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Journal articles on the topic 'Azo-dye synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mestry, Siddhesh Umesh, Umesh Ratan Mahajan, Aswathy M., and Shashank T. Mhaske. "Development of novel pH-sensitive azo dyes from Cardanol as a bioresource." Pigment & Resin Technology 50, no. 3 (February 8, 2021): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2020-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use the bio-based resource as the starting material for the synthesis of azo dye. Cardanol is one of the most used bio-based resources for carrying out the synthesis of various compounds having numerous end applications. The study presents an attempt to develop an azo dye from Cardanol having end applications in pH-responsive dyes. Design/methodology/approach The cardanol was sulfonated to block the para position by which ortho positioned hydroxyl group after diazotization and coupling will provide necessary pH-sensitivity. The diazotization of two naphthalene derivatives, i.e. 1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid (H-acid) and 7-amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid (J-acid) was carried out using the standard practice, and the diazotized compounds were coupled with the sulfonated cardanol. The obtained dyes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur analysis and hydroxyl value. The colour properties were checked using UV-vis spectrophotometry and density functional theory, while thermogravimetric analysis was used for the thermal degradation studies of both the dyes. Findings Water-soluble cardanol-based azo dyes were prepared successfully having good thermal stability, and the obtained results are being presented in this paper. Originality/value The originality lies between the use of cardanol as a bio-based resource for the synthesis of azo-dye and the obtained azo-dye has the pH-sensitivity.

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2

Akwi, Faith M., and Paul Watts. "The in situ generation and reactive quench of diazonium compounds in the synthesis of azo compounds in microreactors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (September 6, 2016): 1987–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.186.

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In this paper, a micro-fluidic optimized process for the continuous flow synthesis of azo compounds is presented. The continuous flow synthesis of Sudan II azo dye was used as a model reaction for the study. At found optimal azo coupling reaction temperature and pH an investigation of the optimum flow rates of the reactants for the diazotization and azo coupling reactions in Little Things Factory-MS microreactors was performed. A conversion of 98% was achieved in approximately 2.4 minutes and a small library of azo compounds was thus generated under these reaction conditions from couplers with aminated or hydroxylated aromatic systems. The scaled up synthesis of these compounds in PTFE tubing (i.d. 1.5 mm) was also investigated, where good reaction conversions ranging between 66–91% were attained.

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3

Rasheed, Omer, and Peter Quayle. "Azo Dyes: New Palladium- and Copper-Catalysed Coupling Reactions on an Old Template." Synthesis 50, no. 13 (May 16, 2018): 2608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591571.

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The elaboration of azo dyes using a variety of transition-metal-catalysed reactions (Stille, Heck, Ullmann, and Suzuki couplings) is reported. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of functionalised coumarin azo dye conjugates, substrates which may find potential application in the development of new sensors.

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4

Abdullah, Eshraq Ahmed, Abdul Halim Abdullah, Zulkarnain Zainal, Mohd Zobir Hussein, and Tan Kar Ban. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Penta-Bismuth Hepta-Oxide Nitrate, Bi5O7NO3, as a New Adsorbent for Methyl Orange Removal from an Aqueous Solution." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 4 (2012): 2429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/707853.

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This paper presents the synthesis of penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate, Bi5O7NO3, via the chemical precipitation method. After calcination, the precipitate was characterised by several methods, which included X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, BET surface area and pH drift method to determine the pH of point of zero charge (pHpzc). The study results revealed that Bi5O7NO3had an orthorhombic crystal structure, a surface area of 1.6 m2 g-1 and a point of zero charge at pH 9.7. The chemical state of Bi5O7NO3indicated the presence of three oxidation states of bismuth centre. Furthermore, the decolourization ability of Bi5O7NO3to remove the azo dye was also evaluated. Although it had lower surface area, the removal efficiency was extremely good. This finding suggests that Bi5O7NO3could be used as a promising adsorbent for azo dye removal. The XPS spectra showed that the accumulation of dye onto Bi5O7NO3could be due to the anion exchange process, suggesting the birth of a new anion exchanger for azo dye removal.

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5

Radulescu-Grad, Maria Elena, Gabriela Vlase, Gheorghe Ilia, Adelina Andelescu, Simona Popa, and Alfa-Xenia Lupea. "Amido Black 10B Dye Copper Complex�Synthesis, Characterization and Color Analysis." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.8.8276.

