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1

Li, Ying, Xing Chen, Hao Luo, and Jin Zhang. "An Empirical Model for the Churning Losses Prediction of Fluid Flow Analysis in Axial Piston Pumps." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040398.

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The manufacturing development of axial piston pumps usually takes the trend of high speed and miniaturization, and increases power density. Axial piston pumps are usually characterized as high speed to improve the power density; thus, high-speed churning losses caused by the internal rotating components stirring the oil can increase significantly. In order to improve the efficiency, more attention should be given to the churning losses in axial piston pumps, especially in high-speed conditions. Using the method of least-squares curve fitting, this paper establishes a series of formulas based on the churning losses test rig over a wide range of speeds, which enable accurate predictions of churning losses on the cylinder block and pistons. The reduction coefficient of flow resistance of multi-pistons as calculated. The new churning losses formula devoted to the cylinder block and rotating pistons was validated by comparison with experimental evidence in different geometries of axial piston pumps. According to the prediction model of churning losses, some valuable guidance methods are proposed to reduce the energy losses of the axial piston pump, which are the theoretical support for the miniaturization of axial piston pump manufacturing.
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2

Manring, Noah D. "The Discharge Flow Ripple of an Axial-Piston Swash-Plate Type Hydrostatic Pump." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 122, no. 2 (May 6, 1998): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.482452.

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This research examines the idealized and actual flow-ripple of an axial-piston swash-plate type hydrostatic pump. For the idealized case, a “perfect” pump is examined in which the leakage is considered to be zero and the fluid is considered to be incompressible. Based upon these assumptions, closed-form expressions which describe the characteristics of the idealized flow-ripple are derived. Both the ripple height and the pulse frequency of the ripple are described for a pump with an even and an odd number of pistons. Next, the actual flow-ripple of the pump is examined by considering the pump leakage and the fluid compressibility and for computing these results a numerical program is used. For both the idealized case and the actual case a comparison is made between a nine-piston, an eight-piston, and a seven-piston pump. From the idealized analysis it is quantitatively shown that the eight-piston design is less attractive than the nine or seven-piston design; however, the analysis of the actual pump flow reveals that the qualitative difference between all three designs may not be too significant. From a flow ripple point of view, the numerical results of this research show that a pump designed with an even number of pistons may be as feasible as one that is designed with an odd number of pistons. This is an unexpected conclusion. [S0022-0434(00)00202-1]
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3

Harris, R. M., K. A. Edge, and D. G. Tilley. "The Suction Dynamics of Positive Displacement Axial Piston Pumps." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 116, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899221.

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The suction dynamics of axial piston pumps become more critical if the pump is to be used at high speeds. In order to prevent air-release and cavitation from occurring within the pump it is necessary to pressurise the pump inlet. As the speed of a pump is increased, higher boost pressures are required, due to the extra losses incurred through the suction line and portplate at the higher flowrates. However, the lack of data regarding axial piston pump behavior at high speeds creates problems for the system designer in selecting suitable boost conditions and for the pump designer in selecting the portplate configuration that is required to reduce fluid-borne-noise levels. This paper discusses the suction performance of piston pumps, and presents experimental and simulation results exploring the behavior of a high-speed axial-piston pump. Different air-release and cavitation models that are suitable for simulation studies are investigated.
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4

Wei, Xiu Ye, and Hai Yan Wang. "Dynamics Simulation Study of the Axial Piston Pump." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1323.

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Kinematics analysis based on the structure parameters of SCY14-1B type axial piston pump is taken in this paper, and the motion laws of the pistons relative to the cylinder block and the swash plate are got. A matlab simulation of the motion law is taken and the comparison between theoretical analysis and simulated results is very good. We get the following conclusions: The displacement, velocity and acceleration of the motion of the piston relative to the swash plate is simple harmonic.The motion trajectory of the piston relative to the swash plate is an ellipse. The swash plate angle has a significant effect on the motion of the piston, which will inevitably affect the instantaneous flow rate of the pump and flow pulsation coefficient.
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5

Sun, Yuan Jing, and Lei Wang. "Parametric Design of Axial Piston Pump Based on Secondary Development of Pro/Toolkit." Advanced Materials Research 569 (September 2012): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.569.737.

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A parametric design system of axial piston pump was built, based on secondary development of Pro/Engineer, in Visual C++ 6.0 development environment, which can improve design efficiency. Taking a piston of axial piston pump as an example, contents and method of parametric design of axial piston pump were expounded.
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6

Hao, Ming, and Xiao Ye Qi. "Modeling Analysis and Simulation of Hydraulic Axial Piston Pump." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1532.

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Based on characteristics of AMESim software and structural characteristics of aviation piston pump, the model of a rational aviation piston pump was constructed after simplified. In this issue, the equations of motion of the piston and the process of oil suction and oil discharge for a single piston are theoretically analyzed. The effects of the four kinds of leakage to the loss of flow rate and to the pulsing of the pump are emphatically analyzed. Through build the model of axial piston pump, which provides certain theoretical basis for design different kinds of model of the piston pump.
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7

Wan, Li-rong, Yan-jie Lu, Qing-liang Zeng, Kui-dong Gao, and Shou-bo Jiang. "The Research on Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Axial Piston Pump Based on AHP." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (August 23, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9469064.

