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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Axle Loads

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Academic literature on the topic 'Axle Loads'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Axle Loads"

1

Zhang, Mengxi, Xiaoqing Zhang, Lei Li, and Chengyu Hong. "Experimental study on dynamic response of model shield tunnel induced by moving-axle loads of subway train." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 10 (2018): 155014771880278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718802785.

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A new testing method was introduced to apply moving-axle loads of a subway train on a track structure. In order to investigate the dynamic responses of the shield tunnel subjected to moving-axle loads, a series of laboratory model tests were conducted in a 1/40 scale model tunnel. The influences of the axle load, the wheel speed, and the cover depth of the shield tunnel on the vertical displacement and acceleration of the lining were presented and discussed. Parametric studies revealed that the vertical displacement–time history of the lining presents a “W” shape due to the combined action of two axles of a bogie. The peak value of the vertical displacement increased with the axle load linearly, while it decreased with the increase in the cover depth. Moreover, response time of the displacement decreased with the increase in the wheel speed, but the peak values remained stable at the same level. Finally, a three-dimensional dynamic finite element model was adopted to simulate the movement of the axle loads and calculate the responses of the lining. The numerical results analysis agrees well with experimental results.

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Hutchinson, B. G. "Pavement damage implications of Ontario Bridge Formula axle group weight limits." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 5 (1989): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-103.

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The Ontario Bridge Formula (OBF) is the basis for the regulation of highway truck weights in Ontario. Allowable loads on tandem and tridem axle groups increase with increasing axle group spread. Analyses of the moments induced in simple-span bridges by the allowable axle group loads show that the moments increase with the increasing loads allowed on wider axle spreads. Pavement damage load equivalency functions developed from the Canroad pavement test series are used to estimate the. pavement damage impacts of these allowable axle loads. Relative pavement damage is shown to increase by 50% for the range of loads allowed on tandem axle groups and by 125 % for the load range allowed on tridems. If equal pavement damage were used for regulating axle group loads, then the range allowed for tandems would be 15 400–16 500 kg, instead of the OBF-allowed 15 400–19 000 kg; and 19 100–20 000 kg, instead of the OBF-allowed 19 500–28 600 kg, for tridems. Key words: highway bridges, highway pavements, bridge loads, trucks, load equivalencies.

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Jagiełowicz-Ryznar, C. "Dynamic Axle Load of an Automotive Vehicle When Driven on a Mobile Measurement Platform." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 19, no. 3 (2014): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2014-0040.

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Abstract An analysis of the dynamic axle load of an automotive vehicle (AV) when it is driven on a mobile measurement platform is presented in this paper. During the ride, the time characteristic of the dynamic force N(t), acting on the axle, was recorded. The effect of the vehicle axle mass on the maximum dynamic force value and the dynamic coefficient were studied. On this basis it was attempted to calculate the total vehicle’s weight. Conclusions concerning the dynamic loads of the vehicle axles in relation to the reduced axle mass, were drawn. The optimal axle mass value, for which the dynamic coefficient reaches a minimum, was calculated

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Sun, Ji Shu, Tian Xiao, Chun Feng Yang, and Jian Cheng Sun. "Study on the Axle Load Conversion Formula for Asphalt Pavement Based on Actually Measured Deflection Equivalent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.271.

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Vehicle load is one of the most important factors influencing service performance and service life of pavement. In the pavement design and analysis, different axle loads need be conversed to the standard axle load based on the equivalent deterioration principle of pavement. Pavement surface deflection values under different axle loads have been measured on several expressways in this paper. The correlation relationships between deflection and axle loads are analyzed. The regularity of deflection and axle conversion index based on deflection equivalent are analyzed, too. The axle conversion formula based on deflection equivalent for asphalt pavement is regressed according to the actually measured deflection data. This research achievement can provide us with a reliable axle load conversion method for asphalt pavement design.

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Hutchinson, B. G., L. R. Rilett, R. Green, and R. C. G. Haas. "Axle load shifts during truck braking and their implications for bridge and pavement design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 2 (1989): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-026.

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The axle load shifts of four truck types during braking are estimated using theoretical braking models and the implications of these axle load shifts for bridge and pavement design are explored. The truck types examined are a three-axle straight truck, a five-axle tractor semi-trailer, a seven-axle tractor semi-trailer with two air-lift belly axles, and a seven-axle B-train tractor-double trailer, each loaded to legal Ontario limits with weigh-out commodities. Each of the truck types experienced a substantial load transfer to the front steering axles under braking, mainly from the rear tandem axle groups, where the front axle load increase varied from 38 to 48%. The bridge design implications of the load shifts are examined in terms of the Ontario Bridge Formula and the moments induced in simple-span bridges compared with the moments induced by a reference design truck. For the braking model used, the decelerations and associated shifts in axle load do not lead to higher forces for bridge design and evaluation. The pavement damage implications are analyzed in terms of load equivalency functions derived from some load tests conducted at a number of pavement sites across Canada in 1986. These equivalencies increased up to 50% of the static values for the three-axle truck at maximum braking. It is suggested that the major damage implications are at intersections in urban areas and that increased structural sections could be designed to handle the increased equivalencies. Key words: bridge design, pavement design, truck braking, truck loads, pavement damage, bridge damage.