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The present paper presents the obtaining and the characterization of a new complex acid dye by combining the transition metal Cu (II) with an azo acid dye, namely Amido Black 10B (C.I. 20.470), as ligand. The ligand and the resulted new azo complex were characterized by FT/IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, AAs spectrometry, thermal analysis, and PXRD spectrometry. The structure of the ligand and the structure of the new synthesized copper complex were elucidated by all the above mentioned analysis methods. The formation of the azo metal complex with Cu(II) was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrum. Thermogravimetric and spectral analysis reveal its different stability in the air and nitrogen atmosphere, with high nitrogen stability. The PXRD analysis shows crystalline structure for the copper complex. At the same time, the color analysis was performed for the ligand and the synthesized complex in powder by means of UV-Vis CIEL*a*b* color space parameters, under the CIE recommended illuminants: D65 (natural day light), A (incandescent light) and F2 (fluorescent light) under the standard 10� observer angle. An important color phenomenon, namely metamerism, was highlighted for the complex, as well. Due to the presence of the Cu (II) ions, this azo complex presents a different color, calculated by the color differences AE*ab and AC*, a superior saturation and color strength than its ligand.

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6

Rasheed, O. K., J. J. W. McDouall, C. A. Muryn, J. Raftery, I. J. Vitorica-Yrezabal, and P. Quayle. "The assembly of “S3N”-ligands decorated with an azo-dye as potential sensors for heavy metal ions." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 16 (2017): 5229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt00569e.

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7

Mohammed, Hasan. "Synthesis, Identification, and Biological Study for Some Complexes of Azo Dye Having Theophylline." Scientific World Journal 2021 (July 21, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9943763.

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This article includes the synthesis of heterocyclic azo dye of theophylline by coupling diazonium salt of 4-chloroaniline with theophylline which is, namely, 8-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)azo)theophylline (CPAT). The complexes of cobalt and nickel were prepared by reacting their ions with CPAT ligand in ethanol under 1 : 2 ratio metal-ligand. The CPAT ligand and its complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry, electronic absorption spectroscopy, molar conductivity, and magnetic moment. The cobalt and nickel complexes show octahedral geometry having general formula [M(CPAT)2Cl2]. This article addresses the properties of CPAT dye such as photochromic properties. The CPAT dye exhibited obvious and desired changes under irradiation with visible light (405 nm), high sensitive for pH changes which refer to its ability to be analysis indicator. CPAT dye exhibited solvatochromic properties presenting red shift with polar solvent. The CPAT and its complexes show interesting antibiological activities towards Staph. aureus and E. coli bacteria and Aspergillus fungi.

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8

Ushkarov, V. I., K. I. Kobrakov, A. I. Alafinov, S. A. Shevelev, and A. Kh Shakhnes. "Methylphloroglucinol as an available semiproduct for azo dye synthesis." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 41, no. 5 (October 2007): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579507050375.

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9

Lai, Long-Li, and Hong-Cheu Lin. "Synthesis and mesogenic properties of azo-dye liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 27, no. 5 (May 2000): 707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026782900202606.

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10

Liu, Dan, Jun Long Liu, Da Peng Zhou, Hong Mei Wang, and Zheng Ling Zhu. "Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Polymeric Dye from Waste Plastic." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1520.

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Using waste expanded polystyrene as the raw material, the azo polymeric dye (I-III) were prepared via nitration, reduction, diazotization and coupling reactions. The structures of the intermediate products and the polymeric dyes obtained were characterized by the FTIR spectra. By UV-Vis absorption spectrum measurements, the relationship among the maximum absorption wavelength, molecular structure and color of polymeric dye was investigated.

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11

Kadhim, Khalid Jawad, and Ban A. Hatem. "Synthesis and spectral characterization of new azodyederived from benzimidazole and its complexation with selected transition metal ions." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 3 (April 3, 2015): 3412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i3.870.

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The preparation and spectral characterization of new ligand containing benzimidazole as organic heterocyclic azo dye compound 2-[6-(benzimidazolyl)azo]-2,4-di chloro phenol (BIADClP) was prepared by coupling reaction benzimidazole diazonium chloride with 2,4-di chloro phenol in alkaline alcoholic solution. The structure of azo dye ligand has been characterize by spectral studies such as 1H-NMR ,mass spectrum ,FT-IR, UV-Visb. and element analysis. New six complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) ions were prepared and identification by several physiochemical techniques; such as C.H.N element, magnatic susceptibility, atomic absorption, molar conductivity, IR and electronic spectra. The used techniques showed the formation of all complexes 1:2 [M:L] complexes and suggested octahedral geometry with d2sp3 hybridization of Co(III) and sp3d2 with residule chelat complexes.The coordination number of the metal ion is found to be six with binding through the phenolate O, azo N3 and with the imidazole N3 atom.All complexes that non electrolyte and no conductive species excepted the Co(III)-complexes is 1:1 electrolyte

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12

Sahoo, Anupam, Suman Kumar Tripathy, Niranjan Dehury, and Srikanta Patra. "A porous trimetallic Au@Pd@Ru nanoparticle system: synthesis, characterisation and efficient dye degradation and removal." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 38 (2015): 19376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03959b.

