Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Axial Flux Generators'

Axial flux permanent magnet generators are of particular interest for power generation in harsh and confined conditions. Due to their compactness and high power density, the ventilation and cooling inside axial flux permanent magnet generators have becoming increasingly important for further performance improvement. This thesis describes the developments of a lumped parameter, thermal modelling technique for axial flux permanent magnet generators. The main aim of this research is to develop a fast and accurate thermal modelling tool which can be used for rapid machine design and ultimately, to replace complex and time consuming CFD analyses in the machine design process. The thesis illustrates the construction of a generic thermal equivalent circuit, which comprises of conductive and convective sub-circuits, to model the conduction and convection heat transfers and temperature distributions in the radial and axial directions, within these machines. The conduction heat transfer between the solid components of these electrical machines is modelled by an annulus conductive thermal circuit derived from previous researchers; whereas, for convection heat transfer between the working fluid (air) and solids, the author has developed two convective thermal circuits, which are demonstrated as the Temperature Passing Method (TPM) and Heat Pick-up method in (HPM) in the thesis. Several case studies were designed to investigate the validity and accuracy of these thermal sub-circuits with both steady and transient boundary conditions. Since all the thermal impedances and capacitances used in the thermal circuits are in dimensionless form, the developed generic thermal equivalent circuit is capable of performing thermal simulations for axial flux generators of different sizes and topologies. Furthermore, special correction factors were introduced into the developed generic thermal equivalent circuit, to take into account the heat transfer in the circumferential direction in axial flux machines. The thesis also demonstrates how the heat transfer in the stator windings is modelled in the generic thermal equivalent circuit. Two analytical models, which are the Simple Concentric Model (SCM) and Concentric-annulus Layer Model (CLM) were developed, for the evaluation of the thermal resistances of the stator windings. The results evaluated from these analytical models were validated by several numerical models and experimental results of two-phase materials published by previous researchers. Lastly, experimental validation of the lumped parameter thermal equivalent circuit model and CFD simulations was conducted. Heat transfer coefficient measurements were carried out on two separate test rigs, which were a simplified single-sided axial flux machine test rig and a large-scale low speed axial flux machine. The experimental results were compared with the numerical results obtained from both the lumped parameter and CFD models. Good agreement between the experimental, lumped parameter model and CFD results were found. These indicate that the developed generic thermal circuit is potentially capable of replacing CFD analyses in the axial flux machines design process.

In this thesis axial flux and radial flux brushless dc motors will be studied as a drive motor for the control of moment gyroscope wheel. Design equations for axial flux and radial flux brushless dc motor topologies will be reviewed. Based on these equations radial and axial flux motors with different number of poles will be designed that meet control moment gyroscope wheel application requirements. The results will be evaluated in terms of efficiency, torque/mass and torque/volume, and suitability for the control moment gyroscope application.

This thesis develops design methodologies for megawatt(MW)-scale yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) generators for wind turbine applications. The methodologies include the electromagnetic, the structural and the thermal designs of a YASA generator. The design process starts with developing an analytical method to generate preliminary machine designs for a megawatt-scale YASA generator. This analytical approach considers both electromagnetic and structural aspects of a generator, the parameters of which were obtained and visualised on a design reference map. This new concept of displaying machine parameters is useful for a designer to identify the relationship between them. An optimisation tool using pseudo-weight approach is integrated into the analytical tool to determine a optimum machine design. This is a flexible optimisation tool, allowing the user to give priorities to each objective function. The analytical calculation has reduced the design space for suitable machine candidates to be applied in further finite element analysis (FEM). In finite element analysis of an optimised YASA machine, the electromagnetic performance of a 1 MW YASA generator was produced and verified with analytical and experiment results. This is followed by structural optimisation with finite element method, where a spider wheel with a support ring geometry is applied to the rotor plate. This reduces the structural weight by more than 50% while the structure retain strong stiffness. Finally, the cooling system of the stator of the YASA generator is studied and the cooling channels design is proposed. Simulation results show that the stator of a 1 MW YASA generator can be effectively cooled with forced air.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’analyse de structures de machines électriques non conventionnelles destinées à la production d’électricité par des groupes électrogènes. Les topologies recherchées doivent utiliser moins de matières actives et/ou simplifier la procédure de fabrication par rapport aux machines actuelles.Une des structures est dédiée au système d’excitation de la machine. Elle possède un stator à griffes avec un bobinage toroïdal. Son dimensionnement est réalisé à l’aide d’un modèle de calcul par éléments finis en 3D, qui a été validé expérimentalement. Cette structure permet d’obtenir une réduction significative de la quantité de cuivre dans le bobinage.Les deux autres structures traitées concernent l’alternateur principal. Une machine synchro-réluctante à barrières deflux et à rotor bobiné a été proposée. L’objectif est d’augmenter la densité de couple grâce au couple de saillance. Elle est dimensionnée et comparée avec la structure conventionnelle. Ce cas met en évidence les limitations des structures proches de la structure actuelle.La dernière structure est une nouvelle topologie de machine électrique. Elle combine les caractéristiques des machines à flux axial et des machines à griffes, permettant de simplifier le système d’excitation. Une approche de modélisation originale a été développée pour l’analyse de cette topologie 3D en vue de son dimensionnement par optimisation. Le système d’excitation a un rôle important dans les performances de cette machine.Cette thèse constate aussi que l’évolution future des matériaux magnétiques pourrait tirer meilleur profit des structures non-conventionnelles avec des trajets de flux tridimensionnels
The PhD project aims to analyse nonconventional structures of electric machines for electric power generation with diesel gensets. The researched topologies should use less active materials and/or simplify the manufacturing process compared to today’s machines.One of the structures is intended for the excitation system of the electric machine. It is composed of a claw-pole stator and a toroidal winding. It is designed using a 3D Finite Element model, previously validated by a prototype. This structure allows a significant reduction of the quantity of copper of the field winding.The other two structures under study are proposed for the main generator. A synchronous-reluctance machine with flux-barriers and a field winding in the rotor is analysed. The objective is to increase the torque density by increasing the reluctance torque. The designed machine is compared to the conventional structure. This case shows the limitations of structures similar to the current structure.The last structure is a new topology of electric machine. It combines the characteristics of claw-pole machines andaxial-flux machines. An original modelling approach is developed to analyse this 3D structure for its design based on an optimization algorithm. The study shows that the excitation system has a key role in its performances.This work also notes that the future evolution of magnetic materials should benefit the use of non-conventional structures with 3D flux paths

