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Journal articles on the topic 'Axle oil'
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1
Zhen, Penghou, Haizhen An, Li Chen, and Min Liu. "Research on Load-Carrying Capacity of Loader Transmission Oil Based on Driving Axle Bench Test." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2029, no. 1 (2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2029/1/012021.
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Abstract The drive axle of loader is often in the state of low speed and high torque when it works, the tooth surface contact pressure is large, the tooth surface load is high, and the oil needs to have good load-carrying capacity. However, the bench test used to evaluate the load-carrying capacity of the drive axle oil adopts the drive rear axle of the truck, and the test conditions are different from the actual working conditions of the drive axle of the loader. In this paper, based on the actual working conditions of the loader drive axle into the test parameters, the bench test of simulated working conditions is carried out, and the load-carrying capacity of the oil is evaluated according to the changes of the oil performance parameters and the tooth surface damage. The results show that the established bench test method can effectively investigate the load-carrying capacity of the oil and provide support for the selection of oil in transmission system.
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Ning, Xinfei, Mingzhang Chen, Zijian Zhou, et al. "Thermal Analysis of Automobile Drive Axles by the Thermal Network Method." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 5 (2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050075.
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Excessive temperature is detrimental to the operation stability of the automobile drive axle. It is necessary to judge whether the highest temperature exceeds the limited dangerous temperature and study the effects of key factors on reducing the temperature. In this study, the temperature field distribution (TFD) of the automobile drive axle is revealed using the thermal network method (TNM). Compared with the experimentation and finite element analysis (FEA), the TNM is more convenient for obtaining the temperature. Subsequently, the highest temperature of the automobile drive axle is clear and applied to judge whether the highest temperature exceeds the limited dangerous temperature. On the basis of the TNM, the structure and parameter effects of the automobile drive axle on reducing the temperature are studied, which improves the operation stability and working life. Several conclusions can be drawn. The highest temperatures of two-axle and planetary automobile drive axles are both located in the motor. Compared with the two-axle drive axle, the highest temperature of the planetary drive axle is obviously lower. Therefore, in terms of the planetary drive axle, the possibility of exceeding the limited dangerous temperature is lower. In addition, on the premise of ensuring the normal operation, the motor output power, the friction coefficient among teeth, the helical angle of the gear, and the thermal transfer coefficient of the lubricating oil can be optimized to be lower for reducing the temperature of the automobile drive axle.
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Yan, Shufa, Zhuo Kong, Hongwei Liu, Lin Zhang, Xiaoyu Hu, and Yuanjing Hou. "Power Loss Evaluation of an E-Axle Gearbox Considering the Influence of Gear Oil Factors." Lubricants 12, no. 1 (2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12010011.
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An accurate power loss prediction in the gearbox is desirable for improving vehicle efficiency. To achieve this objective, evaluating the power loss is necessary. However, power loss is influenced by factors such as the gearbox structure, operating conditions, and gear oil formulation, making power loss evaluation a bottleneck in practice. Therefore, a systematic modeling methodology was developed to evaluate the gearbox power loss in an E-Axle that focuses on the influence of the gear oil factors in the load and no-load cases. The gearbox used in a light-duty truck E-Axle was tested to verify the proposed model. The test was performed under various operating speeds, input loads, and oil temperatures, and four types of gear oil with different formulations were also included to quantify their influence on the power loss. The results showed that the gearbox power loss was significantly influenced by the E-Axle operating conditions, oil temperatures, and different gear oil formulations, promoting different power losses. The comparison results showed good consistency between the predicted power loss and the measured data. The proposed methodology can be utilized to effectively predict the power loss of the E-Axle gearbox and further improve the E-Axle efficiency by selecting suitable oil formulations and adjusting oil temperatures.
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Peng, Qianlei, Chi Zhou, Liangjin Gui, and Zijie Fan. "Investigation of the lubrication system in a vehicle axle: Numerical model and experimental validation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 5 (2018): 1232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018766128.
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Transmission efficiency is the main concern in the design of the lubrication system for a gear transmission system, such as a vehicle axle. This paper presents an optimization method to reduce the churning loss and improve the transmission efficiency in an axle based on the computational fluid dynamics and the response surface method. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics method was applied to simulate the lubrication flow in the axle housing. A numerical model was built for the splash lubrication system that included the entire structure of the hypoid gears, bearings, oil passage, and other parts. The numerical results provided direct visualization of the oil flow inside the axle housing, and the numerical predictions for the oil distribution and churning loss were determined from the numerical result. Furthermore, the influences of the speed, oil level, and oil temperature on the churning loss were investigated. The oil distribution results from the numerical calculations were consistent with the experimental observations, and the error in the predictions for the churning loss was less than 9.3%. The results of this study provide a foundation for subsequent optimization work on the lubrication system of a vehicle axle.
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Pavlo, Konovalov, Voronin Serhii, Onopreychuk Dmytro, et al. "A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ELECTROSTATIC PROCESSING ON PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AXLE OIL." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 1 (91) (2018): 4–12. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.120977.
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The effect<strong> </strong>of electrostatic processing on performance characteristics of axle oil is investigated. Axle oil is used for wetting motor-axial bearings (MAB) of locomotives. There is a pressing and urgent problem of the MAB service life, which is indirectly related to the underdeveloped reserves of anti-wear properties of axle oil. To study them, it was decided to use the method of electrostatic processing, which does not require the introduction of any additives and has proven its effectiveness in the studies of other mineral oils. It is based on the ability of electric fields to destroy micellar aggregates in oil and form a solid boundary layer of molecules on friction surfaces. In the context of solving the current problem of the MAB service life, this method wasn’t considered earlier. The research was carried out by means of the «roller-pad» friction pair, which was wetted with axle oil at different load conditions and operating times. The dependences of wear of the experimental samples under different load conditions, oil operating times and degrees of electric processing are obtained. The results show that when using axle oil subjected to ESP, the wear rate of the experimental samples is reduced. Wear rate reduction depends on the oil operating time in the lubrication system. The greatest wear rate reduction of 1.92 times is noted for fresh oil. For the oil state after the locomotive run of 75 thousand km, the reduction is about 1.68 times and for the oil at the end of its service life, wear rate reduction is approximately 1.47 times
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Zhang, You Kun, Tong Hui Ju, Tong Jie Shi, and Yan Hui Lu. "Research on the Lubrication Problems of Driveline Gearbox." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.390.
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Driveline gearbox includes transmission gearbox and rear axle,automotive gear oil used to lubricate gear.Take rear axle for example,through catia ,we can build three-dimensional models,and use ansa to mesh axle , then import it to fluid software fluent to analyze temperature,and obtain oil temperature curve under certain load over time;it can predict transmission efficiency and equilibrium temperature under a certain load ,and reduce gear wear and improve the operational reliability of the car.
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Lu, Sen Kai, Jian Huan Su, Shu De Liao, et al. "FEM Analysis on a Rear Axle Housing Oil-Leakage Prediction of Four-Wheel Farm Transporters Based on COSMOS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 120 (October 2011): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.120.70.
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A finite element method (FEM) analysis based on COSMOS study with the aim to find the causes and effects of deformations in the interface between the rear axle housing and the central gear house of the four-wheel farm transporters during operation has been performed. The present design is analyzed with the aid of a mixed-fidelity, or mixed-grain, FE-model. Boundary conditions are defined on the bushings in front of the rear axle and on the air bellows behind the rear axle. The different load scenarios are represented by forces either on the wheels, the central gear or on the rear axle housing. The simulated results showed that with the worst combined load case for the different proposed design solutions suggested that modified design with a thicker flange and a removed stiffener would be significantly better than the present design; the simulated max displacement is about 0.5 mm and satisfied the design requirement. It indicated that the proposed method of finite element analysis was a good and efficient method predicts the oil leakage of rear axle housing, which can increased the knowledge of how oil leakage from the rear axle central gearbox can be controlled by design measures.