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13

Gao, Jing-Feng, Hong-Yu Li, Kai-Ling Pan, and Chun-Ying Si. "Green synthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron using a grape seed extract as a stabilizing agent and the application for quick decolorization of azo and anthraquinone dyes." RSC Advances 6, no. 27 (2016): 22526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26668h.

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14

Arslan-Alaton, Idil, B. Hande Gursoy, Abdurahman Akyol, Mehmet Kobya, and Mahmut Bayramoglu. "Modeling and optimization of acid dye manufacturing wastewater treatment with Fenton's reagent: comparison with electrocoagulation treatment results and effects on activated sludge inhibition." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.256.

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In the present study, Fenton's oxidation of a chromium complex disazo dye (Acid Blue 193) synthesis wastewater was evaluated, modeled and optimized by employing Central Composite Design. Within this context, the individual and interactive effects of critical process parameters such as Fe2 + , H2O2 concentrations, initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) and reaction time was assessed. The process response (output) variables were chosen as percent color, COD and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies. Optimum working conditions in terms of color and organic carbon removals were established to be Fe2 + = 3 mM; H2O2 = 25 mM; reaction time = 10 min at pH 3 and an initial COD content of 245 mg/L. Under these conditions, 96% color, 82% COD and 51% TOC removals were obtained. The established polynomial regression models describing color, COD and TOC removals satisfactorily fitted the experimental data and could be used to predict Fenton's treatment results at statistically significant rates. Optimized treatment results were compared with those obtained via electrocoagulation treatment under optimized conditions (applied current = 50 A/m2; reaction time = 15 min; initial pH = 7 for an initial COD content of 245 mg/L). The relative inhibition of heterotrophic oxygen uptake rate was measured to examine the inhibitory effect of azo dye synthesis effluent before and after Fenton's oxidation and electrocoagulation with respect to synthetic domestic wastewater. Untreated azo dye production wastewater exhibited a slightly inhibitory effect that was appreciably reduced but not entirely removed after Fenton's oxidation, whereas no inhibition of mixed bioculture was observed for azo dye synthesis effluent subjected to electrocoagulation treatment.

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15

Kudaikulova, S. K., G. I. Boiko, I. I. Shalabaeva, B. A. Zhubanov, and M. J. M. Abadie. "Some Peculiarities of Creation of Stable Polyimide - Azo Chromophore System." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj382.

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<p>Azo dyes: methyl orange, methyl red, congo red have been suggested as doping agents for formulation of stable soluble azo dye - polyimide (PI) system according to guest-host scheme. The dyes were added to<br />the reactive mixture of monomers: dianhydrides of alicyclic tetracarboxylic acids and aromatic diamines. Polyimide synthesis was carried out by one step polycyclocondensation in protolytic media. Addition of azo dyes influences on the molecular weights of final PIs. In great extent they depend on the nature and concentration of doping agent. Investigation of dependence of reduced viscosity of PI on monomers concentration, duration and temperature of synthesis, concentration of doping agent. It has been determined that addition of dyes to the reaction mixture up to definite value rises molecular weights of PIs from 45-50 000 up to 320-330 000. The most efficient catalyst is congo red. However some functional groups of azo dyes disturb equimolarity of the reaction by interaction with one of main monomers. The colour of thus doped PIs is stable under processing and high temperatures. Stability of the azo dye - polyimide system depends on interaction of NLO agent with polyimide chain. It is suggested that congo red molecules can coordinate with carbonyl groups of polymer. PI films display solvatochromic properties.</p>

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16

S. Mohammed, H. "Synthesis, characterization, structure determination from powder X-ray diffraction data, and biological activity of azo dye of 3-aminopyridine and its complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II)." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 34, no. 3 (January 12, 2021): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i3.8.

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In the present work azo dye ligand of 3-aminopyridine (L) and its complexes of NiII and CuII were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro. The L ligand was synthesized by reacting diazonium ion of 3-aminopyridine with 1-naphthole in presence of sodium acetate. The ligand (L) and its complexes were characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, UV-Vis spectra, and infrared technique. The (L) azo dye exhibited high sensing for the pH changes. The color of L dye changed from red in basic medium to yellow color in acidic medium. The data of CHN, UV-Vis and magnetic susceptibility indicate that the complexes [Ni(L)2Cl2] and [Cu(L)2Cl2] are tetrahedral. The complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) exhibited potent activity against growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli as well as against Penicillium Sp. And Aspergillus niger. Under visible irradiation (395 nm), the (L) azo dye of pyridine exhibited a significant change in the spectra under irradiation. KEY WORDS: Pyridine, Photoisomerization, Pyridylazo, Biological activity, pH sensor Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(3), 523-532. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i3.8

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17

Balachandran, Subramanian, Kuppulingam Thirumalai, and Meenakshisundaram Swaminathan. "Facile hydrothermal synthesis of a highly efficient solar active Pr6O11–ZnO photocatalyst and its multiple applications." RSC Adv. 4, no. 53 (2014): 27642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02733g.

