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Books on the topic 'Axial response'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Jackson, Zane Steven. Arterial remodeling in response to hemodynamic and axial forces. 2001.

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2

L, Meeks E., Fralick Gustave C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Frequency response of a supported thermocouple wire: Effects of axial conduction. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991.

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3

L, Meeks E., Fralick Gustave C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Frequency response of a supported thermocouple wire: Effects of axial conduction. [Atlanta, Ga.]: Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990.

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4

Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. The genetics of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0004.

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Family and twin studies have long suggested a large genetic component in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The genetic association with HLA-B27 remains one of the strongest single gene variant associations reported in any complex polygenic disease. The exact mechanism by which HLA-B27 contributes to AS remains unknown, with three main theories proposed: the arthritogenic peptide, endoplasmic reticulum stress with unfolded protein response, and homodimerization theories. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of other important susceptibility genes for AS, several of which overlap with other spondyloarthritis conditions. Of these, ERAP1 and IL-23R, are covered in more detail, highlighting their functional importance.
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5

Marshall, Rouse, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Response of composite fuselage sandwich side panels subjected to internal pressure and axial tension. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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6

Marshall, Rouse, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Response of composite fuselage sandwich side panels subjected to internal pressure and axial tension. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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7

Karl, Owen A., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Forced response testing of an axi-centrifugal turboshaft engine. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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8

C, Fralick Gustave, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Frequency response of a thermocouple wire: Effects of axial conduction : progress report, April 1990-September 1990. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990.

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9

C, Fralick Gustave, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Frequency response of a thermocouple wire: Effects of axial conduction : progress report, April 1990-September 1990. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990.

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10

Lie, Elisabeth, Tore Kristian Kvien, and Mikkel Østergaard. Patient registries. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0024.

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Patient registries can be either disease-based or medication-based, and have a wide range of objectives, such as describing the natural history of disease, determining clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of treatments, safety monitoring, and measuring quality of care. This chapter describes some of the major disease-based and medication-based registries in axial spondyloarthritis, including several so-called biologics registries, which were established in many European countries as well as in other parts of the world following the introduction of the first tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in 1999. The main results from registry-based research in axial spondyloarthritis are reviewed, covering areas such as epidemiology, genetics, effectiveness of TNF inhibitor treatment and switching, predictors of TNF inhibitor response and retention, and safety of TNF inhibitors. The current and future role of patient registries within epidemiology, effectiveness research, and surveillance of new therapies in axial spondyloarthritis are discussed.
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11

Braun, Juergen, and Irene E. van der Horst-Bruinsma. Treatment: biologics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0022.

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According to classification criteria, the spectrum of spondyloarthritis (SpA) covers axial SpA (axSpA), which includes non-radiographic axSpA and ankylosing spondylitis, and peripheral SpA, which overlaps with psoriatic arthritis. Management recommendations for many forms of SpA have been recently published. Treatment of patients with axSpA with active disease starts with a sufficient dose of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for at least 4 weeks and preferably longer, in combination with exercise. In case of peripheral SpA, several disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs can be given, but these are not efficacious in axial disease. In case of insufficient response to NSAIDs for axSpA, biologic treatment can be added. The biologics most commonly used are TNF-blocking agents, but some other biologic agents seem to be beneficial in axial diseases as well, such as secukinumab (an IL-17 blocker). However, these new drugs have not yet been approved for axSpA at the time of writing this chapter.
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12

McGonagle, Dennis, and Iris Eshed. MRI. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0018.

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The features of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are disparate—from peripheral synovitis to axial inflammation, from bone destruction to bone formation or both, and nail disease. Fat suppression magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has had a major impact on understanding PsA. MRI suggests a unifying anatomical basis for PsA with the common denominator of disease localization to entheses and adjacent bone and other sites of high biomechanical stress. MRI has also shown that entheseal changes are not uncommon in generalized osteoarthritis and occasionally in normals, making careful clinical correlation essential for imaging interpretation. MRI is useful in predicting the course of axial spondyloarthritis but there are no specific studies in axial PsA; most data comes from ankylosing spondylitis. Additionally MRI has been used for monitoring therapeutic response in PsA where good resolution of enthesitis/osteitis has been reported. Further studies are needed to define the role of MRI in measuring biological remission of PsA.
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13

Breban, Maxime, and Hill Gaston. Immune mechanisms: adaptive immunity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0008.