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Ryzhova, A. O., and S. A. Beher. "Investigation of Spectral and Temporal Characteristics of Free Vibrations of Bearing Rings Press Joints for Solving Problems of Non-Destructive Testing." Intellekt. Sist. Proizv. 20, no. 2 (2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2410-9304-2022-2-20-29.
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To determine the possibility of controll the fit tightness of the press joints of the inner rings of the bearings with the journals of the wheelset axles by the method of free vibrations, experimental studies of the frequency and time patterns of bearing free rings natural vibrations, tuning samples, which are press joints of rings and shafts with interferences from 20 to 90 microns and joints of bearing rings with real axles of wheelsets, received from operation to the mid-life repair in car repair depots. The influence of various boundary conditions on the natural oscillation parameters of the free ring of the bearing has been studied. The natural frequencies of bearing rings in a free state and samples of rings and shafts press joints were experimentally determined. A comparative analysis of theharmonic spectra of their own oscillations was carried out, on the basis of which a criterion for the fit leakeage of the ring to the axle neck of the wheelset was found. The finite element method is used to calculate natural frequencies and the corresponding modes of ring vibrations in a free state and interference samples. A comparative analysis with the experimentally obtained frequencies was carried out. To analyze the patterns of free oscillation damping, the Fourier signal transformation was performed. Their amplitude-frequency-time characteristics were obtained. The spectra of free vibrations were calculated for bearing rings put on the axle journal manually, without interference with the gap between the contact surfaces of the axle and the ring filled with industrial oil and without it, for a press connection with a tight fit and for a weak press fit. A comparative analysis of the obtained spectra was carried out, on the basis of which a method for determining the fit leakeage of the ring to the axle neck was developed.
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Li, Yaojie, Chun Tian, Jiajun Zhou, and Gengwei Zhai. "Analysis of wheel-rail contact under oil lubrication conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2791, no. 1 (2024): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2791/1/012004.
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Abstract This investigation centers on the characteristics of the contact between the wheel and rail when lubricated with oil, with a consideration of the impact of surface roughness. Confronting significant challenges related to low adhesion, a thorough examination is undertaken to analyze the changes in film thickness under oil lubrication, investigating trends at varying vehicle speeds and axle loads. Employing detailed modeling based on micro-elastohydrodynamic theory, the distribution of oil film thickness under diverse operational conditions is determined. The findings indicate that, under oil lubrication, a film thickness in the range of several tens of micrometers is established, effectively insulating the surfaces of the wheel and rail, thereby reducing adhesion. With increasing vehicle speed, the thickness of the oil film also rises, whereas an elevation in axle load results in a marginal decrease in film thickness. This research contributes to a comprehensive comprehension of the wheel-rail contact mechanism in oil lubrication scenarios, providing theoretical backing to address concerns related to low adhesion. The implications are substantial for improving the safety and economic efficiency of efficient railway transportation.
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Kozeev, Evgeniy Viktorovich, Oleg Sergeevich Samoshkin, Evgeniy Nikolaevich Popov, and Valeriy Evgenyevich Volkov. "Development of tests of increased reliability sensors for inspection system of axle box heating." Transport of the Urals, no. 3 (2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2021-3-39-45.
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All the domestic passenger cars since 1960 are produced only on bogies with roller bearings. A transition to roller bearings demanded the cars to be equipped with inspection system of axle box heating. It is necessary because axle box be heated over a specified temperature that leads to deterioration of the oil lubricity. The main element of the inspection system of axle box heating is a thermal sensor that is installed on each axle box. Nowadays, bolster bogies of all models are equipped with type 393 thermal sensors. At introduction of new bolsterless bogies the installation of the type 393 thermal sensors on the axle boxes was carried out with the use of special brass adapter. The observations in operation showed insufficient reliability of the inspection system of axle box heating in bolsterless bogies. Consequently, the authors have carried out research on new increased reliability thermal sensors. The pilot batch has passed preliminary and acceptance rig tests. On the results of the rig tests it has been decided to carry out an under-control operation on mainline passenger cars. The under-control operation with new sensors has been carried out on the basis of the Novosibirsk passenger wagon depot. On the basis of its results the authors have established the required temperature of the inspection system of axle box heating actuation.
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Shi, Yuanji, Xiaowen Wang, Chengtong Dong, Junwan Li, Zeyu Chen, and Cheng Cheng. "Influence of Immersion Orientation on Microstructural Evolution and Deformation Behavior of 40Cr Steel Automobile Front Axle during Oil Quenching." Materials 17, no. 18 (2024): 4654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184654.
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This study employs the finite element method to investigate the microstructural evolution and deformation behavior of a 40Cr steel automobile front axle during the quenching process. By establishing a multi-physics field coupling model, the study elucidates the variation patterns of the microstructure field in the quenching process of the front axle under different immersion orientations. It is found that along the length direction, the bainite and martensite structures decrease from the center to the edge region, while the ferrite structure shows an increasing trend. Additionally, the influence of immersion orientation on the hardness of the front axle’s microstructure and deformation behavior is thoroughly discussed. The results indicate that, firstly, when quenched horizontally, the hardness difference among different regions of the front axle is approximately 8.2 HRC, whereas it reaches 10.3 HRC when quenched vertically. Considering the uniformity of the microstructure, the horizontal immersion method is preferable. Secondly, due to the different immersion sequences in different regions of the front axle leading to varying heat transfer rates, as well as the different amounts of martensite structures obtained in different regions, the deformation decreases along the length direction from the center to the edge region. Horizontal immersion quenching, compared to vertical immersion, results in a reduction of approximately 56.2% and 48.9% in deformation on the representative central cross-section (A-A) and the total length of the front axle, respectively. Therefore, considering aspects such as microstructure uniformity and deformation, the horizontal immersion quenching orientation is more favorable.
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Penghou, Zhen, Wang Yuexing, An Haizhen, and Chen Li. "Tribology performance analysis of oil for wet drive axle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1676 (November 2020): 012091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1676/1/012091.
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Tolkachev, A. A. "Restoration of a tractor part by the method of electric arc metallization." Agrarian science, no. 12 (January 20, 2023): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-365-12-135-138.
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Relevance. Tractors are distinguished by long inter-service ranges and easy maintenance. But if the tractor components are not serviced in a timely manner (oil change, filters, and so on), the resulting contamination will begin to damage the parts, and increased friction will contribute to their wear and overheating. Since there is currently an acute shortage of original spare parts and their prices are quite high, the development of technological solutions for the restoration of worn-out seats of tractor parts is relevant. One of the coating methods, namely electric arc spraying, can solve this problem. The purpose of the study: using the example of the drive axis of a cylindrical straight tooth gear of a “John Deere” tractor, develop a technology for restoring a worn-out seat by electric arc spraying for the installation of a bearing or an oil seal. Methods. The brand of the axis material corresponding to the Russian analogue has been determined. The hardness of the axis base was measured with a TK-2M hardness tester. Preliminary mechanical treatment of the restored surface has been carried out. Additionally, jet-corundum treatment of the worn surface was carried out. The technology of electric arc spraying has been applied to obtain the necessary coating. Turning of the restored surface was performed until the nominal diameter of the axle seat was obtained. Results. The technology of restoration of the axle seat by supersonic electric arc spraying has been developed. The expediency and necessity of preliminary mechanical action on the seat, consisting in threading and jet-corundum processing, before the process of supersonic electric arc spraying are established. The results of the study showed the effectiveness of the electric arc spraying method for restoring the worn-out seat of the drive axis of a cylindrical straight tooth gear in tractors. The cost of restoring one worn-out axle seat was 3,000 rubles, which is more than 10 times cheaper than the original spare part. At the same time, all the mechanical properties of the part have been preserved. It is recommended to use the method of electric arc spraying to restore the worn-out seat of the axles of all imported agricultural machines.