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Heterostructrued Pr₆O₁₁–ZnO prepared by a simple hydrothermal process, shows enhanced solar photocatalytic activity for azo dye degradation, hydrophobicity and photoconductivity.

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18

Rezaei-Seresht, Esmail, Aboulfazl Salimi, and Behnam Mahdavi. "Synthesis, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of azo dye-stilbene hybrid compounds." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-01-2018-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of a series of new azo dyes derived from 4-aminostilbene. Design/methodology/approach First, the starting material 4-aminostilbene was prepared via two successive Wittig and reduction reactions from 4-nitrobenzyl bromide. The obtained 4-aminostilbene was then reacted with some phenols under the normal azo coupling reaction conditions to give five new azo products. Antioxidant activity of the azo compounds was determined by radical scavenging assay using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Also, the antimicrobial activity of the compounds against one gram-positive and eight gram-negative strains was evaluated based on the inhibition zone using disc diffusion assay. Findings The structures of the azo dyes were identified and characterized by fourier-transform Infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-V) is spectroscopic methods. All the compounds showed higher antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (Asc) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as positive controls. Moreover, the compounds showed lower antibacterial activity than the standard antibiotic vancomycin. Research limitations/implications Excellent antioxidant activity, along with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was observed for the two synthesized azo dyes. Originality/value Five novel azo dyes based on 4-aminostilbene were synthesized. The dyes have a highly p-extended conjugated structure comprising the phenolic and stilbenic segments, and they indicated good antioxidant activity, so that the two dyes (2c and 2d) even showed much more scavenging activity compared to BHT which is used as an antioxidant agent in food industries. These compounds with highest antioxidant activity also inhibited the growth of S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa.

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19

Kudelko, Agnieszka, Monika Olesiejuk, Marcin Luczynski, Marcin Swiatkowski, Tomasz Sieranski, and Rafal Kruszynski. "1,3,4-Thiadiazole-Containing Azo Dyes: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties and Molecular Structure." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122822.

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Three series of azo dyes derived from 2-amino-5-aryl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline and phenol were synthesized in high yields by a conventional diazotization-coupling sequence. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. In addition, the X-ray single crystal structure of a representative azo dye was presented. For explicit determination of the influence of a substituent on radiation absorption in UV-Vis range, time-dependent density functional theory calculations were performed.

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20

MohameedMurad, Rahman, Aso Hasan, and ,. Rokan Kareemc. "Antibacterial evaluation of Some Synthesis Complexes of Azo-dye Ligands." Journal of Garmian University 4, ICBS Conference (July 1, 2017): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24271/garmian.155.

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21

Mirjalili, Mohammad, Fatemeh Zahed, and Alireza Hassanabadi. "A New Nano Silica Gel Supported by Thionyl Chloride as a Solid Acid for the Efficient Diazotization of Aniline Derivatives: Application and Synthesis of Azo Dyes." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 2 (2012): 1042–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/306137.

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A new nano silicagel supported by thionyl chloride as a solid acid was synthesized and used as a increasing the production yield of dye to affect the efficient diazotization of arylamines. The diazonium salts thus obtained were coupled, using standard experimental procedures, to anilines and naphthols to afford the requisite azo dyes in good yield. The diazotization and subsequent azo-coupling generated the related azo dyes at low temperature in short reaction times with a simple experimental procedure.

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22

Liu, Sijie, Liting Cui, Zhiyao Peng, Jingjing Wang, Yajing Hu, Ao Yu, Haining Wang, Ping Peng, and Fang-Fang Li. "Eco-friendly synthesis of N,S co-doped hierarchical nanocarbon as a highly efficient metal-free catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes." Nanoscale 10, no. 46 (2018): 21764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr07083k.

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23

Louis, Hitler, Izubundu B. Onyebuenyi, Joseph O. Odey, Azuaga T. Igbalagh, MaryJane T. Mbonu, Ededet A. Eno, Anthony M. S. Pembere, and Offiong E. Offiong. "Synthesis, characterization, and theoretical studies of the photovoltaic properties of novel reactive azonitrobenzaldehyde derivatives." RSC Advances 11, no. 45 (2021): 28433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05075c.

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Four novel reactive azo-dyes were experimentally synthesized from p-aminobenzaldehyde, 4-amino-3-nitrobenzaldehyde, and aniline through series of condensation and coupling reactions, and their properties were assessed for possible application in dye-sensitized solar cells.

