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Oosting, S. J., H. A. Boekholt, M. J. N. Los, and C. P. Leffering. "Intake and utilization of energy from ammonia-treated and untreated wheat straw by steers and wether sheep given a basal diet of grass pellets and hay." Animal Science 57, no. 2 (October 1993): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006838.
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AbstractTwo experiments, experiment 1 with six steers in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design and experiment 2 with four wether sheep in a cross-over design, were conducted to study the effect of species and ammonia treatment on intake and utilization of the energy of untreated wheat straw. Treatments were: (1) untreated wheat straw offered ad libitum on top of a basal diet (B) consisting of hay (0·25) and grass pellets (0·75) (UWS), (2) ammoniated wheat straw offered ad libitum plus B (AWS) and (3) ammoniated wheat straw offered at a restricted level plus B (AWS-). B was offered as a maintenance diet for both species and AWS- was only studied in steers. Voluntary intake of AWS zvas higher than that of UWS. No significant differences emerged between whole rations UWS and AWS with regard to energy digestion (ED), energy metabolizability (ρ = metabolizable energy (ME) I gross energy (GE)) and losses of digestible energy (DE) in urine and methane (average 187 J/KJ DE), but the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth (kg) was significantly higher for AWS than for UWS. ED and ρ of the straw part of the ration was significantly higher for AWS than for UWS. AWS- and AWS did not differ significantly with regard to ED, ρ and DE losses in methane and urine. Steers had a higher intake per kg0·75 per day than wether sheep. Across species, digestible energy intake (DEI) of the whole ad libitum fed diets was related to live weight (M)0·946 (s.e. of exponent 0·0152). ED and ρ of the straw part of the rations did not differ significantly between species, but steers had a significantly higher ED and ρ of β than wether sheep. Steers excreted a significantly lower proportion of DE in urine and a significantly higher proportion of DE in methane than did wethers. Total energy losses in urine and methane, however, did not differ between species.
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Gruyer, Nicolas, Martine Dorais, Gérald J. Zagury, and Beatrix W. Alsanius. "Effects of Using Water Treated by Artificial Wetlands on Root Rot Suppression and Tomato Growth." HortTechnology 21, no. 6 (December 2011): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.6.759.
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the risks and benefits of using artificial wetland-treated waters to irrigate tomato plants (Lycopersicom esculentum) and the potential for suppression of Pythium ultimum. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using tap water (control) and treated waters coming from three types of horizontal subsurface flow artificial wetlands filled with pozzolana and implanted with common cattail (Typha latifolia). Wetland units contained either a simple [artificial wetland with sucrose (AWS)] or complex [artificial wetland with compost (AWC)] carbon source or no [artificial wetland with no carbon (AW)] additional carbon source. A complete randomized split-block design comparing root sensitivity to root rot (inoculated and uninoculated plants) in main plots and four nutrient solutions [1) control, 2) treated water from AWS, 3) treated water from AWC, and 4) treated water from AW] in subplots was used in six replications. Tomato plants were inoculated with P. ultimum twice during the experimental period. The use of treated waters reduced the in vivo root Pythium population by 84% and 100% when the treated waters were from AWS and AWC, respectively. In vitro trials showed that sterilization or membrane filtration (0.2 μm) of treated waters significantly reduced the potential for suppression of P. ultimum, suggesting that microbial activity played an important role. On the other hand, all AW-treated waters had a negative effect on root development of uninoculated young tomato plants. Root dry weights of plants irrigated with treated waters was 56% lower than in control plants, while their shoot:root ratio was two times higher for plants irrigated with treated waters. The inoculated and AWC-treated water treatments also reduced the Fv:Fm ratio of dark-adapted leaves, representing the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II. Organic compounds present in treated waters, expressed as total and dissolved organic compounds, may have affected tomato root development.
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Huang, Hsiu-Chen, Hui-Hua Liu, Li-Yun Yin, Chao-Hui Weng, Chien-Liang Fang, and Cheng-San Yang. "High Incidence of Axillary Web Syndrome among Breast Cancer Survivors after Breast Reconstruction." Breast Care 15, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501928.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to identify if breast reconstruction is a surgical risk factor for axillary web syndrome (AWS) in breast cancer (BC) patients. Methods: The data of 207 patients who have been diagnosed with unilateral BC and who had mastectomy and lymph node dissection were retrospectively reviewed. Information of their clinical and pathological data, whether they had immediate reconstruction and intraoperative radiotherapy, surgical methods, and postoperative complications during the 3 months after their surgery (AWS, lymphedema, seroma, and myofascial adhesion) were collected, and the incidence of AWS was compared between different surgical methods. Results: The overall incidence of AWS was 48.8% in 207 patients. Of the 22 patients who received reconstruction, 19 developed AWS, yielding an incidence of 86%. Multivariate logistic regression modeling showed that patients who underwent reconstruction had a significantly higher incidence of AWS (odds ratio, 4.74), as did patients with postoperative complication of myofascial adhesion (odds ratio, 7.07). Conclusions: BC survivors after breast reconstruction are susceptible to AWS, and there is a significant association between myofascial adhesion and AWS. Our results can stimulate further investigation and provide an evidence base for the development of educational guidance for patients who plan to undergo breast reconstruction.
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Koehler, Linda A., Anne H. Blaes, Tuffia C. Haddad, David W. Hunter, Alan T. Hirsch, and Paula M. Ludewig. "Movement, Function, Pain, and Postoperative Edema in Axillary Web Syndrome." Physical Therapy 95, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 1345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140377.
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Background Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is a condition that may develop following breast cancer surgery and that presents as a palpable axillary cord of tissue. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the clinical characteristics of AWS related to movement, function, pain, and postoperative edema and (2) to define the incidence of and risk factors for AWS within the first 3 months following breast cancer surgery. Design This was a prospective cohort study with a repeated-measures design. Methods Women who underwent breast cancer surgery with sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection (N=36) were assessed for AWS, shoulder range of motion, function, pain, and postoperative edema (using girth measurements, bioimpedance, and tissue dielectric constant) at 2, 4, and 12 weeks. Demographic characteristics were used for risk analysis. Results Seventeen women (47.2%) developed AWS, and AWS persisted in 10 participants (27.8%) at 12 weeks. Abduction range of motion was significantly lower in the AWS group compared with the non-AWS group at 2 and 4 weeks. There were no differences between groups in measurements of function, pain, or edema at any time point. Trunk edema measured by dielectric constant was present in both groups, with an incidence of 55%. Multivariate analysis determined lower body mass index as being significantly associated with AWS (odds ratio=0.86; 95% confidence interval=0.74, 1.00). Limitations Limitations included a short follow-up time and a small sample size. Conclusion Axillary web syndrome is prevalent following breast/axilla surgery for early-stage breast cancer and may persist beyond 12 weeks. The early consequences include movement restriction, but the long-term effects of persistent AWS cords are yet unknown. Low body mass index is considered a risk factor for AWS.
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Oosting, S. J., J. Van Bruchem, and X. B. Chen. "Intake, digestion and small intestinal protein availability in sheep in relation to ammoniation of wheat straw with or without protein supplementation." British Journal of Nutrition 74, no. 3 (September 1995): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950140.
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The effects of ammoniation of wheat straw with or without supplementation of protein sources of either high (casein) or relatively low (potato protein) rumen degradability on intake and digestion were studied with four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Rations offered were: (1) untreated wheat straw (UWS), (2) ammoniated wheat straw (AWS), (3) AWS supplemented with 3·2 g casein/kg live weight (W)0·75 per d (AWSC) and (4) AWS supplemented with 3·9 g potato protein/kg W0·75per d (AWSP). Straw was offered ad lib. and all rations were supplemented with sugarbeet pulp and a mineral mixture. NH3 treatment increased intake and digestion. Supplementation of AWS with potato protein increased total digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) compared with AWS whereas supplementation with casein did not affect total DOMI. Protein supplementation of AWS significantly reduced rumen digestion of cellulose, and when the supplementation was with casein it reduced rumen digestion of neutral-detergent fibre and hemicellulose also. This lower rumen digestion was compensated by a higher proportion of digestion occurring in the hindgut for hemicellulose (P<0·05 for AWSC, P>0·05 for AWSP), but not for cellulose. Across all rations, rumen fluid volume increased with increasing cell-wall intake. The efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis were (average of three different methods of estimation) 23·3, 26·2, 34·8 and 31·7gN/kg apparently-rumen-degraded organic matter for UWS, AWS, AWSC and AWSP respectively. The difference between UWS and AWS was not significant, but values for AWSC and AWSP were significantly higher than that for AWS. The rumen digestion of feed aimno acid-N (AA-N) was significantly higher for AWSC than for the other rations. The apparent small-intestinal digestion of AA-N and N was significantly higher for AWSP than for the other rations. The true small-intestinal digestion values were 0·86, 0·84 and 0·68 for AA-N, N and non-protein-N respectively. Heal endogenous losses of AA-N were approximately 6 mg/g duodenal non-protein dry-matter flow. Linear relationships were observed between DOMI and N balance and truly absorbed AA-N, indicating that DOMI could have been limited by small-intestinal amino acid availability. Regression of N balance v. truly absorbed AA-N resulted in an estimate of net efficiency of utilization of truly absorbed AA-N of 0·54.
