Journal articles: 'Azo dyes Azo dyes'

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Stick, Robert V., and Mauro Mocerino. "Azo dyes." Journal of Chemical Education 73, no. 6 (June 1996): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073p540.2.

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Nair, Amrita, Nandini Rajendhiran, R. Varsha, Biljo V. Joseph, and V. L. Vasantha. "Bacterial decolourization of azo dyes." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.43.1.

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Release of textile effluent into the environment is a matter of health concern. Dyes and pigments that are part of textile effluent generate hazardous wastes which are generally inorganic or organic contaminants. Among the present pollution control strategies, biodegradation of synthetic dyes by microbes is evolving as a promising approach, even more than physico-chemical methods. While both mixed cultures and pure cultures have been used to achieve efficient biodegradation, no conclusive result has been determined. This paper aims at checking the efficiency of mixed culture of sewage and pure isolates in degradation of azo dyes, both simple dyes like methyl red and methyl orange and a more complex dye like Janus green.

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Biradar, Siddanagouda, Ryohei Kasugai, Hisayoshi Kanoh, Hitoshi Nagao, Yasuhiro Kubota, Kazumasa Funabiki, Motoo Shiro, and Masaki Matsui. "Liquid azo dyes." Dyes and Pigments 125 (February 2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.10.024.

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Mon, Wai Phyo, Phongphan Jantaharn, Sophon Boonlue, Sirirath McCloskey, Somdej Kanokmedhakul, and Wiyada Mongkolthanaruk. "Enzymatic Degradation of Azo Bonds and Other Functional Groups on Commercial Silk Dyes by Streptomyces coelicoflavus CS-29." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 20, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/20/202100104.

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Azo dyes are used for silk textile manufacture, where their decolorization and detoxication are necessary after initial dying in the craft industry. The bio-decolorization efficiency of Streptomyces coelicoflavus CS-29 toward commercial azo blue and red dyes was investigated, analyzing the degradation and adsorption of dye molecules. S. coelicoflavus CS-29 showed reductions of 70% and 51% in red and blue dyes, respectively, after seven days. Morphological observation by light microscopy showed that dye molecules were adsorbed onto S. coelicoflavus CS-29 cell surface to form a dense cell pellet. Moreover, peroxidase and laccase activity were detected as extracellular enzymes, but no azo-reductase was detected. From the enzymatic activity, changes of dye profiles in HPLC showed differences between control dyes (untreated dyes) and metabolized products of dyes treated with S. coelicoflavus CS-29. The presence of main functional azo groups (-N=N-) in both blue and red silk dyes was indicated by FTIR analysis, in the untreated azo dyes. The azo bonds seemed to disappear in metabolites after S. coelicoflavus CS-29 treatment and other functional groups were changed compared to the control dyes. The treated dyes showed no significant effect on seed germination, root length, and shoot length of mung beans during phytotoxicity analysis. The red dyes showed a more negative effect on shoot lengths than the blue dyes. The overall results showed that S. coelicoflavus CS-29 is an effective and promising tool for the treatment of dye contaminated wastewater and the permanent elimination of recalcitrant commercial azo dye pollutants.

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Liakou, S., M. Kornaros, and G. Lyberatos. "Pretreatment of azo dyes using ozone." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0508.

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Wastewaters produced in textile industrial processes contain organic dyes which are not easily amenable to biological treatment. Pretreatment with ozone is a promising method for oxidation of those dyes to more degradable compounds. The aim of this work is to assess the oxidation kinetics of a specific azo dye used in the textile industry, Orange II. Batch experiments were conducted in order to elucidate the oxidation route of the dye. Oxalate, formate and benzenesulfonate are found to be the oxidation intermediate compounds. A mathematical model which describes the dye elimination, the COD and BOD5 variation, the amount of ozone reacted and the time evolution of the intermediate compounds has been developed.

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Mirkovic, Jelena, Gordana Uscumlic, Aleksandar Marinkovic, and Dusan Mijin. "Azo-hydrazone tautomerism of aryl azo pyridone dyes." Chemical Industry 67, no. 1 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120309053m.

