Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Axon transport'
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Siow, Bernard, Ivana Drobnjak, Andrada Ianus, Isabel N. Christie, Mark F. Lythgoe, and Daniel C. Alexander. "Axon radius estimation with Oscillating Gradient Spin Echo (OGSE) diffusion MRI." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-184163.
Full textSiow, Bernard, Ivana Drobnjak, Andrada Ianus, Isabel N. Christie, Mark F. Lythgoe, and Daniel C. Alexander. "Axon radius estimation with Oscillating Gradient Spin Echo (OGSE) diffusion MRI." Diffusion fundamentals 18 (2013) 1, S. 1-6, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13707.
Full textConnor, Robin M. "Mechanisms of axon growth and guidance in the vertebrate nervous system /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17183.pdf.
Full textFoss, Susan J. "Modeling the Aggregation of Interacting Neurofilaments in the Axon." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1431078489.
Full textToy, Jonathan Andrew. "A Nonlocal Model for the Segregation of Axonal Microtubules and Neurofilaments in Neurodegenerative Diseases." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461080485.
Full textJohnson, Christopher M. "Investigating the Slow Axonal Transport of Neurofilaments: A Precursor for Optimal Neuronal Signaling." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1452018547.
Full textMoutaux, Eve. "Régulation du transport axonal par l'activité neuronale : Implication pour le développement des réseaux neuronaux Neuronal activity recruits an axon-resident pool of secretory vesicles to regulate axon branching Reconstituting Corticostriatal Network on-a-Chip Reveals the Contribution of the Presynaptic Compartment to Huntington’s Disease Neuronal network maturation differently affects secretory vesicles and mitochondria transport in axons ALG-2 interacting protein-X (Alix) is required for activity-dependent bulk endocytosis at brain synapses An integrated microfluidic/microelectrode array for the study of activity-dependent intracellular dynamics in neuronal networks." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALV024.pdf.
Full textDuring postnatal development, long-distance axonal projections form branches to connect with their targets. Establishment and remodeling of these projections are tightly regulated by neuronal activity and require a large amount of secretory material and trophic factors, such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Axonal transport is responsible for addressing trophic factors packed into vesicles to high demand sites where mechanisms of secretion are well-known. However, mechanisms controlling the preferential targeting of axonal vesicles to active sites in response to neuronal activity are unknown.In this work, we first developed tools to study intracellular dynamics in neuronal networks. We thus developed a microfluidic chamber to reconstruct physiologically-relevant networks in vitro which is compatible with high resolution videomicroscopy. We characterized the formation and maturation of reconstructed networks and we validated the relevance of the microfluidic platform in the context of Huntington’s disease. We then studied the evolution of intracellular dynamics with the maturation of reconstructed neuronal networks in microfluidic chambers. We observed an increase of anterograde axonal transport of secretory vesicles during maturation. These first results lead us to think that neuronal activity could regulate axonal transport of secretory vesicles over maturation of the network.Therefore, we improved the in vitro microfluidic system with a designed microelectrode array (MEA) substrate allowing us to record intracellular dynamics while controlling neuronal activity. Using this system, we identified an axon-resident reserve pool of secretory vesicles recruited upon neuronal activity to rapidly distribute secretory materials to presynaptic sites. We identified the activity-dependent mechanism of recruitment of this axonal pool of vesicles along the axon shaft. We showed that Myosin Va ensures the tethering of vesicles in the axon shaft in axonal actin structures. Specifically, neuronal activity induces a calcium increase after activation of Voltage Gated Calcium Channels along the axon, which regulates Myosin Va and triggers the recruitment of tethered vesicles on microtubules. We then showed the involvement of this activity-dependent pool for axon branches formation during axon development. By developing 2-photon live microscopy of axonal transport in acute slices, we finally confirmed that a pool of axon-resident static vesicles is recruited by neuronal activity in vivo with a similar kinetic.Altogether, this work provides new in vitro and in vivo tools to study intracellular dynamics in physiological networks. Using these tools, we identified the existence of a local mechanism of axonal transport regulation along the axon shaft, allowing rapid supply of trophic factors to developing branches
Wilson, Gina Nicole. "PRE-DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE RETINOFUGAL PROJECTION OF DBA/2J GLAUCOMATOUS MICE." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1501466545809801.
Full textCoats, Charles Jason. "Development of primary neuronal culture of embryonic rabbit dorsal root ganglia for microfluidic chamber analysis of axon mediated neuronal spread of Bovine Herpesvirus type 1." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4115.