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Fernando, Emmanuel, Wenting Liu, and Joe Leidy. "Analysis Procedure for Load-Zoning Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1860, no. 1 (2003): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1860-13.

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Most load-zoned roads in Texas are still posted with a gross vehicle weight limit of about 260 kN, corresponding to the legal load limit at the time these roads were designed and built. Since the load from a vehicle is transmitted to the pavement through its axles, establishing load limits based on axle load and axle configuration is a more rational approach than the one currently used. In recognition of the need for a better methodology of load-zoning pavements, the Texas Department of Transportation funded a project to develop a procedure for evaluating load restrictions on the basis of axle load and axle configuration. Research efforts conducted at the Texas Transportation Institute led to the development of the Program for Load-Zoning Analysis (PLZA), which pavement engineers may use to evaluate the need for load restrictions and to determine, as appropriate, the single- and tandem-axle load limits based on a user-prescribed reliability level. To predict the induced pavement response under surface wheel loads, PLZA uses a layered elastic pavement model that permits users to characterize pavement materials as linear or nonlinear. The predicted horizontal strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer and the vertical strain at the top of the subgrade are used to evaluate pavement performance. To combine the effects of different axle loads and axle configurations, PLZA uses Miner’s hypothesis of cumulative damage to predict service life and the probability of pavement failure within a prescribed analysis period. The methodology for load-zoning is described, and its application using data collected on in-service pavements is demonstrated.

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Miškinis, Dainius, and Vytautas Lingaitis. "MAINTENANCE COSTS OF ROAD PAVEMENT AND MOTOR VEHICLES ON THE ROUTE VILNIUS – KAUNAS – KLAIPEDA." TRANSPORT 21, no. 2 (2006): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2006.9638054.

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The article describes the impact of axle loads of vehicles on the road pavement. Pavement deterioration intensity and the charge imposed on vehicles the axle load of which exceeds the set norm are analyzed on the road under investigation according to the results of weighing axle loads of vehicles as well as appropriate calculation methodologies. The work presents regressive equations according to which maintenance costs of vehicles can be predicted taking the condition of pavement into consideration.

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Papagiannakis, A. T., K. Senn, and H. Huang. "On-Site Calibration Evaluation Procedures for WIM Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1536, no. 1 (1996): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153600101.

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The feasibility of two methods for evaluating and calibrating weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems is explored. The first method uses a combination of test trucks and vehicle simulation models. The computer model VESYM was used for the simulations. The models for the test trucks were calibrated using acceleration measurements on board the vehicles. Although, this approach does not allow calculation of the discrete value of the dynamic axle load over WIM sensors, it can be used effectively in establishing the extent of variation at a particular WIM site. This information leads to an effective WIM system calibration method. The second method for calibrating WIM systems compares static and dynamic axle loads of vehicles through automatic vehicle identification (AVI). The AVI facilities developed for the Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate project on the I-5 corridor was used for this purpose. The static axle load of AVI-equipped vehicles was obtained from the Oregon Department of Transportation for two sites, Woodburn southbound and Ashland northbound. The WIM load data were obtained from Lockheed IMS for all the AVI-equipped WIM systems on the I-5 corridor. The data were analyzed to match AVI numbers, dates, and times of weighing. Time limits for traveling between sites were established to ensure that trucks could not stop and load or unload cargo between sites. Errors were calculated as the percentage difference between WIM and static loads for individual axles and axle groups. Calibration factors were derived to minimize the residual sum of squares of the errors.

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Allen, R. F. "Weight Distribution of Liquid Loads in Road Tankers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 202, no. 3 (1988): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_175_02.

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Axle loads for laden road tankers depend upon the configuration of the liquid tank. The paper determines the location of the centre of gravity of a liquid load in a tilted cylindrical barrel tank with dished and flanged ends and shows how the centre of gravity varies with the amount of liquid carried. The calculation permits greater accuracy in the determination of axle loads.

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Harrison, Rob, Luis A. Sanchez-Ruiz, and Clyde E. Lee. "Truck Traffic Crossing Texas–Mexico Border." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1643, no. 1 (1998): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1643-17.

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U.S.-Mexico trade continues to grow strongly, with much of the non-petroleum surface trade moving by truck. Trade flows through a number of key ports-of-entry at the southern border, and future truck traffic has raised concerns over infrastructure needs, congestion, and safety. Although it was known that Mexican trucks are frequently overloaded, little data were available to show whether this extended to trade movements at the border. This paper reports the results of a research study commissioned by the Texas Department of Transportation and represents the first comprehensive analysis of truck axle loads undertaken at the southern Texas border. Weigh-in-motion systems were installed at the Laredo and El Paso ports-of-entry. WIM data for 1995 show that 25 percent (El Paso) and 35 percent (Laredo) of the observed tandem-axle loads on loaded northbound five-axle trucks (three-axle tractor with tandem-axle semi-trailer) exceeded the U.S. limit (15.4 Mg). This truck type comprised about 80 percent at El Paso and 70 percent at Laredo of all observed weekday northbound border-crossing trucks. In 1995, 80 percent at El Paso and 87 percent at Laredo of the observed tridem-axle loads on loaded six-axle (three-axle tractor with tridem-axle semi-trailer) trucks exceeded the U.S. limit (19 Mg). This truck type, however, typically comprised only 43 trucks per weekday (3 percent of loaded trucks) at Laredo and 13 (2 percent) at El Paso. The occurrence of overloads on tridem axles was reduced substantially at one port-of-entry when the Texas Department of Public Safety temporarily applied enforcement activities in the Customs yard at the Laredo port-of-entry. The WIM technologies worked well under unusual conditions and indicated that they can possibly be used to aid enforcement of size and weight regulations when the next phase of the North American Free Trade Agreement is implemented.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Axle Loads"