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Garland, Elizabeth, Abigail Watts, John Doucette, Mary Foley, Araliya Senerat, and Sadie Sanchez. "Stand Up to Work: assessing the health impact of adjustable workstations." International Journal of Workplace Health Management 11, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-10-2017-0078.
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Purpose Sedentary behavior is linked to health risks, and prolonged sitting is prevalent among office workers. Adjustable workstations (AWS) promote health by allowing transitions between sitting and standing. Stand Up to Work compares workers with AWS to traditional desks (TD). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Employees were randomly selected from one office floor to receive AWS, two identical floors maintained TD. Participants received workplace wellness and ergonomic training, completed self-administered questionnaires, and responded to repeated micropolling at baseline (T0), 3 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 (T3) months in Atlanta, 2015-2016. Groups were compared using two-sample t-tests and nonparametric Wilcoxon tests. Findings Compared to TD (n = 24), participants with AWS (n = 24) reported significantly less sedentary behavior at T1 and T2 after AWS installation (p<0.05), with a retention rate at T2 of 80 and 65 percent for the AWS and TD group, respectively. In all, 47 percent of participants with AWS reported decline in upper back, shoulder, and neck discomfort (p=0.04); 88 percent of AWS participants reported convenience to use, 65 percent reported increased productivity, and 65 percent reported positive impact outside the workplace. Individuals with normal or underweight body mass index (BMI) reported a significantly greater decline in percent of time sitting compared to participants with overweight or obese BMI at all three time points. Originality/value AWS are beneficial in reducing sedentary behavior in and outside the workplace. Behavioral changes were sustained over time and associated with less self-reported muscle pain, more self-reported energy, and awareness of standing. When considering total worker health, employers should include options for AWS to promote reducing sedentary behavior.
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Hermanto, Aris, and Iswanto Iswanto. "Pengaruh Flux Elektroda AWS 5.1 E 6013 Dicelup Oli pada Pengelasan Besi Cor Kelabu FC-25 Terhadap Kekuatan Tarik." R.E.M. (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) Jurnal 3, no. 2 (May 2, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/r.e.m.v3i2.1857.
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In this study using specimens of gray cast iron Fc-25 (grade 2500). The test specimen is needed there 12 specimens include three test specimen material (base metal), 3 specimen variety of welding electrodes cast CI-A1, 3 specimen variety of welding using welding electrodes AWS 5.1 E6013 without immersion oil, three specimens variation welding using welding electrodes 5.1 AWS E6013 with immersion oil. The results of testing specimens welding electrodes cast CI-A1 in the amount of 16.63 MPa with 0.84% strain and a variety of welding electrode AWS E6013 5.1 with immersion oil also has the highest ultimate tensile strength of welding another variation in the amount of 17.98 MPa with a strain of 0.48% , While the lowest was tensile strength using a variety of welding electrode AWS E6013 5.1 without immersion oil that is 16.28 MPa with a strain of 0.49%.
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Caffo, Orazio, Francesca Maines, Chiara Trentin, Antonello Veccia, and Enzo Galligioni. "Long-term outcomes and predictive factors in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) showing abiraterone withdrawal syndrome (AWS) after docetaxel (DOC) treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 2_suppl (January 10, 2016): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.324.
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324 Background: AWS has been rarely described as a possible PSA reduction, with or without radiological responses, observed after abiraterone acetate (AA) suspension due to disease progression. According to this possibility, all pts progressing under AA were usually monitored for at least 4 wks to evaluate if they developed AWS; if PSA decreased, the subsequent treatment was delayed until the occurrence of biochemical and/or radiological progression. The present study is aimed to assess long-term outcomes and predictive factors in DOC pre-treated mCRPC pts experiencing AWS. Methods: We evaluated a consecutive series of 73 pre-treated mCRPC pts, who received AA in our Hospital after DOC failure: all pts were treated with AA 1,000 mg po + prednisone 10 mg po daily; the treatment continued until progression disease (PD) which required to be confirmed by imaging. For each pt we have recorded the pre and post-AA clinical history, the treatment details and outcomes. All pts stopped AA due to progressive disease and AWS was defined by PSA reduction ≥ 25%, compared to the AA-end values, observed in the first month after AA stop. A logistic regression analysis was performed in order to assess the ability of a series of 18 selected clinical factors to predict AWS. Results: AWS was observed in 7 pts (9.5%) with a median duration of 17 wks (range 9-33). Two pts undergoing the 3-monthly radiographic restaging showed an objective response. A significant difference in terms of post-AA median OS was observed between AWS- and AWS+ pts (3.6 vs 27.9 mos; p = 0.02); this differences was confirmed by 1-month landmark analysis (4.6 vs 27.9 mos; p = 0.03). Among the factors, only the absence of pain at AA therapy baseline was able to predict the AWS: 100% of AWS+ pts were asymptomatic, compared to 64.6% of AWS- pts (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Despite AWS remains an unpredictable and rare phenomenon, it could represent a chance to delay the start of subsequent therapeutic line after AA failure. Moreover, our results seem to suggest that the occurrence of AWS may have a positive impact on the OS of mCRPC pts.
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Gogichaishvili, D., G. Chagelishvili, R. Chanishvili, and J. Lominadze. "Nature and dynamics of overreflection of Alfvén waves in MHD shear flows." Journal of Plasma Physics 80, no. 5 (May 16, 2014): 667–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237781400021x.
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Our goal is to gain new insights into the physics of wave overreflection phenomenon in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nonuniform/shear flows changing the existing trend/approach of the phenomenon study. The performed analysis allows to separate from each other different physical processes, grasp their interplay and, by this way, construct the basic physics of the overreflection in incompressible MHD flows with linear shear of mean velocity, U0=(Sy,0,0), that contain two different types of Alfvén waves. These waves are reduced to pseudo- and shear-Alfvén waves when wavenumber along Z-axis equals zero (i.e. when kz=0). Therefore, for simplicity, we labeled these waves as: P-Alfvén and S-Alfvén waves (P-AWs and S-AWs). We show that: (1) the linear coupling of counter-propagating waves determines the overreflection, (2) counter-propagating P-AWs are coupled with each other, while counter-propagating S-AWs are not coupled with each other, but are asymmetrically coupled with P-AWs; S-AWs do not participate in the linear dynamics of P-AWs, (3) the transient growth of S-AWs is somewhat smaller compared with that of P-AWs, (4) the linear transient processes are highly anisotropic in wave number space, (5) the waves with small streamwise wavenumbers exhibit stronger transient growth and become more balanced, (6) maximal transient growth (and overreflection) of the wave energy occurs in the two-dimensional case – at zero spanwise wavenumber.To the end, we analyze nonlinear consequences of the described anisotropic linear dynamics – they should lead to an anisotropy of nonlinear cascade processes significantly changing their essence, pointing to a need of revisiting the existing concepts of cascade processes in MHD shear flows.
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Kim, Ji Hyun, Jin Yong Chung, Young Kyu Kwon, Kwang Joong Kim, Chae Ha Yang, Dae-Hyun Hahm, Hye-Jung Lee, Kwang-Ho Pyun, and Insop Shim. "Acupuncture Reduces Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and c-Fos Expression in Rat Brain." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 33, no. 06 (January 2005): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x0500348x.
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Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely practiced in the treatment of many functional disorders including alcohol abuse. In the present study, the effects of acupuncture on alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) and Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of rats were investigated. During 3 days of cessation following chronic administration of ethanol (3 g/kg, i.p. for 3 weeks), rats showed a significant increase in AWS, such as hypermotility, tail rigidity, grooming and tremor, and an increase in FLI in the dopamine terminal areas of the brain. Treatment with acupuncture at zusanli (ST36) or sanyinjiao (SP6) during the withdrawal period inhibited both AWS and FLI of rats undergoing ethanol injection. These results suggest that acupuncture may be useful in the treatment of alcoholism by modulating post-synaptic neural activation in the striatum and NAC.
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Borgundvaag, B., C. Thompson, S. McLeod, S. Perelman, S. Lee, S. Carver, and T. Dear. "MP43: Evaluation of an innovative web-based educational program to teach the management of alcohol withdrawal." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.197.
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Introduction: Ideal management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) incorporates a symptom driven approach, whereby patients are regularly assessed using a standardized scoring system (Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol-Revised; CIWA-Ar) and treated according to severity. Accurate administration of the CIWA-Ar requires experience, yet there is no training program to teach this competency. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a web-based curriculum to teach clinicians how to accurately assess and treat AWS. Methods: This was a three-phase educational program consisting of a series of 3 e-learning modules of core competency material, in-person seminar to orient learners to high fidelity simulation, and summative evaluation in an OSCE setting using a standardized patient. To determine the ED impact of the AWS curriculum, we recorded how often the CIWA-Ar was appropriately applied in the ED pre and post training. ED length of stay, total dose of benzodiazepines administered in the ED, and number of prescriptions and unit benzodiazepine doses given upon discharge were also recorded. Results: 74 nurses from an academic ED completed the AWS curriculum. There were 130 and 126 patients in the pre and post AWS training periods, respectively. Management of AWS was not compliant with CIWA-Ar protocol in 78 (60.0%) and 46 (36.5%) patients pre and post AWS training, respectively ( 23.5%; 95% CI: 11.3%, 34.7%), resulting in administration of benzodiazepine when it was not required, or not giving benzodiazepines with a CIWA-Ar score of 10. There was an average of 4 CIWA-Ar scores per patient in both the pre and post implementation periods. Prior to AWS training, 144/560 (25.5%) CIWA-Ar scores resulted in a breach of protocol, compared to 64/547 (11.7%) following AWS training ( 13.8%; 95% CI: 9.3%, 18.3%). Median total dose of benzodiazepines administered in the ED was lower after the implementation of the AWS curriculum (40mg vs 30mg; 10 mg; 95% CI: 0mg, 20mg). ED length of stay and the amount of benzodiazepines given to patients at discharge were similar between groups. Conclusion: This AWS curriculum appears to be an effective way to train ED clinicians on the proper administration of the CIWA-Ar protocol, and results in improved patient care.