Full textRodrigues, Joana Nogueira. "Dissecting the role of adducin in the axonal cytoskeleton." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14771.
Full textThe neuronal cytoskeleton is an interconnected network of filamentous polymers, having in its constitution three major components: actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Up to the discovery of axon actin rings, the neuronal actin cytoskeleton has gained relevance. Still, the molecular details of the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in neurons are largely unknown. Helping in the actin cytoskeleton regulation and maintenance, there is adducin. Adducin is organized in heterotetamers of heterodimers which comprises α/β and α/γ subunits. In the nervous system, the depletion of α subunit results in an almost complete absence of functional adducin. Given this, α-adducin KO mice arose as relevant models to study the role of this protein in actin cytoskeleton. Results from our group showed that α-adducin KO mice develop progressive axon enlargement and degeneration. As defects in axonal transport have been related to axon enlargement, we determined the importance of adducin in the axonal cytoskeleton and, more specifically, in axonal transport. Although no differences were found in the retrograde transport of CTB in the optic nerve, the lack of adducin resulted in a decreased speed of axonal transport of mitochondria and lysosomes. Several neurodegenerative disorders have been associated with axonal transport deficits and, consequently, with alterations in MT-based transport. Although no differences were found in the levels of acetylated and de-tyrosinated tubulin, the levels of tyrosinated tubulin were significantly decreased in α-adducin KO brains, suggesting a less dynamic status of the MT cytoskeleton in the absence of adducin. Besides differential PTMs of tubulin the decreased axonal transport speed may result from the decreased levels of dynein and kinesin in α-adducin KO mice. Lastly, we hypothesized that adducin might be involved in the organization and/or plasticity of the AIS that requires actin dynamics. In α-adducin KO animals, although the AIS forms normally, neurons do not have the ability to relocate it in response to chronic depolarization. Still, the specific role of actin and its associated proteins, like adducin, in this process remains unclear. In sum, with this Thesis we contributed to understand the relevance of the actin in cytoskeleton, more specifically, of the actin-binding protein adducin in neuron biology.
O citoesqueleto neuronal é maioritariamente constituído por três componentes: actina, microtúbulos e filamentos intermédios. Com a descoberta dos anéis de actina presentes no axónio, o citoesqueleto neuronal de actina tem vindo a ganhar bastante relevância. Contudo, os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na regulação da actina no citoesqueleto continuam por esclarecer. Nesta tese focámo-nos no estudo da importância da aducina, uma proteína de ligação à actina, na regulação do citoesqueleto neuronal. A aducina é uma proteína constituída por heterotetrameros de heterodímeros das subunidades α/β e α/γ, sendo que no sistema nervoso, a depleção da subunidade α resulta numa completa ausência da proteína no seu estado funcional. Assim, murganhos KO para α-aducina demonstraram ser um modelo animal relevante para o estudo do papel desta proteína no citoesqueleto de actina. Resultados do nosso grupo demonstraram que murganhos KO para α-aducina desenvolvem uma degeneração progressiva e um aumento do calibre do axónio. Uma vez que defeitos no transporte axonal têm vindo a ser relacionados com o alargamento axonal, tornou-se importante determinar o papel da aducina no citoesqueleto axonal, mais especificamente no transporte ao longo do axónio. Apesar de não terem sido encontradas diferenças no transporte da toxina da cólera no nervo óptico, a ausência da aducina resultou num decréscimo significativo na velocidade de transporte axonal de mitocôndrias e lisossomas. Diversos distúrbios neurodegenerativos têm sido associados com deficiências no transporte axonal consequentes de alterações na maquinaria de transporte incluindo microtúbulos e proteínas relacionadas. Apesar de não terem sido encontradas diferenças nos níveis de acetilação e de-tirosinação da tubulina em amostras de cérebro α-aducina KO, os níveis de tirosinação da tubulina estão significativamente diminuídos quando comparados com aqueles encontrados em amostras WT, sugerindo uma menor dinâmica dos microtúbulos na ausência de aducina. Além das modificações da tubulina, a diminuição da velocidade de transporte axonal poderá resultar também do decréscimo dos níveis de ambos os motores moleculares dineina e cinesina nos murganhos α-aducina KO. Por fim, sugere-se que a aducina poderá também estar envolvida na organização e/ou plasticidade do segmento inicial do axónio dada a sua ligação ao citoesqueleto de actina, importante para a sua função e organização. Nos murganhos KO para α-aducina, foi verificado que apesar da formação do segmento inicial ser normal, as células não têm a capacidade para o relocalizar após uma depolarização crónica. Porém, o papel específico da actina e das suas proteínas associadas, tal como a aducina, neste processo deverá ser investigado com maior detalhe. Sumariamente, com esta tese, foi possível contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da relevância da actina, mais especificamente, da proteína de ligação à actina aducina, na biologia de um neurónio.
