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Journal articles on the topic 'Axonomy'

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1

V.N., Karimov, and Ali-zade V.M. "The Systematic Analysis Of Species Of The Nonea Medik Genus In Azerbaijan Flora." Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 71, no. 3 (2016): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8157074.

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A critical analysis of the species of Nonea Medik genus has been held, a systematic structure of the genus and a new key for its determination has been issued, a number of controversial issues related to the genus axonomy has been clarified in the article. A description of 11 species of Nonea Medik genus spread in our flora from the family Boraginaceae Juss. was stated in the voluminous work "Олора Азербайдкана" ("Flora of Azerbaijan" by Kadyrov 1957) and its 14 species in the work by Aydin Asgarov "The concept of Azerbaijan flora" that we improved this number up
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2

Li, Wenhui, Congzheng Li, Yanbin Yao, Keke Liu, and Xuqing Liao. "A new species of Lysiteles Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Thomisidae) from South China." Biodiversity Data Journal 10 (December 19, 2022): e95981. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e95981.

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<i>Lysiteles</i> Simon, 1895 is one of the largest taxa with small body size among the Thomisidae and is mainly distributed in East, South and Southeast Asia. Most of them are recorded from southern provinces of China, such as Jiangxi Province, including three species. However, all of them are only discovered from Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province. But there are still other species remaining unknown which need to be surveyed from other areas in this Province.One <i>Lysiteles</i> species was collected from Nanfengmian National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province. Base
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3

MacKinnon, Barbara M., and Michael D. B. Burt. "Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and the mature spermatozoon of Haplobothrium globuliforme Cooper, 1914 (Cestoda: Haplobothrioidea)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 6 (1985): 1478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-221.

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The process of spermatogenesis and the structure of the mature spermatozoon of Haplobothrium globuliforme Cooper, 1914 were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Spermatogonia have a low cytoplasmic to nuclear volume ratio, and contain numerous free ribosomes and few mitochondria. Quaternary spermatogonia have a rosette appearance with the eight nuclei surrounding a central cytoplasmic cytophore. Spermatocytes, the largest of the developing sperm cells, contain free ribosomes and several mitochondria with pronounced cristae. No synaptonemal complexes and few endoplasmic reticulum fo
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4

Zhang, Zhibing, Brian H. Jones, Waixing Tang, et al. "Dissecting the Axoneme Interactome." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 4, no. 7 (2005): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m400177-mcp200.

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5

Ishikawa, Takashi. "Axoneme Structure from Motile Cilia." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 9, no. 1 (2016): a028076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a028076.

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6

Nielsen, Mark G., F. Rudolf Turner, Jeffrey A. Hutchens та Elizabeth C. Raff. "Axoneme-specific β-tubulin specialization". Current Biology 11, № 7 (2001): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00150-6.

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7

Dave, Drashti, Dorota Wloga, Neeraj Sharma, and Jacek Gaertig. "DYF-1 Is Required for Assembly of the Axoneme in Tetrahymena thermophila." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 9 (2009): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00378-08.

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ABSTRACT In most cilia, the axoneme can be subdivided into three segments: proximal (the transition zone), middle (with outer doublet microtubules), and distal (with singlet extensions of outer doublet microtubules). How the functionally distinct segments of the axoneme are assembled and maintained is not well understood. DYF-1 is a highly conserved ciliary protein containing tetratricopeptide repeats. In Caenorhabditis elegans, DYF-1 is specifically needed for assembly of the distal segment (G. Ou, O. E. Blacque, J. J. Snow, M. R. Leroux, and J. M. Scholey. Nature. 436:583-587, 2005). We show
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8

Maga, J. A., T. Sherwin, S. Francis, K. Gull, and J. H. LeBowitz. "Genetic dissection of the Leishmania paraflagellar rod, a unique flagellar cytoskeleton structure." Journal of Cell Science 112, no. 16 (1999): 2753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.112.16.2753.