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Logvinenko, Igor. "Authoritarian Welfare State, Regime Stability, and the 2018 Pension Reform in Russia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cpcs.2020.53.1.100.
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This article evaluates the role of the authoritarian welfare state (AWS) in upholding regime stability in Vladimir Putin's Russia. The AWS has contributed to sociopolitical stability over the past 20 years by (1) maintaining frequent interactions between the state and the population, (2) providing a way for the regime to uphold a reputation for not cheating the population out of the proceeds of growth, and (3) generating significant benefits for the rulers and the ruled. The pension reform enacted in 2018 undermined the three pillars of the AWS and, therefore, increased the chances of future political instability.
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Oosting, S. J., P. J. M. Vlemmix, and J. Van Bruchem. "Effect of ammonia treatment of wheat straw with or without supplementation of potato protein on intake, digestion and kinetics of comminution, rumen degradation and passage in steers." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 1 (July 1994): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940016.
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Untreated wheat straw (UWS) or ammoniated wheat straw without (AWS) or with (AWSP) a supplement of potato protein of a low rumen degradability was fed to three steers according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. All rations were supplemented with sugar-beet pulp and minerals. Voluntary organic matter intake (OMI, g/kg0.75 per d) was 67.8, 76.0 and 80.1 for whole rations (51.1, 59.7 and 59.2 for straw) for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively, which was significantly higher for AWS and AWSP than for UWS. Organic matter digestibility (OMD, g/kg) was 561, 596 and 625 for the respective rations UWS, AWS and AWSP, also significantly higher for AWS and AWSP than for UWS. The increased voluntary intake and digestion of ammoniated wheat-straw-based rations were associated with a significantly higher potentially degradable fraction (D) of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in offered straw (556 and 661 g/kg for untreated and ammoniated wheat straw respectively) and in the rumen pool (469, 555 and 554 g/kg for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively). Isolated small rumen particles (retained on sieves with a pore size < 1.25 and > 0.041 mm) had a significantly lower D of NDF (average 588 g/kg) than isolated large rumen particles (average 663 g/kg). Fractional rates of degradation of NDF did not differ significantly either between untreated and ammonia-treated wheat straw offered (2.9 and 2.6%/h respectively) or between rumen pools (1.8, 1.7 and 2.1 %/h for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively). Rations based on ammoniated wheat straw had a significantly higher rumen NH3-N concentration than UWS. Although the rumen pool size of total contents differed significantly between treatments, those of dry and organic matter and of cell wall constituents were not significantly different. The proportion of rumen dry matter passing through a sieve with a pore size of 1.25 mm averaged 0.684 over rations (not significantly different between rations). Daily rumination (96 min) and eating (52 min) times/kg NDF ingested did not differ between rations. The rate of comminution of large particles estimated from the disappearance of indigestible NDF in large rumen particles from the rumen of animals without access to feed was 4.1, 6.3 and 7.1 %/h for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively. These values were not significantly different. The fractional rate of passage estimated from the faecal excretion of Cr-NDF was 5.4, 6.1 and 6.3%/h for UWS, AWS and AWSP respectively (significantly higher for AWS and AWSP than for UWS) but the turnover rate of indigestible NDF did not differ between treatments.
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Oliveira, Paulo Henrique de, Wesley Ferreira Gonçalves, Antonio Carlos Muniz Ventura Junior, and Maria Aparecida Bovério. "A INFLUÊNCIA DOS TEORES DE NÍQUEL NOS ELETRODOS AWS 5.18 ER80S-NI2 + AWS 5.9 E8018C1 E AWS 5.9 ER70S-3 + AWS 5.9 E7018-1 EM JUNTAS SOLDADAS DE AÇO ASTM-A516 GR70 COM REQUISITO H2S." SITEFA - Simpósio de Tecnologia da Fatec Sertãozinho 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33635/sitefa.v3i1.106.
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Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de soldabilidade em um projeto de fabricação de um vaso de pressão para trabalho com H2S-, fabricado em material ASTM A 516 Gr 70, aplicando os processos de soldagem combinados GTAW e SMAW, a uma determinada pressão e temperatura. Sendo assim, propôs-se utilizar a combinação dos consumíveis AWS ER80S-NI2 + E8018C1 e AWS ER70S-3 + E7018-1, que são a base de níquel e, após soldagem, realizar os ensaios mecânicos e posteriormente, retirar corpos de prova conforme a norma ASME XI e procedimentos internos do cliente, para análise de microestrutura, dureza no metal de solda e zona afetada pelo calor (ZTA), ensaios mecânicos dobramento tração, ensaio de impacto a -45°C, dobramento e análise química da zona fundida. Os resultados demonstraram que a adição do elemento níquel no consumível de solda atua na sanidade da junta de solda, proporcionando as características de propriedades e desgaste no conjunto soldado do equipamento vaso de pressão. Após análise dos resultados obtidos com os ensaios de tração, dureza, e ensaio de impacto, atenderam aos requisitos de projeto e os especificados pela norma ASME IX 2015 e NACE MR175-2.
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Al-Sayyed, Rizik M. H., Wadi’ A. Hijawi, Anwar M. Bashiti, Ibrahim AlJarah, Nadim Obeid, and Omar Y. A. Al-Adwan. "An Investigation of Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services from Users’ Perspectives." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 14, no. 10 (May 30, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i10.9902.
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Cloud computing is one of the paradigms that have undertaken to deliver the utility computing concept. It views computing as a utility similar to water and electricity. We aim in this paper to make an investigation of two highly efficacious Cloud platforms: Microsoft Azure (Azure) and Amazon Web Services (AWS) from users’ perspectives the point of view of users. We highlight and compare in depth the features of Azure and AWS from users’ perspectives. The features which we shall focus on include (1) Pricing, (2) Availability, (3) Confidentiality, (4) Secrecy, (5) Tier Account and (6) Service Level Agreement (SLA). The study shows that Azure is more appropriate when considering Pricing and Availability (Error Rate) while AWS is more appropriate when considering Tier account. Our user survey study and its statistical analysis agreed with the arguments made for each of the six comparisons factors.
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Reijmer, Carleen, Wouter Greuell, and Johannes Oerlemans. "The annual cycle of meteorological variables and the surface energy balance on Berkner Island, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 29 (1999): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821166.
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AbstractIn February 1995 an automatic weather station (AWS) was placed on Thyssen Hohe, the south dome of Berkner Island, Antarctica. A fairly complete 3 year meteorological dataset of hourly average data was obtained. The mean annual temperature is about –24°C. The annual mass balance is about +180 mm we. Summer temperatures stay below 0°C, which implies that no melt takes place. Because the AWS is located on a dome, katabatic winds are not active, the wind direction is variable (directional constancy 0.38) and the wind speed relatively low (4.5 ms−1). Annual average variables are compared with data from Recovery Glacier AWS and Halley station.The measurements are used to evaluate the surface energy fluxes for the 3 year period by using a surface energy-balance model. The annual average gain of energy from the sensible-heat flux ( + 10.8 W m–2) is balanced by a negative net radiative flux (–9.1 W m−2) and a small negative latent-heat flux (-1.7 W rrT2). The annual subsurface flux is small.
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Swartz, Eric, Farzan Irani, and Rodney Gabel. "Coping With Stuttering." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 24, no. 2 (December 2014): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd24.2.58.
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Purpose: The purpose of this research was to gain a deeper understanding about coping strategies by adults who stutter (AWS). Methods: A mixed methods approach was used to gather responses from 61 participants in response to a questionnaire with forced choice and open-ended questions. Participants were recruited via speech-language pathologists who forwarded the questionnaire to present and past clients who stutter. Results: Successful coping with stuttering had a positive correlation with a lower stuttering severity. The following themes where indicative of successful coping with stuttering: (1) living your life with stuttering, (2) managing stuttering with no negative impact, and (3) positive effects and speech therapy and techniques on stuttering. Unsuccessful coping with stuttering was described as: (1) avoidance, (2) negative impact on life, (3) treatment did not work, and (4) coping is difficult. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicated that AWS with a lower severity of stuttering cope better with their stuttering. Qualitative responses provided insight into how AWS perceive successful and unsuccessful coping with stuttering and how that impacts their overall quality of life.
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Hammond, Drayton A., Jordan M. Rowe, Adrian Wong, Tessa L. Wiley, Kristen C. Lee, and Sandra L. Kane-Gill. "Patient Outcomes Associated With Phenobarbital Use With or Without Benzodiazepines for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Systematic Review." Hospital Pharmacy 52, no. 9 (July 17, 2017): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578717720310.