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In the last three or four decades disperse dyes derived from pyridones (in particular azo pyridone dyes) have gained in importance, and are widely used in various fields. These compounds have excellent coloration properties, and are suitable for the dyeing of polyester fabrics. Basic features of these dyes are simplicity of their synthesis by diazotation and azo coupling. They generally have high molar extinction coefficient with medium to high light and wet fastness. The absorption maxima of these dyes show their visible absorption wavelength ranging from yellow to orange, which can be attributed to poorly delocalized electrons in the pyridone ring. However, there are several dyes with deep colors such as red or violet. Pyridone dyes with alkyl and aryl groups in ortho position to azo group show 2-pyridone/2-hydroxypyridine tautomerism, while those containing OH and NHR groups conjugated with the azo group show azo-hydrazone tautomerism. Determining azo-hydrazone tautomerism could be therefore interesting, since the tautomers have different physico-chemical properties and most importantly different coloration. The literature on azo-hydrazone tautomerism, determination of equilibrium position, and investigation of substituent and solvent influence on tautomerism has been summarized in the presented review. The general conclusion is that the equilibrium between two tautomers is influenced by the structure of the compounds and by the solvents used. The tautomeric behavior patterns of the arylazo pyridone dyes in the reviewed literature has been studied using various instrumental techniques, including FT-IR, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopy. The quantum chemical calculations related to the azo-hydrazon tautomerism have also been included. A large number of pyridone dyes exist in hydrazone form in solid state, while in solvents there is a mixture of tautomers. In addition, the X-ray single-crystal diffraction data analysis of some commercial pyridone dyes has been discussed concluding that they all crystallize in the hydrazone form.

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Kalyuzhnyi, S., N. Yemashova, and V. Fedorovich. "Kinetics of anaerobic biodecolourisation of azo dyes." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.488.

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Kinetics of anaerobic biodecolourisation (methanogenic environment) of four azo dyes (Acid Orange 6, Acid Orange 7, Methyl Orange and Methyl Red) was investigated with regard to their electrochemical properties as well as under variation of dye and sludge concentrations, pH and temperature. Cyclic voltammetry revealed a correlation between the potential of irreversible reduction peak of the dye and its first-order decolorisation constant. For each dye tested, this decolourisation constant was adversely proportional to dye concentration (0.086–1.7 mM) and had a saturation (hyperbolic) dependency on sludge concentration (0.04–1.1 g VSS/l), a bell-shape dependency on pH (4.0–9.0) and Arrhenius dependency on temperature (24–40 °C). Transfer from methanogenic to sulphate reducing environment led to an increase of decolorisation constant for all the dyes investigated due to the abundant presence of sulphide as a reducing agent in the reaction medium. Similar transfer to a denitrifying environment resulted in an almost complete decease of decolourisation because nitrate easily outcompetes azo dyes as an electron acceptor.

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Min, Ohm-Mar, Li-Ngee Ho, Soon-An Ong, and Yee-Shian Wong. "Comparison between the photocatalytic degradation of single and binary azo dyes in TiO2 suspensions under solar light irradiation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 4 (July 8, 2015): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.022.

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Textile industries discharge a large quantity of colored wastewater which is harmful to the ecosystem. In this study, two kinds of dyes were investigated: the mono azo Acid Orange 7 (AO7) and diazo Reactive Green 19 (RG19). The photocatalytic degradation of single (AO7, RG19) azo dye and binary (AO7 and RG19 mixture) azo dye aqueous solutions was photocatalyzed by commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2, P25) under solar light irradiation. The objectives of this study are to compare the photocatalytic degradation between single and binary azo dye aqueous solution and to study the various parameters such as the effect of different initial azo dye concentrations, different initial azo dye pH values, and compare the adsorption capacity of azo dyes with and without solar light irradiation, which influences the photocatalytic activities of single and binary azo dye aqueous solutions in a TiO2 suspension. The results showed that photocatalytic degradation of AO7 and RG19 in a single azo dye aqueous solution was faster than a binary azo dye solution under the solar light irradiation process. Chemical oxygen demand results revealed that complete mineralization could be achieved for both AO7 and RG19 azo dyes under solar light irradiation within 22 hours.

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Hu, Hao-Jie, Chen-Chen Liu, Jia-Qi Zang, Chao-Yu Zhu, and Duan-Bin Luo. "Study the nonlinear optical property of pull/push type azo dye-doped polymer using 633nm He–Ne laser." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 26, no. 01 (March 2017): 1750008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863517500084.

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Azo dyes with different pull/push substituents are selected as photosensitive molecules. Guest–host amorphous azo polymer samples are prepared by doping these azo dyes directly in poly(methyl methacrylate) polymeric matrices. Nonlinear optical properties of these pull/push type azo dye-doped polymers are investigated using the Z-scan experiment. The influence of the pull/push substituents and the azo dye concentration on the nonlinear optical property is studied.

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Tang, Yu Chao, Xian Huai Huang, Han Qing Yu, Wei Hua Li, and Chang Nian Wu. "Photochemical Degradation of Azo Dyes in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide and Hematite under Visible Light Irradiation: Surface Complex Forming and Reaction Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 1612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.1612.

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The photochemical degradation mechanisms of an azo dye Direct Red 4BS and Methyl Orange on hematite in the presence of H2O2 were investigated. The decolorization of azo dyes was attributed to the forming surface complex between specific bond of the dyes and hematite, which facilitate the electron transfer from hematite to azo bond. No mineralization of azo dyes occurred in the presence of visible irradiation, only chromogenic group destroyed in the photo-chemical reaction process. Surface complex between azo dyes and hematite will be destroyed under alkaline solution which suggested the active site or the formed surface complex had been destroyed by OH–. Chemical adsorption of the azo dyes on hematite was critical factor which affect the decolorization efficiency of the photoreaction.