The arguments of this PhD Thesis are divided in two parts: a first part regarding the development of control algorithms to optimize the efficiency of wind energy systems and, at the same time, to simplify the system structure avoiding the mechanical sensors. The second part regards the analysis and design of axial flux permanent magnet generators for wind applications. Furthermore, I analyzed other particular aspects such as axial strengths and permanent magnet losses.
Gli argomenti trattati in questa Tesi di Dottorato sono articolati in due parti. Una prima è rivolta allo sviluppo di algoritmi di controllo aventi lo scopo di ottimizzare la resa energetica di sistemi eolici consentendo allo stesso tempo una semplificazione del sistema stesso grazie all'assenza di sensori per la rilevazione di grandezze meccaniche. La seconda parte riguarda l'analisi ed il progetto di generatori sincroni a flusso assiale a magneti permanenti da utilizzare in applicazioni eoliche. Sono stati inoltre analizzati particolari aspetti elettromagnetici quali gli sforzi assiali gravanti sulle parti statoriche e rotoriche ed il calcolo delle perdite per correnti indotte nei magneti permanenti.

Electrical generating sets powered by gas turbines are required for many applications, in particular for emergency situations due to their critical attributes; high reliability, lightweight, small size, multi-fuel capabilities, low maintenance, low noise and low gas emissions. This research contends that a permanent magnet axial flux (PMAF) high-speed generator with a small gas turbine engine offers advantages over the radial flux permanent magnet generators. Higher power densities can be achieved with the axial flux configuration when compared to their counter parts of the radial flux machines of similar output power. The attributes of the PMAF machines were certainly appealing; lightweight, small size, high efficiency and ease of construction. In this research, a design approach for the PMAF high-speed generator which accounts for the mechanical and electrical aspects was provided. The machine's key components such as retainment ring was carefully designed and the materials utilised in their structures were appropriately selected to insure high mechanical integrity, ease of construction and low manufacturing cost. The generator's principle dimensions were determined from a theoretical model which was derived from the machine's main design parameters. This theoretical model was then correlated by some empirical coefficients determined through the manipulation of the experimentally validated finite element (FE) results. The analytical results have shown that with the appropriate design considerations, PMAF high-speed generators can be designed with high power densities in the range of 6-8 kW/kg and high efficiencies ideally in the range of 94 - 96 %. The mechanical integrity and the steady state electrical performance of the machine were analysed using three-dimensional (3D) FE models. More in this research, a parametric study was carried out on the most influential parameters of the machine to improve its electrical performance through minimise rotor and stator eddy current losses. In addition, the total harmonic distortion in the output waveform was minimised through the appropriate and careful design of the magnet shape and topology with the aid of 3D electromagnetic FE analysis. Furthermore, using FE it was possible to design, optimise and analyse the rotor back-iron disc through the selection of best material, shape and size for use in the PMAF high-speed generator. A prototype of the PMAF high-speed generator was constructed and tested preliminary at low speed for the purpose of the evaluation of the electrical performance of the machine. Experimental results have shown that the machine was capable to meet the design requirements. For the mechanical integrity of the machine, the rotors were safely tested on a cold run test rig at the speed of 47,000 rpm. This thesis describes also the trends and the technical details in the manufacturing, construction and experimental setup for the PMAF high-speed generator.