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Muluka, Venu. "Optimal suspension damping and axle vibration absorber for reduction of dynamic tire loads." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0005/MQ39479.pdf.

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Khavassefat, Parisa. "Vehicle-Pavement Interaction." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-156045.

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Several aspects of vehicle-pavement interaction have been studied and discussed in this thesis. Initially the pavement response is studied through a quasi-static and a dynamic computationally efficient framework under moving traffic loads. Subsequently, a non-stationary stochastic solution has been developed in order to account for the effect of pavement surface deterioration on pavement service life.The quasi-static procedure is based on a superposition principle and is computationally favourable, as it requires only a reduced incremental problem to be solved numerically. Using the developed framework, the effect of vehicle configuration and traffic characteristics on the damage induced in pavements is investigated numerically. It is shown that the developed numerical model provides a more accurate explanation of different distress modes.In the dynamic approach the pavement roughness and vehicle suspension system are linked to a dynamic pavement model in order to account for the dynamic effects of vehicle-pavement interaction on pavement response. A finite element method is employed in order to establish the response function for a linear viscoelastic pavement structure with dynamic effects taken into account. The developed computational procedure is applied to evaluate the effect of the pavement surface roughness on the pavement structure response to truck traffic loadings.Furthermore, the deterioration trends for the flexible pavement surface have been investigated based on field measurements of longitudinal profiles in Sweden. A predictive function is proposed for surface deterioration that is based on the average gradient of yearly measurements of the road surface profiles in Swedish road network. The developed dynamic framework is further elaborated to a non-stationary stochastic approach. The response of the flexible pavement is given for a non-stationary random case as the pavement surface deteriorates in pavement service life, thus influencing the magnitude of the dynamic loads induced by the vehicles. The effect of pavement surface evolution on the stress state induced in the pavement by moving traffic is examined numerically. Finally the effect of surface deterioration on pavement service life has been investigated and discussed in the thesis by incorporating the proposed prognostic surface deterioration model into a ME design framework. The results are discussed for different case studies with different traffic regimes. It was indicated that the predicted pavement service life decreases considerably when the extra dynamic loads, as a result of pavement surface deterioration, has been taken into account. Furthermore, the effect of performing a predictive rehabilitation process (i.e. resurfacing) has been studied by employing a LCC framework. The application of preventive maintenance was shown to be effective, especially when the deterioration rate is high.<br><p>QC 20141119</p>

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Klopfenstein, Andrew A. "An Empirical Model for Estimating Corn Yield Loss from Compaction Events with Tires vs. Tracks High Axle Loads." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461316924.

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Darestani, Mostafa Yousefi. "Response of concrete pavements under moving vehicular loads and environmental effects." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16662/.

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The need for modern transportation systems together with the high demand for sustainable pavements under applied loads have led to a great deal of research on concrete pavements worldwide. Development of finite element techniques enabled researchers to analyse the concrete pavement under a combination of axle group loadings and environmental effects. Consequently, mechanistic approaches for designing of concrete pavements were developed based on results of finite element analyses. However, unpredictable failure modes of concrete pavements associated with expensive maintenance and rehabilitation costs have led to the use of empiricalmechanistic approach in concrete pavement design. Despite progressive knowledge of concrete pavement behaviour under applied loads, concrete pavements still suffer from deterioration due to crack initiation and propagation, indicating the need for further research. Cracks can be related to fatigue of the concrete and/or erosion of materials in sub-layers. Although longitudinal, midedge and corner cracks are the most common damage modes in concrete pavements, Austroads method for concrete pavement design was developed based on traditional mid-edge bottom-up transverse cracking introduced by Packard and Tayabji (1985). Research presented in this thesis aims to address the most common fatigue related distresses in concrete pavements. It uses comprehensive finite element models and analyses to determine the structural behaviour of concrete pavements under vehicular loads and environmental effects. Results of this research are supported by laboratory tests and an experimental field test. Results of this research indicate that the induced tensile stresses within the concrete pavement are significantly affected by vehicle speed, differential temperature gradient and loss of moisture content. Subsequently, the interaction between the above mentioned factors and concrete damage modes are discussed. Typical dynamic amplifications of different axle groups are presented. A new fatigue test setup is also developed to take into consideration effects of pavement curvature on fatigue life of the concrete. Ultimately, results of the research presented in this thesis are employed to develop a new guide for designing concrete pavements with zero maintenance of fatigue damage.