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The paraflagellar rod (PFR) is a unique network of cytoskeletal filaments that lies alongside the axoneme in the flagella of most trypanosomatids. While little is known about how two major Leishmania mexicana PFR protein components, PFR1 and PFR2, assemble into this complex structure, previous analysis of PFR2 null mutants demonstrated that the PFR is essential for proper cell motility. The structural roles of PFR1 and PFR2 are now examined through comparison of PFR2 null mutants with new PFR1 null mutant and PFR1/PFR2 double null mutant parasites. Both PFR1 and PFR2 were essential for PFR for
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9

Gagnon, C. "Regulation of sperm motility at the axonemal level." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 4 (1995): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950847.

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With very few exceptions, the basic structure of the 9+2 axoneme has been well preserved over a very long period of evolution from protozoa to mammais. This stability indicates that the basic structural components of the axoneme visible by electron microscopy, as well as most of the other unidentified components, have withstood the passage of time. It also means that components of the 9+2 axoneme have sufficient diversity in function to accommodate the various types of motility patterns encountered in different species of flagella. Several of the 200 polypeptides that constitute the axoneme ha
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10

Dallai, Romano, Björn A. Afzelius, and Wojciech Witalinski. "The axoneme of the spider spermatozoon." Bolletino di zoologia 62, no. 4 (1995): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250009509356085.

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11

Wilson, G. R., H. X. Wang, G. F. Egan, M. B. Delatycki, M. K. O.'Bryan, and P. J. Lockhart. "219. Parkin co-regulated gene (Pacrg) is an axonemal protein involved in sperm tail and ependymal cell function and is a candidate primary ciliary dyskinesia gene." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 9 (2008): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb08abs219.

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A leading cause of male infertility is genetic variation in genes required for sperm formation or function. Considerable evidence suggests PACRG is involved in spermiogeneis. The loss of Pacrg function causes infertility in mice (Lorenzetti et al. 2004) and we have shown an association between variability in the 5′ untranslated region of PACRG and human male infertility (Wilson et al. in preparation). Evidence from studies in C.reinhardtii and T.brucei indicate Pacrg is crucial for axonome formation and microtubule stability. To assess this possibility in mammals, we generated and characterise
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12

Ho, Khang L. "Intraspinal Bronchogenic Cyst: Ultrastructural Study of Abnormal Cilia." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 656–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029354.

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Intraspinal cyst formed of tissue proper to the tracheobronchial tract has been referred to as bronchogenic cyst. Six cell types of the cyst epithelium have been identified, i.e., ciliated cells, non-ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, Kulchitsky's cells and undifferentiated cells. This report described the detailed morphological alterations of cilia of the lining epithelium of three cases of intraspinal bronchogenic cyst and compared the findings with the ciliary abnormalities of the tracheobronchial epithelium.Ultrastructural abnormalities of cilia of the intraspinal bronchogenic cyst
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13

Woolley, D. M., and H. H. Bozkurt. "The distal sperm flagellum: its potential for motility after separation from the basal structures." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 7 (1995): 1469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.7.1469.

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The distal region of the sperm flagellum of Gallus domesticus has been separated and purified. It consists of a 9+2 axoneme, without basal or accessory structures. Such distal segments have been demembranated and then reactivated, either by adding ATP or by releasing ATP photolytically from caged ATP: we find that they are capable of a period of independent motility. Bends form repetitively and travel towards the tip, though it is an abnormal, irregular pattern of beating. It is argued that this motility is not dependent on damage to the flagellum at the fracture site. Evidence is presented th
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14

GOLINSKA, KRYSTYNA. "Temperature-induced modifications in size and pattern of microtubular organelles in a ciliate, Dileptus." Journal of Cell Science 87, no. 2 (1987): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.87.2.349.

