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Journal articles on the topic 'Awash'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kalb, Jon E. "Refined Stratigraphy of the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 29, no. 1 (September 15, 1993): 21–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nos/29/1993/21.

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2

Thomas, David, and C. Mlot. "Awash in Suds?" Science News 151, no. 21 (May 24, 1997): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4018411.

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3

Allen, Brooke, and Joseph Epstein. "Awash in Snobbery." Hudson Review 55, no. 4 (2003): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3852562.

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4

PEAFF, GEORGE. "Awash In Methanol." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 36 (September 8, 1997): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n036.p022.

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5

Niiler, Eric. "Awash in Oil." Scientific American 283, no. 3 (September 2000): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0900-21.

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6

Berry, K. W. "Awash in Blood." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 6, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/6.2.165.

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7

Carlowicz, Michael. "Awash in ignorance." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 77, no. 23 (1996): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96eo00151.

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8

Zirkel, Perry A. "Is Nexus Awash?" Phi Delta Kappan 87, no. 5 (January 2006): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172170608700519.

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9

Buchman, Timothy G. "AWASH IN DATA." Shock 8, no. 3 (September 1997): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-199709000-00013.

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10

Greenspan, Jesse. "Awash in Plastic." Scientific American 317, no. 2 (July 16, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0817-20.

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11

Dalton, Rex. "Awash with fossils." Nature 439, no. 7072 (January 4, 2006): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/439014a.

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12

Crane, Leah. "Mars awash with water." New Scientist 245, no. 3276 (April 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30667-9.

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13

Maunder, A. "Awash with profit opportunities." Engineering Management Journal 9, no. 4 (1999): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/em:19990402.

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14

Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, J. "Seas are awash with microplastics." Science 345, no. 6193 (July 10, 2014): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6193.175-q.

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15

Elser, J. J. "A World Awash with Nitrogen." Science 334, no. 6062 (December 15, 2011): 1504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1215567.

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16

Showstack, Randy. "Parks awash in light pollution." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 80, no. 15 (1999): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo080i015p00170-03.

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17

Insel, Barbara. "A World Awash in Grain." Foreign Affairs 63, no. 4 (1985): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042291.

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18

Kalb, Jon E., Assefa Mebrate, and Doris Tischler. "Fossil Elephantoids: From the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 83, no. 1 (1993): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006558.

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19

Duguma, Fekadu Aduna, Fekadu Fufa Feyessa, Tamene Adugna Demissie, and Krystyna Januszkiewicz. "Hydroclimate Trend Analysis of Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121680.

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The Awash River basin is classified into the upper basin, middle basin, and lower basin. The upper basin is the most irrigated and socio-economically important, wherein early and modern agriculture started. This study aimed to assess the upper basin’s hydroclimate variability under climate change from 1991 to 2015 following the county’s land-use policy change. Distinguished topographical settings, namely, lowland, midland, and highland, are used for upper Awash basin hydroclimate trend analysis. Lowland stations revealed a nonsignificant seasonal and annual increasing trend except for the Autumn season. Midland stations showed a decreased seasonal rainfall. Except for Sendafa, the increased station, the highland area exhibited an annual decreasing trend. The Awash-Hombole and Mojo main tributaries are used for the evaluation of basin streamflow. The Awash-Hombole main tributary resulted in annually growing trends during the summer season. Mojo main tributary resulted in a significantly decreasing trend during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons with a 99% level of significance. Therefore, following the basin’s topographic nature, the change of hydroclimatic elements, mainly of the rainfall and streamflow, is observed. Accordingly, its hydroclimate variated by 11 and 38% with precipitation and streamflow, respectively, from the mean value within the study time series.

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20

Ran Rubin, Michal. "Awash with Politics in Palestine-Israel." Visual Anthropology Review 33, no. 2 (November 2017): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/var.12141.

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21

Smythe, David. "Awash in an ocean of information." Nature 315, no. 6021 (June 1985): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315694a0.

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22

Gronlund, Lisbeth, and Eryn MacDonald. "America, awash in nuclear weapons materials." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 70, no. 2 (March 2014): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096340214523250.

