RNA et AO-SRV étaient les méthodes les plus justes pour prévoir les IPS à des échelles à court comme à long terme.
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Dessie, Gessesse. "Forest decline in South Central Ethiopia : Extent, history and process." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6840.
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Jalia, Aftab. "Innovative masonry shell construction in India's evolving building crafts : a case for tile vaulting." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271686.
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This thesis uses the lens of building technology to examine cultural exchange and its relationship to the building crafts. By focusing on masonry vaulting in India, my research brings together two worlds – one that shines light on the variety of innovative masonry shell construction techniques that exist in the county and another that seeks to evaluate the scope of tile vaulting, an over 600-year old Mediterranean building technique, within India’s evolving building crafts culture. This thesis is organized in three parts: PART ONE Tile Vaulting and Relevance Today | A Brief History of Masonry Shells in India Part one introduces tile vaulting’s unique principles compared to other vaulting traditions while contextualizing its relevance to present day India. A survey of varied masonry vaulting techniques and modules, endemic and imported, practiced across India is presented against the backdrop of what is a predominantly reinforced concrete-based construction industry. PART TWO Modules, Methods and Motivations The second part of this research comprises case studies that include some of India’s most iconic buildings such as the Villa Sarabhai by Le Corbusier, the National Institute of Design by Gautam Sarabhai and Sangath by B.V. Doshi, each of which employed innovative construction techniques for its vaults. The production and use of the enigmatic ceramic fuses in India is examined for the first time alongside their indigenous cousins: burnt clay tubes. Together with Muzaffarnagar vaulting, the case studies reveal cultural motivations for architectural expression and production in postcolonial India. PART THREE Prototypes | Comparatives | Limitations & Extension of Research Part three presents five tile vaulting prototypes in India constructed with local artisans to gain understanding of its cultural reception, assess effective transfer of skills and potential internalisation. Recommendations for tile vaulting’s potential uptake into mainstream architectural production is evaluated by comparing findings against prevalent building methods and by contextualizing current architectural trends and social policy. Limitations and scope for extension of research are also discussed.
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Dememew, Zewdu Gashu. "Fertility desire, intention and associated factors among people living with HIV seeking chronic HIV care at health facilities of Hawassa City, southern Ethiopia." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20704.
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Text in EnglishINTRODUCTION: Late in HIV epidemic while HIV program is maturing studies in rich and resource limited setting have shown controversial results with regard to whether childbearing desire and intention are changed after the expansion of ART and PMTCT services. There are few studies in Ethiopia which tried to find out fertility preferences after the decentralized ART and PMTCT services. PURPOSE: The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of fertility desire, intention and associated factors among HIV positive males and females at health facilities in Hawassa city with chronic HIV care. METHOD: The study used quantitative, observational, analytic and cross-sectional study design. It was structured on Trait-Desire-Intention-Behaviour theoretical frame work. A gender based stratification followed by random sampling method was applied. An interviewer-administered structured data collection approach using the pre-tested questionnaire was applied in the study. The Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Epi-Info version 3.5.3 were utilized for data analysis. In addition to descriptive statistics, both bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. RESULT: With a respondent rate of 93%, a total of 460 PLHIV participated in the study with equal number of males and females. The majority of the participants were from urban (85%), in relationship (70.9%), and on ART (80%). The reported fertility desire, 43.9% (45.2% in males; 42.6% in females), and fertility intention, 44.9% (46.4% in males; 43.4% in females), were high. The median number of intended children was 2. About 54% of PLHIV were using at least one of the contraceptives with 32.4% of unmet need of family planning. Participants with overall experinece of 2 births or less (AOR: 2.4 95% CI 1.32-4.32; p-value=0.0042), without birth experience after HIV diagnosis (AOR:0.52 95% CI 0.28-0.98; p-value=0.0424) and whose partner also desired for childbearing (AOR: 19.73 95%CI 10.81-35.99; p-value=0.0000) were more likely to intend for a/another child.They wished and planned to get birth because; they did not have a/children before or fear of childless stigma (25.3%), ART could help to have negative child (21.8%), importance of parenthood (17.8%) and the desire of once partner (16.8%). The study participants had consulted health care workers (34.2%), approached their partner or their partner had already approached them (27.6%), tried to get a partner or married (17.6%) and stop using family planning (6%) to get pregnant. CONCLUSION: This study highlights high fertility desire and intention in the background of high unmet need for family planning among PLHIV. A development of comprehensive male partner-involved couple counseling protocol, improving the communication HCWs have with PLHIV to emphasize safer conception methods and strengthening all the components of PMCT integrating with other SRH services at chronic HIV clinic are critical.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)
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Krieglerová, Tereza. "Rehabilitace degradovaných půd lesnickými opatřeními, případová studie Awassa Zuryia Woreda z jižní Etiopie." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-151359.