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Supernumerary microtubules were found in the so-called sensory cilia, in addition to a sensory axoneme. The supernumerary microtubules were not structurally connected to a basal body, but were probably anchored to clusters of dense material inside the ciliary shaft. The frequency of appearance of the supernumerary microtubules was found to be temperature-dependent: the higher the temperature during formation of sensory cilia, the greater was the number of supernumerary microtubules in cross-sections, and the more cross-sections contained them. The possibility is discussed that the formation of
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15

Demonchy, Raphaël, Thierry Blisnick, Caroline Deprez, et al. "Kinesin 9 family members perform separate functions in the trypanosome flagellum." Journal of Cell Biology 187, no. 5 (2009): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200903139.

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Numerous eukaryote genome projects have uncovered a variety of kinesins of unknown function. The kinesin 9 family is limited to flagellated species. Our phylogenetic experiments revealed two subfamilies: KIF9A (including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii KLP1) and KIF9B (including human KIF6). The function of KIF9A and KIF9B was investigated in the protist Trypanosoma brucei that possesses a single motile flagellum. KIF9A and KIF9B are strongly associated with the cytoskeleton and are required for motility. KIF9A is localized exclusively in the axoneme, and its depletion leads to altered motility with
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16

Bâ, Cheikh Tidiane, and Bernard Marchand. "Comparative ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Inermicapsifer guineensis and Inermicapsifer madagascariensis (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae, Inermicapsiferinae), intestinal parasites of rodents in Senegal." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 9 (1994): 1633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-217.

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Spermatozoa of Inermicapsifer guineensis and Inermicapsifer madagascariensis are filiform and tapered at both extremities. The anterior extremity exhibits an apical cone of electron-dense material and two helical ridges. The axoneme, of the 9 + "1" pattern, is surrounded over part of its length by a sheath of electron-dense material. At the posterior extremity the cytoplasm contains electron-dense material. In regions III and IV of the spermatozoa the cytoplasm is subdivided into compartments of electron-lucent material limited by irregularly spaced walls of electron-dense material. The sperm
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17

Giménez, Juliana. "Spermatogenesis and sperm morphology in Trophon geversianus (Gastropoda: Muricidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 7 (2013): 1881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000581.

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The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis, the euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa, is investigated in Trophon geversianus. Spermatogenesis follows the general developmental pattern of caenogastropods. Paraspermatid development is characterized by elongation of the cell, concurrent with the appearance of a cytoplasmic elongation at the apex of the cell and the breakdown of the nucleus into small round fragments (caryomerites). Euspermatozoa consist of: a tall, conical acrosomal vesicle (with a invagination); a rod-shaped, highly electron-dense nucleus with an internal axoneme; an elongate midpiece c
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18

MUNAKATA, Shingo, Toshihiro OMORI, and Takuji ISHIKAWA. "Development of mechanical model for nodal cilia axoneme." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2019.32 (2019): 1G33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2019.32.1g33.

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19

Kurtulmus, Bahtiyar, Cheng Yuan, Jakob Schuy, et al. "LRRC45 contributes to early steps of axoneme extension." Journal of Cell Science 131, no. 18 (2018): jcs223594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.223594.

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20

Afzelius, Bjorn A., Pier Luigi Bellon, Romano Dallai, and Salvatore Lanzavecchia. "The sperm tail axoneme studied at high magnification." Bolletino di zoologia 60, no. 4 (1993): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250009309355850.

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21

Kierszenbaum, Abraham L. "Sperm axoneme: A tale of tubulin posttranslation diversity." Molecular Reproduction and Development 62, no. 1 (2002): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.10139.

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22

Popodi, Ellen M., Henry D. Hoyle, F. Rudolf Turner, Ke Xu, Spencer Kruse та Elizabeth C. Raff. "Axoneme specialization embedded in a “Generalist” β-tubulin". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 65, № 3 (2008): 216–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.20256.

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23

Venard, Claire M., Krishna Kumar Vasudevan, and Tim Stearns. "Cilium axoneme internalization and degradation in chytrid fungi." Cytoskeleton 77, no. 10 (2020): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.21637.

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24

Bruňanská, M., H. P. Fagerholm, J. Nebesářová, and B. Kostič. "Ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoon of Eubothrium rugosum (Batsch, 1786) with a re-assessment of the spermatozoon ultrastructure of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779) (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea)." Helminthologia 47, no. 4 (2010): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-010-0040-9.