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23

Webster, Jacqui, Elizabeth Dunford, Sarah Kennington, Bruce Neal, and Simon Chapman. "Drop the Salt! Assessing the impact of a public health advocacy strategy on Australian government policy on salt." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 1 (November 22, 2012): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004806.

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AbstractObjectiveIn 2007 the Australian Division of World Action on Salt and Health (AWASH) launched a campaign to encourage the Australian government to take action to reduce population salt intake. The objective of the present research was to assess the impact of the Drop the Salt! campaign on government policy.DesignA review of government activities related to salt reduction was conducted and an advocacy strategy implemented to increase government action on salt. Advocacy actions were documented and the resulting outcomes identified. An analysis of stakeholder views on the effectiveness of the advocacy strategy was also undertaken.SettingsAdvocacy activities were coordinated through AWASH at the George Institute for Global Health in Sydney.SubjectsAll relevant State and Federal government statements and actions were reviewed and thirteen stakeholders with known interests or responsibilities regarding dietary salt, including food industry, government and health organisations, were interviewed.ResultsStakeholder analysis affirmed that AWASH influenced the government's agenda on salt reduction and four key outputs were attributed to the campaign: (i) the Food Regulation Standing Committee discussions on salt, (ii) the Food and Health Dialogue salt targets, (iii) National Health and Medical Research Council partnership funding and (iv) the New South Wales Premier's Forum on Fast Foods.ConclusionsWhile it is not possible to definitively attribute changes in government policy to one organisation, stakeholder research indicated that the AWASH campaign increased the priority of salt reduction on the government's agenda. However, a coordinated government strategy on salt reduction is still required to ensure that the potential health benefits are fully realised.

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24

Aregahegn, Zeyede, and Mulate Zerihun. "Study on Irrigation Water Quality in the Rift Valley Areas of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2021 (February 6, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8844745.

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Awash River water has been impaired by various types of pollution owing to waste released from different socioeconomic activities in its basin. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Awash River and its tributaries in the basin used for irrigation purposes. Sampling sites were identified based on the pollution sources, accessibility, and land-use coverage. A total of 17 sampling sites were chosen along the Awash River, and samplings were collected four times a year through different seasons. The overall water quality and suitability for irrigation are explained using multiple water quality parameters such as pH, EC, SAR, RSC, Na+, K+, Ca + Mg, CO32−, HCO3−, and Cl−. The obtained results showed that all quality parameters at Beseka Lake exceed the maximum permissible limit of suitability for irrigation. It is generally conceivable that the physicochemical characteristic of the Awash River varies in different water quality parameters at different sites. Only Beseka Lake and Meteka hot spring water exceeded pH and SAR permissible limit, and EC at Mojo, Wonji, Beseka, Melkasedi, Werer, Ambash, Meteka, and Meteka hot spring shows medium-to-high salinity scale, while RSC was very high at Beseka, Melkasedi, Meteka hot spring, Ambash, Meteka Mojo, Werer, Assayta, Wonji, Dupty, Tibila, Metehara, and Afambo, respectively. The establishment of wastewater treatment plants for industries and stormwater quality management at hotspot areas are recommended to improve the water quality, and dispatch proportion needs to be considered in the future.

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25

MOHAN, JOSEPH, JEFFERY R. STONE, and CHRISTOPHER J. CAMPISANO. "Three novel species of Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) belonging to Aulacoseira and Lindavia from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, Afar Depression of Ethiopia." Phytotaxa 272, no. 4 (September 2, 2016): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.272.4.1.

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Paleolake Hadar was an expansive lake in the lower Awash Valley of Ethiopia’s Afar Depression that existed periodically through the Late Pliocene. The sedimentary deposits from this ancient lake (Hadar Formation) have broad importance because a significant number of hominin fossils have been recovered from the formation. Samples of the Hadar Formation lacustrine sequence were collected from sediment cores extracted as part of the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project (HSPDP). A paleoecological study of the HSPDP Northern Awash (Hadar Formation) material has unearthed three novel species of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) from diatomites that appear periodically in the cores. The Hadar Formation assemblage represents a newly revealed excerpt from the evolutionary history of freshwater diatoms in East Africa during the Piacenᴢian age (2.59–3.60 Ma). The HSPDP Northern Awash diatom species are compared to previously reported diatoms from Pliocene outcrops, modern and fossil core material from Lake Malawi, and extant species. Here we describe two new species of Aulacoseira and one of Lindavia. Taxonomic treatment of two diatom varieties reported by previous researchers as Melosira are transferred into Aulacoseira herein.