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The role of adaptive immunity (i.e. the involvement of B and T lymphocytes) in the pathogenesis of axial spondyloarthritis has been investigated in both human disease and relevant animal models. Studies of B cell responses have not generally implicated an autoantibody in the disease, but there are abnormalities of antibody responses, particularly increased titres of antibodies to various gut bacteria. T cells are critical to the disease in animal models other than those where overexpression of a cytokine is engineered, suggesting that they are the drivers of the inflammatory response. There is convergent evidence from animal models, genetics in humans, and direct observation of human peripheral blood and joints to implicate T cells producing IL-17 under the influence of IL-23. These in turn may be responding to bacteria either in the gut or on the skin.
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14

de Vlam, Kurt. Overview of psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0004.

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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis occurring in patients with psoriasis. Some consider it as part of the heterogeneous group of diseases unified in the concept of spondyloarthritis (SpA). At least some subtypes, such as the oligoarticular and axial subtypes, can be classified as SpA. The aetiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. An enthesitis-based model was proposed to unify skin and joint manifestation and to differentiate PsA from other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The development of PsA results from the interplay of genes, the immune response, and interaction with environmental factors. The fact that more than 80% of patients with PsA have precedent or simultaneous psoriasis suggests that the skin disease is almost a ‘condicio sine qua non’ for the development of PsA.
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15

van Tubergen, Astrid, and Robert Landewé. Clinical outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0012.

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In general, axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) follows a chronic course, requiring regular medical care and monitoring. The outcome of axSpA may vary substantially due to heterogenic presentation. For both research and clinical practice, it is important to have relevant, reliable, validated instruments for measuring outcome, to evaluate patients in a standardized way and capture all disease aspects. The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society has developed core sets and instruments to measure these domains, and recommends only the most important domains being measured with best available methods. This chapter provides an overview of the most important outcomes in axSpA and most commonly used instruments to measure these. Additional measures frequently used but not (yet) included in the core set are addressed, and several sets of response criteria applied in axSpA research described. This chapter also provides guidance in which setting (research versus practice) and with which frequency these measures can be used.
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16

Sanderson, Stephen K. From Paganism to World Transcendence. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.31.

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This chapter draws on one of the new cognitive and evolutionary psychological theories of religion, religious attachment theory, to explain the emergence of the Axial Age religions of the late first millennium bce. These religions—Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism—introduced new kinds of gods into world history—gods that were transcendent and capable of providing release from suffering. Religious attachment theory views religion as providing “substitute attachment figures” under circumstances in which people’s social attachments have been severely disrupted. The basic argument of the chapter is that the new Axial Age gods were responses to heightened levels of anxiety and ontological insecurity that accompanied massive increases in warfare and urbanization in the period between approximately 600 bce and 1 ce. The anthropomorphic pagan gods of the ancient empires had become inadequate in the face of the new religious needs that people began to experience, and thus they came to be replaced.
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17

Gaston, J. S. Hill. Reactive arthritis and enteropathic arthropathy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0115.

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Reactive arthritis (ReA), and enteropathic arthritis secondary to inflammatory bowel disease, are forms of spondyloarthritis, all of which share an association with HLA B27 and can involve both axial and peripheral joints. Genetic studies strongly implicate the cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in their pathogenesis, and evidence for autoimmunity is lacking. ReA is triggered by particular bacteria, mainly affecting the gut and genitourinary tract, though infections are sometimes asymptomatic. Classically an acute oligo- or monoarthritis with enthesitis occurs, often with inflammatory back pain, though mild polyarthritis can also occur. Septic and crystal-induced arthritis are the principal differential diagnoses. Extra-articular features may aid diagnosis, which otherwise requires laboratory evidence of preceding infection. Bacterial components traffic to the joint (which is nevertheless sterile), and elicit local proinflammatory immune responses. Most ReA is self-limiting, but persistent cases may require disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or even biologics.
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18

Gaston, J. S. Hill. Reactive arthritis and enteropathic arthropathy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0115_update_002.

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Reactive arthritis (ReA), and enteropathic arthritis secondary to inflammatory bowel disease, are forms of spondyloarthritis, all of which share an association with HLA B27 and can involve both axial and peripheral joints. Genetic studies strongly implicate the cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in their pathogenesis, and evidence for autoimmunity is lacking. ReA is triggered by particular bacteria, mainly affecting the gut and genitourinary tract, though infections are sometimes asymptomatic. Classically an acute oligo- or monoarthritis with enthesitis occurs, often with inflammatory back pain, though mild polyarthritis can also occur. Septic and crystal-induced arthritis are the principal differential diagnoses. Extra-articular features may aid diagnosis, which otherwise requires laboratory evidence of preceding infection. Bacterial components traffic to the joint (which is nevertheless sterile), and elicit local pro-inflammatory immune responses. Most ReA is self-limiting, but persistent cases may require disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or even biologics.
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