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Yan, Shufa, Zhuo Kong, Hongwei Liu, Bin Li, Mao Fan, and Xiaokun Zhang. "Oil Change Interval Evaluation of Gearbox Used in Heavy-Duty Truck E-Axle with Oil Analysis Data." Lubricants 10, no. 10 (2022): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100252.
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Regular lubricating oil change in the gearbox is desirable for improving vehicle reliability and reducing operating costs. To achieve this objective, evaluating the oil change interval is necessary. However, due to the complex and dynamic properties of oil degradation, oil change interval evaluation has been a bottleneck in practice. Therefore, a solution strategy is proposed in this paper that utilizes the oil physicochemical properties derived from oil analysis data to determine the optimal oil change interval. With a large amount of oil analysis data collected, the iron (Fe) debris, kinematic viscosity (100 °C), and total acid number (TAN) are considered to be the oil change indicators of lubricating oil. By monitoring the changes in the selected oil change indicators, linear regression is firstly applied to the original oil analysis data to reveal the dynamic degradation process. Then, the Wiener-based stochastic process is used to describe the first hitting time and the increasing trends of the selected oil change indicator. Finally, the oil change interval can be obtained under the concept of the first hitting time. Compared with the planned maintenance time, the proposed method seems reasonable considering the dynamic property of oil degradation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using a case study with an oil analysis dataset from an E-axle with a two-shift gearbox. The results show that the oil change interval increased by approximately 10,000 kilometers (50%) compared with the planned maintenance interval. This will reduce vehicle maintenance time and save maintenance costs.
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Lee, Gaeun. "Study on Friction Behavior of Axle Oil with Various Driving Condition." Transaction of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 29, no. 1 (2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2021.29.1.027.
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Liu, Hao, Yujuan Zhang, Shengmao Zhang, Yanfen Chen, Pingyu Zhang, and Zhijun Zhang. "Preparation and evaluation of tribological properties of oil-soluble rice-like CuO nanoparticles." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 67, no. 3 (2015): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-08-2013-0092.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is synthesis of oil-soluble non-spherical nanoparticles modified with free phosphorus and sulphur modifier and investigation of their tribological properties as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives. Design/methodology/approach – To study the effect of morphology of nanoparticles on their tribological properties, rice-like CuO nanoparticles were synthesized. To improve the solubility of CuO nanoparticles in organic media, the in-situ surface modification method was used to synthesize these products. The morphology, composition and structure of as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The tribological properties of as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles as an additive in liquid paraffin (LP) were evaluated with a four-ball tribometer. The morphology and elemental composition of worn steel ball surfaces were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Findings – It has been found that as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles with rice-like morphology have an average size of 7 and 15 nm along the shorter axle and longer axle, respectively, and can be well-dispersed in LP. Tribological properties evaluation results show that as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles as additives in LP show good friction-reducing, anti-wear and load-carrying capacities, especially under a higher normal load. Originality/value – Oil-soluble rice-like CuO nanoparticles without phosphorus and sulphur were synthesized and their tribological properties as lubricating oil additives were also investigated in this paper. These results could be very helpful for application of CuO nanoparticles as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives, owing to their free phosphorus and sulphur elements characteristics.
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Kinasih, Reni Karno, Mukhlisya Dewi Ratna Putri, and Nabila Nabila. "Modified Zero Overloading Policy Impact to Pavement’s Service Life." Engineering, MAthematics and Computer Science (EMACS) Journal 2, no. 2 (2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/emacsjournal.v2i2.6333.
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Indonesia have not finished yet with the overloading truck problem which makes early failure in Indonesia pavements, mainly in national highways such as Pantura national highway. This is the first research which the aim is to compare the Cumulative Equivalent Single Axle Load (CESA) between 4 policy conditions; (1) zero overloading policy enforced; (2) modified 1 zero overloading policy enforced with 40% legal overloading tolerance for the nine-daily needs (rice, sugar, cooking oil, soy beans, salt, meat, chicken, eggs, onion), portland cement and fertilizer trucks; (3) modified 2 zero overloading policy enforced with 50% legal overloading tolerance for the same transporter as point (3); (4) no policy. This modification of the policy considered to avoid the price increment of those goods caused by the rising expedition cost. The Liddle’s formula used with k–factor = 1 for single axles, 0.086 and 0.031 for tandem and tridem axles. The finding of the study shows decreasing CESA between the alternatives compare to no policy applied. Application of policy 2 and 3 reduce the CESA number as much 44% and 34% respectively, there is 10% displaced cargo difference between policy 2 and 3 which must be loaded to other vehicles
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Devlin, Mark T., Jeremy Senn, Tu Lai Turner, Jeffrey Milner, and Tze-chi Jao. "Reduction in axle oil operating temperatures by fluids with optimized torque transfer efficiencies." Lubrication Science 18, no. 1 (2005): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ls.2.
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Sahroni, Rizki Arif Maulana. "Analysis of Hydraulic Axle Leak in Toothpaste Mixing Machine at PT. Miswak Utama." Procedia of Engineering and Life Science 7 (March 13, 2024): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/pels.v7i0.1473.
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Field Work Practice is one of the courses contained in the Mechanical Engineering Study Program that learns about how we do work and adapt to the industrial world at this time. Mixer is one of the mixing tools in the emulsion system so that it produces a uniform or homogeneous dispersion. The problem of hydraulic axle leakage of the mixing machine that often occurs and becomes a serious problem that can cause the engine to not operate, which requires maintenance/repair for a long time, There is an oil leak in the hydraulic piston system on the mixing machine which causes the piston to not be able to rise and turn perfectly which causes the tank lid of the mixing machine to not be able to hit the tightness so that it delays the production process. To prevent damage to the mixing machine which directly results in smooth production, maintenance and periodic checks are needed. Because the mixing machine itself plays an important role in the process of making toothpaste, therefore if the mixing machine experiences Damage will cause harm to the company itself
 (Keyword : Mixing Enggine, Hidrolist oil,seal)
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Purwantono, Purwantono, Waskito Waskito, Putu Satria Rinaldo, and Primawati Primawati. "Design Build Dryer Machine Frying Results Nuts Eggs." Teknomekanik 1, no. 1 (2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/tm.v1i1.572.
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The purpose of this research is to design oil drying machine in nurts eggs to get the result of working drawing and to determine the peanut dryer component. The concept of planning oil drying machine in nurts eggss is by conducting a direct survey of the egg industry, the problems arise still high levels of oil in manually dried peanuts, then carry out the design concept. Based on the concept, then designed a design drawing. The result of this final task is in the form of design or design of oil oven dryers that utilize centrifugal force for drying oil, oil stainless steel rotary tube components, stainless steel container tube with stainless steel , axle components to support tubes of 22mm diameter and 520mm length, pulleys with a 3/6 ratio as a rotary reducer of an electric motor of 0.5 HP 1400 rpm to 500 rpm. Frame profile machine L 40 x 40 x 4 mm 42 st material and engine components made by Fernando Ferry from material st 37.
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Yathish Rao. "A Failure Analysis of Full Float Axle Shaft: Bending Fatigue - Case Study." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 2, no. 4 (2022): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.4.4.
