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1
Dooley, M. A. Rat phantom depth dose studies in electron, X-ray, gamma-ray, and reactor radiation fields. Defense Nuclear Agency, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 1986.
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2
Stuhlinger, Ernst. Röntgenstrahlen aus dem Universum. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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3
Stuhlinger, Ernst. Röntgenstrahlen aus dem Universum. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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4
Grasserbauer, M. Angewandte Oberflächenanalyse: Mit SIMS Sekundär-Ionen-Massenspektrometrie, AES Auger-Elektronen-Spektrometrie, XPS Röntgen-Photoelektronen-Spektrometrie. Springer-Verlag, 1986.
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5
Germany. Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung. and Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (Germany), eds. Richtlinie für Sachverständigenprüfungen nach Röntgenverordnung: Richtlinie für Prf̈ungen nach [Paragraphen] 4 Abs. 1, [Paragraphen] 4, Abs. 1a, [Paragraphen] 18 Nr. 4, [Paragraphen] 45 Abs. 3 Satz 3 und [Paragraphen] 45a der Röntgenverordnung. 8th ed. Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Verlag für Neue Wissenschaft, 1998.
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6
L, Rowan William, and American Physical Society Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas (9th : 1993 : San Antonio, Tex.), eds. Atomic processes in plasmas: Ninth APS Topical Conference, San Antonio, TX, September, 1993. American Institute of Physics, 1995.
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7
Physics of X-ray Multilayer Structures Topical Meeting (1994 Jackson Hole, Wyo.). Physics of X-ray multilayer structures: Summaries of papers presented at the Physics of X-ray Multilayer Structures Topical Meeting, March 14-17, 1994, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Optical Society of America, 1994.
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8
Physics of X-ray Multilayer Structures Topical Meeting (1992 Jackson Hole, Wyo.). Physics of X-ray multilayer structures: Summaries of papers presented at the Physics of X-ray Multilayer Structures Topical Meeting, March 2-5, 1992, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Optical Society of America, 1992.
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9
Fedorov, Artem, Anna Lavrent'eva, O. Kononenko, and Natal'ya Berezina. Small secrets of a big tomography. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/monography_592bf3f61abb90.20838423.
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In recent decades, all over the world, new imaging technologies have been actively developed and introduced into clinical practice. In the proposed monograph, the monograph was collected and analyzed
 Many years of experience in the use of magnetic resonance imaging
 For medical imaging purposes.
 This book is intended for doctors-radiologists and radiologists,
 X-ray lab technicians and MRI operators, medical physicists, physicians
 Clinical specialties, as well as for students of postgraduate departments and students of medical universities.
10
Belokonev, Vladimir, Sergey Pushkin, Valeriy Zaharov, Zinaida Kovaleva, Andrey Zharov, and Nataliya Burnaeva. Femoral hernia. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856330.
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The monograph is devoted to the pathogenesis, clinic and treatment of patients with femoral hernia. The anatomy of the formed femoral canal, hernia location options, classifications, clinic and diagnosis of uncomplicated and complicated femoral hernia are described. Data on the possibility of instrumental methods (X-ray, ultrasound, CT, as well as laser spectroscopy) for assessing the state of the periosteum of the pubic bone are presented. A historical review of operations in patients with femoral hernia is given. A method for the treatment of uncomplicated femoral hernia with a description of a new variant of femoral canal plastic surgery in the destruction of the periosteum of the pubic bone is proposed. The tactics and technique of operations in patients with a strangulated hernia with a simple and complicated course are described. The results of treatment are presented depending on the methods used and options for completing operations.
 Designed for surgeons, students, residents, postgraduates and researchers engaged in the study of problems of experimental and clinical herniology.
11
Satdarova, Faina. DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF DEFORMED METALS: Theory, Methods, Programs. Academus Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/monography_1598.
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General analysis of the distribution of crystals orientation and dislocation density in the polycrystalline system is presented. 
 Recovered information in diffraction of X-rays adopting is new to structure states of polycrystal. Shear phase transformations in metals — at the macroscopic and microscopic levels — become a clear process. 
 Visualizing the advances is produced by program included in package delivered. Mathematical models developing, experimental design, optimal statistical estimation, simulation the system under study and evolution process on loading serves as instrumentation.
 To reduce advanced methods to research and studies problem-oriented software will promote when installed. Automation programs passed a testing in the National University of Science and Technology “MISIS” (The Russian Federation, Moscow).
 You score an advantage in theoretical and experimental research in the field of physics of metals.
12
Vasil'ev, Oleg, Evgeniy Achkasov, and Sergey Levushkin. Damage to the musculoskeletal system from overload in ballet and sports medicine. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1938064.