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González, Ignacio. "Study and Application of Modern Bridge Monitoring Techniques." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48583.

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The field of monitoring is one of rapid development. Advances in sensor technologies, in data communication paradigms and data processing algorithms all influence the possibilities of Structural Health Monitoring, damage detection, traffic monitoring and other implementations of monitoring systems. Bridges are a very critical part of a country’s infrastructure, they are expensive to build and maintain, and many uncertainties surround important factors determining the serviceability and deterioration of bridges. As such, bridges are good candidates for monitoring. Monitoring can extend the service life and avoid or postpone replacement, repair or strengthening work. Many bridges constitute a bottleneck in the transport network they serve with few or no alternative routes. The amount of resources saved, both to the owner and the users, by reducing the amount of non-operational time can easily justify the extra investment in monitoring. This thesis consists of an extended summary and three appended papers. The thesis presents advances in sensor technology, damage identification algorithms and Bridge Weigh-In-Motion techniques. Two case studies are carried out. In the first a bridge and traffic monitoring system is implemented in a highway suspension bridge to study the cause of unexpected wear in the bridge bearings. In the second a fully operational Bridge Weigh-In-Motion system is developed and deployed in a steel railway bridge. The gathered data was studied to obtain a characterization of the site specific traffic.<br>QC 20111122

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Gonzalez, Ignacio. "Application of monitoring to dynamic characterization and damage detection in bridges." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-150804.

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The field of bridge monitoring is one of rapid development. Advances in sensor technologies, in data communication and processing algorithms all affect the possibilities of Structural Monitoring in Bridges. Bridges are a very critical part of a country’s infrastructure, they are expensive to build and maintain, and many uncertainties surround important factors determining their serviceability and deterioration state. As such, bridges are good candidates for monitoring. Monitoring can extend the service life and avoid or postpone replacement, repair or strengthening works. The amount of resources saved, both to the owner and the users, by reducing the amount of non-operational time can easily justify the extra investment in monitoring. This thesis consists of an extended summary and five appended papers. The thesis presents advances in sensor technology, damage identification algorithms, Bridge Weigh-In-Motion systems, and other techniques used in bridge monitoring. Four case studies are presented. In the first paper, a fully operational Bridge Weigh-In-Motion system is developed and deployed in a steel railway bridge. The gathered data was studied to obtain a characterization of the site specific traffic. In the second paper, the seasonal variability of a ballasted railway bridge is studied and characterized in its natural variability. In the third, the non-linear characteristic of a ballasted railway bridge is studied and described stochastically. In the fourth, a novel damage detection algorithm based in Bridge Weigh-In-Motion data and machine learning algorithms is presented and tested on a numerical experiment. In the fifth, a bridge and traffic monitoring system is implemented in a suspension bridge to study the cause of unexpected wear in the bridge bearings. Some of the major scientific contributions of this work are: 1) the development of a B-WIM for railway traffic capable of estimating the load on individual axles; 2) the characterization of in-situ measured railway traffic in Stockholm, with axle weights and train configuration; 3) the quantification of a hitherto unreported environmental behaviour in ballasted bridges and possible mechanisms for its explanation (this behaviour was shown to be of great importance for monitoring of bridges located in colder climate) 4) the statistical quantification of the nonlinearities of a railway bridge and its yearly variations and 5) the integration of B-WIM data into damage detection techniques.<br><p>QC 20140910</p>

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Entesar, Abdullah Ali. "Statistical analysis of truck loading on Swedish highways." Thesis, KTH, Transportvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-45980.

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Vehicle over loading, or single axle over loading, is one of the major causes of pavement deterioration. Trafik Verket (TV), the Swedish Transport Administration, recognized that the current process for estimating traffic volume should be reevaluated, and if possible improved. This degree project uses data from the Bridge Weigh in Motion (BWIM) system to study the actual loads applied to Swedish highways. The axle load spectrum is plotted with the conventional frequency distribution plots, and with a new cumulative distribution approach. The paper introduces the maximum allowable potential vehicle weight MAPVW concept, and uses this visual technique to identify overloads for different vehicle geometries. The paper concludes that for 5 and 6 axle trucks the triple axle is frequently overloaded, while for longer trucks one of the dual axles is often over loaded. The highest over loads tend to be on the driving axle, suggesting incorrect loading procedures.

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Sommerville, F. K. "Low-cost dynamic axle load measurement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373789.