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Primary function of axle shaft is to transmit the power from differential to wheel ends. Historically believed that full float axle shaft will experience only a torsional load, not the bending load as bending moment is taken care by the housing banjo. At particular heavy truck product segment, observed many field return axle shaft failed at the flange outer fillet cavity region. Failure was at different mileage. In bench validation such failure phenomenon were not observed leads to suspect overload in the field. Upon fracture analysis no metallurgy deficiency observed. Upon the fractography crack initiated from the outer side at the flange fillet center cavity region. This fracture portion is quench & tempered region. Residual stress analysis carried out to understand the cause of the failure due to improper tempering but stresses are compressive in nature. Ishikawa diagram is plotted to understand the root cause for the bending fatigue failure. Housing banjo which supposed to take bending load is analyzed & found permanently bent to some extent. This is evident that the truck experienced the overload, causing the permanent deformation of housing banjo, there by inducing the bending load in the full float axle shaft, resulting to failure of the shaft. The evidence of shaft surface rubbing on banjo spindle surface & oil baffle plate was observed. Flange geometry is constrained that case hardening is not possible. Already the superior grade material with quench & temper is used for the shaft. Hence decision taken to add the material & fill up the cavity portion at the outer portion of flange center. Design reviewed, FEA analysis shows lower stress due to increase in section modulus by even considering the overload. The failure arrested completely by filling up the cavity at the outer region of flange.
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Xiao, Jun, Yong Gan, and Wen Ma. "A Design of Large-Scale Speed Modulation in Hydraulic Cylinder and its Application." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3718.
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This paper presents a hydraulic controlling mode to drive a hydraulic differential cylinder with a wide range of speed options. Two different pumps are used to control the cylinder on both sides of the oil chambers by adjusting speed and direction of the pumps. To accomplish a precise position for the cylinder among the wide speed range, the pumps are driven by two servo motors. This control mode is applied on a wheelset assembly machine to ensure dimensional accuracy of pressed wheels on an axle.
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Konovalov, Pavlo, Serhii Voronin, Dmytro Onopreychuk, et al. "A study of the effect of electrostatic processing on performance characteristics of axle oil." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 1 (91) (2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.120977.
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Bai, Ping. "Design and Experimental Research on the Sealing Structure of High-Pressure Gear Pump." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.807.
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Due to great pressure difference between inlet and outlet, high-pressure gear pump can cause unbalanced radial force, which results in serious wearing between axle journal of drive shaft and bearing-hole, non-ideal dynamic characteristics, and drop of volumetric efficiency after long run. This paper introduces a new sealing structure. Based on this structure, a high-pressure oil reservoir is installed on the wall of the inner-hole of floating plate for radial support and lubricating, which can effectively reduce shaft wearing and noise, and improve working dynamic characteristics of high-pressure gear pump.
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Akhmetov, A. A., Sh A. Akhmedov, B. Zh Astanov, D. U. Kambarova, and R. M. Botirov. "Mechanism Operation for Changing the Rear Axle Clearance of a Universal Row-crop Tractor." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 15, no. 1 (2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2021-15-1-41-47.
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The authors noted the disadvantages of the 3-wheel universal row-crop tractor. To eliminate them, LLC Design and Technological Center for Agricultural Engineering developed a 4-wheel universal row-crop tractor with variable ground clearance.(Research purpose) To determine the pressure change in the hydraulic system and the transfer time of the rear axle from one type of clearance to another.(Materials and methods) The authors showed that the rear axle clearance could be changed using a special mechanism - with minimal labor costs, without the use of lifting equipment and assembly and dismantling works. They explained that the mechanism was driven by a working hydraulic cylinder. The experiments were carried out on a prototype tractor with adjustable ground clearance, equipped with a separate-aggregate hinged system at an engine speed of 1200-2000 rpm (revolutions per minute). M10G2K oil was used in the hydraulic system, heating it to 65 degrees Celsius (at an ambient temperature of 33-35 degrees Celsius).(Results and discussion) The hydraulic system consisted of an NSh-32 hydraulic pump, a P80 hydraulic valve, two Ts50-200 working hydraulic cylinders, a double-acting hydraulic lock, a hydraulic tank, filters, hoses and high pressure pipes. At the inlet and outlet channels of the working hydraulic cylinders, which activated the mechanism for changing the rear axle clearance, hydraulic locks were installed, and diaphragm pressure sensors model SS302 from Sendor Sensor with a measurement range from 0 to 40 megapascals were placed along the hydraulic line connecting the hydraulic locks with the hydraulic valve.(Conclusions) The authors determined that the time for transferring the rear axle from low clearance to high was 2.2-4.4 seconds, and the pressure in the hydraulic system was 3.8-16.4 megapascals at an engine speed of 1300-2000 rpm. It was found that when transferring from high to low ground clearance, these indicators amounted to 1.0-1.4 seconds and 0.99-9.90 megapascals.
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Cahya Maula Dana, Bima, Syamsul Hadi, Rizal Wahyu Permana, Hangga Wicaksono, Aminnudin Aminnudin, and Mohammad Sukri Mustafa. "Analysis of Composite Worm Gear Ring Wear and Lubrication Conditions Due to Torque Testing." Tribology in Industry 47, no. 7 (2025): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.24874/ti.1650.03.24.11.
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The unknown thickness of wear between the 3D-printed worm gear ring composite and the steel worm in the reduction gear of the torque testing machine with various lubrication conditions is a problem. Research methods include removing a new brass worm gear ring, 3D scanning, modifying cloud data, creating working drawings, 3D printing composites (worm gear rings) of Onyx and Onyx+10%CF materials, installing the composite on holder steel wheels, placing the steel worm axle into the reduction gear, torque testing with three lubrication conditions dry, SAE 10W-30 Oil, and Castrol Lithium Grease (CLG) with 180 steel specimens, and preparing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photograph specimens. The results of the research are wear between steel tooth with Onyx composite from largest to smallest value in oil worth 0.1300 mm, dry worth 0.0943 mm, and CLG worth 0.0650 mm; wear between the Onyx+10%CF composite on the worm gear ring from the largest to the smallest value for oil worth 0.0970 mm, dry worth 0.0630 mm, and CLG worth 0.0030 mm; and there is an interaction between the composite and the oil which changes the color of the used oil to become darker.
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Kurbatsky, E. N. "MEMORIES OF A FORMER STEAM LOCOMOTIVE FIREMAN." World of Transport and Transportation 15, no. 4 (2017): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2017-15-4-21.
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For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).ABSTRACT The author of the article has been dealing with transport underground facilities for a long time; in particular, he studies the «behavior» of tunnels in zones of seismic activity. But professor Kurbatsky began his work as an ordinary fireman at a locomotive furnace. Today, very few people know about the intricacies of this profession, without which no railway train, headed by a locomotive, could do. The work of a fireman required very good physical training and skill. In addition to the constant casting of coal into the furnace, the fireman had to take a staff at each station. This procedure ensured the presence of only one train at a station. Sometimes this was done at full speed. At all stops at any time of the day a fireman was obliged to lubricate axle boxes with fuel oil, to fill a locomotive with water. About this first and distant stage of his railway life, the current doctor of science recalls with particular warmth, as it should be for a hereditary transport worker. Keywords: history, railway, steam locomotive, staff, axle box, fireman, memories.
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Escribano-García, Rubén, Marina Corral-Bobadilla, Fátima Somovilla-Gómez, Rubén Lostado-Lorza, and Ash Ahmed. "A Theoretical Model with Which to Safely Optimize the Configuration of Hydraulic Suspension of Modular Trailers in Special Road Transport." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010305.
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The dimensions and weight of machines, structures, and components that need to be transported safely by road are growing constantly. One of the safest and most widely used transport systems on the road today due to their versatility and configuration are modular trailers. These trailers have hydraulic pendulum axles that are that are attached in pairs to the rigid platform above. In turn, these modular trailers are subject to limitations on the load that each axle carries, the tipping angle, and the oil pressure of the suspension system in order to guarantee safe transport by road. Optimizing the configuration of these modular trailers accurately and safely is a complex task. Factors to be considered include the load’s characteristics, the trailer’s mechanical properties, and road route conditions including the road’s slope and camber, precipitation and direction, and force of the wind. This paper presents a theoretical model that can be used for the optimal configuration of hydraulic cylinder suspension of special transport by road using modular trailers. It considers the previously mentioned factors and guarantees the safe stability of road transport. The proposed model was validated experimentally by placing a nacelle wind turbine at different points within a modular trailer. The weight of the wind turbine was 42,500 kg and its dimensions were 5133 × 2650 × 2975 mm. Once the proposed model was validated, an optimization algorithm was employed to find the optimal center of gravity for load, number of trailers, number of axles, oil pressures, and hydraulic configuration. The optimization algorithm was based on the iterative and automatic testing of the proposed model for different positions on the trailer and different hydraulic configurations. The optimization algorithm was tested with a cylindrical tank that weighed 108,500 kg and had dimensions of 19,500 × 3200 × 2500 mm. The results showed that the proposed model and optimization algorithm could safely optimize the configuration of the hydraulic suspension of modular trailers in special road transport, increase the accuracy and reliability of the calculation of the load configuration, save time, simplify the calculation process, and be easily implemented.