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24

Roik, N. V., L. O. Belyakova, and М. О. Dziazko. "Prospects for the use of mixed micellar structures as a template in synthesis of MCM-41-type silicas." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-134-1-79-89.

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Formation of mixed micelles assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and methyl red was studied by means of conductometric and spectrophotometric methods. It follows from the analysis of conductometric dependences that the addition of azo dye leads to a decrease in critical micelle concentration of a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt. The respective thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The process of mixed micelles formation was stated to be spontaneous and the solubilization of azo dye by micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is profitable in terms of energy and accompanied by an increase in degrees of freedom of the system. Based on the data of spectrophotometric study of methyl red solutions in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, the values of stability constant, partition coefficient and change in the standard free energy of methyl red distribution between aqueous and micellar medium were calculated. It was found that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions arising between azo dye and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide molecules cause the orientation of methyl red from the shell towards the center of the micelles. It was shown that mixed micelles can be used as a template in sol-gel synthesis of mesoporous aminosilica of MSM-41 type. The results of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption and X-ray analysis revealed that the introduction of methyl red as a part of mixed micelles into the reaction medium of sol-gel synthesis causes substantial increase in specific surface area and total pore volume, noticeable reduction of pore diameter, thereby contributing to the formation of silica material with a pronounced long-range ordered mesoporous structure.

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25

Mikhailov, Ivan, Vera Levina, Denis Leybo, Vsevolod Masov, Marat Tagirov, and Denis Kuznetsov. "Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of Nanostructured Zero-Valent Iron Particles for Degradation of Azo Dyes." International Journal of Nanoscience 16, no. 05n06 (August 11, 2017): 1750017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x1750017x.

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Nanostructured zero-valent iron (NSZVI) particles were synthesized by the method of ferric ion reduction with sodium borohydride with subsequent drying and passivation at room temperature in technical grade nitrogen. The obtained sample was characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering studies. The prepared NSZVI particles represent 100–200[Formula: see text]nm aggregates, which consist of 20–30[Formula: see text]nm iron nanoparticles in zero-valent oxidation state covered by thin oxide shell. The reactivity of the NSZVI sample, as the removal efficiency of refractory azo dyes, was investigated in this study. Two azo dye compounds, namely, orange G and methyl orange, are commonly detected in waste water of textile production. Experimental variables such as NSZVI dosage, initial dye concentration and solution pH were investigated. The kinetic rates of degradation of both dyes by NSZVI increased with the decrease of solution pH from 10 to 3 and with the increase of NSZVI dosage, but decreased with the increase of initial dye concentration. The removal efficiencies achieved for both orange G and methyl orange were higher than 90% after 80[Formula: see text]min of treatment.

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26

Al-Rubaie, L. Abd-Alredha R., and R. Jameel Mhessn. "Synthesis and Characterization of Azo Dye Para Red and New Derivatives." E-Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/206076.

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Azo dyes para red was synthesized. The products were characterized by FTIR and UV-Visible spectrophotometers. The antibacterial activities of the compounds were studied using gram positive and gram negative microorganism.

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27

Chen, Wenzhong, Yiqun Wu, Donghong Gu, and Fuxi Gan. "Synthesis, optical and thermal characterization of novel thiazolyl heterocyclic azo dye." Materials Letters 61, no. 19-20 (August 2007): 4181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.01.050.

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28

Brown, Rachel, W. Ewen Smith, and Duncan Graham. "Synthesis of a benzotriazole azo dye phosphoramidite for labelling of oligonucleotides." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 7 (February 2003): 1339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02886-1.

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29

Manivel, Arumugam, Gang-Juan Lee, Chin-Yi Chen, Jing-Heng Chen, Shih-Hsin Ma, Tzzy-Leng Horng, and Jerry J. Wu. "Synthesis of MoO3 nanoparticles for azo dye degradation by catalytic ozonation." Materials Research Bulletin 62 (February 2015): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.11.016.

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30

Zhuo, Ren-Xi, Xian-Liang Zhang, and Zhao-Hui Luo. "Synthesis and Phase Behavior of Azo Dye Containing Liquid Crystalline Polyorganosiloxane." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 30, no. 6-7 (June 1993): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329308009419.

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31

Krishnakumar, Balu, Toyoko Imae, Jonathan Miras, and Jordi Esquena. "Synthesis and azo dye photodegradation activity of ZrS2–ZnO nano-composites." Separation and Purification Technology 132 (August 2014): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.05.018.

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32

Voss, G., and S. Eichner. "Simplified Synthesis of the Precursor for the Azo Dye Chlorindazone DS." Journal für praktische Chemie 342, no. 2 (February 2000): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3897(200002)342:2<201::aid-prac201>3.0.co;2-l.