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26

Geyisa Namara, Wana, Tamane Adugna Damise, and Fayera Gudu Tufa. "Rainfall Runoff Modeling Using HEC-HMS: The Case of Awash Bello Sub-Catchment, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia." International Journal of Environment 9, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i1.27588.

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Rainfall runoff modeling is one of the most complex hydrological modeling due to the involvement of different watershed physical parameters. It is essential for the analysis of watershed hydrological response toward the received precipitation under the influence of watershed parameters. As it is a replica of watershed hydrological response, rainfall runoff modeling is essential to evaluate the general characteristics of total surface runoff at catchment’s outlet. The main objective of this study was rainfall runoff modeling using HEC-HMS for Awash Bello sub-catchment. Hydro-meteorological data collected from the National Meteorological Agency and Ministry of Water Resource, Irrigation and Electricity were used for model calibration and validation. SCS-CN, SCS-UH, Muskingum and monthly constant method were used for precipitation loss modeling, transform modeling, flood routing and base flow modeling respectively. Nash Sutcliff Efficiency and coefficient of determination have been selected for model performance evaluation. The model had shown good performance both during calibration and validation with (NSE = 0.855, R2= 0.867) for calibration and (NSE = 0.739, R2 = 0.863) for validation respectively. PBIAS for calibration and validation were checked and they were within the acceptable range with a value of 4.59% and 5.67% respectively. By the successful accomplishing of calibration and validation, the peak flood from the model (573.7m3/s) was compared with direct observed flow (546.4m3/s) and model provided nearly the same result with the direct observed flow.

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27

Jolly-Saad, Marie-Claude, and Raymonde Bonnefille. "Lower Pliocene Fossil Wood from the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia." Palaeontographica Abteilung B 289, no. 1-3 (December 7, 2012): 43–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/palb/289/2012/43.

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28

Curtis, Susan, Jon Butler, and Forrest G. Wood. "Awash in a Sea of Arrogant Faith?" American Quarterly 43, no. 4 (December 1991): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2713086.

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29

White, Tim D., Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa, and F. Clark Howell. "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Nature 423, no. 6941 (June 2003): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01669.

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30

Tollefson, Jeff, and Richard Monastersky. "The global energy challenge: Awash with carbon." Nature 491, no. 7426 (November 2012): 654–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/491654a.

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31

Moran, Mark. "Medicare Drug Plan Awash In Confusion, Contention." Psychiatric News 38, no. 22 (November 21, 2003): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.38.22.0006.

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32

Timmins, Nick. "Awash with cash; still not cleaning up." British Journal of Healthcare Management 13, no. 12 (December 2007): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2007.13.12.27818.

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33

Albanese, C. L. "Introduction: Awash in a Sea of Metaphysics." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 75, no. 3 (August 4, 2007): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfm035.

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34

Shoshani, Jeheskel. "Fossil Elephantoids: From the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia.Jon E. Kalb , Assefa Mebrate." Quarterly Review of Biology 69, no. 3 (September 1994): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/418665.

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35

Beyene, Shimelis. "The Awash National Park, Ethiopia: A Clash of Cows and Cultures." Practicing Anthropology 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.28.4.r57ltp2807m82k56.

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The Awash Valley is well known for anthropological studies. Several fossil-rich sites representing all stages of hominid evolution, including the one that yielded "Lucy," have attracted worldwide attention since the 1970s. Also, the anubis-hamadryas baboon hybrid zone in Awash National Park has been the focus of primatologists since the 1960s. What we know less about are the various indigenous pastoral populations that live in the very places where the hominid fossils and baboons have been studied and where shrinking resources are undermining their traditional livelihoods. In this paper, I focus on attempts to create a collaborative natural resource management system for the park and surrounding areas and highlight barriers uncovered along the way.

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36

White, Tim D., Berhane Asfaw, and Gen Suwa. "Pliocene hominid fossils from Gamedah, Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 60, no. 2 (May 2005): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190509520481.