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The axial piston pump is an important industrial power element, and its performance directly affects the operation of the system. However, owing to its complex structure and harsh operational environment, the actual operational performance of the axial piston pump is difficult to be assessed accurately, which makes ensuring the normal operation of the hydraulic system difficult. To improve the evaluation method for an axial piston pump, a comprehensive performance evaluation system was proposed based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which could assess the performance of an axial piston pump on the basis of theoretical analysis, test, operator interaction, and application. Considering a model of load-sensitive axial piston pump with good operability as an example, the model development and simulation of the pump were carried out based on AMESim and the pump was tested using a developed performance test bed for axial piston pump. The weights of factors in the evaluation system were determined on the basis of the simulation results, analyses, and calculation. The above results were used to comprehensively analyze the tested pump and design a set of comprehensive performance evaluation software. The evaluation result was nearly identical to the actual usage, which verified the feasibility of the designed evaluation system.
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8

Pan, Yang, Yibo Li, and Dedong Liang. "The influence of dynamic swash plate vibration on outlet flow ripple in constant power variable-displacement piston pump." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 14 (March 31, 2019): 4914–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219840379.

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The vibration of a swash plate is caused by the piston forces and the control actuator acting on the swash plate. An earlier study of the outlet flow ripple of variable-displacement axial piston pumps assumed a fixed swash plate angle; it ignored the influence of swash plate vibration on the outlet flow ripple of the axial piston pump. In this work, a theoretical model of the outlet flow ripple and pressure pulsation was established in a constant power variable-displacement piston pump. The vibration of swash plate, flow leakage, and valve dynamic characteristics are considered in the theoretical model. The computational results of the theoretical model at different external load pressures are verified by comparison with experimental results. The vibration of the swash plate is strongly influenced by both the piston chamber pressure variation and the control actuator mechanism. The study proved the influence of the swash plate vibration on the outlet flow ripple and the pressure pulsation of an axial piston pump. Compared to the case of a fixed swash plate angle, accounting for swash plate vibration is much more suitable for the accurate determination of the outlet flow ripple and pressure pulsation of an axial piston pump. It is also shown that the vibration of the swash plate affects the valve plate design. Accordingly, valve plate optimization based on the theoretical model of the outlet flow ripple was also studied in this work. The amplitude of the instantaneous outlet flow ripple was considered as the optimization objective function. Finally, the optimized design parameters for a constant power variable-displacement swash plate axial piston pump were evaluated.
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9

Fu, Jiang Feng, Hua Cong Li, Jia Li, and Shu Hong Wang. "Kinematics Modelling and Simulation of Aero-Engine Fuel Piston Pump." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.299.

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Kinematics parameters calculation is the basis of piston pump design and performance analysis. Taking an axial piston pump with incline piston and spherical swash plate as the research object, Aimed at the deficiency of current formula for calculating piston pump kinematics parameters which included displacement, velocity and acceleration. In this paper, according to piston pump part motion geometry relationship, a correction kinematics algorithm is deduced by using the the spherical coordinate and cartesian coordinate transformation method, the analyse method and deduction procedure ensure the new calculating formula are precise in theory. Applying the calculating formula to an aero engine fuel axial piston pump, results show that. The displacement, velocity, acceleration according to the kinematics principle of piston pump, it can be used in the kind of piston pump kinematics parameters calculation and current calculating method evaluation.
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10

Ułanowicz, Leszek, Grzegorz Jastrzębski, Paweł Szczepaniak, Ryszard Sabak, and Dariusz Rykaczewski. "Malfunctions of Aviation Hydraulic Pumps." Journal of KONBiN 50, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2020-0061.

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AbstractHydraulic pumps are among the most complex and responsible units from the point of view of aircraft flight safety. One of the most important scientific and technical problems in improving the reliability of hydraulic pumps is to understand the physical nature of the cause of damage in them and on this basis to develop measures and recommendations to ensure their reliability. The article discusses the characteristics of hydraulic piston pairs of hydraulic pumps according to the kinematics of their movement and load conditions. Selected actual damages of axial piston pumps are discussed. The paper presents a simplified 3D solid model of the cylinder-piston assembly and the mechanism for adjusting the inclination of the piston cylinder block, the axial hydraulic pump, and the model of breaking loads for selected elements of this pump. The digital solid model and element load analysis were developed in SolidWorks Simulation.
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11

Yin, Fanglong, Songlin Nie, Wei Hou, and Shuhan Xiao. "Effect analysis of silencing grooves on pressure and vibration characteristics of seawater axial piston pump." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 8 (July 14, 2016): 1390–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216660334.

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Seawater axial piston pump is a critical power component in seawater fluid power system. As the properties of high bulk modulus and low viscosity of seawater, the pressure and vibration characteristics of the seawater axial piston pump will be getting poorer than the traditional oil pump. In this study, the pressure, flow, and vibration characteristics for a seawater axial piston pump are investigated. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations for the port plate with non-grooved, U-shaped, and triangle-based pyramid silencing groove designs have been conducted over a range of operating conditions, which consider the fluid compressibility effect and cavitation damage. Measurements of pressure ripple and pump vibration are carried out at various loading conditions to verify the results of simulation. The experiment turned out that the well-designed port plate can mitigate both pressure ripples as well as vibrations of the pump. This research will lay the foundation for the further development of a low fluid noise seawater axial piston pump.
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12

Manring, Noah D., Viral S. Mehta, Frank J. Raab, and Kevin J. Graf. "The Shaft Torque of a Tandem Axial-Piston Pump." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 129, no. 3 (December 7, 2006): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2719785.