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33

Huang, Jianhui, Wei Lin, and Jianqin Chen. "Synthesis of CdIn2S4Microsphere and Its Photocatalytic Activity for Azo Dye Degradation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/241234.

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CdIn2S4was prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The prepared CdIn2S4was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FSEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and N2-sorption techniques. Aqueous photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the decomposition of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The results indicate that the prepared CdIn2S4has spherical morphology with mesoporous structure which can efficiently degrade methyl orange in water. The sample prepared at 500°C exhibits the optimized photocatalytic activity.

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34

Xu, Hua, Bing Tao Tang, and Shu Fen Zhang. "Synthesis and dyeing performance of a novel polycarboxylic acid azo dye." Chinese Chemical Letters 22, no. 4 (April 2011): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2010.11.010.

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35

ARANGANAYAGAM, K. R., S. SENTHILKUMAAR, N. GANAPATHI SUBRAMANIAM, and T. WANG KANG. "RUTHENIUM DOPED ZnO SEMICONDUCTOR: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHOTODEGRADATION OF AZO DYE." International Journal of Nanoscience 12, no. 02 (April 2013): 1350009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x13500099.

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Ruthenium doped zinc oxide was synthesized by a simple sol–gel method via ultrasonication. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques and tested for the feasibility as a heterogeneous photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity of Ru doped ZnO was tested using an azo dye, congo red (CR) in an aqueous solution, as a model compound. For comparison, the photocatalytic activity of pure ZnO was also performed. The parameters studied include the effect of initial CR concentration, photocatalyst weight and charge transfer phenomenon. The observed reaction mechanism was rationalized based on the elementary chemical reaction occurring in the irradiated heterogeneous reaction mixture. Total mineralization of CR was observed for both pure and Ru doped ZnO system. However, the photocatalytic activity of Ru doped ZnO was found to be higher than that of a pure ZnO .

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36

Lagvilava, Irma, Tea Matitaishvili, Ia Iardalashvili, and Elizbar Elizbarashvili. "A one-pot synthesis of some novel tetrakisazo disperse dyes bearing twenty-membered macrocyclic poly(azomethine)." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 74, no. 3 (2009): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2008064.

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Multiple-chromophore-containing dyes have been synthesized by azo coupling of twenty-membered poly(azomethine) dye 1 and 3-nitro- (2a) or 2,4-dinitrobenzene-1-diazonium tetrafluoroborate (2b) in solvents of various polarity (water, chloroform) in the presence or absence of dibenzo-18-crown-6 as phase transfer catalyst. The dyeing ability of the dyes was investigated as well as spectral and kinetic study of azo coupling was performed. The obtained disperse dyes are suitable for dyeing Nylon and polyester fibers from light reddish-brown to dark brown colors with good uniformity of dyeing as well as light, washing and sublimation fastness.

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37

Jia, Wan Xin, Dong Tao Lu, Shao Min Shuang, Jun Yang, and Chuan Dong. "Facile Synthesis of Chitosan Modified Fe₃O₄ Magnetic Nanoparticles for Azo Dye Amido Black 10B Adsorption." Journal of Nano Research 49 (September 2017): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.49.149.

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Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles (Fe3O4-CS MNPs) were synthesized by an improved one-pot hydrothermal method and applied for azo dye amido black 10B adsorption. The Fe3O4-CS MNPs were characterized by SEM, TEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR, TGA and VSM. The adsorptive behavior of amido black 10B on Fe3O4-CS MNPs was investigated using the UV-vis specteophotometric technique and the affecting parameters including solution pH, contact time, amido black 10B concentration and Fe3O4-CS MNPs amount were examined. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with the saturated adsorption capacity of 124.8 mg/g at pH=2.0. The desorption experiment could be carried out using NaOH with the recovery of 91.78%. After five cycles, adsorption efficiency still reached 83.24%. The results showed that Fe3O4-CS MNPs possessed a simple synthesis route and excellent reusability, which have potential application in the adsorption of azo dye in environmental effluents.

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38

Zarkogianni, Maria, Evdoxia Coutouli-Argyropoulou, Constantini Samara, Aristidis Anthemidis, Nikolaos Nikolaidis, and Eforia Tsatsaroni. "A novel synthesis, characterization and application of an anionic Cr-complexed azo dye based on environmental considerations." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 20 (August 2, 2012): 2054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517512447518.