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Гараніна, О. О., А. О. Варданян, С. В. Петрова-Кумінська, and О. В. Міронова. "СИНТЕЗ НЕРОЗЧИННОГО АЗОБАРВНИКА ІЗ АНТИБАКТЕРІАЛЬНОЮ СКЛАДОВОЮ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 118, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2018.1.6.

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To enter into the structure of insoluble azo dye the antibacterial substance of a wide spectrum of action and to investigate the spectral characteristics. Azo dyes are obtained by using diazo-compounds, synthesized from known azoamines by the reaction of azo coupling with triclosan in the role of azocompound. Electronic spectra for solutions of synthesized dyes were obtained using a spectrophotometer. The principal possibility of synthesizing a dye with an antibacterial component in its structure is shown. The obtained electronic spectra of synthesized dyes with the triclosan containment. The use of surfactants changes the shades of synthesized dyes. By changing the azoamines, it is possible to regulate the activity of the bactericidal preparation on the surface of the fabric and in the water environment in contact with the fiber. For the first time, an antibacterial substance with a wide spectrum of action was entered into the structure of an insoluble azo dye and the possibility of regulating bactericidal activity is marked. Azo dye with antibacterial component was synthesized. Electronic spectra of synthesized dyes with the triclosan compound were obtained.

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Xu, Hui, Yajuan Zhang, Yong Cheng, Weiguo Tian, Zeting Zhao, and Jin Tang. "Polyaniline/attapulgite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for the rival removal of azo dyes in aqueous solution." Adsorption Science & Technology 37, no. 3-4 (February 15, 2019): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617418822917.

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In this paper, polyaniline/attapulgite (PANI/APT)-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composites were synthesized by liquid-phase chemical reduction method and used for the removal of two kinds of dyes. The structure of as-prepared nZVI/PANI/APT was characterized by various test methods. The removal property and degradation mechanism for azo (alizarin yellow R, methyl red, chrome black T, methyl orange) and non-azo (methylene blue, rhodamine B) dyes in aqueous solution were investigated. The presence of PANI/APT can decrease the aggregation of nZVI particles with maintenance of reactivity and improving adsorption capacity for degradation azo dye. The experiment results showed that the removal property of the composite materials on azo dyes is obviously better than that on non-azo dyes. The varying removal efficiencies of dyes depend on the different degradation mechanisms. Azo dyes removal by nZVI/PANI/APT was mainly due to the reductive cleavage of the N = N of nZVI, while non-azo dyes removal mainly contributes to the adsorption of PANI/APT. The study demonstrated that nZVI/PANI/APT has potential applications for the removal of azo dyes from wastewaters.

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Rehman, Khadeeja, Tanvir Shahzad, Amna Sahar, Sabir Hussain, Faisal Mahmood, Muhammad H. Siddique, Muhammad A. Siddique, and Muhammad I. Rashid. "Effect of Reactive Black 5 azo dye on soil processes related to C and N cycling." PeerJ 6 (May 22, 2018): e4802. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4802.

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Azo dyes are one of the largest classes of synthetic dyes being used in textile industries. It has been reported that 15–50% of these dyes find their way into wastewater that is often used for irrigation purpose in developing countries. The effect of azo dyes contamination on soil nitrogen (N) has been studied previously. However, how does the azo dye contamination affect soil carbon (C) cycling is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the effect of azo dye contamination (Reactive Black 5, 30 mg kg−1 dry soil), bacteria that decolorize this dye and dye + bacteria in the presence or absence of maize leaf litter on soil respiration, soil inorganic N and microbial biomass. We found that dye contamination did not induce any change in soil respiration, soil microbial biomass or soil inorganic N availability (P > 0.05). Litter evidently increased soil respiration. Our study concludes that the Reactive Black 5 azo dye (applied in low amount, i.e., 30 mg kg−1 dry soil) contamination did not modify organic matter decomposition, N mineralization and microbial biomass in a silty loam soil.

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Liakou, S., S. Pavlou, and G. Lyberatos. "Ozonation of azo dyes." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (February 1, 1997): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0137.

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Ozone pretreatment studies of wastewater containing a specific azo dye – Orange II - were conducted in order to assess the kinetics of ozone oxidation and to evaluate the effect of ozonation on the biodegradability of the wastewater. Batch experiments were performed at different initial concentrations of the dye, showing that ozone is capable of a rapid disruption of the dye molecule. Moreover, the production of biodegradable compounds is apparent from the evolution of COD and BOD5 measurements. A mathematical model which describes the dye elimination, the COD and BOD5 variation, and the amount of ozone reacted has been developed.