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The objective of this study is to identify the best indexed position of two rotating groups within a tandem axial-piston pump for attenuating the torque ripple amplitude that is exerted on the shaft. By attenuating the torque ripple characteristics of the pump, other vibration aspects of the machine are also expected to be reduced. In particular, the objectives of this paper are aimed at reducing the noise that is generated by the pump. This paper begins by considering the theoretical torque ripple that is created by the discrete pumping elements of a single rotating group within an axial piston machine. From this analysis, an equation is produced that describes a single pulse for the torque ripple as a function of the average torque and the total number of pistons that are used within the rotating group. By superposing another rotating group on top of the first, and by indexing the angular position of one rotating group relative to the other, a second equation is produced for describing the theoretical torque ripple of a tandem pump design. This equation is also a function of the average shaft torque and the total number of pistons that are used within a single rotating group; however, an additional parameter known as the index angle also appears in this result. This index angle is shown to amplify or attenuate the amplitude of the torque ripple depending upon its value. From these results, it is shown that a proper selection of the index angle can reduce the torque ripple amplitude by as much as 75%.
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13

Ding, Wen Si, and Hui Yan Wu. "Modeling and Simulation on Light Axial Piston Pump." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1859.

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Flow and pressure regulation axial piston pump is studied in this paper. Model of the pump is built in AMESIm, and then characteristics of flow rate and pressure are calculated and analyzed in this model. This provides a good platform to the design and research of axial piston pump.
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14

Wang, Zhaoqiang, Yanfei Xu, Shan Hu, Hong Ji, and Jian Yang. "Research on lubrication mechanism with fluid–solid coupling of port plate pair in swash plate axial piston pump." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119872888.

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When a swash plate axial piston pump operates under high-pressure conditions, the valve plate will undergo warping deformation. Based on the theory of elastic fluid dynamic lubrication, this work establishes a fluid–solid coupling model of a swash plate axial piston pump and solves the governing equations of the lubrication with respect to the port plate pair. Cylinder speed, cylinder angle, fluid viscosity, oil film thickness, seal belt width, and structural parameters are also considered to observe their influence on the valve plate warpage deformation with the swash plate axial piston pump. The results show that the deformation cloud of the valve plate on the axial piston pump is symmetrical, with the axis line of the waist groove as the axis. The deformation of the outer seal zone on the high-pressure side of the valve plate is the largest, and the deformation of the outer seal zone on the low-pressure side of the valve plate is the smallest. Under the same conditions, the material and structure of the valve plate affect the thickness and shape of the oil film. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high pressure of the swash plate axial piston pump.
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15

Manring, Noah D., and Fikreadam A. Damtew. "The Control Torque on the Swash Plate of an Axial-Piston Pump Utilizing Piston-Bore Springs." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 3 (June 30, 1999): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1386654.

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This research begins by presenting a nontraditional pump design which utilizes a piston-bore spring. The piston-bore spring is included in this design for the purpose of holding the cylinder block against the valve plate and for forcing the pistons in the negative x-direction. By forcing the pistons in this direction, the piston-bore spring also assists in holding the slippers against the swash plate during the normal operation of the pump. Though these advantages of the design may be readily seen by inspection, it is not obvious how the control torque on the swash plate is effected by the piston-bore spring nor is it obvious how one would go about designing the spring to produce a favorable result. To clarify the benefit of this design, a mechanical analysis is conducted to describe the effect of the spring on the control torque itself. As a result of this analysis, a general equation which describes the swash-plate motion is presented. Within this equation, it may be seen that the spring force provides a restoring force on the swash plate which tends to stabilize the design. The piston-bore spring is also shown to be capable of eliminating the cross-over from a stroke increasing swash-plate torque to a stroke decreasing swash-plate torque. By eliminating this cross over, the backlash in the pump control (which is commonly observed in practice) can be prevented.
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16

Zhang, Jin, Baolei Liu, Ruiqi LÜ, Qifan Yang, and Qimei Dai. "Study on Oil Film Characteristics of Piston-Cylinder Pair of Ultra-High Pressure Axial Piston Pump." Processes 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010068.

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The piston-cylinder pair is the key friction pairs in the piston pump. Its performance determines the volume efficiency of piston pump. With the increase of load pressure, the leakage at the clearance of piston-cylinder pair will also increase. In order to reduce leakage, the clearance of the piston-cylinder pair of the ultra-high pressure piston pump is smaller than that of the medium-high pressure piston pump. In order to explore whether the piston will stuck in the narrow gap, it is necessary to study the oil film characteristics of the piston-cylinder pair under the condition of ultra-high pressure, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the optimal design of the piston-cylinder pair of ultra-high pressure axial piston pump. In this paper, an ultra-high pressure axial piston pump is taken as the research object, and its structural characteristics are analyzed. The mathematical model of the oil film thickness of the piston-cylinder pair is established by using the cosine theorem in the cross section of the piston. The finite volume method is used to discretize the Reynolds equation of the oil film of the piston-cylinder pair, and the over relaxation iteration method is used to solve the discrete equations, and the mathematical model of the oil film pressure of the piston-cylinder pair is obtained. The mathematical model of oil film thickness and pressure field of piston-cylinder pair is solved by programming. The dynamic change process of oil film thickness and pressure field of the plunger pair of the ultra-high pressure axial piston pump under the load of 20 MPa and 70 MPa is obtained. Under the two conditions, the thinnest area of the oil film reaches 3 μm and 2 μm dangerous area respectively; the oil film pressure reaches 20 MPa and 70 MPa respectively when the swashplate rotates 10° and continues to increase with the increase of swashplate rotation angle. When the rotation angle reaches 90°, the oil film pressure also reaches the maximum value, but there is no pressure spike phenomenon. The oil film pressure characteristics of ultra-high pressure axial piston pump under conventional and ultra-high pressure conditions were obtained by modification and experimentation.
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17

Gao, Qiang, He-Sheng Tang, Jia-Wei Xiang, and Yongteng Zhong. "A multi-sensor fault detection strategy for axial piston pump using the Walsh transform method." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 4 (April 2018): 155014771877253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718772531.