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37

Haile-Selassie, Yohannes. "Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Nature 412, no. 6843 (July 2001): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35084063.

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38

Borzutzky, Silvia, and Elisabeth F. Madden. "MARKETS AWASH: THE PRIVATIZATION OF CHILEAN WATER MARKETS." Journal of International Development 25, no. 2 (July 31, 2011): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1802.

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39

Edossa, Desalegn Chemeda, Mukand Singh Babel, and Ashim Das Gupta. "Drought Analysis in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Water Resources Management 24, no. 7 (September 10, 2009): 1441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9508-0.

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40

Haile-Selassie, Yohannes, Giday Woldegabriel, Tim D. White, Raymond L. Bernor, David Degusta, Paul R. Renne, William K. Hart, Elisabeth Vrba, Ambrose Stanley, and F. C. Howell. "Mio-Pliocene mammals from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Geobios 37, no. 4 (July 2004): 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2003.03.012.

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41

Beisi, Jia. "Editorial." Open House International 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2006-b0001.

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Halfway through the first decade of the 21st century, expectation of the future and historical nostalgia co-exist. This tacit uncertainty is compounded by the painfully explicit fact that, in both architectural practice and education, theory and experimental application are awash in confusion.

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42

Belayneh, A., and J. Adamowski. "Standard Precipitation Index Drought Forecasting Using Neural Networks, Wavelet Neural Networks, and Support Vector Regression." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/794061.

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Drought forecasts can be an effective tool for mitigating some of the more adverse consequences of drought. Data-driven models are suitable forecasting tools due to their rapid development times, as well as minimal information requirements compared to the information required for physically based models. This study compares the effectiveness of three data-driven models for forecasting drought conditions in the Awash River Basin of Ethiopia. The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) is forecast and compared using artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector regression (SVR), and wavelet neural networks (WN). SPI 3 and SPI 12 were the SPI values that were forecasted. These SPI values were forecast over lead times of 1 and 6 months. The performance of all the models was compared using RMSE, MAE, andR2. The forecast results indicate that the coupled wavelet neural network (WN) models were the best models for forecasting SPI values over multiple lead times in the Awash River Basin in Ethiopia.

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43

Kefelegn, Nigussie, Frew Mekibib, and Yigzaw Dessalegn. "Genetic Advancement and Variability of Released Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties from 1974–2009 GC in Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2020 (December 18, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1315436.

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The efficiency of variety development can be determined with variability and genetic progress of released varieties. The aim of this study was to determine the variability and genetic advancement of common bean varieties. Randomized Completed Block Design was used to evaluate 15 varieties at Koga and Chefa in 2013. Cluster, principal, and biplot analysis including genetic parameter estimation were done following analysis of variance. Significant variation was observed among the varieties, and they are clustered into four groups. Seed color and size were found as an important factors for clustering of the varieties. Hawassa Dume and Nasir have red and small seeded, respectively, and clustered in one group. Similarly, Awash 1 and Awash Melka are both small white and clustered in one group. Hawassa Dume was highly similar to Nasir, and Red Wolayta with Dimitu, while a large distance was recorded between Awash Melka and Haramaya. Deme and Haramaya were found the most divergent and unique among the tested varieties. This is also reflected in biplot drown by principal components 1 and 2, which together accounted for about 82.022. Plant heights, seed weight, days to maturity, and harvest index have the largest contribution to the total variation of the varieties. Most of the traits have a high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance, and selection was effective in the breeding program. The breeding program has brought about 0.27 tonnes of seed yield increment or an annual rate of genetic progress of 0.0077 t ha−1 (0.37% ha−1 year−1). However, the breeding program should reconsider the breeding procedure as there are some varieties released in the same year with similar genetic potential.

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44

Asfaw, Berhane, W. Henry Gilbert, Yonas Beyene, William K. Hart, Paul R. Renne, Giday WoldeGabriel, Elisabeth S. Vrba, and Tim D. White. "Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Nature 416, no. 6878 (March 2002): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416317a.

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45

Gilbert, Roger. "Awash with Angels: The Religious Turn in Nineties Poetry." Contemporary Literature 42, no. 2 (2001): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1209122.