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AbstractThe ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoon of the bothriocephalidean tapeworm Eubothrium rugosum, a parasite of the burbot, Lota lota (L.), was studied by transmission electron microscopy for the first time. In addition, spermatozoon ultrastructure of Eubothrium crassum has been re-assessed. New is the finding, that the mature spermatozoa of both species of the genus Eubothrium exhibit essentially the same general morphology. They are filiform cells tapering at both extremities, and they possess the two axonemes with 9+“1” pattern of Trepaxonemata, attachment zones, a nucleus, corti
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Castaneda, Julio M., Rong Hua, Haruhiko Miyata, et al. "TCTE1 is a conserved component of the dynein regulatory complex and is required for motility and metabolism in mouse spermatozoa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 27 (2017): E5370—E5378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621279114.

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Flagella and cilia are critical cellular organelles that provide a means for cells to sense and progress through their environment. The central component of flagella and cilia is the axoneme, which comprises the “9+2” microtubule arrangement, dynein arms, radial spokes, and the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC). Failure to properly assemble components of the axoneme leads to defective flagella and in humans leads to a collection of diseases referred to as ciliopathies. Ciliopathies can manifest as severe syndromic diseases that affect lung and kidney function, central nervous system deve
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Raheel, Ahmad, Kleineberg Christin, Nasirimarekani Vahid, et al. "Light-Powered Reactivation of Flagella and Contraction of Microtubule Networks: Toward Building an Artificial Cell." ACS Synthetic Biology 10, no. 6 (2021): 1490–504. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.1c00071.

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27

Wyatt, Todd A., Mary A. Forgèt, Jennifer M. Adams, and Joseph H. Sisson. "Both cAMP and cGMP are required for maximal ciliary beat stimulation in a cell-free model of bovine ciliary axonemes." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 288, no. 3 (2005): L546—L551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00107.2004.

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Previously, we have shown that the ATPase-dependent motion of cilia in bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBEC) can be regulated through the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP via the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cGMP via the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Both cyclic nucleotides cause an increase in cilia beat frequency (CBF). We hypothesized that cAMP and cGMP may act directly at the level of the ciliary axoneme in BBEC. To examine this, we employed a novel cell-free system utilizing detergent-extracted axonemes. Axoneme movement was whole-field analyzed digitally with the Sisson-Ammo
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He, Xiuqing, Wenyu Mu, Ziqi Wang, et al. "Deficiency of the Tmem232 Gene Causes Male Infertility with Morphological Abnormalities of the Sperm Flagellum in Mice." Cells 12, no. 12 (2023): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12121614.

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The axoneme and accessory structures of flagella are critical for sperm motility and male fertilization. Sperm production needs precise and highly ordered gene expression to initiate and sustain the many cellular processes that result in mature spermatozoa. Here, we identified a testis enriched gene transmembrane protein 232 (Tmem232), which is essential for the structural integrity of the spermatozoa flagella axoneme. Tmem232 knockout mice were generated for in vivo analyses of its functions in spermatogenesis. Phenotypic analysis showed that deletion of Tmem232 in mice causes male-specific i
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Bloodgood, Robert A. "The future of ciliary and flagellar membrane research." Molecular Biology of the Cell 23, no. 13 (2012): 2407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e12-01-0073.

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There has been a dramatic shift of attention from the ciliary axoneme to the ciliary membrane, much of this driven by the appreciation that cilia play a widespread role in sensory reception and cellular signaling. This Perspective focuses attention on some of the poorly understood aspects of ciliary membranes, including the establishment of ciliary and periciliary membrane domains, the trafficking of membrane components into and out of these membrane domains, the nonuniform distribution of ciliary membrane components, the regulation of membrane morphogenesis, functional collaboration between t
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JARVIK, JONATHAN W., and JOSEPH P. SUHAN. "The role of the flagellar transition region: inferences from the analysis of a Chlamydomonas mutant with defective transition region structures." Journal of Cell Science 99, no. 4 (1991): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.99.4.731.