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Purpose: Benzodiazepines are the drug of choice for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS); however, phenobarbital is an alternative agent used with or without concomitant benzodiazepine therapy. In this systematic review, we evaluate patient outcomes with phenobarbital for AWS. Methods: Medline, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched from 1950 through February 2017 for controlled trials and observational studies using [“phenobarbital” or “barbiturate”] and [“alcohol withdrawal” or “delirium tremens.”] Risk of bias was assessed using tools recommended by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Results: From 294 nonduplicative articles, 4 controlled trials and 5 observational studies (n = 720) for AWS of any severity were included. Studies were of good quality (n = 2), fair (n = 4), and poor (n = 3). In 6 studies describing phenobarbital without concomitant benzodiazepine therapy, phenobarbital decreased AWS symptoms ( P < .00001) and displayed similar rates of treatment failure versus comparator therapies (38% vs 29%). A study with 2 cohorts showed similar rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (phenobarbital: 16% and 9% vs benzodiazepine: 14%) and hospital length of stay (phenobarbital: 5.85 and 5.30 days vs benzodiazepine: 6.64 days). In 4 studies describing phenobarbital with concomitant benzodiazepine therapy, phenobarbital groups had similar ICU admission rates (8% vs 25%), decreased mechanical ventilation (21.9% vs 47.3%), decreased benzodiazepine requirements by 50% to 90%, and similar ICU and hospital lengths of stay and AWS symptom resolution versus comparator groups. Adverse effects with phenobarbital, including dizziness and drowsiness, rarely occurred. Conclusion: Phenobarbital, with or without concomitant benzodiazepines, may provide similar or improved outcomes when compared with alternative therapies, including benzodiazepines alone.
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Sohn, B. J., Hyo-Jin Han, and Eun-Kyoung Seo. "Validation of Satellite-Based High-Resolution Rainfall Products over the Korean Peninsula Using Data from a Dense Rain Gauge Network." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2266.1.
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Abstract Four independently developed high-resolution precipitation products [HRPPs; the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and the National Research Laboratory (NRL) blended precipitation dataset (NRL-blended)], with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and a temporal resolution of 3 h, were compared with surface rain measurements for the four summer seasons (June, July, and August) from 2003 to 2006. Surface measurements are 1-min rain gauge data from the Automated Weather Station (AWS) network operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) over South Korea, which consists of about 520 sites. The summer mean rainfall and diurnal cycles of TMPA are comparable to those of the AWS, but with larger magnitudes. The closer agreement of TMPA with surface observations is due to the adjustment of the real-time version of TMPA products to monthly gauge measurements. However, the adjustment seems to result in significant overestimates for light or moderate rain events and thus increased RMS error. In the other three products (CMORPH, PERSIANN, and NRL-blended), significant underestimates are evident in the summer mean distribution and in scatterplots for the grid-by-grid comparison. The magnitudes of the diurnal cycles of the three products appear to be much smaller than those suggested by AWS, although CMORPH shows nearly the same diurnal phase as in AWS. Such underestimates by three methods are likely due to the deficiency of the passive microwave (PMW)-based rainfall retrievals over the South Korean region. More accurate PMW measurements (in particular by the improved land algorithm) seem to be a prerequisite for better estimates of the rain rate by HRPP algorithms. This paper further demonstrates the capability of the Korean AWS network data for validating satellite-based rain products.
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Hilliker, Joby L., Girish Akasapu, and George S. Young. "Assessing the Short-Term Forecast Capability of Nonstandardized Surface Observations Using the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD)." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 1397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2137.1.
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Abstract The number of surface observations from nonstandardized networks across the United States has appreciably increased the last several years. Automated Weather Services, Inc. (AWS), maintains one example of this type of network offering nonstandardized observations for ∼8000 sites. The present study assesses the utility of such a network to improve short-term (i.e., lead times <12 h) National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) forecasts for three parameters most relevant to the energy industry—temperature, dewpoint, and wind speed. A 1-yr sample of 13 AWS sites is chosen to evaluate the magnitude of forecast improvement (skill) and influence of physical location (siting) on such improvements. Hourly predictions are generated using generalized additive modeling (GAM)—a nonlinear statistical equation incorporating a predetermined set of the most significant AWS and NDFD predictors. Two references are used for comparison: (i) persistence climatology (PC) forecasts and (ii) NDFD forecasts calibrated to the AWS sites (CNDFD). The skill, measured via the percent improvement (reduction) in the mean absolute error (MAE), of forecasts generated by the study’s technique (CNDFD+) is comparable (<5%) to PC for lead times of 1–3 h for dewpoint and wind speed. Skill relative to PC slowly increases with lead time, with temperature exhibiting the greatest relative-to-PC skill (∼30% at 12 h). When compared to baseline CNDFD forecasts, the MAE of the generated CNDFD+ forecasts is reduced 65% for temperature and dewpoint at the 1-h lead time. An exponential drop in improvement occurs for longer lead times. Wind speed improvements are notably less, with little skill (<5%) demonstrated for forecasts beyond 4 h. Overall, CNDFD+ forecasts have the greatest accuracy relative to CNDFD and PC for the middle (3–7 h) lead times tested in the study. Variations in CNDFD+ skill exist with respect to AWS location. Tested stations located in complex terrain generally exhibit greater skill relative to CNDFD than the 13-station average for temperature (and, to a lesser degree, dewpoint). Relative to PC, however, the same subset of stations exhibits skill below the 13-station average. No conclusive relationship can be made between CNDFD+ skill and the sample stations located near water.
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Borgundvaag, B., C. Thompson, S. McLeod, S. Perelman, and S. Lee. "P011: Performance of emergency department nurses in evaluating a simulated patient with alcohol withdrawal syndrome following an education curriculum." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S60—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.209.
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Introduction: The optimal management of emergency department (ED) patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) includes a symptom driven approach with scheduled reassessments using a standardized scoring system (Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol-Revised; CIWA-Ar) and treatments according to symptom severity. The subjective nature of the CIWA-Ar, and lack of standardized competency-based education related to alcohol withdrawal results in widely variable treatment. The objective of this study was to perform a summative evaluation of clinical staff during the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) of a simulated patient (SP) with AWS. Methods: The AWS education curriculum was completed by all staff nurses in our ED (mandatory for full-time, optional to part-time staff). It was based on a real clinical scenario depicting moderate alcohol withdrawal and portrayed by a single SP. Prior to the OSCE, participants attended a seminar orienting them to the simulation. Each participant was asked to do a complete assessment of the SP, and graded for completeness on 37 individual components of history/physical exam, including the 10 domains of the CIWA-Ar. Results: 74 participants completed the educational curriculum over 8 weeks. At least 9/10 domains of the CIWA-Ar assessment were completed by 65 (88%) of participants, and 28 (38%) correctly assessed at least 80% of all summative evaluation components. 63 (85%) participants correctly identified the need for treatment of withdrawal symptoms. Only 13 (18%) participant assessments exactly matched our exact target CIWA-Ar score of 15, however 61% were within 2 points on the CIWA-Ar scale. In only 4 (5%) instances would a participant have inappropriately rated AWS severity below the treatment threshold. 62/72 (86%) participants rated the SP tremor as 2-4 (intended tremor =3). Clinical features most often overlooked were history of other addictions (25 participants, 33%) and history of liver disease (15 participants, 20%). Conclusion: The majority of participants in this OSCE correctly assessed the important elements in the assessment of AWS, and diagnosed the SP as having moderate alcohol withdrawal. Thus our educational intervention resulted in 85% of participants properly identifying the severity of AWS, and developing an appropriate treatment strategy. The impact of this curriculum on actual patient treatment requires further evaluation.
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Song, Yun, Xiaobin Xue, Haibin Han, Cuiluan Li, Jia Jian, Wei Yuan, and Xu Chen. "Efficacy of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with diazepam for acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A double-blind randomized sham-controlled trial." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 4 (April 2020): 030006052091005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520910052.
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Objective To compare the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with diazepam against diazepam alone for treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Methods In this double-blind randomized sham-controlled trial, men with acute AWS were randomly allocated to either a group treated with TEAS combined with diazepam (n = 57) or a control group treated with sham TEAS combined with diazepam (n = 60). Treatment was performed at four acupoints twice a day for 14 days. The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale (CIWA-Ar), visual analogue scale (VAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale (mESS) were used to evaluate treatment efficacy. Results All scores improved significantly in both groups during the trial. CIWA-Ar scores were lower in the TEAS group than in the control group from day 3 until the end of observation. VAS and mESS scores were also lower in the TEAS group than in the control group on day 7. VAS and PSQI scores were lower in the TEAS group on day 14. Conclusion Combining diazepam with TEAS may result in milder AWS symptoms than diazepam alone, improve sleep quality and reduce sleepiness.
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Park, Haekyung. "Comparison of Temperatures and Spatial Resolutions between Urban Sensors and National Weather Observations (ASOS, AWS) for Urban Heat Island Intensity Analysis." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.3.39.
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Urban temperatures have become more important because the frequency and intensity of heatwaves will increase with the worsening urban heat island effects due to climate change. Recently, urban sensors are emerging as a new means of heat island analysis, and urban sensor data including temperatures were opened to the public in Seoul in 2020. However, there are insufficient cases of analysis and the differences from national weather observation are unknown. Accordingly, this study introduces the S⋅DoT (Smart Seoul Data of Things), an urban sensor in Seoul, and compared S⋅DoT temperatures with national weather observation (such as ASOS and AWS) temperature in order to facilitate heat island analysis using urban sensors. The result shows the S⋅DoT temperature is about 1-1.15 ℃ higher than ASOS⋅AWS during May to August 2020, which is due to differences in the height and installation environment, not in the performance of the equipment. S⋅DoT is installed in the urban environments at the height of approximately 3 m and measures the actual living temperature, whereas ASOS measures temperature in the controlled environment and AWS measures temperature from the higher position due to being installed on the top of a building. Therefore, we suggest that when using S⋅DoT together with rural AWS temperature to analyze the intensity of heat islands, calibration should be considered taking into account the difference between the two observations, and a better method is to calculate the heat island intensity only using S⋅DoT temperature in urbanized and non-urbanized areas without using rural temperature.