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Gaffer, Hatem E. "Antimicrobial sulphonamide azo dyes." Coloration Technology 135, no. 6 (October 23, 2019): 484–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cote.12437.

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ElKholy, Y. M., and S. A. Abd El‐Hafiz. "Polyfunctionally Pyrazole Azo Dyes." Pigment & Resin Technology 23, no. 4 (April 1994): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb043113.

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Hegde, Gurumurthy, A. R. Yuvaraj, Wan Sinn-Yam, and Mashitah M. Yusoff. "Fast Photoswitching Azo Dyes." Macromolecular Symposia 353, no. 1 (July 2015): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201550333.

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Garcia‐Amorós, Jaume, Benjamin Maerz, Marta Reig, Alba Cuadrado, Lluís Blancafort, Elena Samoylova, and Dolores Velasco. "Picosecond Switchable Azo Dyes." Chemistry – A European Journal 25, no. 32 (May 9, 2019): 7726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201900796.

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LEWIS, D. M., and J. EASTON. "Azo dyes are safe." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 113, no. 5-6 (October 22, 2008): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1997.tb01895.x.

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Singh, Pradeep Kumar, and Ram Lakhan Singh. "Bio-removal of Azo Dyes: A Review." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i2.16881.

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Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, paper, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries with the textile industry as the largest consumer. Among all the available synthetic dyes, azo dyes are the largest group of dyes used in textile industry. Textile dyeing and finishing processes generate a large amount of dye containing wastewater which is one of the main sources of water pollution problems worldwide. Several physico-chemical methods have been applied to the treatment of textile wastewater but these methods have many limitations due to high cost, low efficiency and secondary pollution problems. As an alternative to physico-chemical methods, biological methods comprise bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and plants and their enzymes which received increasing interest due to their cost effectiveness and eco-friendly nature. Decolorization of azo dyes by biological processes may take place either by biosorption or biodegradation. A variety of reductive and oxidative enzymes may also be involved in the degradation of dyes. This review provides an overview of decolorization and degradation of azo dyes by biological processes and establishes the fact that these microbial and plant cells are significantly effective biological weapon against the toxic azo dyes. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 108-126

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Lad, B. D., H. S. Vyas, and H. S. Patel. "Azo Dyes Based on Phenolic Oligomers: Acid Azo-Naphthol-Formaldehyde Oligomeric Dyes." High Performance Polymers 3, no. 4 (August 1991): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/3/4/005.

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Shimo, Salima Sultana, and Md Zulhash Uddin. "Energy Level and Chemical Class of Disperse Dyes—Plausible Characteristics of Level Dyeing Performance." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.4.3.

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The level dyeing index (LDI) is a measure of dye performance influenced by the dye migration process, ensuring the maximum uniformity of dye redistribution onto the fabric surface. The current study evaluates the level dyeing performance on polyester according to the energy level (low and high) and chemical classes (azo and anthraquinone based) of the three disperse dyes studied. The best levelness was obtained using C.I. Disperse Red 73 (an azo-based, low-energy level disperse dye), which exhibited the highest migration index (MI%) value. LDI results were obtained from the ratio of the exhaustion at the critical dyeing temperature (ECDT% and the final exhaustion Ef%), and the migration index (MI%). Each dye's LDI can be used to determine the compatibility of disperse dyes for combination dyeing.

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Coughlin, M. F., B. K. Kinkle, A. Tepper, and P. L. Bishop. "Characterization of aerobic azo dye-degrading bacteria and their activity in biofilms." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0051.

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An azo dye-degrading strain, originally named TBX65, was isolated from the mixed liquor of the Mill Creek waste water treatment plant in Cincinnati, Ohio. Strain TBX65 has the unusual ability to aerobically reduce the azo bond of several azo dyes and is able to use some of these dyes as growth substrate. Subsequent investigations have revealed that TBX65 is actually composed of several strains including two azo dye-degrading strains, MC1 and MI2. Strain MI2 is able to use the azo dyes AO7 and AO8 as its sole source of carbon, energy, and nitrogen. In contrast, MC1 can aerobically reduce the azo bond of these dyes but only in the presence of an exogenous source of carbon and nitrogen. Both MC1 and MI2 are Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria that form yellow colonies. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of MC1 indicates that it is a strain of Sphingomonas. Based on this phylogenetic analysis, the most closely related strain to MC1 is strain C7, a previously described azo dye-degrading bacterium isolated from biofilms growing in our laboratories. A strain-specific fluorescent antibody has been developed for strains MC1 and MI2, and is being used to determine the survival and azo dye-degrading ability of these strains in biofilms generated in a rotating drum bioreactor.

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Hu, T. L. "Kinetics of azoreductase and assessment of toxicity of metabolic products from azo dyes by Pseudomonas luteola." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0098.