L'amélioration des performances des chaînes de conversion dédiées à la récupération d'énergie par les hydroliennes est un point particulièrement important pour rendre cette ressource économiquement attractive. La minimisation du coût de l'énergie produite passe nécessairement par une amélioration des performances de la chaîne de conversion électromécanique et une réduction des coûts de maintenance et de production des éléments la constituant. Dans ce contexte particulier, les génératrices à aimants permanents apparaissent particulièrement intéressantes dans la mesure où elles sont bien adaptées à un fonctionnement à basse vitesse et à fort couple. Ceci permet d'éliminer des systèmes mécaniques très complexes, encombrants et exigeants en maintenance, tels que le multiplicateur de vitesse et/ou le système d'orientation des pales. L'objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer un certain nombre de pistes concernant les outils, les concepts et les règles de conception à mettre en oeuvre pour dimensionner une génératrice associée en entraînement direct à une turbine hydrolienne à pas fixe. Les outils mis au point dans ces travaux englobent des modèles multi-physiques intégrés dans une démarche de conception qui se veut la plus globale possible. Cette méthodologie tient compte de la caractéristique de la ressource (courants de marées), de celle de la turbine (hélice), des spécifications de la génératrice à aimants permanents, de la mise en oeuvre d’une stratégie de pilotage associant MPPT et limitation de puissance par défluxage à fort courants de marées, en plus des contraintes liées au convertisseur. L'environnement de conception développé est basé sur un couplage des modèles dans une procédure d'optimisation. Les résultats obtenus mettent en lumière les points clés associés au développement d’une telle génératrice pour un contexte hydrolien
The improvements of marine current turbines drive train are key features to ensure safe operation and to make tidal energy resource cost-attractive. In this context, eliminating mechanical systems that demand high-level of maintenance can be an interesting way to improve the global behavior of tidal turbines. For that purposes, the presented studies focus on design methodologies and concepts of direct-driven generators associated with fixed-pitch turbines. The proposed designs are based on multiphysics models of the generator that are integrated in an optimization process taking into account the drive train environment. For these reasons, several models have been integrated into a global design strategy in order to find solutions that improve marine current turbines performances. This strategy is based on the use of an optimization process that combines electromagnetic model, thermal model, turbine performances model, and tidal resource velocity profile. This methodology integrates also an efficient control strategy based on a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach at low tidal speed and a flux-weakening power limitation control at high tidal speed. This control at high tidal velocities is in this work achieved by considering only the generator electrical control without using blade pitching systems. The obtained results highlight trends that could lead to an improvement of the design and they help designers to set relevant technological choices in order to ensure significant cost reduction and highly improve the reliability of marine current turbines