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Zhang, Yu Bing, Ren Jun Wan, Hong Tao Chen, and Ren Guang Wang. "A New Type Power Train System of Electric Hybrid Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.747.
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A new type of electric power train system was designed for fully hybrid electric city bus, which is mainly composed of engine, power coupling mechanism, first motor, second motor, motor controller, power train controller, power battery, and Drive axle. Its main characteristics of power coupling mechanism is adoption of one planetary gear set to realize the function that can be provided by two planetary gear sets. The new power train can be manufactured with lower cost because of its simple structure with higher transmission efficiency and less faults such as oil leakage. The new system can provide five operation modes for city bus, which are hybrid driving, pure electric driving, regenerative braking, grid charging, and stop charging.
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Basher, Md Khairul, Md Tariqul Islam, Akash Joarder, and Md Niaz Ahmed. "Performance Analysis of a Three-Axle Rigid Minecart in The Oil and Gas Suspension System under Variable Conditions." American Journal of Innovation in Science and Engineering 4, no. 1 (2025): 31. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajise.v4i1.4079.
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This research article investigates the nonlinear characteristics of a three-axle rigid mine car equipped with a balanced hydro-pneumatic suspension system and the influential factors affecting these characteristics. Through extensive simulation calculations, the performance of the suspension system was assessed under obstacle-crossing trench conditions. A comprehensive multi-signal data acquisition and analysis system was developed to synchronously collect critical parameters such as pressure displacement within the oil and gas suspension cylinder and stress and strain data from the supporting structure. The resulting time-domain curves captured variations in these parameters during testing at speeds of 10 km/h and 25 km/h on flat surfaces and obstacles with specified dimensions. The interaction between the suspension cylinder’s loading capacity and operational characteristics was evaluated, revealing a significant inverse relationship between pressure and displacement, particularly within the front suspension system. Stress analysis indicated high stress concentrations at critical points during obstacle crossings, suggesting areas for potential performance improvements. Additionally, findings demonstrated that maximum stress in the cylinder support occurs during dynamic loading conditions, highlighting the need for reinforced designs under such scenarios. Collectively, this comprehensive analysis lays the groundwork for enhancing the robustness of oil and gas suspension systems in mining vehicles, contributing valuable insights for their future development.
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Ma, He, Yan Niu, Xiaochun Zou, and Jun Zhang. "Experimental Study of Effects of the Third Medium on the Maximum Friction Coefficient between Wheel and Rail for High-Speed Trains." Shock and Vibration 2021 (August 21, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6904346.
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The changes of the friction coefficient between wheel and rail affect the wheel-rail adhesion characteristics of high-speed trains. The adhesion state in the wheel-rail contact area could be distinguished by the maximum friction coefficient between wheel and rail. The wheel-rail adhesion is of great significance for high-speed train traction. In order to study the influence of water, oil, fallen leaves, quartz sand, or their mixtures on the maximum friction coefficient between high-speed wheel and rail, a wheel-rail contact test bed is built to carry out the wheel-rail contact test and wheel-rail friction contact test. The comparative analysis of the test results shows that the axle load has little influence on the maximum friction coefficient between wheel and rail. Water, oil, and fallen leaves would reduce the maximum friction coefficient. Quartz sand could increase the maximum friction coefficient in a short time, while the excessive static friction coefficient would damage the wheel and rail. Besides, the maximum friction coefficient of water, oil, and fallen leaves mixing in pairs is lower than each of them existing alone. Both water and oil could increase the adhesion of quartz sand, and the effect of water is better. Therefore, when the sand still could not meet enough traction, it could be considered to add some water to increase the wheel-rail adhesion.
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Klebanov, I. M., V. V. Murashkin, M. I. Kondratev, I. E. Adeyanov, and K. A. Polyakov. "Working in of roller ends and bars of cylindrical roller bearings at combined radial and axial loads." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 4 (2021): 042071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/4/042071.
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Abstract The paper investigates the influence of the process of running-in the ends of rollers and sides of cylindrical roller bearings on the conditions of hydrodynamic contact of these parts: the formation of an oil film and friction. For this purpose, the results of finite element modeling of the stress-strain state of the bearing parts in contact: the inner ring, the side flange and a fragment of the axle of the wheelset, and the multi-mass simulation of the dynamics of the bearing operation are used. The influence of the yaw angle of the roller on the size and shape of the contact area on the side is investigated. The dependences for calculating the thickness of the oil film in the contact between the ends of the rollers and the flanges of the bearing rings are being refined, which now make it possible to take into account the misaligned position of these parts during their force interaction. The results are illustrated using the example of a roller bearing of standard size 232926.
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Andersen, Niklas Enoch, Jakob Blåbjerg Mathiasen, Maja Grankær Carøe, et al. "Optimisation of Control Algorithm for Hydraulic Power Take-Off System in Wave Energy Converter." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197084.
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Wave energy converters are still a maturing technology and, as such, still face a series of challenges before they can compete with already-established technologies. One of these challenges is optimising the amount of energy extracted from the waves and delivered to the power grid. This study investigates the possibility of increasing the energy output of the existing hydraulic power take-off system of a wave energy converter made by Floating Power Plant during small-scale testing of their hybrid wind and wave energy platform. This system consists of a floater arm that rotates an axle when displaced by the waves. When the axle rotates, two hydraulic cylinders are actuated, displacing oil to run through a hydraulic motor driving an electric generator. The energy extraction is controlled by implementing a control algorithm on a series of on/off valves, which decouples the two hydraulic cylinders driving the hydraulic motor, and by varying the applied torque from the generator to match the wave conditions. Finally, it is investigated whether adding high-pressure pathways to the cylinder pressure chambers is beneficial for maximum power point tracking with reactive control. The analysis is conducted through a numerical model developed in Simulink and verified by comparison to the experimental setup supplied by Floating Power Plant. The study finds that a continuous valve switching strategy is optimal compared to end-point switching and reactive control with high-pressure pathways.
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Venza, Venza Fawwaz Tsulatsa, Mufti Arifin, and Simon Sindhu H. "Perencanan Maintenance Store Pada Maskapai Cargo RRR." Jurnal Mahasiswa Dirgantara 3, no. 2 (2024): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.35894/jmd.v3i2.109.