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A simplified novel one pot method of synthesis of a Cr-complex anionic azo dye and the subsequent minimization of the Cr-content in the final dye by ultrafiltration was carried out. Ultrafiltration allows the production of highly concentrated purified metal-complex dyes with drastically reduced free metal and electrolyte content. All dyes were characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR and their melting points. X-ray fluorescence analysis and atomic absorption measurements were performed for the determination of free and total Cr-content for the synthesized metal-complex dye before and after ultrafiltration. All of the synthesized dyes (before and after ultrafiltration) were applied for the dyeing of wool and polyamide fibres, and colour measurements and fastness property tests were carried out. The wash and light fastness properties of the dyeings were excellent for the metal-complex dyes, but inferior for the non-metallized dye.

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39

Kuzmina, Nadezhda M., Dmitry S. Gusarov, Thi Ngok An Vu, and Olga V. Kovalchukova. "Synthesis and study of new azo dyes based on functionally substituted derivatives of salicylic acid." Butlerov Communications 63, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-63-7-31.

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Three chromatographically pure azo dyes based on salicylic acid and para-nitroaniline were isolated in 60-64% yields. The structure of the synthesized compounds was proved by IR spectroscopy. The spectra of the compounds contain characteristic absorption bands associated with the vibrations of O–H, N–H, C=O, and N=N groups. The products precipitated as orange-brown powders, which corresponds to compounds with a short system of conjugated double bonds. The predominant tautomeric form of existence of the synthesized azo compounds was determined – 5,5'-(diazen-1,2-diyl)bis(2-hydroxybenzoic acid), 2-hydroxy-5-((4-nitrophenyl)-diazenyl)benzoic acid, 5-amino-2-hydroxy-4-((4-nitrophenyl) diazenyl) benzoic acid. It was shown that they all exist as azo-tautomers. To determine the dyeing power of potential dyes, a test cold dyeing was carried out on samples of a multichannel consisting of six main types of fabrics used in the textile industry, under conditions corresponding to dyeing with acid and reactive dyes. The ability of the compounds to act as acid dyes was established, coloring woolen, polyamide and acetate fibers in yellow-orange and beige-brown colors. The introduction of an amino group into the salicylic acid fragment weakens the color properties of the azo dye molecule. The calculation of the toxicity of compounds with intravenous and oral routes of administration, carried out according to the GUSAR program, shows their low toxicity (4-5 toxicity class). The introduction of an amino group into the azo dye molecule is accompanied by an increase in its toxicity. All isolated compounds comply with Lipinski's rule, which indicates their bioavailability. Prediction of the biological activity of the compounds, carried out using the PASS program, shows that with a probability of more than 90%, the synthesized compounds exhibit antiseptic properties without irritating the skin and mucous membranes. This allows the isolated compounds to be considered promising for use as dyes in cosmetics.

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Kgatle, Masaku, Keneiloe Sikhwivhilu, Gebhu Ndlovu, and Nosipho Moloto. "Degradation Kinetics of Methyl Orange Dye in Water Using Trimetallic Fe/Cu/Ag Nanoparticles." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040428.

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The release of azo dye contaminants from textile industries into the environment is an issue of major concern. Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) has been extensively studied in the degradation of azo dye pollutants such as methyl orange (MO). In this study, iron was coupled with copper and silver to make trimetallic Fe/Cu/Ag nanoparticles, in order to enhance the degradation of MO and increase reactivity of the catalyst by delaying the rate of oxidation of iron. The synthesis of the trimetallic nanoparticles (Fe/Cu/Ag) was carried out using the sodium borohydride reduction method. The characterization of the particles was performed using XRD, XPS, EDX, and TEM. The analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles; the TEM images also showed the desired structures and geometry of the nanoscale zerovalent iron particles. The assessment of the nanoparticles in the degradation of methyl orange showed a notable degradation within few minutes into the reaction. The effect of parameters such as nanoparticle dosage, initial MO concentration, and the solution pH on the degradation of MO using the nanoparticles was investigated. Methyl orange degradation efficiency reached 100% within 1 min into the reaction at a low pH, with lower initial MO concentration and higher nanoparticle dosage. The degradation rate of MO using the nanoparticles followed pseudo first-order kinetics and was greatly influenced by the studied parameters. Additionally, LC-MS technique confirmed the degradation of MO within 1 min and that the degradation occurs through the splitting of the azo bond. The Fe/Cu/Ag trimetallic nanoparticles have proven to be an appropriate and efficient alternative for the treatment of dye wastewater.

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41

Hiba Ibrahim Abdulla AL-Joubory and Khalid Mohamad Motny Al-janaby. "Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity Study of New Compounds Tetrazole Derivatives Azo-Schiff Base." journal of the college of basic education 25, no. 103 (June 23, 2019): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35950/cbej.v25i103.4547.