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The axial piston pump is a key component of the industrial hydraulic system, and the failure of pump can result in costly downtime. Efficient fault detection is very important for improving reliability and performance of axial piston pumps. Most existing diagnosis methods only use one kind of the discharge pressure, vibration, or acoustic signal. However, the hydraulic pump is a typical mechanism–hydraulics coupling system, all of the pressure, vibration, and acoustic signals contain useful information. Therefore, a novel multi-sensor fault detection strategy is developed to realize more effective diagnosis of axial piston pump. The presence of periodical impulses in these signals usually indicates the occurrence of faults in pump. Unfortunately, in the working condition, detecting the faults is a difficult job because they are rather weak and often interfered by heavy noise. Therefore, noise suppression is one of the most important procedures to detect the faults. In this article, a new denoising method based on the Walsh transform is proposed, and the innovation is that we use the median absolute deviation to estimate the noise threshold adaptively. Numerical simulations and experimental multi-sensor data collected from normal and faulty pumps are used to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
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18

Harrison, K. A., and K. A. Edge. "Reduction of axial piston pump pressure ripple." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 214, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651001540519.

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The reduction in source flow ripple in hydraulic systems is the most effective method of reducing pump-generated pressure ripple and system noise. This paper describes reductions in axial-piston pump delivery flow ripple achieved using a novel timing mechanism which is inherently speed, flow and pressure sensing. Fixed-speed tests have shown that the mechanism can significantly reduce axial-piston pump delivery flow ripple over a wide range of delivery pressures and pump displacements. Furthermore, the reduction in pressure ripple achieved with the mechanism has been shown to contribute towards reductions in overall air-borne noise levels of up to 6 dB in a simple system. A simulation model has been produced to predict the behaviour of the prototype mechanism. The model has been compared with the measured delivery flow ripple and achieves good agreement.
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19

Wang, Shu. "Robust Design of Piston Assemblies in an Axial Piston Pump." International Journal of Fluid Power 15, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14399776.2014.931131.

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20

Xu, Bing, Junhui Zhang, and Huayong Yang. "Simulation research on distribution method of axial piston pump utilizing pressure equalization mechanism." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 3 (October 5, 2012): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212462336.

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Noise reduction in axial piston pumps has been attempted by many researchers with different design approaches and techniques. However, most traditional structures on valve plate for noise reduction are at the cost of efficiency to different extent. In this article, a new distribution method with pressure equalization mechanism composed of check valve and pressure recuperation chamber is discussed. A simulation model for the analysis of noise excitation sources is developed, and is verified by comparison of flow ripple between simulation and experiment. The working principle of pressure equalization mechanism is analyzed in detail. Compared with reference commercial axial piston pump, the simulation results indicate that the flow ripple and the torque pulsation are sharply reduced with the pressure equalization mechanism. Moreover, the volumetric efficiency of axial piston pump is also improved. The power of variable-displacement control mechanism will be reduced and the control accuracy can be improved easily due to the swash-plate torque reduction. The analysis shows that the check-valve frequency and the pressure recuperation chamber volume are vital for the pressure equalization mechanism. The optimal pressure recuperation chamber volume is about three times the size of the minimum piston chamber dead volume. The optimal maximum displacement of check valve is about 1 mm. The pressure equalization mechanism is promising in the design of high-performance axial piston pump with low noise emission.
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21

Roccatello, Alessandro, Salvatore Mancò, and Nicola Nervegna. "Modelling a Variable Displacement Axial Piston Pump in a Multibody Simulation Environment." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 129, no. 4 (December 11, 2006): 456–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2745851.

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Analysis of a variable displacement axial piston pump, as in other complex fluid power and mechanical systems, requires appropriate insight into three multidisciplinary domains, i.e., hydraulics, mechanics and tribology. In recent years, at FPRL, modelling of axial piston pumps has evolved in AMESim (one-dimensional code) where a three-dimensional mechanical approach has required generation of proprietary libraries leading to the evaluation of internal forces/reactions in all pump subsystems. Tribologic aspects in axial piston pumps modelling are also being investigated but AMESim, in this respect, does not appear as the appropriate computational environment. Consequently, a new approach has been initiated grounded on MSC.ADAMS. In this perspective, the paper details how the model has been developed through proprietary macros that automatically originate all pump subsystems parametrically and further apply required constraints and forces (springs, contacts and pressure forces). The ADAMS environment has also been selected due to co-simulation capabilities with AMESim. Accordingly, the paper elucidates how the entire modelling has been construed where hydraulics is managed in AMESim while ADAMS takes care of mechanics. A comparison between simulated and experimental steady-state characteristics of the axial pump is also presented. As such this paper indicates an innovative methodology for the analysis of complex fluid power systems in the hope that, eventually, tribology will also fit into the scene.
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22

Yafei, Lei, Jiang Wanlu, Niu Hongjie, Shi Xiaodong, and Yang Xukang. "Fault Diagnosis of Axial Piston Pump Based on Extreme-Point Symmetric Mode Decomposition and Random Forests." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6649603.