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This is a continuous study on a decolorization strain, Pseudomonas luteola, which involves treating seven azo dyes with different structures. This study focuses mainly on determining both the mechanism of decolorization by P. luteola and the activity of azoreductase from P. luteola as well as identifying and assessing the toxicity of metabolic products of azo dyes. The growth of P. luteola reached the stationary phase after shaking incubation for 24 hours. Then, while being kept static, the color of seven tested azo dyes (100 mg/l) could be removed. The proportion of color removal was between 59–99%, which figure is related to the structure of the dye. Monoazo dyes (RP2B, V2RP and Red 22) showed the fastest rate of decolorization, i.e. from 0.23–0.44 mg dye-mg cell–1 hr–1. P. luteola could remove the color of V2RP and a leather dye at a concentration of 200 mg/l, and as to the rest of the azo dyes, it could remove at a concentration of up to 100 mg/l. Decolorization of RP2B and Red 22 required activation energy of 7.00 J/mol and 6.63 J/mole, respectively, indicating that it was easier for azoreductase to decolorize structurally simple dyes. The kinetics of azoreductase towards seven azo dyes suggested a competitive inhibition model be applied. Microtox® was used to analyze the toxicity of the metabolic products of azo dyes. EC50 showed differences in toxicity before and after the azo dyes had been metabolized. Analysis revealed significant differences between the results obtained by EC50 with Blue 15 and those obtained with the leather dye, indicating that the toxicities of the metabolic products were increased. The differences obtained by EC50 with Red 22, RP2P and V2RP were small, and Black 22 showed no such difference. Sulfanic acid and orthanilic acid may be the intermediate products of Violet 9 and RP2B, respectively. However, according to FT-IR analysis, aromatic amines were present in the metabolic product.

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Patel, Vijay, Manish Patel, and Ranjan Patel. "Synthesis and application of novel heterocyclic dyes based on 11-amino-13H-acenaphtho[1,2-e]pyridazino[3,2-b]-quinazoline-13-one." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 67, no. 11 (2002): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0211727p.

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A new fused heterocyclic compound, 11-amino-13H-acenaphtho[1,2-e]pyridazino [3,2-b]quinazolin-13-one was synthesized and used to prepare a novel series of heterocyclic mono azo dyes by coupling with various naphthols. All the mono azo dyes were characterized by their melting point, elemental analysis, UV-visible spectrum, infrared spectrum and dyeing performance on nylon and polyester fibres. The percentage dye bath exhaustion on different fibres was found to be reasonably good and acceptable. The dyed fibres show fair to good fastness to light and very good to excellent fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration and sublimation.

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Mijin, Dusan, Gordana Uscumlic, Natasa Valentic, and Aleksandar Marinkovic. "Synthesis of azo pyridone dyes." Chemical Industry 65, no. 5 (2011): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110428037m.

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Over 50% of all colorants which are used nowdays are azo dyes and pigments, and among them arylazo pyridone dyes (and pigments) have became of interest in last several decades due to the high molar extinction coefficient, and the medium to high light and wet fastness properties. They find application generally as disperse dyes. The importance of disperse dyes increased in the 1970s and 1980s due to the use of polyester and nylon as the main synthetic fibers. Also, disperse dyes were used rapidly since 1970 in inks for the heat-transfer printing of polyester. The main synthetic route for the preparation of azo dyes is coupling reaction between an aromatic diazo compound and a coupling component. Of all dyes manufactured, about 60% are produced by this reaction. Arylazo pyridone dyes can be prepared from pyridone moiety as a coupling component, where substituent can be on nitrogen, and diazonim salts which can be derived from different substituted anilines or other heterocyclic derivatives. In addition, arylazo dyes containing pyridone ring can be prepared from arylazo diketones or arylazo ketoesters (obtained by coupling ?-diketones or ?-ketoesters with diazonim salts) by condensation with cyanoacetamide. Disazo dyes can be prepared by tetrazotizing a dianiline and coupling it with a pyridone or by diazotizing aniline and coupling it with a dipyridone. Trisazo dyes can be also prepared by diazotizing of aniline and coupling it with a tripyridone or by hexazotizing a trianiline and coupling it with a pyridone. The main goal of this paper is to give a brief review on the synthesis of arylazo pyridone dyes due to the lack of such reviews. In addition, some properties of arylazo pyridone dyes as light fastness and azo-hydrazon tautomerism are disccused.

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Jiang, Ling-Ling, Kang Li, Dong-Lin Yan, Mi-Fang Yang, Lan Ma, and Li-Zhe Xie. "Toxicity Assessment of 4 Azo Dyes in Zebrafish Embryos." International Journal of Toxicology 39, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581819898396.