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The monograph, based on a long-term interdisciplinary study, outlines the features of the diagnosis and rehabilitation of injuries from overload of the lower limb on movement patterns unnatural for normal life, but typical for types of motor activity associated with the art of movement (choreography, classical dance, rhythmic gymnastics, etc.). It is shown that not so much professional requirements, as a lack of constitutional conditioned abilities are the cause of overload damage, the main predictor of which is muscle hypertonicity.
 The main X-ray morphological types of the structure of hip joints in this contingent of persons are given. The clinical significance of evaluating the performance of basic choreographic elements and the availability of professional abilities for diagnostic purposes is shown. A professionally oriented algorithm for diagnosing overload damage has been proposed, unique clinical-functional and clinical-biomechanical diagnostic methods have been developed. Reference indicators of dosing and assessment of the adequacy of local physical activity on the restored link of the musculoskeletal system are proposed, a mathematical model of their application is developed.
 Professionally oriented methods and features of using physical activity with a training effect for rehabilitation purposes using sports training tools and natural and geographical factors, as well as features of the use of Chinese Taijiquan gymnastics are described. The algorithm of multilevel rehabilitation based on N.A. Bernstein's theory of motion construction is described.
 For students, postgraduates and teachers of medical universities. It will be of interest to sports medicine doctors, orthopedic traumatologists, rehabilitologists and other specialists in the field of medical and biological support of choreography and sports.
13
Lobdell, Nicole. X-ray. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501386732.
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Object Lessons is a series of short, beautifully designed books about the hidden lives of ordinary things. X-rays are powerful, moving through objects undetected, revealing the body as a tryptic of skin, tissue, and bone. X-rays gave rise to a transparent world and the belief that transparency conveys truth. It stands to reason then that our relationship with X-rays would be a complicated one of fear and fascination, acceptance and resistance, confusion and curiosity. X-ray reveals the paradox of living in an age that relies on X-rays to expose hidden threats to our health and security and fears X-rays for that exposure. Nicole Lobdell explores when, where, and how we use X-rays, what meanings we give them, what metaphors we make out of them, and why, despite our fears, we’re still fascinated with them. In doing so, she draws from a variety of fields, including the history of medicine, science and technology studies, literature, art, material culture, film, comics, gender studies, architecture, and industrial design. In the 125 years since their discovery, X-rays haven’t changed, but we have. Object Lessons is published in partnership with an essay series in The Atlantic.
14
X-ray absorption: Principles, applications, techniques of EXAFS, SEX AFS, and XANES. Wiley, 1988.
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15
Hughes, Jim. C-arm systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0002.
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This chapter covers the design and functions of mobile C-arm X-ray systems used in intra-operative imaging (also known as ‘image intensifiers’, or IIs), including the movements and adjustments used for positioning and systems of X-ray production and image generation. C-arm and mobile C-arm imaging technology was born of the necessity to perform real-time X-ray imaging during surgical procedures. These systems perform real-time motion or cine imaging series as well as still images. The larger units, which are fixed, are generally used in dedicated imaging suites, whereas the smaller units, being mobile, can be moved to wherever a procedure requiring imaging takes place.
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Little, Mark P. Environmental radiation. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0340.
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Risks associated with ionizing radiation have been known for almost as long as ionizing radiation itself. Within a year of the discovery of X-rays by Röntgen, skin burns had been reported and, within 7 years, a case of skin cancer was observed, all associated with high-dose X-ray exposure. In general, the risks associated with ionizing radiation can be divided into what have been termed (by the International Commission on Radiological Protection) stochastic effects (e.g. genetic risks in offspring, and somatic effects (cancer) in the directly exposed population), and deterministic, or tissue-reaction, effects. Deterministic effects are typically associated with high-dose exposures, and will not be considered further here.
17
Fischer, Walter E. X-rays, Neutrons Ans Muons Combingin Synchrotron Radiation Techniques For Material... Vch Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh, 2006.
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18
Gábor, D., and T. Reiter. Zellteilung und Strahlung: Sonderheft der Wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen Aus Dem Siemens-Konzern. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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19
Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. Imaging in axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0011.
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Imaging has always been a key component in the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis as part of the modified New York criteria. With the increased availability of MRI and the development of the ASAS axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) criteria, there has been a shift from x-ray imaging of structural damage to MRI imaging of inflammation. This information can help in both the diagnosis of axSpA and in guiding treatment decisions in patients with this diagnosis. However, imaging results must be evaluated in the context of the clinical picture and should not be acted on in isolation. Here we review the key imaging modalities used in axSpA, with the main focus on x-rays and MRI of the sacroiliac joints, spine, and peripheral structures. Advances in technology are also likely to lead to the development of even better imaging modalities for axSpA in future.