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Aiming at fault diagnosis of axial piston pumps, a new fusion method based on the extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition method (ESMD) and random forests (RFs) was proposed. Firstly, the vibration signal of the axial piston pump was decomposed by ESMD to get several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and an adaptive global mean curve (AGMC) on the local side. Secondly, the total energy was selected as the data of feature extraction by analyzing the whole oscillation intensity of the signal. Thirdly, the data were preprocessed and the labels were set, and then, they were adopted as the training and testing set of machine learning samples. Lastly, the RFs model was created based on machine learning service (MLS) to diagnose the faults of the axial piston pump on the cloud. Using the test and verifying the data set for comparative testing, the fault diagnosis precision rates of the model are above 90.6%, the recall rates are more than 90.9%, the F1 score is higher than 90.7%, and the accuracy rate of this model reached 97.14%. A benchmark data simulation of mechanical transmission systems and an experimental data investigation of an axial piston pump are performed to manifest the superiority of the present method by comparing with classification and regression trees (CART) and support vector machine (SVM).
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23

Jiang, Wanlu, Zhenbao Li, Sheng Zhang, Teng Wang, and Shuqing Zhang. "Hydraulic Pump Fault Diagnosis Method Based on EWT Decomposition Denoising and Deep Learning on Cloud Platform." Shock and Vibration 2021 (March 11, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6674351.

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An axial piston pump fault diagnosis algorithm based on empirical wavelet transform (EWT) and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) is presented. The fault vibration signals and pressure signals of axial piston pump are taken as the analysis objects. Firstly, the original signals are decomposed by EWT, and each signal component is screened and reconstructed according to the energy characteristics. Then, the time-domain features and the frequency-domain features of the denoised signal are extracted, and features of time domain and frequency domain are fused. Finally, the 1D-CNN model was deployed to the WISE-Platform as a Service (WISE-PaaS) cloud platform to realize the real-time fault diagnosis of axial piston pump based on the cloud platform. Compared with ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD), the results show that the axial piston pump fault diagnosis algorithm based on EWT and 1D-CNN has higher fault identification accuracy.
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24

YANG, Huayong. "Development of Axial Piston Pump/motor Technology." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 10 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2008.10.001.

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25

Chen, Zhao-neng, and Jun-gong Wang. "RELIABILITY RESEARCH ON HYDRAULIC AXIAL PISTON PUMP." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 1989, no. 1 (1989): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.1989.119.

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26

Logov, L. M., and I. L. Logov. "Crankless axial-piston metering pump NBD-3." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 32, no. 2 (March 1996): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02412676.

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27

Alimov, Bakhtiyar, Rakhmat Sindarov, Panzhi Egamshukurov, Fotima Dzhumabayeva, and Shoira Saidova. "Coulisse mechanism with rotating link for operating part drive unit of the mortar pump." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 05050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405050.

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The synthesis of a connecting link mechanism with a rotating link with a planetary gear for driving the operating part of a piston pump during transportation of solution mixtures from the preparation site to the construction site is presented. The kinematic diagram of the axial and disaxial connecting link mechanism is given, which allow increasing the pump performance by increasing the length of the piston stroke S by 1.7 ... 3 times more than the serial pumps produced and reducing the load on the pump bearing support.
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28

Wei, Xiu Ye, and Hai Yan Wang. "The Influence of Cross Angle on the Flow Ripple of Axial Piston Pumps by CFD Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1675.

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This paper studies the flow pulsation of axial piston pumps of different cross angles based on CFD simulation. The swash-plate cross angle of piston pump affects the piston pump outlet flow pulsation by changing the contraction amount of the plunger in the valve plate transition zone. First, we established the flow pulsation model with swash plate cross angle based on the noise reduction principle of the swash plate cross angle, and studied the influence of cross angle of different rotation angels on the flow pulsation based on CFD simulation. The conclusion is that the maximum and minimum peak of the flow pulsation decreased when the rotation angle of the cross angle is greater than 1 °; the maximum and minimum peak of the flow pulsation increased when the rotation angle of the cross angle is less than -1 °; a good noise reduction can be got when the piston pump cross angle rotates 1°.
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29

Huang, Jiahai, Hu Zhao, Long Quan, and Xiaogang Zhang. "Development of an asymmetric axial piston pump for displacement-controlled system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 8 (October 24, 2013): 1418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213508385.

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Pump-controlled systems can eliminate throttling losses and improve the work efficiency of mobile hydraulic system. But one difficult problem for that is the differential volumetric flow through a single rod cylinder which is widely used in mobile hydraulic system. Several solutions have been presented to deal with it so far, but there still has not been a cost-effective solution to it. In recent years, an asymmetric pump-controlled asymmetric cylinder strategy has been presented to deal with this problem. In order to achieve this goal, an asymmetric axial piston pump with three ports was developed in this research. The flow rate ratio of the three ports of asymmetric axial piston pump was designed as 1: γ:(1 − γ), in which γ was the area ratio of a single rod cylinder. An important task in the development of asymmetric axial piston pump was the design of the valve plate. There were three intake/discharge slots (slots A, B, and T) in the valve plate. The pumping dynamics of a fixed displacement asymmetric axial piston pump were investigated using software package ITI-SimulationX® and the performances of its prototype were tested. Simulation and experimental results show that with careful design, a V-shaped cross-section groove at the leading side of slot T can effectively improve the performance of asymmetric axial piston pump, and delivery pressure performance of port B is better than that of port T. Therefore, port T should be linked with low-pressure sources such as accumulator, and port B can be connected to high pressure sources. This work lays a theoretical foundation for a new exploration to pump-controlled system.
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30

Jiang, Wan-lu, Pei-yao Zhang, Man Li, and Shu-qing Zhang. "Axial Piston Pump Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Symmetrical Polar Coordinate Image and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm." Shock and Vibration 2021 (January 18, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6681751.