Reuter, Miriam [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Misgeld, and Arthur [Akademischer Betreuer] Konnerth. "Mitochondrial transport during axon loss in a model of motor neuron disease and at the developing neuromuscular junction / Miriam Reuter. Gutachter: Arthur Konnerth ; Thomas Misgeld. Betreuer: Thomas Misgeld." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042803803/34.
Full textAtkins, Melody. "Explorer le lien entre microtubules et formation des circuits moteurs par l’analyse de l’interactome de la Fidgetin-like 1." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS562.
Full textDuring nervous system development, the wiring of functional circuits requires developing axons to accurately sense and translate environmental guidance signals into morphological changes of the growth cone, enabling it to reach the right synaptic targets. This growth cone remodelling is mediated by the concerted action of different intracellular machineries, such as membrane trafficking and the cytoskeleton. My PhD team has recently identified the Fidgetin-like 1 ATPase (Fignl1) as a critical player of zebrafish spinal motor axon navigation, via its regulation of microtubule dynamics. The aim of my PhD was to further unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Fignl1 regulates axon navigation, via the analysis of the Fignl1 interactome. A candidate gene approach, focused on the sole published Fignl1 binding partner – Rad51 – first revealed a role for this recombinase in zebrafish motor axon pathfinding, and its potential association with Fignl1 in this process. Additionally, a global approach – based on a yeast two-hybrid screen – led to the identification of a new mechanism involving Fignl1 as a key regulator of retrograde vesicular trafficking in navigating axons. Finally, using the netrin-1/DCC candidate pathway, I have initiated the characterisation of upstream signalling cascades converging onto Fignl1 to regulate axon navigation. Taken together, my PhD results highlight the multifaceted role of Fignl1 in axon pathfinding, via its multiple functions in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking
Ackerley, Steven. "Neurofilament transport and phosphorylation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289881.
Full textNguyen, Tung Le. "Computational Modeling of Slow Neurofilament Transport along Axons." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1547036394834075.
Full textMalek, Sameh A. "Aberrant chloride transport contributes to anoxic injury in central myelinated axons." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26419.
Full textGarcez, Palha Inês. "mRNA Transport and Translation in the Developing Axons of the Zebrafish Embryo." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066260.
Full textIn recent years, axonal protein synthesis has been established as an important mechanism to fine regulate spatial and temporal neuronal responsiveness to the varying microenvironment, especially during axonal development and regeneration. For that, mRNA transcripts have to be localized to the axons in order to be translated. In fact, several mRNA populations have been identified along the axons of diverse vertebrate neuronal types. The proper transport from the cell body to the axonal compartment requires specific sequences or mRNA structures, usually found in the 3’UTR of the transcript. Only a few studies have confirmed that mRNA transport and translation take place in axons of living vertebrates, and that these mechanisms can be involved in distinct neuronal functions, as the maintenance of axonal homeostasis, pathfinding, and axonal growth and branching. Our lab previously demonstrated in vivo the presence of specific mRNAs, as nefma transcript, in growing axons of the zebrafish embryo. Thanking advantage of a reporter system developed in the lab, it was shown that axonal transport (or retention at the cell body) of several transcripts depended on their 3’UTR.Building upon these important results, in a first part of this work, we sought to investigate the function of the axonally transported nefma in the developing axons of the zebrafish embryo. Indeed, Nefma is a neuron-specific cytoskeletal protein, which expression is triggered during neuronal differentiation. We showed that the 3A10 signal is reduced as the MO concentration increases and this staining is a useful readout for the efficiency of the MO, suggesting that the 3A10 antibody might recognize nefma. We also demonstrated that the Mauthner neurons differentiate at the right time and place in the morphants. Moreover, we saw that the morphant axons zigzagging increases with increasing MO concentrations and that mbp accumulates in patches around axonal bundles in nefma morphants. However, nefma loss-of-function defects are not totally penetrant and difficult to quantify. Furthermore, in a second part of the present study, we aimed at optimizing a technique facilitating the visualization of axonal translation of specific mRNAs in the same in vivo model. For this, we developed a translation reporter system, inspired on the ‘TimeSTAMP’ technique developed by Roger Tsien’s team, which allows the identification of translation sites along the axons by labeling newly synthesized protein in an ingenious fashion
Müller, Kerstin [Verfasser]. "Localization and transport of ribosomes in axons of the mammalian PNS and CNS / Kerstin Müller." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138948543/34.