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Jacobs, Cornelius Gregorius. "Vragrangskikkings ter voorkoming van asmassalasgrens-oorskryding deur padkarweiers in Suid-Afrika." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19948.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Road Tra c legislation prescribes constraints on the forces/loads which vehicles may exert on the road at contact surfaces or load points. These constraints have bearing on speci c contact surfaces or groups of contact surfaces. The constraints are in the form of maximum force values and maximum ratios, which may exist between forces. The forces exerted by a vehicle on the road is determined by a combination of the vehicle's own mass, dimensional characteristics, and the mass and position of its cargo. The mass and position of the cargo can be modelled by only considering its centroid. The centroid's position is linked to a certain cargo arrangement. It is necessary, in terms of legal constraints, to distinguish between legally permissable- and non-permissable arrangements. Methods are proposed in this dissertation to determine the borders for the position of the centroid according to cargo-mass, for a variety of vehicle con gurations. The determination of borders for the position of the centroid is the result of a three part process. Firstly, the legal limits are translated to mathematical inequalities that must be satis ed for the forces at contact surfaces. Secondly, conservative parametric estimates for the forces, in terms of the position and the mass of the centroid of a given vehicle, must be derived. Finally these estimates are incorporated into the load constraints and an enclosed permissable area for the centroid is found. These position constraints are suitable inputs to solution methods of various cargo arrangement problems. Linear programmes which can solve certain general arrangement problems by utilising the position constraints on the centroid, were successfully developed. Solutions are presented for the arrangement of pallet-freight, as well as the arrangement of cargo units with asymetrical centroids over the length or width of a vehicle's cargo area.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Padvervoerwetgewing skryf grense op kragte/laste voor wat voertuie by kontakoppervlakke of laspunte, op die pad mag uitoefen. Hierdie voorskrifte het betrekking op spesi eke laspunte en groepe van laspunte. Die voorskrifte is in die vorm van maksimum laswaardes by laspunte en maksimum ratio's wat tussen sekere laste mag bestaan. Die laste wat 'n voertuig op die pad uitvoer word bepaal deur 'n kombinasie van die voertuig se eie massa, dimensionele eienskappe, sowel as sy vrag se massa en posisie. Die vrag se massa en posisie kan gemodelleer word deur slegs die massamiddelpunt daarvan te beskou. Die massamiddelpunt se posisie word gekoppel aan 'n bepaalde vragrangskikking. Dit is nodig om, in terme van wetlike voorskrifte, te kan onderskei tussen wetlik toelaatbare en -ontoelaatbare rangskikkings. Metodes word in hierdie proefskrif voorgestel waarmee daar grense vir die posisie van die vragmassamiddelpunt bepaal kan word na gelang van die vragmassa, vir 'n verskeidenheid van voertuigkon gurasies. Die bepaling van grense vir die posisie van die vragmassamiddelpunt is die resultaat van 'n drieledige proses. Eerstens word die wetlike beperkings herlei na wiskundige ongelykhede waarbinne laste by kontakoppervlakke moet val. Tweedens word konserwatiewe parametriese beramings vir die laste verkry in terme van die ligging en massa van die vragmassamiddelpunt vir 'n gegewe voertuig. Laastens word hierdie beramings in die lasbeperkings opgeneem om 'n afgebakende toelaatbare gebied vir die vragmassamiddelpunt se posisie te verkry. Hierdie posisiebeperkings is geskik om as inset te dien in die oplossingmetodes van 'n verskeidenheid van vragrangskikkingsprobleme. Line^ere programme wat sekere algemene rangskikkingsprobleme kan oplos deur die aanwending van posisiebeperkings op die vragmassamiddelpunt, is suksesvol ontwikkel. Oplossings word aangebied vir die rangskikking van paletvrag, asook die rangskikking van vrageenhede met asimmetriese massamiddelpunte oor die lengte of breedte van 'n voertuig se vragarea.

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Andersson, Patrik, and Morgan Wallin. "Low Loss Articulated Hauler Axle : A Conceptual Study." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63842.

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Volvo Construction Equipment is highly regarded for robust products, but with an increasing competition in their market, development of the product portfolio is more important than ever. One step being carried out is to reduce losses in powertrains and increase the fuel efficiency for solutions such as articulated haulers and wheel loaders. This would eventually lower the fuel costs and emissions for the end customer. With this development, Volvo CE could strengthen their position in the market while also contributing to reducing the construction industry's environmental impact. By investigating the front bogie axle of the recently introduced hauler, Volvo A60H, important information about possible reductions and the distribution of the current losses were found. The investigation focused on a front bogie axle, but some of the results are applicable for other applications such as wheel loaders as well, since a lot of the technology in the axles are similar. A conceptual study was performed where completely new ideas were generated, such as implementing a dry sump system in the axle, as well as ideas for improving the subcomponents currently found in the axle. Two cases were presented for the evaluation of concepts, one with a fully loaded dump body and low speeds, and one with an unloaded dump body and a wider speed interval. The concepts were later evaluated using calculation tools such as MATLAB and a Simulink-model was created for the losses in the axle. When combining concepts that reduces load dependent losses, a potential reduction of 64% of the axle's total losses was achieved for the case with a full dump body. The largest improvement found for the load independent losses was 8% with an unloaded hauler and the highest speed investigated, 50 km/h. A dry sump system improves the axle's efficiency with 45% in optimal working conditions, but was found to lower the efficiency at other conditions. Room for improvement of axle losses currently exists both for load dependent and load independent losses. The evaluation performed pointed towards the load dependent losses being the largest influence on the total losses, even with an unloaded dump body and high speeds. This is an interesting observation since a lot of work at Volvo CE has revolved around reducing the load independent losses since these are easier to affect with different lubrication levels and rotational speeds. A test methodology for load dependent losses should be implemented in order to validate the results of this thesis work, and also to aid further development at Volvo CE.