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In this paper, a fault diagnosis method based on symmetric polar coordinate image and Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm is proposed to solve the problem that the fault signal of axial piston pump is not intuitive under the time-domain waveform diagram. In this paper, the sampled vibration signals of axial piston pump were denoised firstly by the combination of ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Pearson correlation coefficient. Secondly, the data, after noise reduction, was converted into images, called snowflake images, according to symmetric polar coordinate method. Different fault types of axial piston pump can be identified by observing the snowflake images. After that, in order to evaluate the research results objectively, the obtained images were converted into Gray-Level Cooccurrence Matrixes. Their multiple eigenvalues were extracted, and the eigenvectors consisting of multiple eigenvalues were classified by Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm. Finally, according to the accuracy of classification results, the feasibility of applying the symmetric polar coordinate method to axial piston pump fault diagnosis has been validated.
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31

Deng, Hong Chuan, Yu Zhang, and Hai Sheng Qian. "Kinematic Analysis of Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump Based on Adams Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.517.

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The swash plate axial piston pump is a main part in liquid press system.It is a positive displacement pump which rely on the change of the plunger cavity content to realize oil absorption or discharge of oil by the reciprocating movement of the plunger in the plunger cavity. Plunger, the slippery boots, oil pan, cylinder body are important parts of the swash plate axial piston pump. Sliding boots is one of commonly used by high-pressure plunger pump form, it can meet the needs of the high pressure high speed;the oil distribution plate and cylinder directly affect of the pump efficiency and life span[1]. Because the swash plate axial piston pump has the advantages of compact structure, fewer parts, good manufacture ability, low cost, small volume, light weight, than the radial pump has the advantages of simple structure, easy to realize step less variable and convenient maintenance, it has been widely used in the industrial production.
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32

Belov, N. A., and O. F. Nikitin. "Profiling the Discharge Channel Flow Part of Axial Piston Pump." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 6 (129) (December 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2019-6-53-64.

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The article considers the flow of the working fluid in the discharge channel of the axial piston pump with end distribution. Geometric region shapes of the channels, currently used in axial piston pumps, negatively affecting the dynamic parameters of the flow flowing through it, are determined by numerical simulation. The configuration of the channel cavity allowing a more uniform distribution of dynamic parameters over the volume of the fluid flow is proposed. The optimal ratio between the reference dimensions adopted for constructing a three-dimensional model of the channel was determined based on the study of the dependence of the power factor value, the amount of movement in the output section vs the shape of the channel. Energy loss due to flowing the working fluid through the channel is reduced. The resulting force effect on the discharge pipe and other elements connected to the pump is reduced and the vibroacoustic characteristics of the pump unit are improved.
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33

Song, Yueheng, Jiming Ma, and Shengkui Zeng. "A Numerical Study on Influence of Temperature on Lubricant Film Characteristics of the Piston/Cylinder Interface in Axial Piston Pumps." Energies 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071842.

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The loss of kinetic energy of moving parts due to viscous friction of lubricant causes the reduction of piston pump efficiency. The viscosity of lubricant film is mainly affected by the thermal effect. In order to improve energy efficiency of piston pump, this research presents a numerical method to analyze the lubricant film characteristics in axial piston pumps, considering the thermal effect by the coupled multi-disciplinary model, which includes the fluid flow field expressed by Reynolds equation, temperature field expressed by energy equation and heat transfer equation, kinematics expressed by the motion equation. The velocity and temperature distributions of the gap flow of piston/cylinder interface in steady state are firstly numerically computed. Then the distributions are validated by the experiment. Finally, by changing the thermal boundary condition, the influence of thermal effect on the lubricant film, the eccentricity and the contact time between the piston and cylinder are analyzed. Results show that with the increase of temperature, the contact time increases in the form of a hyperbolic tangent function, which will reduce the efficiency of the axial piston pump. There is a critical temperature beyond which the contact time will increase rapidly, thus this temperature is the considered as a key point for the temperature design.
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34

Zeiger, G., and A. Akers. "Torque on the Swashplate of an Axial Piston Pump." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 107, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3140724.

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As part of a study involving methods of control of an axial piston pump, it is required to obtain linear or linearized equations of motion of the system’s states. The torque imposed on the plate by the pumping action of the pistons is the most important term in the equation of motion of the swashplate. The torque is a result of a nonlinear and partly discontinuous relationship; this relationship being a function of the geometrical features of the pump and the system operating conditions. Mathematical equations describing swashplate torque are derived from general hydraulic and mechanical considerations given in this paper. This mathematical model can be linearized so that linear parameters for the equation of motion of the swashplate can be obtained. In addition, results of predictions made by the model are presented and compared with some experimental data provided by Sundstrand. An indication is also given as to changes in torque resulting from variation in swashplate angular velocity and timing position of the valve plate.
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35

Li, Donglin, Geqiang Li, Jianhai Han, Yinshui Liu, and Defa Wu. "Thermodynamic characteristics research of a water lubricating axial piston pump." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 19 (April 11, 2020): 3873–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220916538.