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a description of how the first magnetically geared axial flux permanent magnet generator (MGAFG) is designed, constructed and experimentally evaluated. Magnetic gears (MGs) allow for contact-less power transfer and lubricant free operation, which may solve the reliability concerns with current mechanically geared wind energy converters. However, the complex structure of MGs may present serious challenges to its design. Thus, special care should be given to the mechanical layout and the electromagnetic influence of every component. The MGAFG can be configured to be magnetically coupled or decoupled. In the coupled configuration the permanent magnets (PMs) of the MG contribute to the total flux linkage in the PM generator (PMG). The coupled configuration is therefore more efficient. The processing time required to optimise the decoupled configuration is however much faster, since the MG and the PMG can be optimised separately. The optimised results show that a torque density in excess of 100kNm/m3 could be achieved, which is significantly higher than any of known electrical machines. However, owing to excessive losses in the mechanical support structures, the prototype exhibited lower torque density and poor efficiency. The design related aspects and issues are analysed and discussed in detail in an attempt to outline problem areas in the design process. Relevant recommendations are also given for future design improvements. The costs of magnetic material accounts for over fifty percent of the total cost of the prototype. Therefore to make the manufacturing of the MGAFG more economically viable magnetic material should be minimised in the design process.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die eerste magnetiese geratte aksiale vloed permanente magneet generator (MGAVG) ontwerp, vervaardig en eksperimenteel geëvalueer. In magnetiese ratte (MR) is daar geen kontak tussen werkende dele nie, daarom word geen smeermiddels benodig nie. Dit dra by tot die betroubaarheid van die ratkaste in wind energie generators en kan onderhoud grotendeels uitskakel. Die komplekse struktuur van magnetiese ratte kan egter die betroubaarheid van die ontwerp juis verswak. Daarom moet die meganiese uitleg noukeurig beplan word sodat dit nie die elektromagnetiese werking ondermyn nie. Die magnetiese rat (MR) en die permanente magneet generator (PMG) van die masjien kan magneties of sonder magnetiese koppeling verbind word. In die gekoppelde konfigurasie dra all die permanente magnete van die MR gesamentlik by tot die totale vloed-koppeling in die PMG. Wat die magnetiese gekoppelde konfigurasie meer doeltrefend maak. Minder tyd word benodig om die nie magnetiese gekoppelde konfigurasie te optimaliseer omdat die MR en die PMG apart geoptimaliseer kan word. Die optimale resultate toon dat ’n wringkrag van meer as 100kNm/3 bereik kan word, wat aansienlik beter is as die van bekende elektriese masjiene. Maar as gevolg van oormatige verliese in die meganiese strukture, toon die prototipe lae wringkrag digtheid en swak doeltreffendheid. Die ontwerp probleme word ontleed en bespreek in ’n poging om probleem areas in die ontwerp te identifiseer. Relevante aanbevelings word gegee vir toekomstige ontwerp verbeterings. Die koste van die magnetiese material verteenwoordig meer as vyftig persent van die vervaardigings koste van die prototipe. Koste kan bespaar word op die vervaardiging van die MGAVG deur die hoeveelheid magnete wat gebruik word te beperk.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves [124]-128).
The main objective of this study is the selection and design of a wind generator to meet electrolyser requirements. These are the hydrogen production rate, the power requirements and the operating temperature. This requires the analysis of the load, sizing and characterizing of an electrolyser and finally, the design of a wind generator that meets electrolyser requirements. A hybrid system that combines the use of hydrogen as an efficient form of energy storage, and the growing renewable energy (RE) industry is discussed in detail.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the design and evaluation of a 300 kW double stage axial-flux permanent magnet generator with an ironless stator. The magnetic and electrical design equations are derived for sinewave and quasi-squarewave axial-flux permanent magnet machines. The thermal design approach used is also described. The machine is optimised for maximum torque per current loading. A Matlab program code is developed to do the necessary calculations in the design optimisation and the calculation of the machine parameters. Mechanical finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the severity of the magnetic attraction force between the rotor discs. The results obtained from the simulations suggested an increase in the yoke thickness in order to withstand the attraction force. The construction of the prototype machine's rotor and stator is described. The flux density in the airgap is thoroughly investigated through measurements and analysis. Thermal measurements are also conducted to investigate the effect of eddy currents in the stator winding. Furthermore, no-load measurements conducted on the 300 kW machine showed that the machine has a serious problem of circulating currents in the parallel connected coils. Possible solutions for this are investigated and recommendations are given. Due to the circulating current problem and the relative high eddy current losses, it was not possible to do full-load tests on the machine.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handeloor die ontwerp en evaluering van 'n multi-stadium Aksiale Vloed Permanente Magneet (AFPM) masjien met 'n ysterlose stator. Die magnetiese - en elektriese ontwerp-vergelykings is afgelei vir sinusgolf en quasi vierkantsgolf AFPM masjiene. Die termiese ontwerp word ook bespreek. Die masjien is geoptimeer vir maksimum draairnoment per stroombelasting. Daar is 'n program-kode in Matlab geskryf om die nodige berekeninge vir die optimering van die masjien uit te voer en vir die bepaling van die masjien-parameters. Meganiese eindige element berekenings is gedoen om die invloed van die magnetiese aantrekkingskrag tussen die rotorskywe te ondersoek. Die resultate het aangedui dat die rotorskyfdikte nie die magnetiese aantrekkingskrag van die magnete kan weerstaan nie en moes in dikte vedubbel word. Die konstruksie van die masjien se rotor en stator is behandel. Die vloeddigtheid in die luggaping is noukeurig ondersoek deur metings en analise. Termiese metings is ook gedoen om die invloed van die werwel strome in die statorwikkelings te ondersoek. Verder het die nullas-toetse wat gedoen is op die masjien, aangedui dat die masjien 'n ernstige probleem het met sirkuierende strome in die parallelle geleiers van die statorspoele. Moontlike oplossings is ondersoek en aanbevelings word gegee. Dit was nie moontlik om vollastoetse op die masjien te doen nie, as gevolg van die probleem met sirkuierende strome en die relatiefhoë werwelstoom-verliese in die statorwikkelings.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
In this study the focus is on the implementation of a coreless axial ux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for use in a wind generator application with direct battery charging. The wind generator power system is analysed and discussed. The common concerns with AFPM wind generators in recti er-fed direct battery charging applications, such as maximum power point matching and acoustic noise emission, are discussed. In this study the AFPM wind generator is theoretically analysed and the different winding topologies for this type of machine are evaluated. This evaluation is based on a theoretical analysis and con rmed by nite element analysis and practical measurements. It is shown that an AFPM machine equipped with nonoverlapping windings can give a similar performance to that of normal overlapping windings, while using less copper. It is shown in this thesis that the coreless AFPM generator has a relatively low internal phase synchronous inductance resulting in severe problems with regard to maximum power matching and noise. A method is proposed and in detail analysed in this thesis whereby better power point matching is achieved and near-sinusoidal current is obtained using AFPM generators in direct battery charging wind energy systems. The wind generator system's performance is verified with a SimplorerTM simulation package and practical measurements. The calculations from theoretically derived equations are in good agreement with finite element and measured results.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des études des phénomènes électromagnétiques dansles régions frontales des grands turbo-générateurs. L’objectif de la thèse est d’estimer apriori le champ magnétique axial en fonction du point de fonctionnement afin d’éviterles possibles dégradations du circuit magnétique (dus aux points chauds et tensions entretôles, qui sont liés à la composante axiale du champ).Une maquette à échelle réelle a été spécialement conçue et réalisée dans le but d’améliorerla compréhension physique des phénomènes : les pertes, la pénétration du champ magnétiqueet les tensions entre tôles sont analysés.Les simulations par éléments finis sont ensuite utilisées : les avantages et inconvénientsseront discutés, ainsi qu’une comparaison critique des résultats par rapport aux mesuresexpérimentales sur la maquette. La région frontale d’un turbo-alternateur est aussi entièrementmodélisée.Enfin, un modèle simple du flux axial est développé. Ses coefficients sont déterminés àl’aide de simulations par éléments finis, mais il peut ensuite être utilisé en temps réel afind’estimer le flux axial correspondant à un point de fonctionnement quelconque
This work aims to improve the knowledge of electromagnetic phenomena that occurin the end region of large turbo-generators. The goal of this work is to evaluate theaxial magnetic flux density with regard to the operating conditions (such as active orreactive power) in order to prevent potential deterioration of the stator. Indeed, the axialmagnetic field is known to induce hot points or voltages between laminations that maycause insulation breakdown and thus stator faults.An experimental apparatus in real scale has been designed and built. Its purpose is tostudy precisely the following phenomena: losses, axial magnetic flux density penetration,voltage across adjacent voltages.Finite element simulations (FEM) are also used: their advantages and drawbacks arediscussed, and the results are compared with the experimental measures. The wholeend-region of a turbo-generator is also simulated.Finally, a simple model of the axial magnetic flux is proposed. Its parameters are basedon the results of the FEM model, but it may be used in real time to evaluate the axialmagnetic flux density of any operating point