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Azo dyes are used widely as color additives in food, drugs, and cosmetics; hence, there is an increasing concern about their safety and possible health hazards. In the present study, we chose 4 azo dyes tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, amaranth, and Allura red and evaluated their developmental toxicity on zebrafish embryos. At concentration levels of 5 to 50 mM, we found that azo dyes can induce hatching difficulty and developmental abnormalities such as cardiac edema, decreased heart rate, yolk sac edema, and spinal defects including spinal curvature and tail distortion. Exposure to 100 mM of each azo dye was completely embryolethal. The median lethal concentration (LC50), median effective concentration (EC50), and teratogenic index (TI) were calculated for each azo dye at 72 hours postfertilization. For tartrazine, the LC50 was 47.10 mM and EC50 value was at 42.66 mM with TI ratio of 1.10. For Sunset Yellow, the LC50 was 38.93 mM and EC50 value was at 29.81 mM with TI ratio of 1.31. For amaranth, the LC50 was 39.86 mM and EC50 value was at 31.94 mM with TI ratio of 1.25. For Allura red, the LC50 was 47.42 mM and EC50 value was 40.05 mM with TI ratio of 1.18. This study reports the developmental toxicity of azo dyes in zebrafish embryos at concentrations higher than the expected human exposures from consuming food and drugs containing azo dyes.

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de Souza, Nadine Ana, Nagappa Ramaiah, Samir Damare, Bliss Furtado, Chellandi Mohandass, Anushka Patil, and Marsha De Lima. "Differential Protein Expression in Shewanella seohaensis Decolorizing Azo Dyes." Current Proteomics 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570164615666180731110845.

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Background:Microbial remediation is an ecologically safe alternative to controlling environmental pollution caused by toxic aromatic compounds including azo dyes. Marine bacteria show excellent potential as agents of bioremediation. However, a lack of understanding of the entailing mechanisms of microbial degradation often restricts its wide-scale and effective application.Objective:To understand the changes in a bacterial proteome profile during azo dye decolorization.Methods:In this study, we tested a Gram-negative bacterium, Shewanella seohaensis NIODMS14 isolated from an estuarine environment and grown in three different azo dyes (Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Reactive Green 19 (RG19) and Reactive Red 120 (RR120)). The unlabeled bacterial protein samples extracted during the process of dye decolorization were subject to mass spectrometry. Relative protein quantification was determined by comparing the resultant MS/MS spectra for each protein.Results:Maximum dye decolorization of 98.31% for RB5, 91.49% for RG19 and 97.07% for RR120 at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 was observed. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry - Quadrupole Time of Flight (LCMS-QToF) analysis revealed that as many as 29 proteins were up-regulated by 7 hours of growth and 17 by 24 hours of growth. Notably, these were common across the decolorized solutions of all three azo dyes. In cultures challenged with the azo dyes, the major class of upregulated proteins was cellular oxidoreductases and an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (SwissProt ID: A9KY42).Conclusion:The findings of this study on the bacterial proteome profiling during the azo dye decolorization process are used to highlight the up-regulation of important proteins that are involved in energy metabolism and oxido-reduction pathways. This has important implications in understanding the mechanism of azo dye decolorization by Shewanella seohaensis.

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Lan, Li Hong, Jian Hua Chen, Ping Lan, Mei Lian Liang, and Ye Chen. "Depression Performance of Azo Dyes to Sulfide Minerals." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 3074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.3074.

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Azo dyes have strong hydrophilic and good adhesion to solid surface. In this study, 23 kinds of typical azo compounds were tested as depressant of sulfide minerals. Absorption of azo compound on mineral surfaces was detected by UV. The result shows that some of them can be good depressants of single sulfide minerals. With the number of azo group increasing from 1 to 3, depression performances are improved. On the other hand, depression performances of azo dye are related to the type of group and the location of phenyls，the results of adsorption and the frontier molecular orbital energy calculation may be used to explain depression performances of azo dyes.

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Altahir, Bahaa Malik, Teeba Jaffar Al-robaiey, Zainab Mohammad Abbaas, Neda Mashhadi, Laura G. Cordova Villegas, Keith E. Taylor, and Nihar Biswas. "Soybean Peroxidase Catalyzed Decoloration of Acid Azo Dyes." Journal of Health and Pollution 10, no. 25 (March 2020): 200307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.25.200307.

