Academic literature on the topic 'Azaperone. eng'

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of azaperone administered to sows at the end of farrowing over the health and zootechnical parameters of progenies in the maternity and nursery phases. The experiment was conducted with 120 females, with 1st, 3rd and 5th parities, and 1,564 born alive piglets. The females of the group treated with azaperone (TG n = 60) and control group (CG, n = 60) received a deep intramuscular injection, immediately after the placenta elimination, of 8 mL azaperone (320 mg) and 8 mL of sterile saline solution, respectively. During the maternity phase (? 21 days old) the percentage of piglets with diarrhea of CG (2.58%) was significantly different (P ? 0.01) compared to the GT (0.75%). At the maternity phase there were no significant differences between the treatments to the mortality rate, total and piglets weight with <1 kg, transfers, crushed, medicated, arthritis and starvation. In the nursery phase, there weren’t also significant differences between the treatments. The administration of azaperone had a positive effect over the diarrhea control of piglets until the weaned.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate practical methods to reduce fighting among unacquainted pigs after regrouping. One hundred and forty-four gilts of 95–120 kg body weight were assigned to groups of four previously unacquainted gilts and housed in slatted pens of 9.71 m2 floor area for 4 d. At grouping, the animals were assigned to one of the following six treatments: (1) Control. (2) Gilts were washed and Vicks was applied to their nostrils. (3) A boar of 150 kg body weight was housed with the gilts for 2 d after grouping. (4) 2.2 mg kg−1 of Azaperone (Stresnil) was injected intramuscularly 20 min prior to grouping. (5) The pen was equipped with partitions over the feed trough and one partition in the back. (6) Gilts were not fed that morning and were floor fed at grouping. Gilts were weighed and scored for body lesions at the beginning and end of the trial, and were monitored by video recording for 3 d after grouping. The dependent variables were body weights, lesion scores, and time spent standing and walking, resting, or fighting. Weights and variation in weights did not differ between treatments. Partitions in the pen increased lesion scores for front and cheeks of gilts as compared to control gilts. Boar and Azaperone treatments increased time spent standing and walking, Vicks and partitions reduced these activities. Most fighting took place within the first 2 h after grouping. There was no treatment effect on total amount of fighting, but Azaperone changed the temporal pattern of fighting. Since the amount and intensity of fighting were not influenced by treatment, it is concluded that further research efforts should be directed towards the effect that excitement levels at grouping have on fighting and towards devising methods to minimize the damage resulting from fighting. Key words: Swine, behavior, aggression, fighting, mixing

Doppler ultrasound was performed under moderate sedation (ketamine and azaperone) for 30 min to monitor umbilical arterial (UA) blood flow in one uterine horn of Large White × Landrace gilts (n = 23) at Gestational Days (GD) 30, 45, 60 and 90. Gilts were scanned before they were killed to examine relationships between litter size, sex ratio and five UA parameters (peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), A/B (PSV to EDV) ratio, fetal heart rate (FHR) and resistance index (RI)). In gilts in which scans were obtained from all fetuses in the scanned horn, relationships between UA parameters, and fetal weight and sex were examined. A subset of gilts were sedated, scanned and recovered (SSR) earlier in gestation (GD30 or GD45) to assess the effects of sedation on later fetal development by comparison with control litters (no previous sedation). Temporal changes were observed in all UA parameters (P ≤ 0.001). At GD60 and GD90, FHR decreased with increasing duration of sedation (P ≤ 0.001). Sex ratio and fetal weight affected UA blood flow, whereas litter size and fetal sex did not. SSR at GD30 and GD45 was associated with decreased fetal weight at GD60 (P ≤ 0.001) and GD90 (P = 0.06) respectively, compared with controls. These results suggest maternal sedation during gestation affects fetal development, which should be investigated further. Measuring UA blood flow in growth-restricted porcine fetuses throughout gestation may be feasible.

The aim of this study was to obtain ventilation and haemodynamic data of healthy piglets under general anaesthesia for future patho-physiological experimental studies. A total of 34 domestic piglets of the Czech Black Pied (Přeštice) breed were used in the study. The animals (male to female ratio 8 : 9) were six weeks old and their average body mass was 22 kg. A general anaesthetic (fentanyl and azaperon) was introduced via a pulmonary artery catheter and the spontaneously breathing animals were monitored for 60 min. Cardiac output and haemodynamic indicators were established using intermittent pulmonary artery thermodilution. Blood gas data were deduced using fan dynamic parameters of ventilation and ventilation indices. The study yielded reliable data of dynamic lung indicators (p < 0.05); e.g. the tidal volume 6.00 ± 0.82 ml/kg, hypoxemic index 350.47 ± 42.50 mmHg, lung compliance 0.63 ± 0.12 ml/cmH2O/kg, and haemodynamic indicators (p < 0.01) such as cardiac output 2.12 ± 0.75 l/min, pulmonary vascular resistance 3.92 ± 0.52 and systemic vascular resistance 15.8 ± 6.81 Woods units. Reliable data regarding lung dynamics, cardiac output, preload and afterload of both heart ventricles in spontaneously breathing healthy piglets under general anaesthesia were achieved.