20
Hughes, Jim. Image receptors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0003.
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The receptor head is the system that converts the X-ray beam into a visible image and allows it to be displayed. Modern systems accomplish this by using either an image intensifier (II) or a flat-panel detector (FPD). Both allow real-time fluoroscopy, as well as last-image hold, image storage and retrieval, and other features to assist in procedures or reduce radiation dose. This chapter covers the design and functions of image receptor heads used on C-arm systems that produce images from the incident X-ray beam. This includes the process of intensification and amplification of the image within an II system, as well as the function and the use of newer FPD systems.
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Hughes, Jim. Exposures and image quality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0004.
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In C-arm systems, the X-ray beam output is determined by both the signal returned from the automatic exposure device (AED) in the receptor and the exposure table set up for the exam type. The settings for the exposure (as well as aspects of the image receptor and display) will affect the qualities or resolutions of the resulting image. This chapter covers the factors and qualities of images produced by an X-ray C-arm system, and the effect that varying exposure factors has on the resulting image quality and resolutions. This includes spatial, temporal, and contrast resolutions, as well as the effects of under- and overexposure, and distortion or artefacts on the produced images.
22
Ellam, Rob. 5. Physics heal thyself. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0005.
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Stable and radioactive isotopes are used extensively in diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications including studies of human body composition, energy balance, protein turnover, and metabolism. ‘Physics heal thyself: isotopes in medicine’ shows how ionizing radiation is key to a host of medical imaging techniques with radioactive isotopes widely used to target and kill cancer cells. Enriched isotopes are used as biological tracers; doubly labelled water in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes; and 13C-labelled urea in diagnosing stomach and duodenal ulcers. Medical uses of ionizing radiation are manifold including X-ray imaging, radiotherapy with external X-ray beams, brachytherapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, single photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography.
23
LeVine III, Harry. Medical Imaging. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400684333.
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A prize-winning medical writer offers an explanation of modern diagnostic medical imaging technologies—and the issues that result from their use and misuse. Medical Imaging describes the discovery and development of diagnostic imaging technologies, explaining how the technologies work and exploring some of the issues that such powerful and expensive technologies create. The book begins with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 and traces the history of imaging technology through today's tools, such as X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional imaging by positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The contribution of these expensive technologies to the rising cost of healthcare in the United States and the unequal distribution of imaging diagnostic facilities, particularly in developing countries, is also considered. In addition, the book explores ethical questions that have surfaced in the past, including the reportability of incidental findings during a scan and admissibility of medical images as evidence in courts of law , and such newly emerging issues as the application of imaging tools in lie detection and the mammography guidelines controversy of 2009.
24
Jackson Hole, Wy (Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures). Optical Society of Amer, 1992.
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25
Coppens, Philip. X-Ray Charge Densities and Chemical Bonding. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098235.001.0001.
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This book deals with the electron density distribution in molecules and solids as obtained experimentally by X-ray diffraction. It is a comprehensive treatment of the methods involved, and the interpretation of the experimental results in terms of chemical bonding and intermolecular interactions. Inorganic and organic solids, as well as metals, are covered in the chapters dealing with specific systems. As a whole, this monograph is especially appealing because of its broad interface with numerous disciplines. Accurate X-ray diffraction intensities contain fundamental information on the charge distribution in crystals, which can be compared directly with theoretical results, and used to derive other physical properties, such as electrostatic moments, the electrostatic potential and lattice energies, which are accessible by spectroscopic and thermodynamic measurements. Consequently, the work will be of great interest to a broad range of crystallographers and physical scientists.
26
Blow, David. Outline of Crystallography for Biologists. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198510512.001.0001.
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Outline of Crystallography for Biologists is intended for researchers and students in the biological sciences who require an insight into the methods of X-ray crystallography without needing to learn all the relevant theory. The main text is purely descriptive and is readable by those with minimal mathematical knowledge. Some mathematical detail is given throughout in boxes, but these can be ignored. Theory is limited to the essentials required to comprehend issues of quality. There is an extensive reference section and suggestions for further reading for those who wish to delve deeper. The first part 'Fundamentals' presents the underlying ideas which allow x-ray structure analysis to be carried out and provides an appropriate background to courses in structural determination. The second part 'Practice' gives more information about the procedures employed in the course of crystal structure determination. The emphasis is on the quality measures of X-ray diffraction analysis to give the reader a critical insight into the quality and accuracy of a structure determination and to enable the reader to appreciate which parts of a structure determination may have caused special difficulty. There is no pretence of completeness and many matters discussed in standard crystallography texts are deliberately omitted. However, issues not brought out in the standard texts are discussed, making it a useful resource for non-practising crystallographers as well.