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Sosin, I., O. Goncharova, and Y. Chuev. "Efficiency of Cocarnit preparation in clinical course of alcohol dependence at withdrawal syndrome stage." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S395—S396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.454.
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IntroductionRecently scientific attention of Ukrainian narcology was focused on the group of new complex pharmacological preparations with polymodal pathogenic effect option (Cocarnit, World Medicine, Great Britain).Aims and objectivesTo ground feasibility of Cocarnit application in complex treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS).MethodEleven patients with alcohol addiction were examined. An integrated research of relieving and adjuvant effects of pharmacological preparation Cocarnit in complex with traditional detoxication therapy in clinical course of alcohol dependence at AWS stage was carried out. One to 2 ampoules of Cocarnit were injected intramuscularly once per 24 hrs, № 6.MethodsClinical-psychopathological, clinical-laboratory, consulting of specialists, methods of psychological investigation (CIWA; САН; SF-36) at day 1, 7 and 14 of treatment.ResultsAWS quantification score on admission was 41. Further therapeutic regress of all AWS components was registered. At day 1 the patient's condition started improving, clinical score was 32; at day 3 – 17; day 5 – the score was 13, insignificant tremor remained. At day 7 of treatment, practically complete relieving effect of the therapy was ascertained. With САН method at day 7 of the treatment, an increase of figures in all scales was registered: state of health 2.7, activity 2.4, mood 2.5. SF-36 method: at day 1 – the score was 24, day 7 – 32, day 14 – 49.ConclusionsThus, the developed by us method of integrated treatment with inclusion of Cocarnit for withdrawal state in alcohol addicts allows to stop acute signs of pathology within 3–5 days.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Agabio, Roberta, Pier Paolo Pani, Antonio Preti, Gian Luigi Gessa, and Flavia Franconi. "Efficacy of Medications Approved for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Female Patients: A Descriptive Review." European Addiction Research 22, no. 1 (August 29, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000433579.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the number of women recruited for studies to establish the efficacy of medications approved for treatment of alcohol dependence (AD) and of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is sufficient to reveal possible gender differences in the response to these medications and in suggesting the use of different doses in female patients. Our results show that the rates of women recruited for studies evaluating the efficacy of disulfiram (1%), benzodiazepines (3%), and anticonvulsants (13%) were too low to establish possible gender differences. The rates of women recruited for studies evaluating the efficacy of acamprosate (22%), naltrexone (23%), and nalmefene (30%) were higher and allowed evaluation of data obtained for female patients. Women receive medications for treatment of AD and/or AWS for which efficacy has been demonstrated in studies in which men were more largely represented.
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van der Aa, L. T. J., L. J. Kors, A. P. M. Wind, J. A. M. H. Hofman, and L. C. Rietveld. "Nitrification in rapid sand filter: phosphate limitation at low temperatures." Water Supply 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0005.
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In winter 1995-1996 the RSF of AWS River-Lake Waterworks suffered from ammonium breakthrough. Research indicated that the nitrification was limited by stagnated growth of the nitrifying bacteria due to low phosphate concentrations at low temperatures (0-3°C). Phosphoric acid was dosed prior to the RSF (dose 35-50 μg PO43- -P.l-1) to stimulate bacteria growth. Two weeks after starting the addition, ammonium removal in the RSF had recovered. AWS is conducting research on alternatives for production capacity extension. Several alternatives involve the construction of an additional RSF prior to the reservoir. Pilot experiments on RSF prior to the reservoir show that complete nitrification in these additional RSF is possible. The phosphate concentration should amount at least 10 μg PO43- -P.l-1. A model has been developed to predict nitrification in RSF. The model confirms the results from both the River-Lake Waterworks' RSF as from the pilot RSF. The model is used for process control and scenario studies.
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Lee, Seungmin, Nicholas D. Myers, Taiwoo Park, Christopher R. Hill, and Deborah L. Feltz. "An Exploratory Study on the Köhler Effect and Flow in Long-term Exergaming." Simulation & Gaming 49, no. 5 (May 21, 2018): 538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878118776043.
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Background. One way to motivate people to exercise is to create a motivating social context, such as group exercise, due to social comparison opportunities. However, typical group exercise is not always easy for those who have problems in scheduling or social physique anxiety. Software-generated partners (SGPs) could offer a solution because they have advantages over human partners. Aim. This exploratory study examined the psychological state of flow under Köhler paradigm over a 24-week exergame with different types of SGPs: Individual Control (IC), Always Superior Partner (AWS), and Not Always Superior Partner (NAS). Method. The experiment was a 3 (Type of the partner) × 3 (Time blocks) factorial design. Fifteen participants engaged in the experiment. A multivariate multiple regression with type of SGPs predicting flow state at the second and third block was conducted. Results. Participants with an NAS partner had significantly higher flow state, as compared to participants under IC, at both blocks. Participants with an AWS partner had approximately equal flow state, as compared to participants under IC, at both blocks. Conclusions. Possible reasons for flow perceptions with different types of SGPs over time were discussed in terms of programming SGPs and flow theory.
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Wang, W., C. S. Zender, D. van As, P. C. J. P. Smeets, and M. R. van den Broeke. "A Retrospective, Iterative, Geometry-Based (RIGB) tilt correction method for radiation observed by Automatic Weather Stations on snow-covered surfaces: application to Greenland." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 6 (November 3, 2015): 6025–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6025-2015.
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Abstract. Surface melt and mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet may play crucial roles in global climate change due to their positive feedbacks and large fresh water storage. With few other regular meteorological observations available in this extreme environment, measurements from Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) are the primary data source for studying surface energy budgets, and for validating satellite observations and model simulations. Station tilt, due to irregular surface melt and/or compaction, causes considerable biases in the AWS shortwave radiation measurements. In this study, we identify tilt-induced biases in the climatology of surface shortwave radiative flux and albedo, and retrospectively correct these by iterative application of solar geometric principles. We found, over all the AWS from the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), the Kangerlussuaq transect (K-transect) and the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) networks, insolation on fewer than 40 % of clear days peaks within ±0.5 h of solar noon time, with the largest shift exceeding 3 h due to tilt. Hourly absolute biases in the magnitude of surface insolation can reach up to 200 W m−2. We estimate the tilt angles and their directions based on the solar geometric relationship between the simulated insolation at a horizontal surface and the observed insolation by these tilted AWS under clear-sky conditions. Our adjustment reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) against references from both satellite observation and reanalysis by ~ 20W W m−2, and raises the correlation coefficients with them to above 0.95. Averaged over the whole Greenland Ice Sheet in the melt season, the adjustment in insolation to compensate station tilt is 18 ± 13 W m−2, enough to melt 0.40 ± 0.29 m of snow water equivalent. The adjusted diurnal cycles of albedo are smoother, with consistent semi-smiling patterns. The seasonal cycles and inter-annual variabilities of albedo agree better with previous studies. This tilt-corrected shortwave radiation dataset derived using the Retrospective, Iterative, Geometry-Based (RIGB) method provide more accurate observations and validations for surface energy budgets studies on the Greenland Ice Sheet, including albedo variations, surface melt simulations and cloud radiative forcing estimates.
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Wang, Wenshan, Charles S. Zender, Dirk van As, Paul C. J. P. Smeets, and Michiel R. van den Broeke. "A Retrospective, Iterative, Geometry-Based (RIGB) tilt-correction method for radiation observed by automatic weather stations on snow-covered surfaces: application to Greenland." Cryosphere 10, no. 2 (March 24, 2016): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-727-2016.
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Abstract. Surface melt and mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet may play crucial roles in global climate change due to their positive feedbacks and large fresh-water storage. With few other regular meteorological observations available in this extreme environment, measurements from automatic weather stations (AWS) are the primary data source for studying surface energy budgets, and for validating satellite observations and model simulations. Station tilt, due to irregular surface melt, compaction and glacier dynamics, causes considerable biases in the AWS shortwave radiation measurements. In this study, we identify tilt-induced biases in the climatology of surface shortwave radiative flux and albedo, and retrospectively correct these by iterative application of solar geometric principles. We found, over all the AWS from the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), the Kangerlussuaq transect (K-transect) and the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) networks, insolation on fewer than 40 % of clear days peaks within &pm;0.5 h of solar noon time, with the largest shift exceeding 3 h due to tilt. Hourly absolute biases in the magnitude of surface insolation can reach up to 200 W m−2, with respect to the well-understood clear-day insolation. We estimate the tilt angles and their directions based on the solar geometric relationship between the simulated insolation at a horizontal surface and the observed insolation by these tilted AWS under clear-sky conditions. Our adjustment reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) against references from both satellite observation and reanalysis by 16 W m−2 (24 %), and raises the correlation coefficients with them to above 0.95. Averaged over the whole Greenland Ice Sheet in the melt season, the adjustment in insolation to compensate station tilt is ∼ 11 W m−2, enough to melt 0.24 m of snow water equivalent. The adjusted diurnal cycles of albedo are smoother, with consistent semi-smiling patterns. The seasonal cycles and inter-annual variabilities of albedo agree better with previous studies. This tilt-corrected shortwave radiation data set derived using the Retrospective, Iterative, Geometry-Based (RIGB) method provide more accurate observations and validations for surface energy budgets studies on the Greenland Ice Sheet, including albedo variations, surface melt simulations and cloud radiative forcing estimates.
