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Books on the topic 'Axonal conduction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 20 February 2023

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1

Axonal conduction time and human cerebral laterality: A psychobiological theory. Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996.

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2

Miller, Robert. Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality: A Psycological Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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3

Robert, Miller. Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality: A Psycological Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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4

Robert, Miller. Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality: A Psycological Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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5

Robert, Miller. Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality: A Psycological Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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6

Miller, Robert. Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality: A Psychobiological Theory. CRC, 1996.

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7

Kimura, Jun. Nerve conduction studies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the principles and practice of nerve conduction studies, which constitute an extension of the clinical history-taking and physical examination, rather than a separate laboratory test. Therefore, in order to take best advantage of the physiological assessment, we need to formulate a reasonable differential diagnosis based on their clinical examination. Nerve conduction studies will help clinicians by confirming the clinical diagnosis, characterizing the neuropathic process by documenting demyelination or axonal degeneration, which dictates the speed and manner of nerve imp
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8

Park, Susanna B., Cindy S.-Y. Lin, and Matthew C. Kiernan. Axonal excitability: molecular basis and assessment in the clinic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0009.

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Axonal excitability techniques were developed to assess axonal resting membrane potential and ion channel function in vivo, and thereby provide greater molecular understanding of the activity of voltage gated ion channels and ion pumps underlying nerve and membrane function. Axonal excitability studies provide complimentary information to conventional nerve conduction studies, using submaximal stimuli to examine the properties underlying the excitability of the axon. Such techniques have been developed both as a research technique to examine disease pathophysiology and as a clinical investigat
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9

Katirji, Bashar. Case 26. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0030.

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Peripheral polyneuropathy is a common clinical presentation, and most cases seen in clinical practice are axonal, dying-back, sensorimotor polyneuropathies. Axonal polyneuropathies should be distinguished from the acquired demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathies which are often immune-mediated and amenable to treatment. This case presents a typical patient with a dying-back sensorimotor axonal peripheral polyneuropathy and presents a practical approach to the etiologic diagnoses of peripheral neuropathy. It then highlights its distinguishing features on nerve conduction studies. A comparison
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10

Katirji, Bashar. Case 23. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0027.

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Guillain-Barré syndrome is the prototype of acute immune-mediated neuropathies. Guillain-Barré syndrome has several subtypes including acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute motor axonal neuropathy, and acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy. Guillain-Barré syndrome has also several variants including Miller Fisher syndrome, ataxic form, and pharyngeal–cervical–brachial form. This case highlights the clinical findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome and discusses in details the diagnostic criteria that are essential in confirming the diagnosis and excluding mimickers of the disorder.
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11

Shaibani, Aziz. Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0017.

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Muscle atrophy is usually caused by interruption of axonal flow (axonal neuropathies, motor neuron diseases, etc.). If weakness is out of proportion to atrophy, conduction block due to demyelinating neuropathy should be suspected. Chronic myopathies and immobility may also cause atrophy, but no EMG evidence of denervation or myopathy is respectively found. The pattern of atrophy is often helpful to localize the lesion. Atrophy of the interossi and preservation of the bulk of the thenar muscles suggest ulnar neuropathy, but atrophy of both would suggest a C8 or plexus pathology. Muscle enlargem
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12

Katirji, Bashar. Case 22. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0026.

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Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most common inherited neuropathy encountered in clinical practice. The disorder encompasses a large number of subtypes; most share common neurological manifestations. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is often subdivided into many subtypes based on pathophysiological or inheritance patterns. There are demyelinating and axonal types, as well as dominant, recessive, or X-linked forms. This case presents a typical patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and highlights the neurological findings. This is followed by emphasis on the findings seen on nerve conduction stu
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13

Katirji, Bashar. Electrodiagnostic Findings in Neuromuscular Disorders. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0004.

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Neuromuscular disorders are often classified into four major categories: anterior horn cell disorders, peripheral neuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders and myopathies. This chapter discusses the electrodiagnostic and clinical EMG findings in these various neuromuscular disorders. Peripheral neuropathies are subdivided into focal mononeuropathies, radiculopathies, plexopathies and generalized peripheral polyneuropathies. Focal peripheral nerve lesions and generalized peripheral polyneuropathies may be axonal or demyelinating, and manifest quite distinctly on nerve conduction studies. N
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14

Mills, Kerry R. Disorders of single nerves, roots, and plexuses. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0021.

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The role of electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies in disorders of single nerve, root, and plexus lesions are discussed. The motor and sensory anatomy underpinning diagnosis is described and a scheme presented showing the key muscles to be examined using EMG to differentiate nerve, plexus, and root lesions. The main causes of mononeuritis multiplex, of either axonal degeneration or demyelinative pathology, are covered, including diabetic neuropathy, vasculitic neuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy with block, and the Lewis–Sumner syndrome. The confirmatory role of EMG and nerve
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15

Katirji, Bashar. Case 18. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0022.

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Immune-mediated polyneuropathies are important to recognize since the majority of them are treatable. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is the prototype of the acquired chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies. It should be distinguished from other acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy such as those associated with monoclonal gammopathy, myeloproliferative disorder, and myelin-associated glycoprotein. This case presents a patient with a chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. The discussion includes the cl
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16

Donaghy, Michael. Polyneuropathy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0453.