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Books on the topic "Axle Loads"

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Koehne, Jodi L. An evaluation of the lift axle regulation (WAC 468.38.280) in Washington. Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Washington State Transportation Commission, Transit, Research, and Intermodal Planning (TRIP) Division, 1994.

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Center, Inc Transportation Technology. Facility for accelerated service testing heavy axle load program summary. Transportation Technology Center, Inc, a subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads, 2005.

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Casavant, Ken. Impacts of heavy axle loads on light density lines in the State of Washington. Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 2001.

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Roberts, Freddy L. Effects of hauling timber, lignite coal, and coke fuel on Louisiana highways and bridges. Louisiana Transportation Research Center, 2005.

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El-Gindy, Moustafa. Influence of a trailer's axle arrangement and loads on the stability and control of a tractor/semitrailer. Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

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Mace, D. G. W. Dynamic road load measurements on a two-axle semi-trailer. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Vehicles Group, Vehicles and Environment Division, 1989.

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Symons, Phil. Philbo's book: An illustrative guide for the professional driver, how to load a tow axle 48' to 53 dry van trailer. Philbo's book, 2002.

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Sandler, Corey. The Official TurboGrafx-16 Game Encyclopdia. Bantam Books, 1990.

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M, Marshek Kurt, Texas. State Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation., United States. Federal Highway Administration., and University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research., eds. Effect of truck tire inflation pressure and axle load on pavement performance. Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1985.

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(US), National Research Council. Truck Weight Limits : Issues and Options (Special Report 225). Transportation Research Board, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Axle Loads"

1

Richard Alexander, M., V. Hudson, and Pozhilan. "Remote Monitoring of Axle Loads for Heavy Commercial Vehicles." In Advances in Simulation, Product Design and Development. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9487-5_58.

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Blanksby, C., R. George, B. Peters, A. Ritzinger, and L. Bruzsa. "Measuring dynamic wheel loads on tri and quad axle groups." In International Conference on Heavy Vehicles HVParis 2008. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118623305.ch17.

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Kim, Byeong Hwa, Min Seok Park, Heui-Gu Park, In Hwan Bae, Soo Jin Kim, and Keum Soo Yeo. "Evaluating Axle Loads of Moving Vehicle Using Bridge Deck Plate Responses." In Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 4. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9831-6_28.

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Moffatt, Michael A. "Permanent Deformation of an Unbound Granular Pavement Subjected to Accelerated Multiple-Axle Group Loads." In The Roles of Accelerated Pavement Testing in Pavement Sustainability. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42797-3_53.

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Stańco, M., A. Górski, and D. Derlukiewicz. "Development of Measuring Points for Experimental Tests of Loads on the Driving Axle of a City Bus." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04975-1_86.

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Liu, Jun, and Li-hong Li. "Research of Dynamic Axle Load Truck Scale Sampling Data Selection Method." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35211-9_94.

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Timm, David, Kendra Peters, and Rod Turochy. "Effects of axle load spectra shifts on highway infrastructure damage and cost." In International Conference on Heavy Vehicles HVParis 2008. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118623305.ch46.

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Bilodeau, Jean-Pascal, and Erdrick Perez Gonzalez. "Relationship Between Pavement Damage and the Combined Action of Frost Penetration and Axle Load." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55236-7_51.

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Someya, Kimio, Hiroyoshi Okuda, Takekazu Shindo, and Yasutoshi Maeda. "Development of axle load weighing system for expressways (Result of Improvement on LS-WIM)." In International Conference on Heavy Vehicles HVParis 2008. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118623305.ch20.

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Wan, Xin, Jun Zhang, Zhongming Xu, Mi Shen, and Zhao Yang. "A Fault Identification Method of Rear Axle Bearing Under Lateral Dynamic Load of Vehicle." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9718-9_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Axle Loads"

1

Goncalves, Raphael Paulino, Neil Bishop, Stuart Kerr, and Caio Vinturini. "Loads Simplification on Multi Input Axle Systems." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1056.

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Ahmed, Waqar, Raja Amer Azim, and Sana Fatima. "Steering Strategy for a Multi-Axle Wheeled Vehicles." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86323.

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This paper presents a mathematical model for multi-axle steering vehicles operating on level ground. For transporting heavy loads vehicles with multiple axles are required. Apart from added complexity steering of multiple axle for turning is a big challenge. Due to type of load being carried a single unit vehicle is sometimes preferred. The mathematical model of a six axle vehicle with 4-axle steering system is developed. Simulations at various track radii, vehicle speeds and steering ratios (ratio between the first, second, fifth and sixth steering axle) are performed. Axle steering angles and wheel slip angles are evaluated. The steering ratio requirements vary with vehicle speed and turn radius. A configuration is selected for better performance for a wider range. The resulting steering ratios show good vehicle maneuverability, stability and steering efficiency.