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46

Ergie, Alemayehu Adugna, Yifei Leng, and Jun Wang. "Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." EcoHealth 16, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-019-01431-5.

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47

Gustavson, Lisa. "Awash in Color ed. by Chelsea Foxwell, Anne Leonard." French Review 88, no. 1 (2014): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2014.0160.

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48

Karimi, P., W. G. M. Bastiaanssen, A. Sood, J. Hoogeveen, L. Peiser, E. Bastidas-Obando, and R. J. Dost. "Spatial evapotranspiration, rainfall and land use data in water accounting – Part 2: Reliability of water acounting results for policy decisions in the Awash Basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 1 (January 28, 2015): 533–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-533-2015.

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Abstract. Water Accounting Plus (WA+) is a framework that summarizes complex hydrological processes and water management issues in river basins. The framework is designed to use satellite-based measurements of land and water variables and processes as input data. A general concern associated with the use of satellite measurements is their accuracy. This study focuses on the impact of the error in remote sensing measurements on water accounting and information provided to policy makers. The Awash Basin in the central Rift Valley in Ethiopia is used as a case study to explore the reliability of WA+ outputs, in the light of input data errors. The Monte Carlo technique was used for stochastic simulation of WA+ outputs over a period of 3 yr. The results show that the stochastic mean of the majority of WA+ parameters and performance indicators are within 5% deviation from the original WA+ values based on one single calculation. Stochastic computation is proposed as a standard procedure for WA+ water accounting because it provides the uncertainty bandwidth for every WA+ output, which is essential information for sound decision-making processes. The majority of WA+ parameters and performance indicators have a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 20%, which implies that they are reliable and provide consistent information on the functioning of the basin. The results of the Awash Basin also indicate that the utilized flow and basin closure fraction (the degree to which available water in a basin is utilized) have a high margin of error and thus a low reliability. As such, the usefulness of them in formulating important policy decisions for the Awash Basin is limited. Other river basins will usually have a more accurate assessment of the discharge in the river mouth.

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49

Belayneh, Anteneh, and Jan Adamowski. "Drought forecasting using new machine learning methods / Prognozowanie suszy z wykorzystaniem automatycznych samouczących się metod." Journal of Water and Land Development 18, no. 9 (June 1, 2013): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2013-0001.

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Abstract In order to have effective agricultural production the impacts of drought must be mitigated. An important aspect of mitigating the impacts of drought is an effective method of forecasting future drought events. In this study, three methods of forecasting short-term drought for short lead times are explored in the Awash River Basin of Ethiopia. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was the drought index chosen to represent drought in the basin. The following machine learning techniques were explored in this study: artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector regression (SVR), and coupled wavelet-ANNs, which pre-process input data using wavelet analysis (WA). The forecast results of all three methods were compared using two performance measures (RMSE and R2). The forecast results of this study indicate that the coupled wavelet neural network (WA-ANN) models were the most accurate models for forecasting SPI 3 (3-month SPI) and SPI 6 (6-month SPI) values over lead times of 1 and 3 months in the Awash River Basin in Ethiopia.

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50

Müller, Ruben, Henok Y. Gebretsadik, and Niels Schütze. "Towards an optimal integrated reservoir system management for the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 373 (May 12, 2016): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-373-215-2016.

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Abstract. Recently, the Kessem–Tendaho project is completed to bring about socioeconomic development and growth in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. To support reservoir Koka, two new reservoirs where built together with extensive infrastructure for new irrigation projects. For best possible socioeconomic benefits under conflicting management goals, like energy production at three hydropower stations and basin wide water supply at various sites, an integrated reservoir system management is required. To satisfy the multi-purpose nature of the reservoir system, multi-objective parameterization-simulation-optimization model is applied. Different Pareto-optimal trade-off solutions between water supply and hydro-power generation are provided for two scenarios (i) recent conditions and (ii) future planned increases for Tendaho and Upper Awash Irrigation projects. Reservoir performance is further assessed under (i) rule curves with a high degree of freedom – this allows for best performance, but may result in rules curves to variable for real word operation and (ii) smooth rule curves, obtained by artificial neuronal networks. The results show no performance penalty for smooth rule curves under future conditions but a notable penalty under recent conditions.

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