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire traite de la problématique du dimensionnement de structures innovantes de génératrices, à savoir les machines à flux axial ou encore discoïdes, destinées aux éoliennes de grande puissance allant jusqu'à deux dizaines de mégawatts. Les machines synchrones à aimants permanents à flux axial étant intrinsèquement tridimensionnelles, l'optimisation de leur dimensionnement nécessite un modèle dimensionnant tridimensionnel et multiphysique qui peut être, de par sa nature 3D, très consommateur en mémoire et en temps de calcul. On se propose donc, dans ce mémoire, de développer une approche de modélisation par constantes localisées offrant un très bon rapport entre vitesse de calcul et précision afin d'accélérer de façon significative les premières phases de la procédure de dimensionnement. L'approche par constantes localisées peut par ailleurs s'appliquer de manière similaire aux principales physiques concernées (magnétique, thermique et mécanique). Plus particulièrement pour la partie magnétique, l'approche par constantes localisées est mise en œuvre par le biais de réseaux réluctants magnétiques génériques. Le principe de la méthode développée repose sur le découpage de la géométrie de la machine en volumes élémentaires finis parallélépipédiques à l'instar de qui est fait avec la méthode des éléments finis. En effet, chaque volume élémentaire étant modélisé par un réseau réluctant local, le découpage de la géométrie conduit à la génération automatique du système algébrique magnétique de la structure et dont la solution fournit la distribution locale du potentiel scalaire magnétique aux nœuds des volumes élémentaires. Cette approche de modélisation a été implémentée dans un code de calcul interne au GREAH. La modélisation de la génératrice à flux axial par réseaux réluctants a été validée par des simulations 2D et 3D par éléments finis. Le code de calcul développé intègrera les travaux en cours sur les modèles thermique et mécanique au GREAH afin d'aboutir à un code de calcul multi-physique par constantes localisées
The aim of this PhD thesis is to propose a design approach of the axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator for multi megawatts wind converter application. The axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine being intrinsically three dimensional, a 3D multiphysics sizing model is needed in order to conduct an efficient optimal design of this type of machines. Unfortunately, 3D multiphysic models are generally issued from finite element method. So, they are very heavy to be handled in a reduced time from an engineer point of view and especially at the first stages of the design procedure. In order to address the faster axial flux machine design, this PhD thesis develops a lumped parameters approach modelling offering a good computation time to precision ratio and thus helping to reduce considerably the spent time in the first stages design procedure. The lumped parameters modelling approach is also well suited for the modelling of the three main physics to be considered in an electrical generator (magnetic model, thermal model and mechanical model). For the magnetic model, the lumped parameters approach consists, in this thesis, in the development of a generic magnetic reluctance network linked to the machine geometry. In fact, the latter is divided into parallelepipedic elementary volumes, each of them is modelled by a local reluctance network. The reluctance network of the hole machine geometry results then automatically in an algebraic magnetic system, the solution of which provides the distribution of the scalar magnetic potential at the elementary volume nodes. The described lumped parameters modelling was implemented in a computational code developed at the GREAH Lab. The effectiveness of the reluctance network axial flux machine modelling was validated by 2D and 3D finite element simulations. The lumped parameters computational code will regroup the ongoing developments of thermal and mechanical models at the GREAH Lab in order to reach the completion of a mutliphysics lumped parameters computational code

This thesis is a study on an unconventional slow speed direct drive permanent magnet (PM) generator. Unlike a standard permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) which has the copper coils wound around iron teeth, the work in this thesis will present a generator where the copper coils are directly mounted on the stator which eliminates the slots and teeth in the generator. By having a slotless design it is possible to eliminate cogging torque, iron losses in teeth and achieve a lightweight design. These characteristics can prove useful when developing generators for an application such as wind turbines, or more specifically vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in remote areas where weight and serviceability is of concern. This thesis consists of two main parts where the main focus was on the design and simulation of slotless generators. The second part of the thesis was to investigate an available slotless axial flux machine. For the simulations, three different models were created in 2D using CAD software. Two of the models were double-rotor slotless generators and one was a single rotor variant. The electromagnetic properties of these models were analysed using FEMM and COMSOL. The results showed that the double rotor variant with the smaller magnets were more favourable considering the price of magnets and no iron core losses. The experimental results of the axial flux machine gave insight into the construction of commercially available axial slotless generators which could be used to further analyse these types of machines.