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Perencanaan maintenance store yang optimal sangat penting bagi keberlangsungan operasional maskapai kargo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk persediaan sparepart dan tools yang dibutuhkan, kebutuhan maintenance store dan penempatan persediaan sparepart pada operasional pesawat kargo. Fokus utama adalah pada optimalisasi penyimpanan dan efisiensi operasional. Metodologi penelitian melibatkan pengumpulan data pekerjaan transit check dan daily check, Menentukan kebutuhan parts dan tools, menentukan kebutuhan ruangan, rancangan penempatan dan analisis penempatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sparepart yang sering digunakan yaitu locking wire, brake, majun, wheel, oil engine, greasee, axle jack, torque wrench dapat terpenuhi dengan baik untuk mendukung kelancaran dan efisiensi operasional. hasil perhitungan kebutuhan sparepart dan tools ruang minimal yang diperlukan untuk maintenance store ini adalah 50,4 m² serta kebutuhan maintenance store ini sudah terpenuhi dengan perencanaan luas sebesar 66 m², pengelolaan penempatan sparepart dan tools berukuran besar dan berat diletakan dibawah sedangkan berukuran kecil diletakan di suatu rak, persentase luas kebutuhan dari luas perencanaan yaitu 76%. Optimal maintenance store planning is very important for the continuity of cargo airline operations. This study aims to inventory spare parts and tools needed, maintenance store requirements and placement of spare parts inventory on cargo aircraft operations. The main focus is on storage optimization and operational efficiency. The research methodology involves collecting data on transit check and daily check work, determining the need for parts and tools, determining space requirements, placement design and placement analysis. The results of the research show that spare parts that are often used, namely locking wire, brakes, magazines, wheels, engine oil, grease, axle jacks, torque wrench can be fulfilled properly to support smooth and efficient operations. the results of the calculation of the need for spare parts and tools the minimum space required for this maintenance store is 50.4 m² and the needs of this maintenance store have been met with a planning area of 66 m², the management of the placement of large and heavy spare parts and tools is placed below while small ones are placed on a shelf, the percentage of the required area of the planning area is 76%.
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Kulkarni, Saurabh, Hemant Hadole, Nikita Bhagat, and Mahadeo Randive. "Optimizing SBS & Tire Pyro Oil Modified VG 30 Bitumen for Sustainable Pavements." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 20, no. 1 (2025): 1–44. https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2025-20.652.
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In recent years, Indian roads have experienced a significant increase in axle load and traffic volume, necessitating improved performance in top bituminous layers. While Indian guidelines recommend VG40 grade bitumen for perpetual pavements, its limited supply prompts widespread use of VG30 grade bitumen. This study explores the viability of modified VG30 bitumen, employing Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) and Tire pyro oil (TPO) as modifiers, as an alternative to VG40. Rheological tests, including Dynamic Shear Rheometer and Brookfield Viscometer, alongside morphological and chemical analyses, ascertain the optimal SBS dosage. Addition of TPO, ranging from 1% to 3%, reduces mixing and compaction temperatures. Marshall Stability and Indirect Tensile Strength tests compare strength characteristics. Sixteen perpetual pavement sections are designed based on Indian guidelines, comparing thickness, life cycle cost, and carbon dioxide emissions over five decades. Modified VG30 binder exhibits only a slight increase in thickness compared to unmodified VG40 binder, while significantly reducing life cycle costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Experimental results suggest that modified VG30 with 3% SBS, and optionally with 1% TPO, can effectively replace VG40 grade bitumen for perpetual pavements to address its supply issue.
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Roy, Sougata, Lake Speed, Michael Viola, Huimin Luo, Donovan Leonard, and Jun Qu. "Oil miscible phosphonium-phosphate ionic liquid as novel antiwear and antipitting additive for low-viscosity rear axle lubricants." Wear 466-467 (February 2021): 203588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203588.
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Supriyatna, Deddy, and Dandy Rasyid Muttaekid. "Analisis Kerusakan Differential Pada Kendaraan HINO 260 FM (SH17) : Studi Kasus di PT. Hudaya Maju Mandiri." AEEJ : Journal of Automotive Engineering and Vocational Education 2, no. 1 (2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/aeej.v2i1.61.
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Differential or often known as the axle is a component in a car that functions to transmit engine power to the wheel axle that previously passed through the transmission and propeller shaft. Problems or damage to the differential varies, ranging from a buzzing sound in the differential, damage to the gear pinion, worn gear pinion, oil leakage in the differential. In this case, finding the differential is damaged in the pinion gear, the pinion teeth are worn and damaged so that the vehicle cannot run or the torque from the engine cannot be continued due to damage to the differential. The differential on the HINO 260 FM vehicle has a lot of damage to the differential, because the overload. Overload capacity or weight of the vehicle's payload exceed the standard limits and there is a differential damage in the pinion gear.
 Differential atau sering dikenal dengan nama gardan adalah komponen pada mobil yang berfungsi untuk meneruskan tenaga mesin ke poros roda yang sebelumnya melewati transmisi dan propeller shaft. Problem atau kerusakan pada differential bermacam-macam, mulai dari bunyi berdengung pada bagian differential, kerusakan pada gear pinion, gear pinion aus, kebocoran oli pada differential. Pada kasus kali ini, menemukan kerusakan differential pada bagian pinion gear, gigi pinion aus dan rusak sehingga membuat kendaraan tidak bisa berjalan atau tenaga putaran dari mesin tidak bisa diteruskan keroda akibat kerusakan pada differential. Differential pada kendaraan Hino 260 FM sering sekali rusak, dikarenakan daya angkut yang melebihi kapasitas. Dan hal inilah yang biasanya menjadi penyebab kerusakan differential pada bagian pinion gear.
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Voronin, Serhii, Volodymyr Stefanov, Sergii Komar, Andrii Savchenko, and Oleksandr Hubin. "IMPACT OF LOADS ON LOCOMOTIVE MOTOR AXLE BEARINGS ON THE CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF OIL FILM ON FRICTION SURFACES." Collection of Scientific Works of the Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 208 (June 28, 2024): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.208.2024.308611.
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During the active operation of locomotives, a significant portion of failures (up to 20 %) is attributed to the malfunction of motor-axial bearings. This is due to the imperfection of the lubrication system of the motor-axial bearings, the proper functioning of which largely depends on various factors such as climatic conditions, the level of wear of lubricating oil, and lubrication devices, among others. There is a need to improve the existing lubrication systems for motor-axial sliding bearings. One of the methods to address this issue involves examining the factors influencing the lubrication process of the friction surfaces of motor-axial bearings and the conditions of lubricant material supply. The article provides calculations of the loading forces on the motor-axial bearings, their action vectors, and analyzes the impact of these parameters on the ability to form an oil film on the friction surfaces of motor-axial bearings. To determine the magnitude of the load, technical specifications of the locomotive were used, and the relationship between power usage and locomotive speed was analyzed. The study involved an analysis of recent publications regarding the generation of contact pressure force between the contact surfaces of friction pairs, the magnitude of which exceeds permissible limits, considered one of the primary factors leading to bearing failure. Additionally, the existing bearing lubrication system used on the locomotive was analyzed, its shortcomings were identified, and methods for addressing these issues were discussed. The calculations were performed for the 2TE116 locomotive with traction electric motors ED-118B, based on the operational characteristics of the locomotive in the speed range of 0-80 km/h.
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Shuster, Mark, and Mick Deis. "Characterization of triological sealing system components using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163381.
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A system approach to solving the tribological problems associated with sealing joints implies comprehensive investigation of all the components. To recognize the root cause of any problem and formulate the required performance for extended reliability we have to evaluate any changes in the system as quantitatively as possible. Any measurable parameters, including geometry, density (porosity), hardness distributions, microstructure and grain size changes observed during routine metallurgical analysis could provide evidence of the root cause of failure. In the head-gasket-block sealing system of the internal combustion engine, the EDS evaluation of the chlorine and sulfur distribution through the head gasket flange fracture in conjunction with analysis of the sludge between the head, block and gasket surfaces pointed to the corrosive nature of the gasket flange cracking.This approach is even more useful for the closed tribological system of telescopic hydraulic cylinders or rotary axle shaft oil seals.
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Nazim Ibrahimov, Royal Garayev, Nazim Ibrahimov, Royal Garayev. "TECHNOLOGICAL MODE OF RESTORATION OF THE AXIS OF THE TAL BLOCK BY THE VIBRATION METHOD." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 148, no. 02 (2024): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei148022024-36.