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Background. Some industrial manufacturing processes generate and release dyes as water pollutants, many of which are toxic and hazardous materials. There is a need for milder, greener methods for dye treatment. Objectives. The objective of the present study was to investigate and optimize azo dye decoloration by a crude soybean peroxidase (SBP), based on two dyes that have widespread industrial use, but that differ greatly in structural complexity, Acid Black 2 and Acid Orange 7, and to investigate the effects of specific parameters on the removal process. Methods. Batch reactors were used to remove 95% of the dyes' color and to produce substantial precipitates. Results. The optimum pH for enzymatic decoloration of Acid Black 2 was in the acidic region, pH 4.4, and that of Acid Orange 7 occurred under neutral conditions, pH 6.9. The minimum enzyme activity needed for sufficient removal was 1.2 U/mL for both dyes at 0.5 mM. The minimum molar hydrogen peroxide/substrate ratio was 3 for Acid Orange 7 and 2.5 for Acid Black 2 to achieve approximately 95% removal. First-order fitting of progress curve data collected under the respective optimum conditions gave half-lives of 23.9 and 28.9 minutes for Acid Orange 7 and Acid Black 2, respectively. Conclusions. The feasibility of SBP-catalyzed treatment of industrial dyes Acid Black 2 and/or Acid Orange 7, or dyes that resemble them, as they might occur in industrial effluents, was successfully demonstrated. Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests

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Razo-Flores, Elías, Maurice Luijten, Brian Donlon, Gatze Lettinga, and Jim Field. "Biodegradation of selected azo dyes under methanogenic conditions." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (September 1, 1997): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0576.

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Biological treatment of wastewaters discharged by the textile industry could potentially be problematic due to the high toxicity and recalcitrance of the commonly-used azo dye compounds. In the present report, the fate of two azo dyes under methanogenic conditions was studied. Mordant Orange 1 (MO1) and Azodisalicylate (ADS) were completely reduced and decolorised in continuous UASB reactors in the presence of cosubstrates. In the MO1 reactor, both 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and 1,4-phenylenediamine were identified as products of azo cleavage. After long adaptation periods, 5-ASA was detected at trace levels, indicating further mineralization. ADS, a pharmaceutical azo dye constructed from two 5-ASA units, was completely mineralized even in the absence of cosubstrate, indicating that the metabolism of 5-ASA could provide the reducing equivalents needed for the azo reduction. Batch experiments confirmed the ADS mineralization. These results demonstrate that some azo dyes could serve as a carbon, energy, and nitrogen source for anaerobic bacteria.

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Peng, Q. "Hydrazone-azo tautomerism of pyridone azo dyes Part III—effect of dye structure and solvents on the dissociation of pyridone azo dyes." Dyes and Pigments 18, no. 4 (1992): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-7208(92)80017-h.

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33

Batool, Samavia, Shatirah Akib, Mushtaq Ahmad, Khaled S. Balkhair, and Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf. "Study of Modern Nano Enhanced Techniques for Removal of Dyes and Metals." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/864914.

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Industrial effluent often contains the significant amount of hexavalent chromium and synthetic dyes. The discharge of wastewater without proper treatment into water streams consequently enters the soil and disturbs the aquatic and terrestrial life. A range of wastewater treatment technologies have been proposed which can efficiently reduce both Cr(VI) and azo dyes simultaneously to less toxic form such as biodegradation, biosorption, adsorption, bioaccumulation, and nanotechnology. Rate of simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) and azo dyes can be enhanced by combining different treatment techniques. Utilization of synergistic treatment is receiving much attention due to its enhanced efficiency to remove Cr(VI) and azo dye simultaneously. This review evaluates the removal methods for simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and azo dyes by nanomicrobiology, surface engineered nanoparticles, and nanophotocatalyst. Sorption mechanism of biochar for heavy metals and organic contaminants is also discussed. Potential microbial strains capable of simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and azo dyes have been summarized in some details as well.

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Windy Dwiasi, Dian, and Mardiyah Kurniasih. "STUDI DEGRADASI ZAT PEWARNA AZO, METIL ORANYE MENGGUNAKAN FERRAT (FeO42-)." Molekul 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2008.3.1.42.

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Synthesis of ferrate and its application to azo dyes degradation have been investigated. The synthesis was carried out by reacting Fe(NO3)3 solution with NaOCl in alkaline condition. Oxidation reaction of azo dyes was carried out by adjusting the molar ratio of ferrate to azo dyes. When ferrate reacted with azo dyes, its absorbance was monitored using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at pH condition that had been optimized. Kinetics study for azo dyes degradation was carried out at the absorbance maximum of azo dyes, as a function of time. Ferrate can oxidize azo dyes, methyl oranye effectively in optimum pH of 9.6. With the molar ratio of ferrate/azo dyes 5/1, it showed that the percentages of methyl oranye degradation reached 100%. The azo dyes degradation followed first order of kinetics. Analysis using UV-Vis spectrofotometry suggests that the products of azo dyes degradation are nitrate, ammonia, and benzene. This results showed that ferrate is an alternative and green oxidizing agent which can be used for azo dyes degradation.

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Mohammed, H. J., B. J. Kadhim, and Aseel Sh Mohammed. "Adsorption Study of Some Sulphanilic Azo Dyes on Charcoal." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2011): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/487287.