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Typically polyneuropathy will cause the combination of distal limb muscle weakness, loss of tendon reflexes, and reduced distal limb sensation. There is variable involvement of the autonomic innervation, damage to which causes a dry, vasodilated foot or hand. Loss of tendon reflexes is a cardinal sign of polyneuropathy, often restricted to the ankle jerks in axonal degeneration, but involving more proximal reflexes in acquired demyelinating neuropathies which may involve more proximal segments or the nerve roots. Clinical features suggestive of demyelinating or conduction block polyneuropathy
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17

Pitt, Matthew. Nerve physiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0003.

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The chapter begins with a description of the normal findings in healthy sensory and motor nerves. The distribution of nerve fibres by diameter in the sensory nerve and its effect on the recorded action potential is outlined. The method by which velocity and compound muscle action potential are derived from motor stimulation follows. H-reflex studies and F-wave identification are described. A section on the strategies used for nerve conduction study in children and the nerves chosen for examination leads on to a description of the difficulties of deriving normative data in children. Next follow
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18

Mills, Kerry R., ed. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.001.0001.

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The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Neurophysiology provides a comprehensive account from world experts of the modern practice of the specialty. It deals with the full range of techniques giving the underpinning basic science and clinical use. The importance of clinical skills, as well as technical expertise are emphasized. Section I reviews the physiology of nerve, muscle, and cortex, and the digital techniques used to study them. Section II discusses the techniques for nerve conduction, electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography, evoked potentials, and transcran
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19

Compston, Alastair. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0871.

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The oligodendrocyte–myelin unit subserves saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse in the healthy central nervous system. At one time, many disease processes were thought exclusively to target the structure and function of myelin. Therefore, they were designated ‘demyelinating diseases’. But recent analyses, based mainly on pathological and imaging studies, (re)emphasize that axons are also directly involved in these disorders during both the acute and chronic phases. Another ambiguity is the extent to which these are inflammatory conditions. Here, distinctions should be made between inflamma
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20

Columb, Malachy O. Local anaesthetic agents. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0017.

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Local anaesthetic agents cause a pharmacologically induced reversible neuropathy characterized by axonal conduction blockade. They act by blocking the sodium ionophore and exhibit membrane stabilizing activity by inhibiting initiation and propagation of action potentials. They are weak bases consisting of three components: a lipophilic aromatic ring, a link, and a hydrophilic amine. The chemical link classifies them as esters or amides. Local anaesthetics diffuse through the axolemma as unionized free-base and block the ionophore in the quaternary ammonium ionized form. The speed of onset of b
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21

Franssen, Hessel. Generalized peripheral neuropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0020.

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The chapter on generalized peripheral neuropathies describes how to perform and interpret electrophysiological studies aimed at diagnosing polyneuropathy. It first reviews methodological issues, such as stimulation and recording, and takes into account temperature. Next, the relevant pathophysiology of single myelinated axons, as found in animal experiments, is discussed and related to findings on nerve conduction studies performed in patients. This is followed by a discussion of criteria for axon loss and demyelination. Finally, typical findings in specific neuropathies are described and exam
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22

Slimp, Jefferson C. Neurophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0003.

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Any discussion of the pathomechanisms and treatments of MS benefits from an understanding of the physiology of the neuronal membrane and the action potential. Neurons and glia, are important for signal propagation, synaptic function, and neural development. The neuronal cell membrane, maintains different ionic environments inside and outside the cell, separating charge across the membrane and facilitating electrical excitability. Ion channels allow flow of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions across the membrane at selected times. At rest, potassium ion efflux across the membrane establishes th
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23

Rösler, Kai M., and Michel R. Magistris. The size of motor-evoked potentials: influencing parameters and quantification. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0009.

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This article discusses parameters influencing the size of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in normal and pathological conditions, and the methods of meaningful quantification of the MEPs. MEPs are widely used to study the physiology of corticospinal conduction in healthy subjects and in patients with diseases of the central nervous system. The characteristics of MEP size are, stimulus intensity, coil positioning, and facilitation. MEPs show variability in size and shape from one stimulus to the next, even if the stimulus parameters are kept constant. This article describes the triple stimulation
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24

Mason, Peggy. Electrical Communication Within a Neuron. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0010.

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Postsynaptic potentials integrate across time and space within a single neuron. The influence of the length constant on spatial summation and of the time constant on temporal summation is described. Whereas passive properties give rise to graded potentials, the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) supports the all-or-none action potential. The action potential can be used to conduct information across long distances and is therefore used in the majority of neurons that have axons. How the inactivated state of VGSCs gives rise to the refractory period and dynamic polarization is described. The m
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25

Katirji, Bashar. Case 1. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0005.

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Peripheral nerve injuries are most prevalent in young adults and are sometimes overlooked by medical staff caring for trauma patients. They are classified based on damage to myelin or axon and degree of supporting structures injury. The diagnosis of these injuries is often aided by electrodiagnostic studies. The case illustrates a patient with peripheral nerve injury (more specifically, a common peroneal [fibular] nerve injury) and highlights the anatomy of peripheral nerve and classification of peripheral nerve injury. It emphasizes the role and challenges of electrodiagnostic studies, includ
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