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Working parts of oil field equipment (shafts, axles, etc.) are exposed to corrosion due to loading and external influences, which lead to the failure of the equipment. - arc grinding. Vibro-arc grinding is the most efficient technology used in various fields of industry. Unlike other methods, this recovery method is characterized by the simplicity of the device, quick and high-quality implementation of the process. Oscillating arc coating is a type of arc surfacing that is secured using a consumable metal electrode. The surfacing process is carried out by the vibration of the electrode by supplying the coolant to the surface of the part. With this method, it is possible to restore parts of different sizes. This article summarizes the state of knowledge about the device, technological mode and working mode of vibro-arc resurfacing technology. It provides general information about the current state of research in the field of reclamation process. The following works are performed in the repair of the tal block: replacement of ball bearings, replacement of the axis of the blocks with a new one; replacement of the ring finger, rope blocks with a new one; restoration and repair of boundary sheets, repair of fastening joints, etc. In an average repair, a certain part of the tal block is removed and non-core parts (pads, suspension axle, etc.) are restored or replaced, the co-vers are repaired and the blocks are painted. Keywords: Restoration technologies, vibro-arc resurfacing, technological regime, mechanized arc surface, electrode wire, abrasion, resurfacing layer.
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Černý, Ivo, and Václav Linhart. "Effects of Different Microstructure on Resistance of EA4T Railway Axle Steel of Equal Strength to Fatigue Crack Growth." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.631.
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Fatigue crack growth (FCG) rates in an EA4T railway axle steel heat treated by two different methods in near threshold and stable regions of growth were evaluated. Quite significant differences were observed, when the obtained results were compared with those published in the literature. Participation of the laboratory in an Exova (GE Aviation) FCG measurement qualification round robin programme with very good results practically excluded errors in the experimental methodology used. Strength of the two different evaluated series of the experimental material was equivalent. Nevertheless, there were substantial differences in fatigue crack growth rates, about 5-times in stable FCG region and even more than 10-times in the near threshold region, when oil quenching and air hardening treatments were compared. The differences were explained by different microstructures of the two groups of materials. Some minor differences between the character of the FCG curve in the threshold region evaluated using SEN(B) and M(T) specimens, published in the literature, are discussed considering crack closure phenomenon.
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Basuki Nanda and Valentino Roni. "Cake Breaker Conveyor Machine Maintenance System Analysis Using the Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) Method." Jurnal Riset Ilmu Teknik 1, no. 3 (2023): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59976/jurit.v1i3.34.
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Machine maintenance plays a vital role in the production activities of a company, which concerns the smooth and bottleneck of production. This research was conducted in a company engaged in palm oil processing. The company often suffers from machine breakdowns and has not found a suitable solution. Reliability Maintenance is one of the methods used to determine the appropriate maintenance actions for each critical component on the Cake Breaker Conveyor (CBC) machine, based on analysis using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) by looking at the highest RPN value of each component, 4 critical elements are obtained from the 11 main features of the Cake Breaker Conveyor (CBC) machine, namely bearing parts, Universal Joint, Rod Clutch and Pen. Determine the maintenance schedule of critical components at the seed separation station. Taking damage, lognormal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 461.5 (hours), pen damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 587.29 (hours), universal joint damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 536.46 (hours), clutch rod damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 581.6 (hours), and axle damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 586.6 (hours).
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Dear, Muhamad, Fatimah Dian Ekawati, and Setyo Supratno. "PELATIHAN SERVIS RINGAN KENDARAAN SEPEDA MOTOR BAGI MASYARAKAT DESA RIDOGALIH." An-Nizam 3, no. 2 (2024): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/an-nizam.v3i2.9141.
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Motorbikes are a means of transportation that is often used in daily activities, the development of increasingly sophisticated technology has begun to be combined with the help of electronic control circuits such as injection systems to control combustion in the motorcycle combustion chamber or indicators to show hot engine temperatures that make it easier for motorcycle owners to carry out vehicle maintenance. Therefore, due to the lack of workshops or vehicle service services, here the author will share information about motorcycle maintenance that can be done by yourself to save costs and can be developed as a form of business, such as a workshop. With this lack of information, most people only use motorbikes for their daily needs and ignore motorcycle maintenance. Here the author will educate the community on how to maintain their two-wheeled vehicles in Citeureup 1 hamlet by socializing the importance of maintaining two-wheeled vehicles, training on maintaining two-wheeled vehicles, and evaluation to ensure that the community can maintain their own motorbikes. This program also has the aim that the people of Sirnajaya Village, Serang Baru District, Bekasi Regency are able to maintain their own motorbikes and can be developed as a form of business, namely a workshop. Based on the light service training, there are several impacts, among others can increase understanding related to light service procedures such as engine oil change, axle oil, CVT maintenance and replacement of front brake lining and understand about safety riding and have understood how to drive properly.
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Hoffmann, David, P. Heřmánek, A. Rybka, and B. Jošt. "Hydraulic Circuit of Mechanical Pruner Drive for Hops on Low Trellises." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 46, no. 3 (2015): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2015-0023.
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Abstract A mechanical pruner serves for pruning new hopvine shoots in spring. The later yield depends on the right timing and quality of pruning. That is why hop pruning is one of the most important agrotechnical procedures. A double-disc mechanical pruner used on high trellises cannot be used on low trellises due to its large size. Abroad, for pruning hops on low trellises a specially adapted sprinkler is used (chemical pruning). With regard to the effort to minimize the chemical environmental burden, we opted for the design of the mechanical pruner. Firstly, the low trellis, mechanical pruner, and also elements used in the design of hydraulic circuit are described. Next part of the paper is devoted to the input requirements for both the hydraulic circuit and the mechanical pruner designs. Then a description of an adapted inter-axle carrier used for the experimental model of the hop mechanical pruner and of the effected field measurement follows, along with interpretation of the measured data. These data are depicted in clearly arranged graphs showing the dependency of pressure and hydraulic oil flow on the cutting disc rotational frequency.
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Irawan, Agustiar, Ikhtisholiyah, and Subali. "Analisis Kekuatan Pondasi Tangki Fame Biodiesel pada Proyek PT. X di Gresik." Wahana Teknik 10, no. 1 (2021): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5533218.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong> <em>In the current era of globalization, many countries are competing to open themselves as wide as possible, so that investors can be interested in investing. It is an extraordinary gift in this country, where oil palm plants thrive on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi to Papua, which can be a renewable energy power today and in the future. Where energy from fossil fuels will one day run out, while biodiesel can still exist by cultivating oil palm plants continuously. This is truly an extraordinary breakthrough for all nations in the world, because this energy can be renewed. Ease of bureaucracy is created so that investors continue to develop and build factories that process derivatives from vegetable oil, into fuel oil known as fame (fatty acid methyl ester) biodiesel. The increasing demand for fame in the national and international markets has prompted the company to establish processing plants and tanks as a place to store fame liquid. The Fame Biodiesel Tank is a temporary storage place for liquid oil or bulk oil for companies before being distributed to gas stations or to end users. The importance of this storage tank is to store daily products so that the tank capacity is made quite large 5000 kL, this requires an analysis of the strength of the foundation so that the tank is safe when in use. In the discussion of the design, the calculated loads are dead load 5,957.57 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, live load 22,555.22 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, wind load 240,249.24 kg/m, earthquake overtuning moment 8,207,090 kg.m, and combined loads. This data was then analyzed using the standard SNI-1726-2012 and API 650 (American Petrolium Institute) followed by analysis using the Staad Pro Advanced software, the design strength of the pile bearing capacity was 95 ton/point, using a concrete plate thickness of 60 cm thick, with iron BJTD reinforcement with a diameter of 16 mm with an axle spacing of 150 mm. Application of standards SNI-1726-2012 and API 650 (American Petrolium Institute) and calculations using Staad Pro Advanced software, so that calculations are faster and more accurate so that the construction of tank buildings built on foundations using pile foundations is really strong and can withstand load of the oil liquid to the maximum according to its capacity. It was concluded in this study that with a tank diameter of 19.26 meters and a height of 22.5 meters, the maximum moment M<sub>x</sub> = 2.998 MT.m, M<sub>y</sub> = 189.171 MT.m, pile bearing capacity 95 ton/point, 85 points @ 22 meters. In the process of changing the liquid product in the tank from fame biodiesel liquid (density 0.88) to crude palm kernel oil (density 0.9156), or with refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil (density 0.9160), the condition the tank is still safe and the fluid can be replaced</em>. <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> <em>analysis, biodiesel, foundation, pile, staad pro</em><em>, spun, tank.</em>
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Rojas-Sola, José Ignacio, Eduardo De la Morena-De la Fuente, Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez, and David Hernández-Díaz. "The Tower Press for Obtaining Olive Oil: Analysis through Computer-Aided Engineering." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (2020): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110554.