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Mahoney, Joe P. "The Relationship Between Axle Configurations, Wheel Loads and Pavement Structures." In SAE International Truck and Bus Meeting and Exposition. SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/881844.

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Coric, Ibrahim, Björn Täljsten, Thomas Blanksvärd, Gabriel Sas, Ulf Ohlsson, and Lennart Elfgren. "Railway Bridges on the Iron Ore Line in Northern Sweden - from Axle Loads of 14 to 32,5 Ton." In IABSE Conference, Copenhagen 2018: Engineering the Past, to Meet the Needs of the Future. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/copenhagen.2018.055.

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The Iron Ore Railway Line was built around 1900 and has more than 100 bridges. It has a length of ca 500 km and runs from Kiruna and Malmberget in northern Sweden to the ice-free harbour in Narvik in Norway on the Atlantic and to Luleå in Sweden on the Baltic. The original axle load was 14 ton. The axle load has gradually been increased to 25 ton in 1955, to 30 ton in 1998 and to 32,5 ton in 2017.<p> The increases in axle loads have been preceded by monitoring and assessment studies of the bridges. The capacity and need for strengthening or replacement of the bridges have been evaluated. Many of the bridges could carry a higher load than what it was designed for. Experiences from studies before the axle load increases in 1998 and 2017 are presented and discussed.

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Lonsdale, Cameron P., Brian T. Tusa, and Steven L. Dedmon. "Radial Ultrasonic Testing of Freight Car Axles." In ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc/ice2007-40013.

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North American freight car axles are one of the most robust mechanical components in railway service. Axles can be in service for many years (several decades in some cases) and undergo millions of fatigue cycles under heavy axle loads. Although for rotating bending fatigue the central axis is a zero stress location, larger internal central axis discontinuities will experience finite cyclic stress levels as the radial distance increases from the central axis. Larger internal discontinuities at the axle central axis, caused by forging bursts or unhealed pipe, are not a common occurrence; however they are irregularly shaped and represent a possible source of fatigue crack initiation. This paper describes efforts to quantify stresses at central axis discontinuities of various different sizes using finite element analysis (FEA) computer simulations. Also, the paper reviews the radial ultrasonic inspection of a large group of axles and subsequent destructive testing to examine the physical size of indications found using the ultrasonic techniques. Recommendations for radial ultrasonic testing of newly manufactured and second hand axles are provided, and changes to appropriate Association of American Railroads (AAR) axle specifications are outlined.

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Masters, Steve, Satoru Hiraki, Kinji Yukawa, and Masahide Matsubara. "A Finite Element Method Analysis of Heavy Duty Axle Bearing Loads." In International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress & Exposition. SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/911798.

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Dedmon, Steven L. "Class K Axle Design and Repair by Machining." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2309.

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Until the introduction of AAR Standard S-259 (circular C-8287) in November, 1994 the Class F axle was the only officially designated roller bearing axle design permitted for 100 ton freight car service in North American interchange service. The increase in Gross Rail Load permitted by the Standard was correlated to increased failures at the journal ends of the axle. A 1998 redesign of the bearing and axle resulted in lower stresses in the journal; the new axle was designated as Class K and was to be used in service loads of 100/110 tons (263,000 to 286,000 pounds GRL). The redesign was highly successful in reducing axle journal failures and improving bearing life. An increase in axle failures between the wheel seats was reported several years after the redesign. Better inspection requirements and repair procedures were implemented to reduce failures resulting from surface damage. This investigation considers the effect on stresses of the accepted practice of repairing the body of the axle by machining.

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Ordonez, R., C. Isaac Garcia, Semih Kalay, and Anthony J. DeArdo. "Development of High Performance Steels for Rail Applications." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36082.

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Higher requirements of efficiency on railroad systems have set off (among other measures) higher axle load on rails. The increase in axle loads can contribute to a series of defects on perhaps the most unappreciated component of a railroad system. Higher axle loads can lead to excessive wear, fatigue and ultimately fracture of the steel rails. Therefore to answer the challenge demanded by the increase in axle loads the development of high performance steels for rail applications is of primary importance. A research program to study the microstructural aspects of near-eutectoid steels with improved mechanical properties and wear resistance was recently completed. The new high performance rail steels were developed through a combination of advanced alloy design-thermomechanical processing-and-controlled cooling. The mechanical properties exhibited by the new steels have exceeded the AREMA requirements for this type of rail steel application. The wear resistance of the newly developed steels was evaluated and the results obtained compared to commercial rails were superior under the testing conditions used in this study. The alloy design philosophy, thermomechanical processing and properties of the new steels will be presented and discussed in this paper.

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Qin, Gang, Yunqing Zhang, Liping Chen, and Jingzhou Yang. "Synthesis and Analysis of the Double-Axle Steering Mechanism Considering Dynamic Loads." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1105.

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O'Connor, B. M., and C. Schenkenberger. "The Effect of Heavy Loads on Light Duty Vehicle Axle Operating Temperature." In Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition. SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3893.

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Reports on the topic "Axle Loads"

1

Lippert, David, Marshall Thompson, and Charles Wienrank. Performance of Interstate Rubblization in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-005.