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A water lubricating axial piston pump (WLAP) is one of the key components in water hydraulic systems. However, the characteristics of water, including low viscosity, strong corrosiveness, and easy vaporization, results in the increase of friction and wear of pairs, and the increase of temperature. Compared with oil pumps, the thermodynamic characteristic of WLAP is more serious. In this paper, the integrated thermodynamic model of WLAP, which includes heat generation of pairs and heat conduction of water and air, is established to improve pump design. The calculation results show that the water temperature of WLAP exceeded 90 ℃, and the pump could not work normally in extreme conditions (the inlet water temperature and ambient temperature are both 50 ℃). Consequently, a cooling design of WLAP, which circulates the inlet water in the pump chamber, is carried out. Then, the thermodynamic model was modified. Based on this model, the temperature rise characteristics and heat dissipation characteristics of the WLAP are analyzed. The steady-state water temperature of pump shell under extreme conditions is obtained. The temperature sensors and a thermal imaging were used to measure the temperatures of the WLAP. The results indicate that the water temperature of WLAP decreases significantly. The difference of the steady-state temperature of WLAP between simulation and experiment is less than 4 ℃, and its temperature distribution is uniform. Therefore, the cooling design of WLAP is effective and it can work normally under the maximum speed and pressure in extreme conditions.
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36

Harris, R. M., K. A. Edge, and D. G. Tilley. "Predicting the Behavior of Slipper Pads in Swashplate-Type Axial Piston Pumps." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 118, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801149.

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This paper describes a dynamic model for slipper-pads that allows lift and tilt behavior to be predicted, including the effects of possible contact with the swashplate or slipper retaining plate. This model has been incorporated in the Bathfp simulation package and used to examine the dynamic stability of slipper-pads over the pumping cycle, and to compare the behavior over a range of pump speeds. The centripetal tilting moments acting on the slipper-pad increase with speed and as a consequence can lead to contact between the slipper and the swashplate at high speed. This is particularly likely to occur as the piston makes the transition between suction and delivery, where the pressure forces acting on the piston-slipper assembly change abruptly. The predicted nature of the swashplate contacts at high speeds correspond closely with witness marks on a dismantled pump. The model presented may also be used for predicting slipper behavior in other types of pump, for example, wobble-plate type pumps, or in piston motors.
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37

Zhang, Peng, and Yunhua Li. "Research on Control Methods for the Pressure Continuous Regulation Electrohydraulic Proportional Axial Piston Pump of an Aircraft Hydraulic System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071376.

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The objective of this paper is to design a pump that can match its delivery pressure to the aircraft load. Axial piston pumps used in airborne hydraulic systems are required to work in a constant pressure mode setting based on the highest pressure required by the aircraft load. However, the time using the highest pressure working mode is very short, which leads to a lot of overflow lose. This study is motivated by this fact. Pressure continuous regulation electrohydraulic proportional axial piston pump is realized by combining a dual-pressure piston pump with electro-hydraulic proportional technology, realizing the match between the delivery pressure of the pump and the aircraft load. The mathematical model is established and its dynamic characteristics are analyzed. The control methods such as a proportional integral derivative (PID) control method, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based on a feedback linearization method and a backstepping sliding control method are designed for this nonlinear system. It can be seen from the result of simulation experiments that the requirements of pressure control with a pump are reached and the capacity of resisting disturbance of the system is strong.
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38

Cai, Han Ming, and Ming Jie Tian. "Design of a Shaft Assignment Radial Piston Pump." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.9.

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This paper introduces a kind of shaft structure improvement after assignment radial piston pump, its structure and working principle to improve the axial flow past with radial piston pump shaft with flow the stress of the situation, and improve the hydraulic pump pressure of work and service life.
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39

Wei, Xiu Ye, Zi Rong Lu, Hai Yan Wang, and Lu Rong Si. "The Discharge Characteristic Analysis and the Simulation of Axial Piston Pumps." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3018.

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This paper analyses the influence of geometric parameter on the flow pulsation, calculates its flow pulsation coefficient theoretically,then takes account of the influence of leakage rate on flow pulsation of the plunger pumps, and simulates 5-ram pump to nine-ram pump with its actual parameters to calculate its instantaneous delivery and autual flow pulsation coefficient . The conclusion can be drawn that its actual flow pulse coefficient considering leakage flow is obviously larger than theoretical instantaneous delivery, so we should minimize the leakage.
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40

Khalil, M. K. Bahr, J. Svoboda, and R. B. Bhat. "Modeling of Swash Plate Axial Piston Pumps With Conical Cylinder Blocks." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1640363.

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Electrically controlled swash plate axial piston pumps with conical cylinder blocks are recently used in the industry in view of their superior performance. Several studies have been carried out to study the characteristics of such novel pump mechanism. In these studies, partial mathematical modeling is conducted relevant to the points discussed. In the present study, a comprehensive pump mathematical model is developed and experimentally validated. The model could be used as a design tool in order to fully exploit the advantages of the new design.
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41

Lee, Bora, Yonghun Yu, and Yong-Joo Cho. "Effect of piston clearance on the lubrication performance in axial piston pump." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2019-0187.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a reliable and efficient numerical piston–cylinder design method and assess the effect of clearance on the piston-cylinder lubrication. Design/methodology/approach Numerical analyses of lubrication characteristics were performed for the piston–cylinder interface. The axial piston was numerically modeled, and the film pressure was calculated using the unsteady two-dimensional Reynolds equation. The behavior of the piston was analyzed by calculating the eccentricity satisfying the force and moment balance. Findings The secondary motion of the piston included numerically simulated several cycles until the piston behavior converged, and contact with the inner wall of the cylinder and friction region was estimated. Results showed that the piston–cylinder clearance affected the contact force, length of the contact region and leakage flow rate. Originality/value This result improves the understanding of the piston–cylinder lubrication and suggests considerations in terms of lubrication in clearance design.
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42

Dong, Chao, and Wei Gang Zheng. "The Improved Structure of Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.733.