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Thin-section electron microscopy of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant vfl-2 revealed striking defects in the transition region between basal body and flagellum. In place of the highly organized transition cylinders and stellate fibers characteristic of wild type, variable quantities of poorly organized electron-dense material were present. In many cases the transition region was penetrated by central pair microtubules that passed from the axoneme into the basal body. On the basis of these observations we propose that an important function of the structures present in the normal transition r
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31

Ishikawa, Hiroaki, Jie L. Tian, Jefer E. Yu, Wallace F. Marshall, and Hongmin Qin. "Biosynthesis of Linear Protein Nanoarrays Using the Flagellar Axoneme." ACS Synthetic Biology 11, no. 4 (2022): 1454–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.1c00439.

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32

Zhao, Lei, Yuqing Hou, Tyler Picariello, Branch Craige, and George B. Witman. "Proteome of the central apparatus of a ciliary axoneme." Journal of Cell Biology 218, no. 6 (2019): 2051–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201902017.

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Nearly all motile cilia have a “9+2” axoneme containing a central apparatus (CA), consisting of two central microtubules with projections, that is essential for motility. To date, only 22 proteins are known to be CA components. To identify new candidate CA proteins, we used mass spectrometry to compare axonemes of wild-type Chlamydomonas and a CA-less mutant. We identified 44 novel candidate CA proteins, of which 13 are conserved in humans. Five of the latter were studied more closely, and all five localized to the CA; therefore, most of the other candidates are likely to also be CA components
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Couillard, Pierre, and S. Simard. "A passively-driven mechanical model of the ciliary axoneme." Journal of Biological Education 24, no. 3 (1990): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1990.9655136.

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34

Raff, Elizabeth C., Jeffrey A. Hutchens, Henry D. Hoyle, Mark G. Nielsen та F. Rudolf Turner. "Conserved axoneme symmetry altered by a component β-tubulin". Current Biology 10, № 21 (2000): 1391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00784-3.

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Gamper, Ivonne, David Fleck, Meltem Barlin та ін. "GAR22β regulates cell migration, sperm motility, and axoneme structure". Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, № 2 (2016): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0426.

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Spatiotemporal cytoskeleton remodeling is pivotal for cell adhesion and migration. Here we investigated the function of Gas2-related protein on chromosome 22 (GAR22β), a poorly characterized protein that interacts with actin and microtubules. Primary and immortalized GAR22β−/− Sertoli cells moved faster than wild-type cells. In addition, GAR22β−/− cells showed a more prominent focal adhesion turnover. GAR22β overexpression or its reexpression in GAR22β−/− cells reduced cell motility and focal adhesion turnover. GAR22β–actin interaction was stronger than GAR22β–microtubule interaction, resultin
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BACCETTI, B., A. G. BURRINI, and V. PALLINI. "Spermatozoa and Cilia Lacking Axoneme in an Infertile Man*." Andrologia 12, no. 6 (2009): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.1980.tb01344.x.

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Lu, Mingming, Toshihiro Omori, Yohsuke Imai, and Takuji Ishikawa. "Development for Computational Model of Axoneme of Nodal Cilia." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2017.52 (2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2017.52.185.

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Grossman-Haham, Iris. "Towards an atomic model of a beating ciliary axoneme." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 78 (February 2023): 102516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102516.

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Zortéa', Marlon, and Valdir Antônio Taddei. "axonomic Status of Tadarida espiritosantensls Ruscbi91951 (Chíropterar Molos idae)." BOL. Mus. Biol. Mello Leitao (N. Ser) 2:15-21 2 (June 7, 1995): 15–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14822336.

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Zhang, Zhibing, Ruth Jaimez, Xuening Shen, et al. "Autoregulation of SPAG16 Expression, a Single Gene Encoding an Axoneme Structural Protein and a Transcription Factor that Activates the Axoneme Protein Promoter." Biology of Reproduction 78, Suppl_1 (2008): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/78.s1.297a.