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30 лет программе «Байкал-бурение». Академическое изд-во «Гео», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21782/b978-5-6043022-3-1.
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The book is devoted to the International Baikal Drilling Project, a part of the program «Global changes of the environment and climate», accomplished by the Russian, American and Japanese scientists. Much attention is given to the fact that the Baikal Drilling team acted as a single, solid team. The major results obtained from those studies were described in numerous publications published in various Russian and International journals. We hope that the book will be interesting for young scientists, so that they can feel an interest in studying the secrets of nature. The project was accomplished owing to the efforts of M.I. Kuzmin, V.S. Antipin, A.V. Goreglyad, V.F. Geletyi, G.V. Kalmychkov (Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS), M.A Grachev, O.M. Khlystov (Limnological Institute, SB RAS). Many problems that arouse in the project management were solved with the assistance of V.A. Fialkov, Director of the Baikal Museum, SB RAS, A.A. Bukharov, Vive-Director of the Baikal Museum, and the translators T. V. Bunaeva and M. Yu. Khomutova. The book not only describes a difficult work in the ice of Lake Baikal, but also presents the valuable data on the mineral composition of the bottom sediments, the discovery of Baikal gas hydrates, and the evolution of the landscapes and climate of the Baikal region in the Late Cenozoic. Modern methods of electron-probe x-ray spectral microanalysis and isotope geochemistry are described in detail. All this, as well as the methods of modeling real mineral associations, make this book valuable for researchers in different fields of science.
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Thorne, Sara, and Sarah Bowater. Non-invasive imaging. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759959.003.0003.
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Non-invasive imaging is used extensively in patients with congenital heart disease. It is an invaluable tool in both in the initial diagnosis and also with the serial assessment and monitoring of patients. As the technology and our knowledge continues to develop in this field, it has largely replaced the use of invasive techniques, such as cardiac catheterization, for diagnosis and assessment in many conditions. This chapter discusses chest X-ray (CXR), transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transoesophageal echo (TOE), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, and computed tomography (CT).
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Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. Biological Small Angle Scattering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.001.0001.
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The technique of small angle solution scattering has been revolutionized in the last two decades. Exponential increases in computing power, parallel algorithm development, and the development of synchrotron, free-electron X-ray sources, and neutron sources, have combined to allow new classes of studies for biological specimens. These include time-resolved experiments in which functional motions of proteins are monitored on a picosecond timescale, and the first steps towards determining actual electron density fluctuations within particles. In addition, more traditional experiments involving the determination of size and shape, and contrast matching that isolate substructures such as nucleic acid, have become much more straightforward to carry out, and simultaneously require much less material. These new capabilities have sparked an upsurge of interest in solution scattering on the part of investigators in related disciplines. Thus, this book seeks to guide structural biologists to understand the basics of small angle solution scattering in both the X-ray and neutron case, to appreciate its strengths, and to be cognizant of its limitations. It is also directed at those who have a general interest in its potential. The book focuses on three areas: theory, practical aspects and applications, and the potential of developing areas. It is an introduction and guide to the field but not a comprehensive treatment of all the potential applications.
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Meurig Thomas, John. Architects of Structural Biology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854500.001.0001.
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Designed for the non-specialist, the explanations and illustrations used here describe the work, personalities, collaborations, and idiosyncrasies of four of the most distinguished Nobel Laureates of the twentieth century. They exploited a discovery made over a century ago about the nature of X-rays, and thereby created a new branch of science. This enabled them to elucidate, in atomic detail, the structure and mode of action of molecules of the living world: enzymes, vitamins, and viruses, as well as antibiotics. Perutz and Kendrew, from their pioneering work using X-ray diffraction on haemoglobin and myoglobin, the proteins that transport and store oxygen in all animals, led them to establish in 1962 one of the most successful research centres ever—the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge. Medicines discovered there are used worldwide to treat leukaemia, arthritis, and other diseases. Their work also led to the creation in the United States of the Protein Data Bank that guides scientists in understanding the misfolding of proteins, which cause Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. This book is first a memoir of these scientists and their contemporaries, many of them friends of the author. Second, it is an insight into the great excitement associated with structural molecular biology, which directly informs our understanding of ourselves. Third, it describes how two renowned research centres in the United Kingdom—the LMB and the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory—achieved iconic status. It also highlights the importance of the popularization of science, of which Bragg, Perutz, and Kendrew, as well as Dorothy Hodgkin (who solved the structures of penicillin and vitamin B<sub>12</sub>) were experts.