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This work included synthesis of azo dye (H1) by the reaction of diazonium salt to sulfacetamide with 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde at (0-5) oC and synthesis of schiff base (H2-H6) through reaction substituted aromatic amine (aniline, 4-nitro aniline, 4-chloro aniline, 4-amino benzoic acid and phenyl hydrazine) with aldehyde group in azo compound (H1) in ethanol compounds (H2-H6) and tetrazole derivatives prepared by reaction schiff base with sodium azide in ethanol compounds (H7-H11) and characterization by using spectroscopic techniques Uv/Vis, FT-IR, C.H.N. and H1-NMR of some the prepared compounds using DMSO-d6 a solvent, in addition melting point and determination a purity of TLC, and this work consists a study of biological activity for the some prepared compounds against four types of pathogenic bacteria and know to be resistant to anti biotic.

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42

Patel, Vijay, Manish Patel, and Ranjan Patel. "Synthesis and application of novel heterocyclic dyes based on 11-amino-13H-acenaphtho[1,2-e]pyridazino[3,2-b]-quinazoline-13-one." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 67, no. 11 (2002): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0211727p.

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A new fused heterocyclic compound, 11-amino-13H-acenaphtho[1,2-e]pyridazino [3,2-b]quinazolin-13-one was synthesized and used to prepare a novel series of heterocyclic mono azo dyes by coupling with various naphthols. All the mono azo dyes were characterized by their melting point, elemental analysis, UV-visible spectrum, infrared spectrum and dyeing performance on nylon and polyester fibres. The percentage dye bath exhaustion on different fibres was found to be reasonably good and acceptable. The dyed fibres show fair to good fastness to light and very good to excellent fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration and sublimation.

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43

Maria, Zarkogianni, Eleftheriadis Ioannis, Nikolaidis Nikolaos, and Tsasaroni Eforia. "Synthesis, characterization and application of anionic metal complex azo dyes as potential substitutes for Cr-complex dyes." Textile Research Journal 84, no. 19 (June 9, 2014): 2036–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517514534749.

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The synthesis and characterization of Cu-, Al-, Zn-, Ni-, Mn- complexes as substitutes for the Cr- and Co-complex acid azo dyes with lower toxicity was carried out and the subsequent use of ultra-filtration was studied with the aim of purifying the metal complex dyes and thus increasing dye strength and solubility and additionally reducing the free metal present in the final dye. A drastic reduction in the content of inorganic additives and free metal was achieved by the ultra-filtration process. The ultra-filtrated and non-ultra-filtrated dyes were used to dye wool and nylon fabrics. Color measurements and fastness properties were performed on the dyeings produced on wool and polyamide and compared with the Cr-complex dyeing, thus examining the possibility of using successfully these complex dyes as possible replacement of the Cr- and Co-complex dyes.

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44

Abbas, Rana Abdulilah, Afnan E. Abd-Almonuim, Amer J. Jarad, Szidonia-Katalin Tanczos, and Paul Constantin. "Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Complexes Using an Azo Dye as Ligand." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.6.8164.

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Azo ligand 11-(4-methoxyphenyl azo)-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-benzo[4,5] imidazo[1,2-c] quinazoline-9-carboixylic acid was derived from 4-methoxyaniline and 6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline-9-carboxylic acid. The presence of azo dye was identified by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods (FT-IR and UV-Vis). The compounds formed have been identified by using atomic absorption in flame, FT.IR, UV-Vis spectrometry magnetic susceptibility and conductivity. In order to evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of ligand and its complexes used in this study three species of bacteria were also examined. Ligand and its complexes showed good bacterial efficiencies. From the obtained data, an octahedral geometry was proposed for all prepared complexes.

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45

YUKI, Yasuo, Shun-ichi WATANABE, Toshitaka KITOU, and Hideo KUNISADA. "Synthesis and polymerization of azo-dye monomers containing a 1,3,5-triazine ring." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 45, no. 3 (1988): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.45.269.

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46

Merrington, James, Mark James, and Mark Bradley. "Supported diazonium salts—convenient reagents for the combinatorial synthesis of azo dye." Chemical Communications, no. 2 (January 4, 2002): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b109799g.

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47

Kantar, Cihan. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Aggregation Properties of Phthalocyanines Containing Azo Dye." Asian Journal of Chemistry 25, no. 18 (2013): 10401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.15555.

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48

Na, H.-S., J.-H. Kim, K.-M. Hong, B.-S. Ko, B.-C. Kim, and Y.-K. Han. "Synthesis of Azo Dye Containing Polymers and Application for Optical Data Storage." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 349, no. 1 (September 2000): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250008024859.

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49

Jarad, Amer J. "Synthesis and Characterization of New Azo Dye Complexes with Selected Metal Ions." Journal of Al-Nahrain University Science 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/jnus.15.4.09.

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50

Graham, Duncan, Alan R. Kennedy, and Simon J. Teat. "The synthesis and first full structural elucidation of a benzotriazole azo dye." Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 37, no. 6 (November 2000): 1555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570370624.

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