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Nolan, M. "Analysis of local AWS and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data at Lake El'gygtytgyn, and its implications for maintaining multi-year lake-ice covers." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2012): 1443–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-1443-2012.
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Abstract. We compared 7 years of local automated weather station (AWS) data to NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to characterize the modern environment of Lake El'gygytgyn, in Chukotka Russia. We then used this comparison to estimate the air temperatures required to initiate and maintain multi-year lake-ice covers to aid in paleoclimate reconstructions of the 3.6 M years sediment record recovered from there. We present and describe data from our AWS from 2002–2008, which recorded air temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, barometric pressure, and wind speed/direction, as well as subsurface soil moisture and temperature. Measured mean annual air temperature (MAAT) over this period was −10.4 °C with a slight warming trend during the measurement period. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis air temperatures compared well to this, with annual means within 0.1 to 2.0 °C of the AWS, with an overall mean 1.1 °C higher than the AWS, and daily temperature trends having a correlation of over 96% and capturing the full range of variation. After correcting for elevation differences, barometric pressure discrepancies occasionally reached as high as 20 mbar higher than the AWS particularly in winter, but the correlation in trends was high at 92%, indicating that synoptic-scale weather patterns driving local weather likely are being captured by the reanalysis data. AWS cumulative summer rainfall measurements ranged between 70–200 mm during the record. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis precipitation failed to predict daily events measured by the AWS, but largely captured the annual trends, though higher by a factor of 2–4. NCEP air temperatures showed a strong trend in MAAT over the 1961–2009 record, rising from a pre-1995 mean of −12.0 °C to a post-1994 mean of −9.8 °C. We found that nearly all of this change could be explained by changes in winter temperatures, with mean winter degree days (DD) rising from −5043 to −4340 after 1994 and a much smaller change in summer DD from +666 to +700. Thus, the NCEP record indicates that nearly all modern change in MAAT is driven by changes in winter (which promotes lake-ice growth) not summer (which promotes lake-ice melt). Whether this sensitivity is representative of paleo-conditions is unclear, but it is clear that the lake was unlikely to have initiated a multi-year ice cover since 1961 based on simple DD models of ice dynamics. Using these models we found that the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis mean MAAT over 1961–2009 would have to be at least 4 °C colder to initiate a multi-year ice cover, but more importantly that multi-year ice covers are largely controlled by summer melt rates at this location. Specifically we found that summer DD would have to drop by more than half the modern mean, from +640 to +280. Given that the reanalysis temperatures appears about 1 °C higher than reality, a MAAT cooling of 3 °C may be sufficient in the real world, but as described in the text we consider a cooling of −4°C ± 0.5 °C a reasonable requirement for multi-year ice covers. Also perhaps relevant to paleo-climate proxy interpretation, at temperatures cold enough to maintain a multi-year ice cover, the summer temperatures could still be sufficient for a two-month long thawing period, including a month at about +5 °C Thus it is likely that many summer biological processes and some lake-water warming and mixing may still have been occurring beneath perennial ice-covers; core proxies have already indicated that such perennial ice-covers may have persisted for tens of thousands of years at various times within the 3.6 M years record.
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Munro, D. Scott. "Revisiting bulk heat transfer on Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada, in light of the OG parameterization." Journal of Glaciology 50, no. 171 (2004): 590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756504781829819.
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AbstractA scheme for katabatic turbulent heat transfer proposed by Oerlemans and Grisogono (2002), here referred to as the OG parameterization, is compared with bulk heat-transfer estimates on Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada. Automatic weather stations (AWSs) provide off-glacier data to drive the parameterization and glacier data for bulk estimates. Micrometeorological datasets are used to assess two schemes that employ the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter, z/L, to modify logarithmic, or neutral, bulk heat-transfer equations to allow for stability. Both schemes fail at >1 m above the surface, where the AWS sensors are located, unless a modified approach is used in which the stability correction is constant for z/L ≥1/3. Then the bulk sensible-heat-flux density falls to ≈0.93 of its neutral estimate at all measurement levels, thus providing a basis for comparison with the parameterization. The results of the comparison are very good, indicating that a one-to-one relationship between bulk and parameterized values can be achieved by optimizing the fit with a background exchange coefficient and, because there is only one off-glacier AWS, using a sinusoidal function to model the diurnal variation of the potential temperature lapse rate.
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Hieke, S., H. Binder, G. Schwarzer, and J. Knaus. "Costs of Cloud Computing for a Biometry Department." Methods of Information in Medicine 52, no. 01 (2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me11-02-0048.
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SummaryBackground: “Cloud” computing providers, such as the Amazon Web Services (AWS), offer stable and scalable computational resources based on hardware virtualization, with short, usually hourly, billing periods. The idea of pay-as-you-use seems appealing for biometry research units which have only limited access to university or corporate data center resources or grids.Objectives: This case study compares the costs of an existing heterogeneous on-site hardware pool in a Medical Biometry and Statistics department to a comparable AWS offer.Methods: The “total cost of ownership”, including all direct costs, is determined for the on-site hardware, and hourly prices are derived, based on actual system utilization during the year 2011. Indirect costs, which are difficult to quantify are not included in this comparison, but nevertheless some rough guidance from our experience is given. To indicate the scale of costs for a methodological research project, a simulation study of a permutation-based statistical approach is performed using AWS and on-site hardware.Results: In the presented case, with a system utilization of 25 –30 percent and 3 – 5-year amortization, on-site hardware can result in smaller costs, compared to hourly rental in the cloud dependent on the instance chosen. Renting cloud instances with sufficient main memory is a deciding factor in this comparison.Conclusions: Costs for on-site hardware may vary, depending on the specific infrastructure at a research unit, but have only moderate impact on the overall comparison and subsequent decision for obtaining affordable scientific computing resources. Overall utilization has a much stronger impact as it determines the actual computing hours needed per year. Taking this into account, cloud computing might still be a viable option for projects with limited maturity, or as a supplement for short peaks in demand.
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Steiner, N., and M. Tedesco. "A wavelet melt detection algorithm applied to enhanced-resolution scatterometer data over Antarctica (2000–2009)." Cryosphere 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-25-2014.
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Abstract. Melting is mapped over Antarctica at a high spatial resolution using a novel melt detection algorithm based on wavelets and multiscale analysis. The method is applied to Ku-band (13.4 GHz) normalized backscattering measured by SeaWinds onboard the satellite QuikSCAT and spatially enhanced on a 5 km grid over the operational life of the sensor (1999–2009). Wavelet-based estimates of melt spatial extent and duration are compared with those obtained by means of threshold-based detection methods, where melting is detected when the measured backscattering is 3 dB below the preceding winter mean value. Results from both methods are assessed by means of automatic weather station (AWS) air surface temperature records. The yearly melting index, the product of melted area and melting duration, found using a fixed threshold and wavelet-based melt algorithm are found to have a relative difference within 7% for all years. Most of the difference between melting records determined from QuikSCAT is related to short-duration backscatter changes identified as melting using the threshold methodology but not the wavelet-based method. The ability to classify melting based on relative persistence is a critical aspect of the wavelet-based algorithm. Compared with AWS air-temperature records, both methods show a relative agreement to within 10% based on estimated melt conditions, although the fixed threshold generally finds a greater agreement with AWS. Melting maps obtained with the wavelet-based approach are also compared with those obtained from spaceborne brightness temperatures recorded by the Special Sensor Microwave/Image (SSM/I). With respect to passive microwave records, we find a higher degree of agreement (9% relative difference) for the melting index using the wavelet-based approach than threshold-based methods (11% relative difference).
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Gomes de Magalhães, Sitonio, Marcelo Ferreira Motta, Hélio Cordeiro de Miranda, and Jesualdo Pereira Farias. "Behaviour of coatings with AWS ERNiCrMo-3 electrode on ASTM A516 Gr.60 steel in ageing tests." Welding International 24, no. 6 (June 2010): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110902844477.
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Hobby, Matthew, Matthew Gascoyne, John H. Marsham, Mark Bart, Christopher Allen, Sebastian Engelstaedter, Dieh Mohamed Fadel, et al. "The Fennec Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Network: Monitoring the Saharan Climate System." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00037.1.
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Abstract The Fennec automatic weather station (AWS) network consists of eight stations installed across the Sahara, with four in remote locations in the central desert, where no previous meteorological observations have existed. The AWS measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, shortwave and longwave radiation (upwelling and downwelling), ground heat flux, and ground temperature. Data are recorded every 3 min 20 s, that is, at 3 times the temporal resolution of the World Meteorological Organization’s standard 10-min reporting for winds and wind gusts. Variations in wind speeds on shorter time scales are recorded through the use of second- and third-order moments of 1-Hz data. Using the Iridium Router-Based Unrestricted Digital Internetworking Connectivity Solutions (RUDICS) service, data are transmitted in near–real time (1-h lag) to the United Kingdom, where calibrations are applied and data are uploaded to the Global Telecommunications System (GTS), for assimilation into forecast models. This paper describes the instrumentation used and the data available from the network. Particular focus is given to the engineering applied to the task of making measurements in this remote region and challenging climate. The communications protocol developed to operate over the Iridium RUDICS satellite service is described. Transmitting the second moment of the wind speed distribution is shown to improve estimates of the dust-generating potential of observed winds, especially for winds close to the threshold speed for dust emission of the wind speed distribution. Sources of error are discussed and some preliminary results are presented, demonstrating the system’s potential to record key features of this region.