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Tedla, Getachew Weldeyohannes. "Factors influencing maternal health care services utilization by women in Awash Fentale woreda, Ethiopia." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25720.
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PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to systematically assess the factors that
influence maternal health care services utilization by women in Awash Fentale woreda
(district), Ethiopia.
DESIGN: A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional design was selected as the
methodology for this study.
METHOD: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 422
women aged 15 to 49 years through a stratified sampling technique. Data was entered,
analyzed and interpreted using SPSS computer program. Binary logistic regression
model was used to identify the factors that influence maternal health care services
utilization.
RESULTS: The findings of this research indicated that not attending school, not
watching television, and not owning a Bajaj (three-tire motorbike) significantly influenced
low utilization of antenatal care (ANC) visits, while exposure to media, including reading
newspapers, was positively associated with the adequacy of ANC visits. Similarly,
factors such as not attending school and not watching television at all influenced
delivery care (DC) services utilization negatively, while husbands’ low income and not
watching television at all were negatively associated with postnatal care (PNC) service
utilization. This research study found that 80 (19%) of the respondents preferred to give
birth at home and the remaining 342 (81%) preferred a health facility for their delivery
services. In addition, 43% of the respondents were not satisfied with the care and
attention given by the health care provider and approximately 52% of the respondents
were not satisfied with the cleanliness of the health facilities. It was also illustrated in
this study that family members’ influence was one of the major barriers identified for DC
services utilization.
Conclusion: Policy making, planning, and implementation should focus on factors that
influence maternal health care services utilization and barriers to DC services. In order
to increase the utilization of maternal health care services by women with low levels of educational status, husbands ’low income or wealth quintile, and low media exposure,
strategies were developed by the researcher.Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Pangrác, Jan. "Hodnocení způsobů výsadeb dřevin na degradovaných půdách v oblasti Awassa Zuria Woreda v jižní Etiopii." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-428100.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is tree planting method comparison of water retention improving technology (Improve pits) and non-improving technology (Pits). Research was realized on the „Sustainable management of soil, forest and water resources as the pilot model for the rural development in SNNPRS, Ethiopia“ project areas. This project was realized by Mendel university in Brno. Terrain investigations, experimental plot set up and soil sample collection and analyses were realized by devised methodology. Terrain works took a place during July and August 2016. When comparing resulting values, it became clear that the Improve pits technology shows positive effect on soil water retention capacity and its gradual release. This effect creates more suitable conditions for regeneration of damaged vegetation.
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Hofmann, Radek. "Regenerační schopnost Acacia saligna a sekundární sukcese dřevin na odlesněných svazích okolí jezera Awassa (Etiopie, SNNPR)." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-428311.
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The content of this thesis is to determine the current state of secondary succession of trees in the southwestern part of Ethiopia, in the surroundings of Lake Awassa, on the slopes of Kebele (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia) Umbullo Kajima and implementation of the coppicing experiment of the species Acacia saligna. After the elaboration of the methodology, the research of both parts of the work was carried out. The field research itself has been running since 17. 7. 2016 to 08. 08. 2016. In the research section focused on secondary succession, the occurrence of native species and the successful extension of plantations from the past project years were found. For Acacia saligna was confirmed coppicing ability.
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Atte, Taye Kejia. "Assessing factors that affect the implementation of community policing in Awassa, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4039.
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This research project was conducted under the title ―Assessing factors that affect the implementation of community policing in Awassa, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia‖. More than ten years ago there was an attempt to implement community policing in Awassa. However, its success was limited. What is the reason for this limited success regarding the implementation of community policing?
The researcher formulated research questions of what community policing entails and what factors on the part of both the police and the community affect the implementation of community policing. To come up with the desired result, the researcher used different methodologies and identified the target groups and data collection techniques, for the research project. Then the collected data was analysed and interpreted. The researcher also tried to present the best discussions available on relevant issues, even if the discussions are sometimes technical and practical applications require one to think deeply about the issues at hand.
Finally, factors in the police as well as in the community were identified. Here, according to the data gathered, conclusions were drawn and the researcher recommended how police organizations can facilitate the successful implementation of community policing.Police Practice
M. Tech. (Policing)
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[Verfasser], Adane Abebe Awass. "Hydrological drought analysis occurrence, severity, risks : the case of Wabi Shebele River Basin, Ethiopia / von Adane Abebe Awass." 2009. http://d-nb.info/994289499/34.