Background 4-Chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC) induces marked contractures in skeletal muscle specimens from individuals susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MHS). In contrast, 4-CmC induces only small contractures in specimens from normal (MHN) patients. 4-CmC is a preservative within a large number of commercially available drug-preparations (e.g., insulin, heparin, succinylcholine), and it has been suggested that 4-CmC might trigger malignant hyperthermia. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 4-CmC in vivo and in vitro in the same animals. Methods After approval of the animal care committee, six Pietrain MHS and six control (MHN) swine were anesthetized with azaperone 4 mg/kg intramuscularly and metomidate 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally. After endotracheal intubation, lungs were mechanically ventilated (inspired oxygen fraction 0.3) and anesthesia was maintained with etomidate 2.5 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) and fentanyl 50 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1). Animals were surgically prepared with arterial and central venous catheters for measurement of hemodynamic parameters and to obtain blood samples. Before exposure to 4-CmC in vivo, muscle specimens were excised for in vitro contracture tests with 4-CmC in concentrations of 75 and 200 microM. Subsequently, pigs were exposed to cumulative administration of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg/kg 4-CmC intravenously. If an unequivocal episode of malignant hyperthermia occurred, as indicated by venous carbon dioxide concentration &gt; or = 70 mmHg, pH &lt; or = 7.25, and an increase of temperature &gt; or = 2 degrees C, the animals were treated with dantrolene, 3.5 mg/kg. Results All MHS swine developed malignant hyperthermia after administration of 4-CmC in doses of 12 or 24 mg/kg. Venous carbon dioxide concentration significantly increased and pH significantly decreased. Temperature increased in all MHS animals more than 2 degrees C. Blood lactate concentrations and creatine kinase levels were significantly elevated. All MHS swine were treated successfully with dantrolene. In contrast, no MHN swine developed signs of malignant hyperthermia. After receiving 4-CmC in a concentration of 48 mg/kg, however, all MHN animals died by ventricular fibrillation. The in vitro experiments showed that both concentrations of 4-CmC produced significantly greater contractures in MHS than in MHN specimens. Conclusions 4-CmC is in vivo a trigger of malignant hyperthermia in swine. However, the 4-CmC doses required for induction of malignant hyperthermia were between 12 and 24 mg/kg, which is about 150-fold higher than the 4-CmC concentrations within clinically used preparations.

In vivo-derived embryos at a defined stage of development are often a necessary requirement for ongoing biotechnological applications. Because double fixed-time insemination after ovulation induction is commonly used in pigs to produce embryos, variations in the time of ovulation and fertilization of the ovulated oocytes by spermatozoa mainly of 1 of the 2 inseminations can cause, however, diversities in embryo development. To moderate embryo diversity and to realize a uniform outcome of porcine embryo stages, single laparoscopic fixed-time insemination can be used to minimize embryo diversity. The potential of laparoscopic intrauterine insemination (LIUI) has been demonstrated in sperm-mediated gene transfer (Fantinati et al. 2005) and evaluation of sperm migration (Brüssow et al. 2006, 2011). The aim of the present study was to analyze the development and possible diversity of embryos after LIUI. Forty-eight puberal German Landrace gilts were included in the study. Estrus of gilts was synchronized by 15-day Regu-Mate® (Intervet, Millsboro, DE, USA) feeding and follicle development was stimulated with 850 IU of eCG 24 h after Regu-Mate® treatment. Ovulation was induced by 500 IU of hCG 80 h after eCG treatment. The LIUI was performed 31 h after hCG treatment. To that, ketamine/azaperone-anaesthetized gilts were fixed in a dorsal position, a pneumoperitoneum was produced and 3 trocar cannulas were inserted into the abdomen for optics and instruments. Laparoscopic handling was observed on a television monitor. Each uterine horn was carefully fixed with an atraumatic forceps 10 to 15 cm caudal from the utero-tubal junction and the uterine wall was punctured with a 2.5-mm diameter trocar. A 2.2-mm catheter connected to a syringe was inserted about 3 cm into the uterine lumen and 20 mL of extended, fresh boar semen (32.2 × 106 sperm cells mL–1; 65% motility) was deposited in the lumen. Embryos were surgically flushed from the genital tract on Day 2 and 3, respectively. Altogether, 778 oocytes were recovered (recovery rate 68 ± 17%); 45 of 48 gilts (93.8%) revealed fertilization and 76.1% of the recovered embryos (n = 592) were at the 2- and 4-cell stage. On Day 2 (n = 22 gilts), a higher percentage of gilts displayed only 2-cell embryos compared with both 2- and 4-cell, and only 4-cell embryos (72.2 v. 22.7 and 4.6%, P < 0.05; chi-square test). On Day 3 (n = 23 gilts), there was a shift regarding the embryo stage. The proportion of gilts with 2-cell, 2- and 4-cell, and only 4-cell embryos was 4.3, 0, and 95.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). Results of the present study demonstrate high rates of fertilization and of non-diverse developed embryos after single fixed-time LIUI in gilts. Additionally, these results were achieved after inseminating a 75% lower number of sperm cells per insemination dose. Laparoscopic intrauterine insemination can be suggested as an alternative for insemination of sex-sorted semen where the number of available sperm cells after the sorting procedure is restricted.