The aim of this doctoral thesis is to design a motor-generator for swirl turbine. Swirl turbine is a relatively new type of turbine developed at the Department of Fluid Engineering Viktor Kaplan Energy Institute FME BUT. Swirl turbine is designed for use on small head, where the classical types of turbines either poor efficacy or are economically disadvantaged. As suitable construction for the motor-generator was selected synchronous machine with permanent magnets and with axial magnetic flow with coreless stator. As part of the work is carried out calculating the properties of turbines for defined operating point simulation model of the turbine. After already made draft motor-generator to optimally meet the characteristics of the turbine. The complete design of the motor-generator is validated by calculating the finite element method models. Designed machine must be able to work as a generator and as a motor, if it was necessary to use a turbine as a pump.

Cette thèse présente le dimensionnement d’une machine électrique à rotor disque pour la traction de véhicules hybrides. Un état de l’art complet sur les machines électriques à rotor disque permet de montrer que la machine à flux axial à rotor central est la plus adaptée. Différentes géométries du circuit magnétique sont successivement étudiées et comparées par simulations par éléments finis. Pour maximiser le rendement de la machine, les pertes d’origine électromagnétique sont étudiées. Un modèle analytique des pertes par effet de peau dans les conducteurs de cuivre est proposé et validé par éléments finis. Un second modèle analytique estime les pertes par courant induits dans les aimants permanents pour tous les points de travail de la machine se basant sur uniquement trois simulations par éléments finis permettant ainsi un gain de temps important lors du dimensionnement. Deux méthodes de dimensionnement sont comparées : le dimensionnement manuel par essais/erreurs et l’optimisation multi-objectifs. Cette dernière méthode automatise le dimensionnement et permet une optimisation plus pointue et une forte amélioration des performances. Dans ce cas, la densité de couple a par exemple été augmentée de 29%. La machine à flux axial dimensionnée est comparée avec une machine à flux radial pour véhicules hybrides. Cette comparaison révèle le potentiel de la machine à flux axial avec notamment une densité de couple augmentée de plus de 20%. Enfin, deux prototypes ont été construits et mesurés pour valider les simulations
This PhD presents the design of a disc rotor electric machine for the traction of hybrid vehicles. A complete state of the art enables the selection of the internal rotor axial flux machine which is the most suited to this application. Different geometries of the magnetic circuit are successively studied and compared with finite elements simulations. To maximize the efficiency of the machine losses generated in the magnetic circuit are studied. An analytic model on the skin effect in the copper conductors is proposed and validated with finite elements simulations. A second analytic model estimates the eddy current losses in the permanent magnets for every operating point of the machine based on only three finite element simulations enabling an important time-saving. Two dimensioning methods are compared: the manual dimensioning based on a tries/errors method and the multi-objectives optimization. This last method automates the dimensioning and enables a more refined optimization and a strong improvement of the performances. For example, the torque density has been improved by 29% in that case. The designed axial flux machine is compared to a state of the art radial flux machine for hybrid vehicle. This comparison shows the potential of the axial flux machine with an improvement of the torque density by more than 20%. Finally two prototypes have been built and measured to validate the simulations

Diplomová práca, ktorú držíte v rukách, sa zaoberá návrhom elektrického generátoru pre modely lietadiel na diaľkové ovládanie poháňané spaľovacím motorom. Takýmto modelom je dodávaná energia pomocou batérií, ktoré sa musia po vybití vymieňať. Motiváciou tejto práce bolo potlačiť potrebu pristávania za účelom dobíjania batériových paketov. Práca vyvíja niekoľko analýz a simulačných modelov pre riešenie tohto problému.

Tato dizertační práce se zabývá návrhem původního motor-generátoru s axiálním tokem a buzením permanetními magnety, zkonstruovaným specificky pro hybridní elektrický autobus. Návrhové zadání pro tento stroj přineslo požadavky, které vedly k této unikátní topologii tak, aby byl dosažen výkon, účinnost a rozměry stroje. Tato partikulární topologie motor-generátoru s axiálním tokem je výsledkem literární rešerše, kterou následoval výběr koncepce stroje s představeným návrhem jako výsledkem těchto procesů. Přístup k návrhu stroje s axiálním tokem sledoval „multi-fyzikální“ koncepci, která pracuje s návrhem elektromagnetickým, tepelným, mechanickým, včetně návrhu řízení, v jedné iteraci. Tím je v konečném návrhu zajištěna rovnováha mezi těmito inženýrskými disciplínami. Pro samotný návrh stroje byla vyvinuta sada výpočtových a analytických nástrojů, které byly podloženy metodou konečných prvků tak, aby samotný návrh stroje byl přesnější a spolehlivější. Modelování somtného elektrického stroje a celého pohonu poskytlo představu o výkonnosti a účinnosti celého subsytému v rozmanitých operačních podmínkách. Rovněž poukázal na optimizační potenciál pro návrh řízení subsystému ve smyslu maximalizace účinnosti celého pohonu. Bylo postaveno několik prototypů tohoto stroje, které prošly intensivním testováním jak na úrovni sybsytému, tak systému. Samotné výsledky testů jsou diskutovány a porovnány s analytickými výpočty parametrů stroje. Poznatky získané z prvního prototypu stroje pak sloužily k představení možností, jak zjednodušit výrobu a montáž stroje v příští generaci. Tato práce zaznamenává jednotlivé kroky během všech fází vývoje elektrického stroje s axiálním tokem, počínaje výběrem konceptu stroje, konče sumarizací zkušeností získaných z první generace prototypu tohoto stroje.