Full textJones, Danielle N. "A Comparison of Serotonin Transporter-Immunoreactive Axons in the Amygdala Among Macaques." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent152455306697775.
Full textBel, Christophe. "Adressage polarisé de Caspr et Caspr2, molécules d'adhérence axo-gliales." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20739.
Full textPalomo, Guerrero Marta. "Papel de CPT1C en el desarrollo axonal y en el transporte de los endosomas tardíos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463046.
Full textHsu, Meng-Tsung, and 許萌琮. "Mechanism underlying Proteasome Transport across Axon Initial Segment." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24762926340649867003.
Full text國立陽明大學
生命科學系暨基因體科學研究所
104
The mega-size, poly-subunit 26S proteasome plays a critical role in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) which controls the majority of cellular protein turnover. Since UPS is involved in many aspects of neuronal development including axon/dendrite polarization and synaptic plasticity, proteasome malfunction leads to various neurodegenerative disorders. Whether and how proteasomes transverse across the diffusion barriers at axon initial segment (AIS) remains unknown. Here we report that proteasome transport across the AIS is attributed to an association between proteasome adaptor Ecm29 and AIS scaffold protein Ankyrin G. We found that the majority population (80%) of moving proteasomes was stopped at proximal axonal region of hippocampal neurons when AIS was formed, in vitro; only the remaining 10% moved across the AIS region. The retention of proteasome in AIS was relieved by down regulating the expression of the membrane adaptor ankyrin G by specific siRNA; nonetheless, no effect was observed in neither actin filament nor microtubule disruption. Interaction domain mapping showed that Ankyrin G associated with Ecm29 and proteasome complexes via death domain and C-terminal domain, suggesting that AIS acts as a regulatory dock for axonal proteasome transport.
Hsu, Jiun-Min, and 徐均旻. "Regulation of Axon Transport by Tubulins in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70239098493392407112.
Full text國立臺灣大學
分子醫學研究所
100
Microtubules play essential functions in axon transport by serving as tracks for motor proteins and their cargos. They also play a more active role by directing cargo transport through tubulin posttranslational modification. Here we propose yet another level of regulation: specific residues on tubulins directly regulate synaptic vesicle transport by binding motor proteins with differential affinities. The C. elegans gene mec-12 encodes an α-tubulin that is uniquely enriched in the six touch receptor neurons. Complete loss of mec-12 causes loss of synaptic vesicles at synaptic regions and their accumulation in neuronal cell bodies. We identified a missense mutation of mec-12, gm379, which not only prevents synaptic vesicles from reaching synaptic regions, but also redirects them to non-axon compartment of the PLM touch neuron (synaptic vesicle mistargeting). This mutation also triggered extensive axon blebbing in the touch neurons. gm379 alters a conserved C-terminus glycine residue and behaves as a neomorphic gain-of-function mutation, as axon blebbing and synaptic vesicle mistargeting were not seen in the mec-12 null and could be completely abolished by mec-12 RNAi. Immunostaining for various microtubule posttranslational modifications revealed no obvious changes in the gm379 mutant, and synaptic vesicle mistargeting was not seen after RNAi knockdown of genes encoding enzymes for microtubule posttranslational modifications. Interestingly, reducing UNC-104/Kinesin 3/KIF1A functions aggravated vesicle mistargeting, and excess UNC-104 partially rescued it. By contrast, elimination of dynein heavy chain DHC-1 partially suppressed synaptic vesicle defects in gm379, mimicking the effects of UNC-104 overexpression. The glycine residue mutated in gm379 resides in an exposed helix-loop region on the tubulin polymers, which had been shown to be a common binding site for KIF1A and dynein heavy chain. We hypothesize that gm379 switches motor binding affinity of microtubules towards dynein, resulting in transport defects and mistargeting of synaptic vesicles.
Ahmad, Fridoon Jawad. "Mechanisms for the transport of centrosomal microtubles into the axon." 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40736611.html.
Full textTypescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-129).
Sybingco, Stephanie S. "Identification and analysis of novel mutants exhibiting defects in pioneer axon guidance in Caenorhabditis elegans /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR38831.
Full textTypescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-89). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR38831
Stagi, Massimiliano. "Effect of nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators on axonal transport." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AB9D-B.