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In Illinois, hot-mix asphalt overlaid concrete pavements typically exhibit reflective cracking of joints and cracks from the pavement below, resulting in shortened life and maintenance issues. Over the years, various patching, fabric, and crack and seat techniques were attempted with few positive results. This led to more aggressive techniques to eliminate the slab action of the concrete pavement where the pavement would be broken or rubblized into pieces typically less than 12 inches. Since the first rubblizing project in 1990, policy, procedures, and specifications have evolved to the point that rubblization is the mainstream option in dealing with problematic concrete pavements. This report summarizes the performance of several interstate rubblizing projects in Illinois by analyzing available data in Illinois Department of Transportation’s pavement management system. Condition rating survey data allowed the serviceability of these projects to be evaluated by surface mix types and asphalt performance grades. Traffic in the form of 18,000 lb equivalent single axle loads was determined for the projects to evaluate fatigue and rutting as well as compare section performance to the design procedure. The research team reviewed plans, design procedures, and specifications to determine best practices and identify where improvements might be made. Data showed that the use of stone matrix asphalt surface mixtures and mixes using PGXX-28 asphalt binders provides improved performance. Overall, rubblizing has shown good to excellent performance. To provide additional life with improved performance, recommendations include adopting softer asphalt grades, increasing the use of stone matrix asphalt, and improving procedures for protecting culverts.

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Lee, Chih-Jen, Charles Sutton, and Thomas White. Determining the Viability of the "Rated Axle Load Enhancement System" for Concrete Pavement. Purdue University, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313461.

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Bao, Jieyi, Xiaoqiang Hu, Cheng Peng, Yi Jiang, Shuo Li, and Tommy Nantung. Truck Traffic and Load Spectra of Indiana Roadways for the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317227.

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The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) has been employed for pavement design by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) since 2009 and has generated efficient pavement designs with a lower cost. It has been demonstrated that the success of MEPDG implementation depends largely on a high level of accuracy associated with the information supplied as design inputs. Vehicular traffic loading is one of the key factors that may cause not only pavement structural failures, such as fatigue cracking and rutting, but also functional surface distresses, including friction and smoothness. In particular, truck load spectra play a critical role in all aspects of the pavement structure design. Inaccurate traffic information will yield an incorrect estimate of pavement thickness, which can either make the pavement fail prematurely in the case of under-designed thickness or increase construction cost in the case of over-designed thickness. The primary objective of this study was to update the traffic design input module, and thus to improve the current INDOT pavement design procedures. Efforts were made to reclassify truck traffic categories to accurately account for the specific axle load spectra on two-lane roads with low truck traffic and interstate routes with very high truck traffic. The traffic input module was updated with the most recent data to better reflect the axle load spectra for pavement design. Vehicle platoons were analyzed to better understand the truck traffic characteristics. The unclassified vehicles by traffic recording devices were examined and analyzed to identify possible causes of the inaccurate data collection. Bus traffic in the Indiana urban areas was investigated to provide additional information for highway engineers with respect to city streets as well as highway sections passing through urban areas. New equivalent single axle load (ESAL) values were determined based on the updated traffic data. In addition, a truck traffic data repository and visualization model and a TABLEAU interactive visualization dashboard model were developed for easy access, view, storage, and analysis of MEPDG related traffic data.

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Jiang, Yi, Shuo Li, and Tommy Nantung. Analysis and Determination of Axle Load Spectra and Traffic Input for the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Purdue University, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314325.

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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck Platooning on Flexible Pavements in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-010.

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Truck platoons have many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Truck platoons have the potential to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption between 5% and 15%, based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Therefore, expected fuel savings would be significant for trucks. Deployment of truck platoons within interstate highways may have a direct effect on flexible pavement performance, as the time between consecutive axle loads (i.e., resting time) is expected to decrease significantly. Moreover, platoons could potentially accelerate pavement damage accumulation due to trucks’ channelized position, decreasing pavement service life and increasing maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The main objective of this project was to quantify the effects of truck platoons on pavements and to provide guidelines to control corresponding potential pavement damage. Finite-element models were utilized to quantify the impact of rest period on pavement damage. Recovered and accumulated strains were predicted by fitting exponential functions to the calculated strain profiles. The results suggested that strain accumulation was negligible at a truck spacing greater that 10 ft. A new methodology to control pavement damage due to truck platoons was introduced. The method optimizes trucks’ lateral positions on the pavements, and an increase in pavement service life could be achieved if all platoons follow this optimization method. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis were conducted for fully autonomous, human-driven, and mixed-traffic regimes. For example, for an analysis period of 45 years, channelized truck platoons could save life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 28% and 21% compared with human-driven trucks, respectively. Furthermore, optimum truck platoon configuration could reduce life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 48% and 36%, respectively, compared with human-driven trucks. In contrast, channelized traffic could increase pavement roughness, increasing fuel consumption by 15%, even though platooning vehicles still benefit from reduction in air drag forces. Given that truck platoons are expected to be connected only in the first phase, no actions are required by the agency. However, in the second phase when truck platoons are also expected to be autonomous, a protocol for driving trends should be established per the recommendation of this study.

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