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Pinzón Candelario, Manuel, Germán Torres Bermúdez, Yhon F. Soto Serna, and J. N. Zuleta. "Matrix design for guided bend tests under the codes AWS D1.1, AWS D1.5, ASME Section IX and standard NTC 523 for specimens with thicknesses equal to or less than 3/8 inches." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1154, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1154/1/012039.
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Albuquerque, Siderley Fernandes, Theophilo Moura Maciel, Marco Antônio dos Santos, and Alexandre Queiroz Bracarense. "Avaliação da microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas de metais de solda obtidos por processos de soldagem manual e automatizado utilizado na soldagem de aço API 5L X80." Soldagem & Inspeção 16, no. 4 (December 2011): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-92242011000400003.
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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características da zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e a microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas de metais de solda de juntas soldadas do aço API 5L X80, obtidos para quatro diferentes procedimentos de soldagem utilizando processos manuais e automatizados. Para isto, chapas do referido aço foram soldadas por processo manual ao Arco Elétrico com Eletrodo Revestido (SMAW), utilizando 473 e 673 K como temperaturas de interpasses e o eletrodo celulósico AWS E8010-G como consumível; por processo ao Arco Elétrico com Arame Tubular (FCAW) robotizado, utilizando o arame AWS E71T- 1C como metal de adição e argônio com 25%CO2 como gás de proteção; por processo a Arco Elétrico com Eletrodo de Tungstênio (GTAW) mecanizado na raiz da solda, usando o arame ER70S-3 e argônio como gás de proteção. As análises microestruturais foram relacionadas com os resultados de ensaios de impacto Charpy nos metais de solda e com os perfis de microdureza Vickers ao longo da junta soldada. Os resultados indicaram maiores percentuais de Ferrita Acicular e maiores valores de resistência ao impacto nos metais de solda e uma menor extensão e granulometria da ZTA, associado ao procedimento de soldagem utilizando processo automatizado com maior velocidade de soldagem.
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Hirata, Akio, and Manuel A. Castro-Alamancos. "Cortical Transformation of Wide-Field (Multiwhisker) Sensory Responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 1 (July 2008): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90538.2008.
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In the barrel cortex of rodents, cells respond to a principal whisker (PW) and more weakly to several adjacent whiskers (AWs). Here we show that compared with PW responses, simultaneous wide-field stimulation of the PW and several AWs enhances short-latency responses and suppresses long-latency responses. Multiwhisker enhancement and suppression is first seen at the level of the cortex in layer 4 and not in the ventroposterior medial thalamus. Within the cortex, enhancement is manifested as a reduction in spike latency in layer 4 but also as an increase in spike probability in layer 2/3. Intracellular recordings revealed that multiwhisker enhancement of short-latency responses is caused by synaptic summation that can be explained by synaptic cooperativity (i.e., convergence of synaptic inputs activated by different whiskers). Conversely, multiwhisker suppression of long-latency responses is due to increased recruitment of inhibition in cortical cells. Interestingly, the ability to differentiate multiwhisker and PW responses is lost during rapid sensory adaptation caused by high-frequency whisker stimulation. The results reveal that simultaneous and temporally dispersed wide-field sensory inputs are discriminated at the level of single cells in barrel cortex with high temporal resolution, but the ability to compute this difference is highly dynamic and dependent on the level of adaptation in the thalamocortical network.
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Harris, Susan R. "Axillary Web Syndrome in Breast Cancer: A Prevalent But Under-Recognized Postoperative Complication." Breast Care 13, no. 2 (2018): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485023.
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The purpose of this review is to define axillary web syndrome (AWS) and describe its diagnosis and management. The following databases were searched through July 2017: PubMed, EMBASE (OvidSP), Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Search terms included ‘axillary web syndrome', ‘axillary cording', and ‘lymphatic cording'. 49 articles were identified; 8 did not relate to breast cancer, and 3 were not in English. Of the remaining articles, the majority were case reports, case series, or descriptive reviews. 2 systematic reviews were located as well as 1 randomized trial, 6 prospective cohort studies, and 2 retrospective cohort studies. Although a common sequela after axillary surgery for breast cancer staging, AWS has been poorly described in the medical literature as to the underlying pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Interventions range from patient education and simple reassurance that the syndrome will resolve spontaneously to active physical or manual therapies to maintain upper extremity range-of-motion, especially adequate motion for undergoing radiation therapy. Oncologists, breast surgeons, family physicians, and oncology nurse practitioners that work with patients with breast cancer should educate them about this prevalent complication and inform them preoperatively about what to anticipate.
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Chico, Belen, Jenifer Alcántara, Elizabeth Pino, Iván Díaz, Joaquín Simancas, Almudena Torres-Pardo, Daniel de la Fuente, et al. "Rust exfoliation on carbon steels in chloride-rich atmospheres." Corrosion Reviews 33, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0025.
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AbstractThe exposure of carbon steel in marine atmospheres can lead in certain circumstances to the formation of thick rust layers (containing a number of compact laminas) that are easily detached (exfoliated) from the steel substrate, leaving it unprotected and considerably accelerating the corrosion process. This deterioration phenomenon is of particular concern in steel infrastructures located close to the sea (civil constructions, bridges, etc.), whose service lifetime can be extraordinarily limited. High times of wetness of the metallic surface and high chloride ion deposition rates play a decisive role in the formation of this type of rust. Research has been carried out for 1 year in eight pure marine atmospheres with annual average chloride deposition rates of 70–1906 mg Cl-/m2 day. The studied carbon steels consisted of one mild steel, one conventional weathering steel (Corten A), and one high nickel (~3 wt.%) advanced weathering steel (AWS). The paper describes the environmental conditions that lead to the formation of these thick multilaminar rust layers and presents a characterisation study of this singular type of rust using a variety of analysis techniques: scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy/electron diffraction. The Ni-AWS shows greater resistance to the occurrence of rust exfoliation.
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Marquez-Viloria, David, Luis Castano-Londono, and Neil Guerrero-Gonzalez. "A Modified KNN Algorithm for High-Performance Computing on FPGA of Real-Time m-QAM Demodulators." Electronics 10, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050627.
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A methodology for scalable and concurrent real-time implementation of highly recurrent algorithms is presented and experimentally validated using the AWS-FPGA. This paper presents a parallel implementation of a KNN algorithm focused on the m-QAM demodulators using high-level synthesis for fast prototyping, parameterization, and scalability of the design. The proposed design shows the successful implementation of the KNN algorithm for interchannel interference mitigation in a 3 × 16 Gbaud 16-QAM Nyquist WDM system. Additionally, we present a modified version of the KNN algorithm in which comparisons among data symbols are reduced by identifying the closest neighbor using the rule of the 8-connected clusters used for image processing. Real-time implementation of the modified KNN on a Xilinx Virtex UltraScale+ VU9P AWS-FPGA board was compared with the results obtained in previous work using the same data from the same experimental setup but offline DSP using Matlab. The results show that the difference is negligible below FEC limit. Additionally, the modified KNN shows a reduction of operations from 43 percent to 75 percent, depending on the symbol’s position in the constellation, achieving a reduction 47.25% reduction in total computational time for 100 K input symbols processed on 20 parallel cores compared to the KNN algorithm.
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Yang, Feng Yan, Shu Min Li, Zheng Rong Song, Tui Deng, Zeng Bo Wang, and Wen Hao Zhang. "Cutting Technique of Welding Groove for Intersecting of Braces at Small Angle during Liwan 3-1 CEP Jacket Fabrication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.34.
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This paper presents the method to perform cutting of welding groove for intersecting of pipes at small angle during Liwan 3-1 CEP jacket fabrication. The mathematical model of the intersecting pipes as well as the cutting method for transition section have been studied using the principle of geometry, which enables fabrication team to print out the full scale template drawing to guide cutting of welding groove for intersecting of braces at small angle. This method has been fully tested during LW3-1 jacket fabrication which indicated that the welding groove can meet the requirements of AWS D1.1 code and the method can be adopted for future jacket construction.
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Szarpak, Łukasz, Łukasz Czyżewski, Zenon Truszewski, and Andrzej Kurowski. "Pentax Airway Scope AWS-S200 video laryngoscope for child tracheal intubation in a manikin study with 3 airway scenarios." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2015): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.05.026.
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Rosidi, Rosidi, Budi Yuwono, and Darius Yuhas. "ANALISA VARIASI KUAT ARUS ELEKTRODA E6013 TERHADAP SAMBUNGAN LAS PADA PELAT BAJA UNTUK TABUNG GAS 3 KG." Jurnal Poli-Teknologi 18, no. 3 (November 7, 2019): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/pt.v18i3.2341.