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Warwick, David. Ulnar corner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757689.003.0014.
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The ulnar corner is complex with many anatomical structures and many potential pathologies. This may render diagnosis and treatment a challenge. Meticulous history taking and examination are required, supplemented, if necessary, by tests such as X-ray, MRI, and arthroscopy. Condition include ECU and FCU tendinopathy; hook of hamate fracture; carpal instability; osteoarthritis of the DRUJ, pisotriquetral joint and lunatehamate joint; degenerative and traumatic lesions of the TFCC; ulnar neuropathy, and hypothenar hammer syndrome. Successful treatment depends on accurate diagnosis; non-operative measures usually suffice but surgical options include excision arthroplasty (e.g. pisiform arthritis), joint replacement (e.g. ulnar head), neurolysis (e.g. ulnar nerve neuropathy), surgical debridement (e.g. TFCC central perforations and lunate–hamate arthritis), and ulnar shortening (ulnocarpal impaction).
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Conant, Emily F. Overview of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0007.
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Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a relatively new X-ray technique that allows quasi–three-dimensional imaging of the breast to overcome limitations of conventional 2-D digital mammography (DM). Several early screening studies have shown that DBT reduces the number of false-positive recalls while simultaneously improving the cancer detection rate. Cost-effectiveness studies have shown that incorporating DBT in screening has the potential to save health care dollars due to lower recall rates as well as reduced treatment costs resulting from the earlier detection of breast cancer. In the diagnostic setting, DBT imaging may allow a more efficient work-up of breast lesions due to improved lesion conspicuity and the ability to better localize lesions within the breast.
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Hellman, Samuel. Heroes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650551.003.0006.
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The author’s medical heroes are recognized not only for their scientific accomplishments but also for their public actions to benefit humankind in general. Thomas Hodgkin is famous for the eponymous disease named for him and Marie Curie for the discovery of the first known radioactive substances, polonium and radium. But both did much more: Hodgkin, in his efforts to improve public health in Great Britain and in the Levant; and Curie, in harnessing diagnostic X-ray mobile field units in World War I, as well as making radium available for cancer treatment by publicizing its effectiveness and raising funds for its purchase and use at major international cancer centers. It is this continuum of involvement from science to public benefit that makes them the author’s heroes.
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Hughes, Jim. Urology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0018.
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Most urology procedures requiring imaging involve removing or bypassing any occlusions to the flow of urine from the kidneys. For demonstrating the urinary tract under X-ray, an iodine-based contrast is used. The radiation dose may be higher in urological procedures than in orthopaedic cases due to the thickness of the patient’s abdomen as compared to the extremities, and the need for longer screening times to demonstrate the flow of the contrast agent. This chapter covers a selection of urology procedures for the removal of ureteric blockages and insertion of stents, covering retrograde pyelograms and antegrade pyelograms (including percutaneous access with lithotripsy). Each procedure includes images that demonstrate the position of the C-arm, patient, and surgical equipment, with accompanying radiographs demonstrating the resulting images.
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Duncan, Anthony, and Michel Janssen. Constructing Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845478.001.0001.
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This is the first of two volumes on the genesis of quantum mechanics. It covers the key developments in the period 1900–1923 that provided the scaffold on which the arch of modern quantum mechanics was built in the period 1923–1927 (covered in the second volume). After tracing the early contributions by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr to the theories of black‐body radiation, specific heats, and spectroscopy, all showing the need for drastic changes to the physics of their day, the book tackles the efforts by Sommerfeld and others to provide a new theory, now known as the old quantum theory. After some striking initial successes (explaining the fine structure of hydrogen, X‐ray spectra, and the Stark effect), the old quantum theory ran into serious difficulties (failing to provide consistent models for helium and the Zeeman effect) and eventually gave way to matrix and wave mechanics. Constructing Quantum Mechanics is based on the best and latest scholarship in the field, to which the authors have made significant contributions themselves. It breaks new ground, especially in its treatment of the work of Sommerfeld and his associates, but also offers new perspectives on classic papers by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr. Throughout the book, the authors provide detailed reconstructions (at the level of an upper‐level undergraduate physics course) of the cental arguments and derivations of the physicists involved. All in all, Constructing Quantum Mechanics promises to take the place of older books as the standard source on the genesis of quantum mechanics.
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Macmahon, Brian. Accomplishments in Cancer Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0001.