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Belay, Solomon Abede. "Use and management of protected areas in Ethiopia : multiple stakeholder analysis of sustainable resource management at Awash National Park." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14360.
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In response to recent decentralization in Ethiopia, we investigated the status of and pressure exerted on Awash National Park (ANP), vis-a- vis Park resources, observed land use and land cover changes, causes of park-related conflicts, use and management role of stakeholders at federal, regional and local level and the impact of policy on sustainable resources conservation through a comparative framework of before (pre-1995) and after decentralization (post-1995).
We used a combination of two black and white aerial photographs of 1975 and 1986, a satellite image of 2006, field observation, information from local communities and Geographic Information System (GIS) to generate the land use and land cover profile. We selected a total of 210 respondents by stratified random sampling, and group discussion participants and key informants using the purposive sampling technique. Direct observed participation of stakeholders, household questionnaire, and interview with key informants and focus group discussions were used to collect data.
Our results showed a declining scattered bushland by a rate of 20.61km2 per year between 1972 and 1986. On the other hand, Shrub encroachment increased by 32.2 % between 1972 and 1986 and by 10.3 % (77.4 km2) during the entire study period. Grassland was the largest cover type in the area between 1986 and 2006 and expanded by 14.2 % (106.4 km2) between 1972 and 1986. The majority of respondents highlighted that the most important drivers of the observed LULC changes pre-1995 were the combined effects of the land reform policy and changes in Park boundary (size of the Park). Population growth was reported to be the main driving factor for LULC change pre-and post-1995. The continuing existence of the area as a national Park receives unreserved support from most pastoral and agro-pastoral communities. From the data we conclude that overall, decentralization in Ethiopia was not effective in terms of improving the status of Awash National Park. We recommend action should be taken in terms of reducing human and livestock pressure and to prevent and solve interest-based conflicts between stakeholderEnvironmental Sciences
Ph. D. (Environmental Sciences)
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"Evolution and paleoecology of Pliocene Suidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) in the lower Awash Valley (Afar, Ethiopia): implications for hominin evolution and paleoenvironments." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.51666.
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abstract: Providing an environmental context to early hominins is as important as describing the hominin fossils themselves, because evolutionary processes are tightly linked to everchanging ecosystems that vary across space and through time. An optimal understanding of ecosystems changes is critical to formulate and test hypotheses regarding human evolution and adaptation. Fortunately, the fossil record has yielded abundant remains of mammals which can be used to explore the possible causal relationships between environmental change and mammal – including hominin –evolution. Although many studies have already been conducted on this topic, most of them are framed at large spatial and temporal scales. Instead, this dissertation focuses on the evolution and paleoecology of only one group of mammals (the Suidae) in a specific geographical area (lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia) and within a constrained time frame (3.8–2.6 Ma). Three dissertation papers address: 1) changes in suid taxonomic composition in relation to Late Pliocene faunal turnover ~2.8 Ma in the Lee-Adoyta basin, Ledi-Geraru; 2) comparisons of suid diets from Hadar (~3.45–2.95 Ma) with respect to those of Kanapoi (~4.1 Ma, West Turkana, Kenya); 3) the dietary ecology of the suids from Woranso-Mille (~3.8–3.2 Ma). Results of these papers show that 1) after ~2.8 Ma there is a replacement of suid species that is coupled with low relative abundance of suids. This is compatible with more open and/or arid environments at this time; 2) suid dietary breadth was broader in Hadar than in Kanapoi, but this is mostly driven by the dietary niche space occupied by Kolpochoerus in Hadar, a suid genus absent from Kanapoi; 3) suid diets vary both temporally and geographically within the lower Awash Valley. Kolpochoerus incorporates more C4 resources (e.g., grasses) in its diet after ~3.5 Ma and in general, suids after ~3.5 Ma in Woranso-Mille had C4-enriched diets in comparison with those from nearby Hadar and Dikika. Presumably, the changes in suid communities (relative abundance and taxonomic composition) and dietary shifts observed in suids were triggered by climatic and habitat changes that also contributed to shape the behavioural and morphological evolution of early hominins.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2018
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Paquette, Jesseca. "Tendances environnementales en Afrique de l’Est au Plio-Pléistocène : étude des isotopes stables de carbone et d’oxygène de l’émail des herbivores." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21909.
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