Full textSaggu, Sarabjit Kaur. "Aspects of retinal and optic nerve pathology after excitotoxic retinal injury." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/71304.
Full textThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, 2011
Lin, I.-Ming, and 林義&;#29641. "A Simulation Study on Active Transport of Biomolecules in Axons Using the Michaelis-Menten Mechanism." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15489035203756624393.
Full text國立中興大學
化學工程學系所
98
Intracellular transport is an important mechanism to maintain neural function because of axonal specificity. For example, we found axonal swelling or the formation of spheroid in neurodegenerative diseases, and axonal transport is considered the important factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Axonal transport of biomass is divided into two in neuron. The former is that small molecules diffuse freely in the axon, such as the transport of ATP in cells. The latter is that cargo (organelles or viscles) associated with motor proteins. Motor proteins use the energy generated by ATP hydrolysis, and drag cargo along the cytoskeleton movement. It is called axonal transport, such as neurotransmitter, cytoskeletal polymers and so on. Mathematical model proposed by Smith and Simmons assumes that the velocity of particles is constant. Compared with the previous model, this study adds the continuity equation for species ATP to describe the distribution of ATP concentration, and uses Michaelis-Menten kinetics to derive the velocity of the motor protein. This study simulates distribution of the particles due to the inhibition of kinesin, inhibition of dynein and both. Results are compared with the literatures.
Bérubé-Carrière, Noémie. "Données nouvelles sur l’innervation à dopamine du striatum et son co-phénotype glutamatergique." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8369.
Full textKnowing that a subset of rat and mouse mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons expresses the mRNA of the vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGLUT2), we used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, after single or double labeling of the biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and of VGLUT2, to determine the presence of one and/or both proteins in axon terminals (varicosities) of these neurons and characterize their ultrastructural morphology under various experimental conditions. At first, young (P15) or adult (P90) rats, subjected or not to cerebro-ventricular administration of the cytotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) a few days after birth, were examined in order to investigate the role of VGLUT2 in DA neurons during normal and pathological development of these neurons. In the young rats, these studies revealed: i) the presence of VGLUT2 in a significant fraction of TH immunoreactive varicosities in the core of the nucleus accumbens and the neostriatum; ii) an increase in the proportion of dually labeled terminals in the nucleus accumbens following neonatal 6-OHDA lesion; iii) frequent double labeling of TH varicosities belonging to the aberrant DA innervation (neoinnervation) which develops in the substantia nigra following neonatal 6-OHDA lesion. Significant differences were also noted in the size of the axon terminals labeled for TH only, VGLUT2 only, or TH and VGLUT2. Finally, at this age (P15), all the dually labeled terminals appeared equipped with a synaptic membrane specialization, unlike the terminals labeled for TH or for VGLUT2 only. In a second step, we sought to determine the fate of the dual phenotype in adult rats (P90) subjected or not to the neonatal 6-OHDA lesion. In contrast with the observations made in young rats, we found: i) a complete absence of dually labeled terminals in the core of the nucleus accumbens and striatum of intact animals, as well as in the remains of the substantia nigra after neonatal 6-OHDA lesion; ii) a sharp decline of their number in the core of the nucleus accumbens of 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. These findings, suggesting a regression of the dual TH/VGLUT2 phenotype with age, reinforced the hypothesis of a specific role of the co-release of glutamate from midbrain DA neurons during development. Under these conditions, it was of considerable interest to examine the DA meso-striatal innervation in two strains of mice whose Vglut2 gene has been selectively invalidated in DA neurons, as well as in their control littermates and wild-type mice. This issue was particularly relevant with the increasing use of genetically modified mice in neurobiology; indeed, this DA innervation had never been systematically characterized by electron microscopy. Because of possible differences between the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens, the study included both parts of this nucleux as well as the striatum of young (P15) and adult (P70-90) mice of each strain, prepared for TH immunocytochemistry, and also for double labeling of TH and VGLUT2, according to the protocol previously used in rats. The results were surprising. At both ages, regardless of the genotype, the TH immunoreactive axon terminals of the three regions appeared comparable in size, vesicle content, percent with mitochondria, and exceeding low frequency of synaptic membrane specialization (5% of varicosities, on average). Thus, in mice, the regression of the dual phenotype might be even more precocious than in rats, unless the two proteins are segregated very early in different axon terminals of the same DA neurons. These data also strenghten the hypothesis of a diffuse (volume) transmission and of an ambient level of DA as determinant elements in the functioning of the meso-striatal DA system in mice as well as rats.