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in order to change China's shipbuilding capacity continues to rise, while the ship equipment localization rate decreased and the situation of reality , the national defense science and Industry Committee put forward the strategic planning of shipbuilding, coordinated development. Marine auxiliary is the largest number, the most species of ship equipment. Based on the analysis of structural weaknesses of the previous ship swash plate axial piston pump, designed a kind of improved fixed swash plate axial piston pump
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43

Karkoub, Mansour A., Osama E. Gad, and Mahmoud G. Rabie. "Predicting axial piston pump performance using neural networks." Mechanism and Machine Theory 34, no. 8 (November 1999): 1211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-114x(98)00086-x.

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44

Wang, Ze Bo, Ji Hai Jiang, and Yi Sun. "Power Loss of Slipper within Axial Piston Pump." Applied Mechanics and Materials 779 (July 2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.779.3.

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The pair between slipper and swash-plate is an important friction pair in the axial piston pump. Due to quick relative velocity, alternating load, numerous slippers, and high contact pressure between the friction surfaces, the wear-out and fatigue failure constantly occurs, which is one of the key factors affecting reliability of the piston pump. It is of fundamental significance to investigate the mechanism of slipper power loss and to find an appropriate method to improve the lubrication of the slipper. Here, the model of friction power loss between slipper and swash-plate is established, and the friction power loss between slipper and swash-plate is solved and comparatively analysed. Finally, the correctness of theoretical analysis and simulation results are verified by experiments.
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45

Yin, Fanglong, Songlin Nie, Zhenghua Zhang, and Xiaojun Zhang. "Research on the sliding bearing pair of water hydraulic axial piston pump." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 9 (March 21, 2013): 2049–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212470364.

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Sliding bearing pair is one of the important friction pairs within water hydraulic axial piston pump, which can result in significant influences on the pump’s performance. Generally, owing to the characteristics of low viscosity and poor lubrication of water, the sliding bearing will operate under condition of dry or mixed lubrication, leading to a severe adhesives wear and material softening. In order to investigate the flow field of the sliding bearing in hydrodynamic condition, the effects of the water film pressure distribution, load carrying capacity changing with radial clearance and width–radius ratio of the sliding bearing pair have been simulated through MATLAB. And a suitable material combination of the sliding bearing pair was selected though a custom-manufactured friction and wear test rig. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies, an appropriate structure of the sliding bearing within water hydraulic axial piston pump was designed. The loading experiments for the developed water hydraulic axial piston pump assembled with two different flanges have been conducted at a water hydraulic component test rig. The experimental results revealed that the volumetric efficiency and noise characteristics of the pump are remarkably improved when the sliding bearing work under hydrodynamic lubrication condition in comparison with dry lubrication condition. The research results have laid the foundation for the development and improvement of the water hydraulic axial piston pump.
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46

Deng, Haishun, Qingchun Wang, Peng Dai, and Yongkang Yang. "Study on Leaking Characteristics of Port Plate Pair in Primary Three-Row Axial Piston Pump/Motor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (August 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7395727.

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In order to investigate the leaking characteristics of the port plate pair in primary three-row axial piston pump/motor, the present paper deducts two equations about the leakage of oil film, analyzes the effect of such parameters as oil film thickness, sealing tape width, and central angle of waist-like slot on the leakage, and arrives at the following conclusions: for the primary three-row axial piston pump/motor, the angle of heel on cylinder increases the leakage of port plat pair, but high-pressure areas on its both sides with similar displacement weaken the effect of the scope and direction of angle of heel on the leakage and help to stabilize the port plat pair’s leakage and maintain the fluid lubrication; widening the sealing tape in a reasonable range can effectively bring down the leakage and raise the volume efficiency; in case of any change in the central angle of waist-like slot, the leakage of primary three-row axial piston pump/motor appears to be more stable than common type, which is more favorable for maintaining the fluid lubrication in the port plat pair. This study can shed some light on the structural design of the primary three-row axial piston pump/motor.
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47

Tanaka, K., T. Nakahara, and K. Kyogoku. "Half-frequency whirl of pistons in axial piston pumps and motors under mixed lubrication." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 217, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506500360603633.

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Dynamic lubrication characteristics between a piston and a cylinder in an axial piston pump and motor have been calculated under mixed-lubrication conditions. The calculated results have shown that half-frequency whirling of the piston occurs under some operating conditions and specifications such as low supply pressure, narrow clearance and long sealing length between the piston and the cylinder, in a manner similar to the oil whirl phenomenon in journal bearings. The whirl phenomenon has been confirmed by measurements of piston motion.
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48

Chen, Kai Jun. "Design of Swash Plate Axial Piston Pump Flow is Stable." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 621–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.621.

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Marine auxiliaries in the pump is the largest number, the most species of ship equipment. The pump is non-uniform flow before.This paper designed several swash plate axial piston pump, in order to solve the problem of uneven.
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49

Han, Lei, Shaoping Wang, and Chao Zhang. "A partial lubrication model between valve plate and cylinder block in axial piston pumps." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 17 (January 23, 2015): 3201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214568824.

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Axial piston hydraulic pumps are commonly used in aircraft, which makes analysis of their lubrication conditions of significant importance. Oil film between valve plate and cylinder block plays an most important role in pump lubrication. This paper proposes a partial lubrication model of the contact surfaces between valve plate and cylinder block in axial piston pumps for predicting film thickness. The asperity curvature at multiple scales and height distribution are obtained by analyzing actual contact surface profiles, then the separating pressure of asperities is estimated by the Hertz theory and the fluid separating pressure is calculated by Reynolds equation. Experimental results indicate that this model can predict film thickness accurately.
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50

Xu, Bing, Junhui Zhang, Huayong Yang, and Bin Zhang. "Investigation on the radial micro-motion about piston of axial piston pump." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 26, no. 2 (March 2013): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2013.02.325.

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