碩士
高苑科技大學
電機工程研究所
104
The major objective of this thesis is to design and implement an Ironless Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (AF-PMSG). The proposed axial-flux generator has many advantages such as no iron loss, no cogging torque, low noise and vibration, small size, lightweight, and sinusoidal air-gap flux distribution, etc. It was applied to a small-scale wind power generation system as a generation unit. Geometric structural parameters of the proposed generator such as the dimension of the rotor magnets, air gap width and the stator coil are the control factors. In addition, high output voltage and high efficiency were the research targets. In order to obtain optimal geometry structural parameter combinations achieve the targets of high output voltage and high efficiency, a Multi-Objective Taguchi method (MOT) and the JMAG electromagnetic analysis software with finite element analysis are as a research platform of the electric machine design and performance analysis. A prototype of the proposed generator has been implemented according to the design results. Moreover, experimental results also demonstrated that the proposed method was able to find out the best combination of geometrical parameters in the ironless AF-PMSG design to achieve the goals of high output voltage as well as high efficiency.

碩士
高苑科技大學
電機工程研究所
101
The main purpose of this thesis is to optimal design and implementation of an axial-flux permanent magnet starter/generator for performance, however, the geometric structural parameters of an axial-flux permanent magnet machine, such as the diameter of the rotor magnet, the stator coil, the rotor magnet thickness and the air gap width, will affect obviously the efficiency of an axial-flux permanent magnet starter/generator. In order to find the most suitable combination of the geometry parameters of an axial-flux permanent magnet starter/generator machine to achieve the goal of robust design, two systematic and efficient approaches, such as the fuzzy-inference Taguchi method and the response surface methodology with quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO), are employed. Moreover, the JMAG-Designer 10.5 electromagnetic analysis software is as platform of the electric machine design and dynamic performance analysis with the finite element analysis (FEA). Results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain the best combination of the geometry parameters in an axial-flux permanent magnet starter/generator to achieve high torque and efficiency.

碩士
國立清華大學
動力機械工程學系
98
As the technology advancement in wind energy and the increases in market needs, the development for high performance and efficiency wind-generators has motivated researchers to consider utilizing innovative design and new materials for small and medium size electrical machines. The objectives of this thesis are to design a high performance axial-flux permanent magnet brushless machine (AFPM) with Amorphous Ferromagnetic Alloys serving as the magnetic conducting circuits. And, utilization of high-energy density NdFeB permanent magnets for rotor design is to complete a double-side Axial-flux PM generator. The data sheets of nickel-iron based amorphous alloys indicate very low power-losses under medium frequency as well as low eddy-current losses due to very thin thickness. Moreover, the amorphous alloys also exhibit electromagnetic properties for both high electrical resistivity and permeability. After selection of appropriate magnetic materials, we start the design process by firstly going to specify the performance requirements and the basic pertinent dimensions of the generator. Then, based upon double-sided stator and single rotor structure, we adopt finite element methods for parametric analysis with all pertinent parameters. We finally complete the design and analysis by simulating the operational characteristics and efficiency for reduction in iron and copper losses so that the expected specifications are met.

碩士
高苑科技大學
電機工程研究所
99
The main purpose of this thesis is to optimal design and implementation of an axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous generator (AF-PMSG) for wind power. However, the geometric structural parameters of an axial-flux permanent magnet machine, such as the diameter of the rotor magnet, the stator coil diameter, the rotor magnet thickness and the air gap width, will affect obviously the magnitude of induced voltage and the efficiency of an AF-PMSG. In order to find the most suitable combination of the geometry parameters of an AF-PMSG machine to achieve the goal of robust design, two systematic and efficient approaches, such as the fuzzy-inference Taguchi method and the dual response surface methodology with particle swarm optimization (PSO), are employed. Moreover, the JMAG-Studio10.0 electromagnetic analysis software is as platform of the electric machine design and dynamic performance analysis with the finite element analysis (FEA). Results show that the proposed method can obtain the best combination of the geometry parameters in an AF-PMSG to achieve a high output voltage and high efficiency.