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The quality of the welding results is influenced by the qualified welder, the appropriate type of connection, the type of welding, and the electrode. Standard electrode AWS E 6013 with trademark Nikko Steel Welding Elektodes, NK 68 with φ 2.6 mm. The type of camp used is SNI standard 1452-2007 for 3 kg LPG tube. Specimens were subjected to tensile testing, impact toughness, hardness testing, curvature testing, microstructure with current variations of 50 A and 70 A of both types of electrodes used. Welding by SMAW method with circular welding at 3 kg of gas tube blank from JIS G 3116 SG 295 materials. From the test result will be known maximum tensile strength, impact toughness, hardness, curve strength, macro and microstructure. And by comparing the samples of SNI, non SNI and samples from both types of Nikko Steel and NK 68 electrodes, there are differences in mechanical and microstructure characteristics that will significantly affect the toughness of the welding results.
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Guan, Qingyu, Xiazhong Sun, Jing Yang, Baotian Pan, Shilei Zhao, and Lei Wang. "Dust Storms in Northern China: Long-Term Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Climate Controls." Journal of Climate 30, no. 17 (September 2017): 6683–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0795.1.
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Airborne dust derived from desertification in northern China can be transported to East Asia and other regions, impairing human health and affecting the global climate. This study of northern China dust provides an understanding of the mechanism of dust generation and transportation. The authors used dust storm and climatological data from 129 sites and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets in northern China to analyze spatiotemporal characteristics and determine the main factors controlling dust storms occurring during 1960–2007. Dust storm–prone areas are consistent with the spatial distribution of northern China deserts where the average wind speed (AWS) is more than 2 m s−1, the mean annual temperature (MAT) ranges from 5° to 10°C, and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) is less than 450 mm. Dust storms commonly occur on spring afternoons in a 3- to 6-h pattern. The three predominant factors that can affect DSF are the maximum wind speed, AWS, and MAT. During 1960–2007, dust storm frequency (DSF) in most regions of northern China fluctuated but had a decreasing trend; this was mainly caused by a gradual reduction in wind speed. The effect of temperature on DSF is complex, as positive and negative correlations exist simultaneously. Temperatures can affect source material (dust, sand, etc.), cyclone activity, and vegetation growth status, which influence the generation of dust storms. NDVI and precipitation are negatively correlated with DSF, but the effect is weak. Vegetation can protect the topsoil environment and prevent dust storm creation but is affected by the primary decisive influence of precipitation.
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Liu, Chenjian, Xiaoman Zheng, and Yin Ren. "Parameter Optimization of the 3PG Model Based on Sensitivity Analysis and a Bayesian Method." Forests 11, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121369.
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Sensitivity analysis and parameter optimization of stand models can improve their efficiency and accuracy, and increase their applicability. In this study, the sensitivity analysis, screening, and optimization of 63 model parameters of the Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth (3PG) model were performed by combining a sensitivity analysis method and the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method of Bayesian posterior estimation theory. Additionally, a nine-year observational dataset of Chinese fir trees felled in the Shunchang Forest Farm, Nanping, was used to analyze, screen, and optimize the 63 model parameters of the 3PG model. The results showed the following: (1) The parameters that are most sensitive to stand stocking and diameter at breast height (DBH) are nWs(power in stem mass vs. diameter relationship), aWs(constant in stem mass vs. diameter relationship), alphaCx(maximum canopy quantum efficiency), k(extinction coefficient for PAR absorption by canopy), pRx(maximum fraction of NPP to roots), pRn(minimum fraction of NPP to roots), and CoeffCond(defines stomatal response to VPD); (2) MCMC can be used to optimize the parameters of the 3PG model, in which the posterior probability distributions of nWs, aWs, alphaCx, pRx, pRn, and CoeffCond conform to approximately normal or skewed distributions, and the peak value is prominent; and (3) compared with the accuracy before sensitivity analysis and a Bayesian method, the biomass simulation accuracy of the stand model was increased by 13.92%, and all indicators show that the accuracy of the improved model is superior. This method can be used to calibrate the parameters and analyze the uncertainty of multi-parameter complex stand growth models, which are important for the improvement of parameter estimation and simulation accuracy.
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Seal, Dakshina R., and Elzie McCord. "Control of Beet Armyworm on Pepper, Spring 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.118.
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Abstract Pepper seedlings were transplanted in Rockdale soil on 5 Oct, 1995. A RCB design was employed to provide 3 replicates each for 8 treatments comprising a plot size of 2 rows, 25 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated on 15 Nov, 1995 and continued at approximately 7-day intervals. Insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 100 gpa. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted after odd-numbered treatments; i.e.1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th. B AWs were evaluated by counting the number of larvae on 5 randomly selected plants per plot. B AW fruit damage was determined by collecting 20 mature fruit per plot. Fruit with feeding damage was rated as non-marketable.
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Luthfianto, Saufik, Zulfah, and Fajar Nurwildani. "PERANCANGAN ALAT PENGGILING IKAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN ERGONOMI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS." Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v8i1.833.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang mesin giling ikan yang sesuai dengan desain ergonomicn, menghasilkan mesin penggiling ikan yang mempunyai produktivitas dengan rancangan kekuatan material alat dan mesin motor serta menghitung kapasitas produksi, BEP dan total biaya hasil prodiksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan perancangan ergonomic. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Perhitungan anthropometri dapat ditentukan fasilitas kerja operator dengan dimensi kursi dengan tinggi 44 cm dan meja dengan tinggi 67 cm, lebar 63 cm, panjang 130 cm yang digunakan operator pada proses penggilingan ikan yang dirancang. Penentuan kualitas motor dapat ditentukan dengan daya motor sebesar 2,83 Kw atau 3 Hp, diameter puli sebesar 20 cm, sabuk pertama 61 inch, sabuk 2 sebesar 68 inch, dengan bahan poros ST 42, tegangan tarik 420 N/mm2, bahan elektroda AWS 60xx, Kekuatan tarik elektroda sebesar 427,21 N/mm2, Tebal Pengelasan sebesar 3 mm, lebar pengelasan 40 mm dan factor keamanan sebesar N=3. Rancangan alat pengiling ikan dapat memproduksi sebanyak 39.600 gram atau lebih maka sudah berada pada titik impas (BEP) atau sudah mendapat keuntungan. Biaya total yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat 39.600 gram Rp 365.522,-
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Steiner, N., and M. Tedesco. "A wavelet melt detection algorithm applied to enhanced resolution scatterometer data over Antarctica (2000–2009)." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2013): 2635–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2635-2013.
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Abstract. Melting is mapped over Antarctica at a high spatial resolution using a novel melt-detection algorithm based on wavelets and multi-scale analysis. The method is applied to Ku band (13.4 GHz) normalized backscattering measured by SeaWinds on QuikSCAT and spatially enhanced on a 5 km grid over the operational life of the sensor (1999–2009). Wavelet-based estimates of melt spatial extent and duration are compared with those obtained by means of threshold-based detection methods, where melting is detected when the measured backscattering is 3 dB below the preceding winter mean value. Results from both methods are assessed by means of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) air surface temperature records. The yearly melting index, the product of melted area and melting duration, found using a fixed threshold and wavelet-based melt algorithm are found to have a relative difference within 7% for all years. The majority of the difference between melting records determined from QuikSCAT are related to short-duration backscatter changes identified as melting using the threshold methodology but not the wavelet-based method. Compared with AWS records both methods show a relative accuracy to within 10% based on estimated melt conditions using air temperatures. Melting maps obtained with the wavelet-based approach are also compared with those obtained from spaceborne brightness temperatures recorded by the Special Sensor Microwave/Image (SSMI). With respect to passive microwave records, we find a higher degree of agreement (9% relative difference) for the melting index using the wavelet-based approach than threshold-based methods (11% relative difference). Additionally, linkages between melting variability and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), an important large-scale climate driver for Antarctica, are suggested by the results using wavelet based methods that are not found using threshold-based methods.
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Webb, Mathew, and Budiman Minasny. "A digital mapping application for quantifying and displaying air temperatures at high spatiotemporal resolutions in near real-time across Australia." PeerJ 8 (October 7, 2020): e10106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10106.
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Surface air temperature (Ta) required for real-time environmental modelling applications should be spatially quantified to capture the nuances of local-scale climates. This study created near real-time air temperature maps at a high spatial resolution across Australia. This mapping is achieved using the thin plate spline interpolation in concert with a digital elevation model and ‘live’ recordings garnered from 534 telemetered Australian Bureau of Meteorology automatic weather station (AWS) sites. The interpolation was assessed using cross-validation analysis in a 1-year period using 30-min interval observation. This was then applied to a fully automated mapping system—based in the R programming language—to produce near real-time maps at sub-hourly intervals. The cross-validation analysis revealed broad similarities across the seasons with mean-absolute error ranging from 1.2 °C (autumn and summer) to 1.3 °C (winter and spring), and corresponding root-mean-square error in the range 1.6 °C to 1.7 °C. The R2 and concordance correlation coefficient (Pc ) values were also above 0.8 in each season indicating predictions were strongly correlated to the validation data. On an hourly basis, errors tended to be highest during the late afternoons in spring and summer from 3 pm to 6 pm, particularly for the coastal areas of Western Australia. The mapping system was trialled over a 21-day period from 1 June 2020 to 21 June 2020 with majority of maps completed within 28-min of AWS site observations being recorded. All outputs were displayed in a web mapping application to exemplify a real-time application of the outputs. This study found that the methods employed would be highly suited for similar applications requiring real-time processing and delivery of climate data at high spatiotemporal resolutions across a considerably large land mass.