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In his chapter “Accomplishments in Cancer Epidemiology,” Dr. MacMahon summarizes the history of the discipline, particularly the epidemiologic evidence on cigarette smoking, ionizing radiation, occupation, the physical and microbiologic environments, the reproductive experience of women, alcohol, and iatrogenic exposures as their bear on cancer risk in humans. Ionizing radiation as a cause of leukemia and cancer of the skin, breast, lung, and thyroid is discussed in detail, as well as liver cancer and myelogenous leukemia following exposure to the X-ray contrast medium thorotrast. Important occupational carcinogens include arsenic (lung cancer, bladder cancer), asbestos (lung cancer and mesothelioma), benzene (acute myeloid leukemia), chemical dyes (bladder cancer), chromium (lung cancer), nickel (nasal cancer), and vinyl chloride (angiosarcoma in the liver). The chapter ends with a broader overview of the other environmental causes of cancers that are reviewed in detail in the site-specific chapters.
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Delgado Martín, Jordi, Andrea Muñoz-Ibáñez, and Ismael Himar Falcón-Suárez. 6th International Workshop on Rock Physics: A Coruña, Spain 13 -17 June 2022: Book of Abstracts. 2022nd ed. Servizo de Publicacións da UDC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/spudc.000005.
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[Abstract] The 6th International Workshop on Rock Physics (6IWRP) was held A Coruña, Spain, between 13th and 17th of June, 2022. This meeting follows the track of the five successful encounters held in Golden (USA, 2011), Southampton (UK, 2013), Perth (Australia, 2015), Trondheim (Norway, 2017) and Hong Kong (China, 2019). The aim of the workshop was to bring together experiences allowing to illustrate, discuss and exchange recent advances in the wide realm of rock physics, including theoretical developments, in situ and laboratory scale experiments as well as digital analysis. While rock physics is at the core of the oil & gas industry applications, it is also essential to enable the energy transition challenge (e.g. CO2 and H2 storage, geothermal), ensure a safe and adequate use of natural resources and develop efficient waste management strategies. The topics of 6IWRP covered a broad spectrum of rock physics-related research activities, including: • Experimental rock physics. New techniques, approaches and applications; Characterization of the static and dynamic properties of rocks and fluids; Multiphysics measurements (NMR, electrical resistivity…); Deep/crustal scale rock physics. • Modelling and multiscale applications: from the lab to the field. Numerical analysis and model development; Data science applications; Upscaling; Microseismicity and earthquakes; Subsurface stresses and tectonic deformations. • Coupled phenomena and rock properties: exploring interactions. Anisotropy; Flow and fractures; Temperature effects; Rock-fluid interaction; Fluid and pressure effects on geophysical signatures. • The energy transition challenge. Applications to energy storage (hydrogen storage in porous media), geothermal resources, energy production (gas hydrates), geological utilization and storage of CO2, nuclear waste disposal. • Rock physics templates: advances and applications. Quantitative assessment; Applications to reser voir characterization (role of seismic wave anisotropy and fracture networks). • Advanced rock physics tools. Machine learning; application of imaging (X-ray CT, X-ray μCT, FIB-SEM…) to obtain rock proper ties. This book compiles more than 50 abstracts, summarizing the works presented in the 6IWRP by rock physicists from all over the world, belonging to both academia and industry. This book means an updated overview of the rock physics research worldwide.
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Van Hulle, Dirk. Genetic Criticism. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846792.001.0001.
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As a method to study literary writing processes, genetic criticism is also a reading strategy. The idea behind this book is to introduce this strategy to a broader audience, from undergraduate students and interested readers to early career researchers and literary critics. A work of literature sometimes seems to hit a nerve, but it is more challenging to pinpoint exactly why it ‘works’. This book therefore starts from a basic principle: knowing how something was made can help us understand how and why it works. This strategy is at the basis of many disciplines, including art history. By means of X-ray technology or hyperspectral imaging, it is possible to look at a painting as a multilayered object with not only spatial dimensions but also a temporal one. This temporal dimension is the core of the reading strategy explored in this book.
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Oddy, M. J., and Deborah M. Eastwood. Foot injuries in children. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.014011.
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♦ The child’s foot is very supple but when injuries do occur conventional imaging is not as valuable as it should be because of the late ossification. Accessory centres of ossification complicate matters♦ Transchondral fractures are not easily seen on conventional x-rays♦ Lawnmower injuries (shredding of the forefoot) should have a slightly more tissue-preserving approach than in adults♦ Lacerated tendons in the hindfoot need repairing if foot growth is to be normal.
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Patterson, Caroline, and Derek Bell. Causes and diagnosis of chest pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0144.