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This article analyzes a large tower press used to press crushed olives to obtain olive oil. To this end, a study of computer-aided engineering (CAE) was carried out using the parametric software Autodesk Inventor Professional, consisting of a static analysis using the finite-element method (FEM) of the 3D model of the press under real operating conditions. The tower press has been analyzed in two limit positions: in the rest position, supported on two pillars, and the pressing position, supported on the set of filter discs (basket load) called ‘cargo de capachos’ that contained the previously ground olives. In the first position, static analysis revealed that the maximum von Mises stress was 22.7 MPa, located on the axle of the roller, but this is far from the elastic limit. Moreover, the lowest safety coefficient is 11.16, produced in the contact between the tower and the right pillar and well above the optimal range between 2 and 4. On the other hand, it hardly presents equivalent displacements or deformations that would endanger the operation of the set. The greatest displacement would be in the wooden guide (0.123 mm) and a deformation of 0.027% with respect to its length. These values confirm that, in this position, the tower press was clearly oversized. However, the results obtained regarding the second position are not entirely conclusive. Although the values of the displacements and the equivalent deformations are low, with results similar to those obtained in the first position, with a maximum displacement of 0.1315 mm located in the horizontal beam of the support structure and a maximum equivalent deformation of value 0.385%, located in the contact between the screw and the nut, the same does not happen with the von Mises stress. The software did not obtain a convergent result due to the frustoconical geometry of the bolt that joins the screw and nut, adopting a maximum value of 508.3 MPa. For this point, the safety coefficient is 1.49, which reveals a sizing problem with the proposed solution of resizing the screw thread, giving it more robustness. The rest of the elements work with a safety coefficient above 4.33 so they are also clearly oversized, according to current criteria.
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Rojas-Sola, José Ignacio, la Morena-De la Fuente Eduardo De, Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez, and David Hernández-Díaz. "The Tower Press for Obtaining Olive Oil: Analysis through Computer-Aided Engineering." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (2020): 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110554.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes a large tower press used to press crushed olives to obtain olive oil. To this end, a study of computer-aided engineering (CAE) was carried out using the parametric software Autodesk Inventor Professional, consisting of a static analysis using the finite-element method (FEM) of the 3D model of the press under real operating conditions. The tower press has been analyzed in two limit positions: in the rest position, supported on two pillars, and the pressing position, supported on the set of filter discs (basket load) called ‘cargo de capachos’ that contained the previously ground olives. In the first position, static analysis revealed that the maximum von Mises stress was 22.7 MPa, located on the axle of the roller, but this is far from the elastic limit. Moreover, the lowest safety coefficient is 11.16, produced in the contact between the tower and the right pillar and well above the optimal range between 2 and 4. On the other hand, it hardly presents equivalent displacements or deformations that would endanger the operation of the set. The greatest displacement would be in the wooden guide (0.123 mm) and a deformation of 0.027% with respect to its length. These values confirm that, in this position, the tower press was clearly oversized. However, the results obtained regarding the second position are not entirely conclusive. Although the values of the displacements and the equivalent deformations are low, with results similar to those obtained in the first position, with a maximum displacement of 0.1315 mm located in the horizontal beam of the support structure and a maximum equivalent deformation of value 0.385%, located in the contact between the screw and the nut, the same does not happen with the von Mises stress. The software did not obtain a convergent result due to the frustoconical geometry of the bolt that joins the screw and nut, adopting a maximum value of 508.3 MPa. For this point, the safety coefficient is 1.49, which reveals a sizing problem with the proposed solution of resizing the screw thread, giving it more robustness. The rest of the elements work with a safety coefficient above 4.33 so they are also clearly oversized, according to current criteria.
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Tayh, Sady A., Rana A. Yousif, and Qais S. Banyhussan. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES USING VARIOUS GRADES ASPHALT BINDER WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF FIBERS." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 17, no. 1 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol17iss1pp34-40.
Full textAbstract:
For a long time, bitumen has been utilized as the essential material for asphalt pavement construction. The factors of increasing axle loads, increasing traffic movement, critical climate conditions and many forms failures in construction have steered many researchers to seek some methods to enhance the asphalt binder properties. Even though various types of modifiers have been utilized in strengthening asphalt concrete, fibers have attracted the most attention due to their high and desirable characteristics. It is realized that the good distribution of the modifier in asphalt binder can generate a strong network in the interior structure of the blend, causing bitumen mastic to be more coherent. In this study, a laboratory investigation of the rheological and physical properties of various grades of bitumen modified by two types of fibers was conducted. Three grades of asphalt were used in this study (60-70 penetration grade, 80-100 penetration grade and PG-76 grade) with two types of fibers with different percentages- Cellulose oil palm fiber (COPF) (0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75%) by weight of asphalt and carbon fiber (0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, and 2.75%) by weight of asphalt. The results showed enhancement in physical performance of the modified bitumen in terms of the decrease in penetration values, as well as a rise in the softening point and viscosity values. The fibers’ modified asphalt binders showed improved rheological properties and can raise the grade of asphalt depending on the base asphalt type.
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Pryadkin, Vladimir, Ivan Bartenev, and Viktor Posmetev. "EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A ROBOTIZED STUMP REMOVER EQUIPPED WITH WIDE-SECTION TYRES." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (2020): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/18.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the technical means for uprooting trees. Tools aggregated with wheel and caterpillar tractors of various traction classes are the most popular ones in Russia. Abroad, self-propelled stump removers with high engine power and high performance are used, which are in demand in various industries (forestry, agricultural and oil and gas complexes, road construction), when laying high-voltage power lines and their maintenance, as well as in other areas of the national economy. The analysis of technical means for uprooting trees has shown that the dominant trend is creation of stump removers that ensure safety of the process, its high productivity and decrease in the number of personnel on felling. Self-propelled robotic stump remover equipped with wide-profile low-pressure tires has been developed to implement innovative technologies in the forest complex. Ensuring the technological process is carried out by robot-eradicator in unmanned mode. It is achieved by using a technical vision system, navigation equipment, automated control of technological equipment, transmission and steering. The aim of the study was to evaluate the longitudinal stability of a robotic self-propelled stump remover during vertical transportation of a tree and environmental compatibility of its wheeled mover with soil and vegetation cover. Conducted theoretical studies have found that the proposed layout scheme of a self-propelled stump remover provides longitudinal stability when moving with a tree in an upright position without the use of ballast counterweights behind the rear axle. It was also found that the wheel mover of the stump remover equipped with wide-profile low-pressure tires is environmentally friendly when performing technological operations in the summer-autumn period
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Dearden, Andrew. "Advanced, Zero-Emission Axles." Industrial Vehicle Technology International 27, no. 3 (2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1471-115x(23)70331-0.
Full textAbstract:
BY USING SEALED, OIL-IMMERSED BALL RAMP ACTUATED BRAKING, A NEW GENERATION OF ADVANCED AXLES IS ENSURING THAT HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES CAN BE TRULY EMISSION FREE, WITHOUT COMPROMISING COMFORT, SAFETY OR PERFORMANCE