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Schouteden, Clementine, Daniel Serwas, Mate Palfy, and Alexander Dammermann. "The ciliary transition zone functions in cell adhesion but is dispensable for axoneme assembly in C. elegans." Journal of Cell Biology 210, no. 1 (2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201501013.

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Cilia are cellular projections that perform sensory and motile functions. A key ciliary subdomain is the transition zone, which lies between basal body and axoneme. Previous work in Caenorhabditis elegans identified two ciliopathy-associated protein complexes or modules that direct assembly of transition zone Y-links. Here, we identify C. elegans CEP290 as a component of a third module required to form an inner scaffolding structure called the central cylinder. Co-inhibition of all three modules completely disrupted transition zone structure. Surprisingly, axoneme assembly was only mildly pert
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Mirvis, Mary, Tim Stearns, and W. James Nelson. "Cilium structure, assembly, and disassembly regulated by the cytoskeleton." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 14 (2018): 2329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20170453.

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The cilium, once considered a vestigial structure, is a conserved, microtubule-based organelle critical for transducing extracellular chemical and mechanical signals that control cell polarity, differentiation, and proliferation. The cilium undergoes cycles of assembly and disassembly that are controlled by complex inter-relationships with the cytoskeleton. Microtubules form the core of the cilium, the axoneme, and are regulated by post-translational modifications, associated proteins, and microtubule dynamics. Although actin and septin cytoskeletons are not major components of the axoneme, th
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Khayat, S. Sh, E. E. Bragina, L. F. Kurilo, et al. "Spermatology defects in patients with male infertility associated with fibrous sheath dysplasia of the sperm flagellum." Andrology and Genital Surgery 25, no. 4 (2024): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.62968/2070-9781-2024-25-4-77-84.

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Dysplasia of the fibrous sheath (DFS) is a specific structural abnormality of sperm, which is characterized by disorganization of the transverse ribs and vertical columns of the fibrous membrane and leads to impaired motility and morphology of sperm, impaired male fertility. The purpose of this work was a comprehensive spermiological study of patients with infertility associated with DFS. Material and methods. Twenty-six unrelated patients with male infertility were examined, in whom, according to the results of transmission electron microscopy of spermatozoa (TEM), a high content of gametes w
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Shirakawa, I., K. Oiwa, S. Chaen, T. Shimizu, H. Tanaka, and H. Sugi. "The mode of ATP-dependent microtubule-kinesin sliding in the auxotonic condition." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 8 (1995): 1809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.8.1809.

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Kinesin is a motor protein that converts chemical energy derived from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work to transport cellular components along microtubules. We studied the properties of ATP-dependent microtubule-kinesin sliding with two different in vitro assay systems. In one assay system, a kinesin-coated glass microneedle (elastic coefficient, 1-2.5 pN microns -1) was made to slide along an axoneme. Using this system, we obtained the relationship between the force (= load) on the microneedle and the velocity of microneedle-kinesin sliding in the auxotonic condition, in which the load on t
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45

Li, Sam, Jose-Jesus Fernandez, Amy S. Fabritius, David A. Agard, and Mark Winey. "Electron cryo-tomography structure of axonemal doublet microtubule from Tetrahymena thermophila." Life Science Alliance 5, no. 3 (2021): e202101225. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101225.

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Doublet microtubules (DMTs) provide a scaffold for axoneme assembly in motile cilia. Aside from α/β tubulins, the DMT comprises a large number of non-tubulin proteins in the luminal wall of DMTs, collectively named the microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We used cryoET to study axoneme DMT isolated from Tetrahymena. We present the structures of DMT at nanometer and sub-nanometer resolution. The structures confirm that MIP RIB72A/B binds to the luminal wall of DMT by multiple DM10 domains. We found FAP115, an MIP-containing multiple EF-hand domains, located at the interface of four-tubulin dimer
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46

Zhang, Zhibing, Rossana Sapiro, David Kapfhamer, et al. "A Sperm-Associated WD Repeat Protein Orthologous to Chlamydomonas PF20 Associates with Spag6, the Mammalian Orthologue of Chlamydomonas PF16." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 22 (2002): 7993–8004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.22.7993-8004.2002.