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Differentiating life-threatening from benign causes of chest pain in the critical care setting is a challenge when the symptoms and signs overlap, and patients are unable to communicate fully. A high index of suspicion is required for occult disease. Once the clinician has ensured the patient is haemodynamically stable, it is imperative to rule out myocardial infarction in the first instance. Where possible, a thorough history and a full examination should be undertaken. Electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and routine observations are often diagnostic. Targeted investigation such as computed tomography, or transthoracic or transoesophageal ultrasonography may be required to confirm these diagnoses. Timely intervention optimizes survival benefit. Treatment may be necessary prior to confirmation of diagnosis, based on high clinical suspicion and risk scoring. Other causes of chest pain should be considered once the immediately life-threatening conditions are excluded.
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Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: clinical value. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0010.
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Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is most commonly used to diagnose or exclude obstructive coronary disease in patients presenting with chest pain. This chapter covers the value of MPS in this context, as well as providing detail on the guidelines which help the clinician choose what investigations are appropriate for the patient presenting with chest pain. It also details a number of considerations related to the use of MPS, such as its cost-effectiveness and the prognosis value in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease compared to exercise ECG, X-ray computed tomographic coronary angiography, and other imaging investigations. Risk assessment prior to elective non-cardiac surgery is covered, with detailed attention paid to the challenges of assessing coronary artery disease special groups including women and patients with diabetes or renal disease. This chapter also covers assessment in known stable coronary artery disease, predicting the value of coronary revascularization and hibernating myocardium.
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Wilson-MacDonald, James, and Colin Nnadi. Fractures of the spine in children. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.014003.
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♦ Spinal injuries in children are rare♦ Pseudosubluxation above C4 is common in healthy children so the sign needs careful interpretation♦ Epiphyseal plates and a high incidence of skeletal variability make the interpretation of spinal x-rays in children difficult. Anterior wedging is also normal as is interpedicular widening♦ Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) may occur for up to one-third of spinal injuries in children♦ Deformity secondary to trauma tends to deteriorate with growth.
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Chidambaran, Vidya, and Senthilkumar Sadhasivam. Foreign Body in the Airway. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0012.
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Anesthetic management of suspected foreign body aspiration in the airway can be challenging. It is critical to develop a coordinated plan with the surgeon. Removal of a foreign body may necessitate laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy (commonly used), thoracoscopy, thoracotomy, or even a tracheotomy. Anesthesia could be induced using inhalation or intravenous anesthetics, while maintaining spontaneous ventilation. However, there is no consensus as to whether controlled or spontaneous ventilation is more advantageous. Maintaining deep planes of anesthesia, with minimal airway reflexes, during bronchoscopy is essential. In the event that total airway obstruction due to a tracheal foreign body occurs, a potentially life-saving technique is to push the object deeper into one of the main bronchi, for temporary relief. Postoperatively, steroids, racemic epinephrine, and intubation/ventilation may be necessary for airway edema. A chest x-ray may be indicated to rule out postobstructive pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and pneumonia.
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Leaper, David J. Theatre procedures and prophylaxis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198510567.003.0002.
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Theatre discipline 30Patient care in operating theatre 32Day case surgery 34Evaluation of X-rays in surgery 36Prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis 38Antibiotic prophylaxis 40Bowel preparation 42HIV and AIDS precautions 44There are many time-honoured procedures in theatre which do not have an accepted evidence base. Nevertheless it would flaunt danger to disregard them, particularly as we currently enjoy the lowest figure of morbidity and mortality despite operating on a sicker and old cohort of patient. There are some downsides; the increase of emergent and resistant organisms such as ...
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Lupton, Joshua. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0023.
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Pneumonia consists of inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma, typically resulting from a microbial infection. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) occurs in (typically elderly) patients in long-term care facilities, with regular IV therapy, with immunosuppression, or with a history of recent treatment at a hospital. It is associated with high mortality. The majority HAP patients present with some constellation of cough, fever, sputum production, and pleuritic chest pain. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis are at increased risk for pneumonia. The Infectious Disease Society of America requires infiltrates on chest x-ray or other imaging for the diagnosis of pneumonia. For hospitalized patients, empiric antimicrobial therapy for HAP should be given as soon as pneumonia is highly suspected. There is currently a vaccine available against Streptococcus pneumonia that all patients should be offered before discharge from the hospital. The elderly are already more susceptible to HAP due to decreased mobility and increased comorbidities.
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Tiwari, Sandip. Electromagnetic-matter interactions and devices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.003.0006.