Anaesthesia of 2 five-year-old femaleAfrican elephants (Loxodonta africana) was required for dental surgery. The animals were each premedicated with 120 mg of azaperone 60 min before transportation to the hospital. Before offloading, 1 mg etorphine was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) to each elephant to facilitate walking them to the equine induction / recovery room. For induction, 2 mg etorphine was administered i.m. to each animal. Induction was complete within 6 min. Surgical anaesthesia was induced with halothane-in-oxygen after intubation of the trunk. During surgery the mean heart rate was 61 and 45 beats / min respectively. Systolic blood pressures increased to 27.5 and 25.6 kPa respectively, and were treated with intravenous azaperone. Blood pressure decreased thereafter to a mean systolic pressure of 18.1 and 19.8 kPa, respectively. Rectal temperature was 35.6 and 33.9 oC at the onset of surgery, and decreased to 35.3 and 33.5 oC, respectively, at the end of anaesthesia. Etorphine anaesthesia was reversed with 5mg diprenorphine at the completion of 90 min of surgery.

Hypoxaemia is a common complication in anaesthetised or immobilised elephants. It is presumably because of hypoventilation and ventilation-perfusion mismatch. To prevent hypoxaemia, orotracheal intubation and positive pressure ventilation are recommended. This case report describes a hypoxaemic period despite positive pressure ventilation in a 46-year-old female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) anaesthetised with azaperone-etorphine, medetomidine and an etorphine constant rate infusion in lateral recumbency for a dental procedure. The hypoxaemia was corrected utilising positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm – 10 cm H2O, a technique that has not previously been reported in the management of anaesthetised elephants. PEEP decreases atelectasis, shunt fraction, and increases lung compliance. Positive end-expiratory pressure was achieved by partial occlusion of the tailpiece of a manually triggered demand valve ventilator during expiration. This is a simple effective method of generating PEEP and correcting hypoxaemia without the need for any additional specialised equipment. However, PEEP decreased arterial blood pressure and should be implemented with caution if arterial blood pressure is not monitored.

Orientador: José Antonio Marques
Banca: Jorge Luiz de Oliveira Costa
Banca: Carlos Augusto Araujo Valadão
Resumo: Foram utilizados 20 suínos machos ou fêmeas, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2). Empregouse como medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) azaperona 1,0 mg/kg e midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, administrados por via intramuscular, nos animais de ambos os grupos. Decorridos 15 minutos da aplicação da MPA, aos animais dos grupos 1 e 2, procedeuse a indução anestésica com propofol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, via intravenosa, mantendo-se por infusão contínua, por via intravenosa, propofol na dose de 0,4 mg/kg/minuto, durante uma hora. Aos animais do G2, administrou-se um "bolus" de tramadol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, por via intravenosa, logo após a indução anestésica com propofol. Avaliaram-se as freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média), saturação da oxihemoglobina, reflexos protetores, dosagem de cortisol e recuperação (tempo de extubação, tempo para decúbito esternal, tempo para posição quadrupedal), entre os grupos, dentro de cada momento. As freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e a dosagem de cortisol apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os momentos. A temperatura retal apresentou efeito significativo (P<0,05) da interação entre grupo e momento. As pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média) apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre grupos e momentos. Os reflexos protetores (ocular, palpebral e anal), apresentaram diferenças significativas (P 0,05) entre os grupos, assim como o tempo de extubação, um dos parâmetros de recuperação. Sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, saturação de oxihemoglobina, tempo para decúbito esternal e tempo para posição quadrupedal não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos e nem entre momentos.
Abstract: Twenty swines were used, among males or females, both duly spreaded over randomly performed, in two experimental groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). The pre-anesthesic medication made up of an association of azaperone 1,0 mg/kg and midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, together IM, was common to both groups. After 15 minutes of the application of the pre-anesthesic medication, to the animals of the groups 1 and 2, the anesthesic induction with propofol was proceeded on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, keeping a the a continuous intravenous infusion with the same drug, on the basis of 0,4 mg/kg/min, during the period of an hour. The G2 animals, it was administered a "bolus" of tramadol on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, shortly after the anesthesic induction with propofol. It was assessed both cardiac and respiratory frequencies, rectal temperature, sedation, orotraqueal induction, analgesia, arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average), oxihemoglobine saturation, protective reflexes, cortisol dosage and recovery (extubation time, time for esternal decubitus and time for a four-footed standing), among the groups, within each moment. Both cardiac and respiratory frequencies besides the cortisol dosage showed significative differences (P<0,05) among the moments. The rectal temperature showed significative effect (P<0,05) in the interaction among groups and moments. The arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average) showed substantial differences (P<0,05) among groups and moments. The protective reflexes (ocular, eye-lids and rectal), showed substantial differences (P 0,05) among the groups, as well the time of extubation, one of the parameters of recovery. Sedation, orotraqueal intubation, analgesia, oxihemoglobine saturation, time for esternal decubitus and time for four-footed standing, did not present significative differences (P>0,05) among groups and nor among moments.
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