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ABSTRACT cDNAs were cloned for the murine and human orthologues of Chlamydomonas PF20, a component of the alga axoneme central apparatus that is required for flagellar motility. The mammalian genes encode transcripts of 1.4 and 2.5 kb that are highly expressed in testis. The two transcripts appear to arise from alternative transcription start sites. The murine Pf20 gene was mapped to chromosome 1, syntenic with the location of the human gene on chromosome 2. An antibody generated against an N-terminal sequence of mouse Pf20 recognized a 71-kDa protein in sperm and testis extracts. Immunocytoch
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Gaillard, Anne Roush, Dennis R. Diener, Joel L. Rosenbaum, and Winfield S. Sale. "Flagellar Radial Spoke Protein 3 Is an a-Kinase Anchoring Protein (Akap)." Journal of Cell Biology 153, no. 2 (2001): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.153.2.443.

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Previous physiological and pharmacological experiments have demonstrated that the Chlamydomonas flagellar axoneme contains a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) that regulates axonemal motility and dynein activity. However, the mechanism for anchoring PKA in the axoneme is unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that the axoneme contains an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP). By performing RII blot overlays on motility mutants defective for specific axonemal structures, two axonemal AKAPs have been identified: a 240-kD AKAP associated with the central pair apparatus, and a 97-kD AKAP located in th
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48

Bower, Raqual, Douglas Tritschler, Kristyn VanderWaal, et al. "The N-DRC forms a conserved biochemical complex that maintains outer doublet alignment and limits microtubule sliding in motile axonemes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 24, no. 8 (2013): 1134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e12-11-0801.

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The nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) is proposed to coordinate dynein arm activity and interconnect doublet microtubules. Here we identify a conserved region in DRC4 critical for assembly of the N-DRC into the axoneme. At least 10 subunits associate with DRC4 to form a discrete complex distinct from other axonemal substructures. Transformation of drc4 mutants with epitope-tagged DRC4 rescues the motility defects and restores assembly of missing DRC subunits and associated inner-arm dyneins. Four new DRC subunits contain calcium-signaling motifs and/or AAA domains and are nearly ubiquito
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Yanagisawa, Haru-aki, Garrison Mathis, Toshiyuki Oda, et al. "FAP20 is an inner junction protein of doublet microtubules essential for both the planar asymmetrical waveform and stability of flagella in Chlamydomonas." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 9 (2014): 1472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0464.

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The axoneme—the conserved core of eukaryotic cilia and flagella—contains highly specialized doublet microtubules (DMTs). A long-standing question is what protein(s) compose the junctions between two tubules in DMT. Here we identify a highly conserved flagellar-associated protein (FAP), FAP20, as an inner junction (IJ) component. The flagella of Chlamydomonas FAP20 mutants have normal length but beat with an abnormal symmetrical three-dimensional pattern. In addition, the mutant axonemes are liable to disintegrate during beating, implying that interdoublet connections may be weakened. Conventio
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Fackenthal, J. D., J. A. Hutchens, F. R. Turner, and E. C. Raff. "Structural analysis of mutations in the Drosophila beta 2-tubulin isoform reveals regions in the beta-tubulin molecular required for general and for tissue-specific microtubule functions." Genetics 139, no. 1 (1995): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.1.267.

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Abstract We have determined the lesions in a number of mutant alleles of beta Tub85D, the gene that encodes the testis-specific beta 2-tubulin isoform in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutations responsible for different classes of functional phenotypes are distributed throughout the beta 2-tubulin molecule. There is a telling correlation between the degree of phylogenetic conservation of the altered residues and the number of different microtubule categories disrupted by the lesions. The majority of lesions occur at positions that are evolutionarily highly conserved in all beta-tubulins; these lesi
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