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This chapter explores electromagnetic-matter interactions from photon to extinction length scales, i.e., nanometer of X-ray and above. Starting with Casimir-Polder effect to understand interactions of metals and dielectrics at near-atomic distance scale, it stretches to larger wavelengths to explore optomechanics and its ability for energy exchange and signal transduction between PHz and GHz. This range is explored with near-quantum sensitivity limits. The chapter also develops the understanding phononic bandgaps, and for photons, it explores the use of energetic coupling for useful devices such as optical tweezers, confocal microscopes and atomic clocks. It also explores miniature accelerators as a frontier area in accelerator physics. Plasmonics—the electromagnetic interaction with electron charge cloud—is explored for propagating and confined conditions together with the approaches’ possible uses. Optoelectronic energy conversion is analyzed in organic and inorganic systems, with their underlying interaction physics through solar cells and its thermodynamic limit, and quantum cascade lasers.
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Hansoti, Bhakti. Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0028.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is most commonly known for its manifestations in the lungs; symptoms include fever and chest pain (retrosternal pain and/or dull intracapsular pain). In the reactivation stage of TB, typical symptoms may include cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chest pain, dyspnea, and/or hemoptysis. Symptoms may remain undiagnosed for several years. Poverty, HIV, and drug resistance are major contributors to the resurging global TB epidemic. Two kinds of tests are used to detect TB: the tuberculin skin test or a TB blood test. These tests only tell you if a person has been infected with the bacteria. The do not differentiate between latent TB infection and active TB. This distinction clinically suspected when the clinical picture of active TB matches with initial investigations (such as acid-fast bacilli stains, chest x-ray, or CT) and is definitively confirmed by the growth of M. tuberculosis in a clinical specimen.
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Janssen, Ted, Gervais Chapuis, and Marc de Boissieu. Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824442.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the X-ray and neutron diffraction methods used to study the atomic structures of aperiodic crystals, addressing indexing diffraction patterns, superspace, ab initio methods, the structure factor of incommensurate structures; and diffuse scattering. The structure solution methods based on the dual space refinements are described, as they are very often applied for the resolution of aperiodic crystal structures. Modulation functions which are used for the refinement of modulated structures and composite structures are presented and illustrated with examples of structure models covering a large spectrum of structures from organic to inorganic compounds, including metals, alloys, and minerals. For a better understanding of the concept of quasicrystalline structures, one-dimensional structure examples are presented first. Further examples of quasicrystals, including decagonal quasicrystals and icosahedral quasicrystals, are analysed in terms of increasing shells of a selected number of polyhedra. The notion of the approximant is compared with classical forms of structures.
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Keenan, Robert T., Sneha Pai, and Naomi Schlesinger. Imaging of gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0043.
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Gout is a systemic metabolic disease. The enzyme urate oxidase (uricase) that catalyses the oxidation of uric acid to the more soluble compound allantoin is inactive in humans. This may lead to hyperuricaemia. Hyperuricaemia is often present for many years prior to clinical signs of gout. Acute attacks occur as a result of an inflammatory response to monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition leading to intense pain and inflammation in the affected joints. Uncontrolled hyperuricaemia and resultant gout can evolve into a destructive arthritis. Imaging may be helpful in the diagnosis of gout as well as in monitoring the response to gout treatment. Plain X-rays are widely used for joint imaging in patients with gout. However, plain X-rays of joints affected by gout are frequently normal, especially early in the disease. In these cases, advanced imaging modalities may be useful. Advanced imaging can help evaluate inflammation, structural joint changes, and magnitude of tophaceous deposits. Advanced imaging modalities include computed tomography (CT), dual-energy CT (DECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). CT may be most suitable to evaluate bone changes in gouty joints and DECT to evaluate tophaceous deposits. MRI may best evaluate soft tissues and Inflammation. US is useful during patients’ visits to the rheumatologist and allows evaluation of cartilage, soft tissues, synovium, and tophaceous deposits. This chapter reviews imaging modalities used in gout patients and discusses their application in the diagnosis and management of gout.
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Oxoby, Marc. The 1990s. Greenwood, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400605666.
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The last decade of the millennium was, in many ways, the most diverse and fascinating in the history of American culture. Alternative subcultures gained unprecedented exposure, manifest in such phenomena as grunge music, gansta rap, hip-hop fashion, raves, extreme sports, and the art of Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano.Twin Peaks,The X-Files, andThe Phantom Menacebrought science fiction to the mainstream. Bands such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam spread the Seattle rock scene across America. And even coffeehouse culture went mainstream with the proliferation of the Starbucks chain. Ethnic minorities, youth culture, and homosexual society all achieved larger roles in shaping the American identity. Meanwhile, corporate America pressed onward in its never-ending search for high ratings, giant profits, and more bang for its buck. The twelve narrative chapters in this book depict the United States as brought to you by Generation X—a culture busting out in new and unforeseen ways. The volume also includes chapter bibliographies, a timeline, cost comparisons, and lists of suggested further reading.