碩士
中州科技大學
機械與自動化工程系
103
Axial-flux permanent magnets synchronous generator (PSMG) design and performance in electric bicycle is studied in this paper, by optimum of Taguchi method. The PSMG instrument is embedded in electric bicycle drum of back axis. Multi wires of stator coil disc plate combined in the bicycle frame. Permanent magnets designed in another disc plate with same dimension related the stator coil disc. When electric bicycle quickly could pedal rolling forward within permanent magnets is rotated induced the current and power in multi-induction coil. The mechanical energy transformed to electric power efficiency is more higher rechargeable than the faster electric bicycle speed. Electric generating, saving energy, healthy, entertainment of multi-function new electric bicycle by riding bicycle, recharged the low power and reinforced the endurance. The optimum of the generator design parameters by Taguchi method orthogonal array experiment design analysis with the S / N ratio obtained, results of the assessment of PSMG combination. Affected of the degree of PSMG design control elements in the set, the parameters will influence the actual production and measurement and after Taguchi optimization.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και εξομοίωση μιας ανεμογεννήτριας αξονικής ροής μόνιμου μαγνήτη. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός είναι η μελέτη μιας σύγχρονης ανεμογεννήτριας μόνιμων μαγνητών (PMSG), που θα παρέχει ισχύ 1kW, και θα πληρεί το κριτήριο του χαμηλού κόστους και των όσο το δυνατών μικρότερων διαστάσεων. Η ανεμογεννήτρια θα συνδέεται απευθείας με το δίκτυο χωρίς τη χρήση κιβώτιου ταχυτήτων. Όσον αφορά τις γεννήτριες μόνιμου μαγνήτη αξονικής ροής (AFPM), που μελετούνται ειδικά σε αυτή τη διπλωματική, τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει αναπτυχθεί έντονο επιστημονικό και κατασκευαστικό ενδιαφέρον σχετικά με τη βελτιστοποίηση των χαρακτηριστικών τους μεγεθών σε συνδυασμό με την υψηλή απόδοσή τους. Το κυριότερο χαρακτηριστικό αυτών των μηχανών είναι ότι η διέγερση προκαλείται από τους μαγνήτες που είναι τοποθετημένοι στο δρομέα, οι οποίοι με τη χρήση του υλικού NdFeB για την κατασκευή τους, έχουν προσφέρει αναβαθμισμένες δυνατότητες στην παραγωγή μαγνητικού πεδίου. Άλλο κύριο χαρακτηριστικό, είναι ότι οι μηχανές αυτές είναι ιδανικές για ανεμογεννήτριες που κινούνται με χαμηλό αριθμό ταχύτητας ανέμου και στροφών. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική έγινε μια μελέτη ώστε να μπορέσει να σχεδιαστεί μια τέτοια μηχανή (AFPM) που να συγκεντρώνει όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερες αναλογίες μεταξύ κόστους, μεγέθους και απλότητας κατασκευής. Η προσομοίωση της ανεμογεννήτριας ήταν το επόμενο βήμα για την επαλήθευση των θεωρητικών τιμών και την περαιτέρω μελέτη της μηχανής για την απόδοσή της, την επαγόμενη τάση και το μαγνητικό πεδίο που παράγει σε εν κενώ λειτουργία και σε λειτουργία υπό φορτίο. Για να γίνει αυτό, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα μοντελοποίησης ηλεκτρικών μηχανών της COBHAM, το οποίο καλείται Opera και πιο συγκεκριμένα η έκδοση R3 για τρισδιάστατη μοντελοποίηση μηχανών (3D Modeler). Το κεφάλαιο 1 πραγματεύεται εισαγωγικά ζητήματα σχετικά με τις ανεμογεννήτριες και τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά τους μεγέθη. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μια μελέτη σχετικά με το είδος της γεννήτριας καθώς και τα βασικά της στοιχεία. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 γίνεται αναλυτικά ο σχεδιασμός της ανεμογεννήτριας αξονικής ροής μόνιμου μαγνήτη και ο υπολογισμός των μεγεθών της. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφεται η διαδικασία του σχεδιασμού μηχανής με τη χρήση του προγράμματος opera. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 γίνεται εξομοίωση της μηχανής και παράθεση των αποτελεσμάτων που προκύπτουν. Η ανάλυση της μηχανής πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση δύο επιλυτών της Opera, αυτόν της μαγνητοστατικής ανάλυσης και αυτόν της ανάλυσης της στρεφόμενης μηχανής.
This thesis is focused on study, design and analysis of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). This work was elaborated in the laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, at the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the University of Patras, Greece. The purpose of this specific thesis is to study and analyze a synchronous permanent magnet wind generator (PMSG), providing power 1kW to the grid. The main pursuit is to design a machine of low cost and, as small as possible, geometric characteristics. Moreover, a basic requirement is easy construction. For this purpose, the wind generator is legitimate to be direct-driven, without the existence of a gearbox. The permanent magnet axial flux generators, which are specifically studied in this thesis, have met a large attention over the last years for wind system- low speed applications. The main characteristic of these machines is that their stimulation is caused by the magnets that are mounted at the rotor discs. The latest use, in magnets, of neodymium material (symbolized as NdFeB) has provided upgraded possibilities in magnetic field amplification. Another main characteristic is that these machines are ideal for low speed wind applications. In this thesis, an extended study was elaborated in order to design such a generator, which concentrates as better as possible quota between cost, size and simplicity in construction. The simulation of the machine’s operation was the next step for the verification of the theoretical calculations, as well as for further study on the various parameters and optimization of the machine. The simulation was held in conditions of load and short circuit operation. In order to achieve this, a simulation program by COBHAM called Opera, was used. In chapter 1, there is a reference concerning basic issues of wind energy and wind turbines, as well as, the highlights of a wind turbine. In chapter 2, a research is being carried out, concerning the wind turbine topologies, as well as their basic features. In chapter 3, is presented, analytically, the theoretical dimensioning of the axial flux permanent magnet and the calculation of its features. In chapter 4, the procedure of the design of the generator is being presented by using the designing program Opera. In chapter 5, the simulation of the machine is performed as well as the presentation of the basic results of the analysis. For this purpose, were used two solvers of Opera, the magnetostatic analysis (TOSCA) and the rotating machine analysis (CARMEN).