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Studies on the removal of two dyes (sulphanilic azo antipyrine and sulphanilic azo imidazole) from aqueous solution by adsorption on charcoal as an adsorbent were carried out. A series of experiments were under taken in a batch adsorption technique to access the effect of the process variablesi.e. contact time, initial dye concentration, initial pH, adsorbent dose and temperature. Adsorbent dosage (0.1 g) higher value for both dyes. The equilibrium in the solution was observed within (35 min) of two sulphanilic dyes on charcoal. The equilibrium isotherms for both dyes were determined to describe the adsorption process. The results showed that the equilibrium data was fitted by of the Freundlich isotherms on charcoal surface. The result obtained shows that the adsorption isotherm for both dyes on charcoal was according to Giles classification. The thermodynamic factors such as ∆Η, ∆G and ∆S were calculated.

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Frank, H. G. "Mechanisms and products of azo coupling in histochemical protease procedures based on primary aromatic amines as unspecific moieties." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 9 (September 1990): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.9.2201736.

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It is presumed that the azo dyes generated by histochemical protease reactions are formed by substitution of a reactive aromatic carbon. They are referred to as dyes of the C-azo series. To confirm this assumption, the absorption spectra between 330 and 630 nm of azo dyes resulting from coupling between various aromatic amines of the aniline and naphthylamine series and the diazonium salts Fast Blue B and Fast Garnet GBC were studied in test tube experiments. Some of the amines were blocked by methylation to prevent coupling either at the amino group (N-methylated) or at the aromatic nucleus (C-methylated). Coupling was performed in buffered aqueous solutions of the diazonium salts. For analysis the azo dyes were dissolved in dimethylformamide. For acid rearrangement these solutions were acidified and incubated at elevated temperatures. After detection of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in tissue sections using Gly-Pro-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine as substrate, the resulting dye was extracted and compared with the test tube compounds. All aromatic amines yielded azo dyes. Dyes extracted from sections and those test tube compounds derived from unmethylated or C-methylated amines showed almost identical spectral maxima, whereas dyes formed by N-methylated amines yielded different spectra. Acid rearrangement did not influence the spectral maxima of the N-methylated amine-derived dyes. Dyes resulting from C-methylated amines were destroyed. The results indicate that under histochemical conditions diazonium salts react primarily with the liberated free amino group but not with the aromatic nucleus of the unspecific moiety. Therefore, it is proposed that the formula of the final reaction product in naphthylamine-based protease histochemistry should be given as an N-azo dye, e.g., as a triazene.

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Kudaikulova, S. K., G. I. Boiko, I. I. Shalabaeva, B. A. Zhubanov, and M. J. M. Abadie. "Some Peculiarities of Creation of Stable Polyimide - Azo Chromophore System." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj382.

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<p>Azo dyes: methyl orange, methyl red, congo red have been suggested as doping agents for formulation of stable soluble azo dye - polyimide (PI) system according to guest-host scheme. The dyes were added to<br />the reactive mixture of monomers: dianhydrides of alicyclic tetracarboxylic acids and aromatic diamines. Polyimide synthesis was carried out by one step polycyclocondensation in protolytic media. Addition of azo dyes influences on the molecular weights of final PIs. In great extent they depend on the nature and concentration of doping agent. Investigation of dependence of reduced viscosity of PI on monomers concentration, duration and temperature of synthesis, concentration of doping agent. It has been determined that addition of dyes to the reaction mixture up to definite value rises molecular weights of PIs from 45-50 000 up to 320-330 000. The most efficient catalyst is congo red. However some functional groups of azo dyes disturb equimolarity of the reaction by interaction with one of main monomers. The colour of thus doped PIs is stable under processing and high temperatures. Stability of the azo dye - polyimide system depends on interaction of NLO agent with polyimide chain. It is suggested that congo red molecules can coordinate with carbonyl groups of polymer. PI films display solvatochromic properties.</p>

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Joudi, Meryeme, Jihan Mouldar, Houyem Hafdi, Hamid Nasrellah, Badreddine Hatimi, Moulay Abderrahim El Mhammedi, and Mina Bakasse. "Factorial experimental design for the removal of disperse dyes using hydroxyapatite prepared from Moroccan phosphogypsum." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc811902219mb.

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Azo dyes are the major group of synthetic dyes known and have given rise to many water and soil environmental problems, the most of this azo dyes were used in textile industry. The aim of this study is the removal of Disperse Blue 79 (DB 79) and Disperse Blue 165 (DB 165) as azo dyes by Hydroxyapatite (HAP). The adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence the dyes uptake by hydroxyapatite, such as the contact time under agitation, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and size of HAP. To reduce the number of experiments, full factorial experimental design at two levels (24) was used to achieve optimal conditions for the removal of DB 79 and DB 165 from aqueous solutions.

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Szadowski, Jerzy, and Zbigniew Niewiadomski. "Deaggregation of benzimidazolone azo dyes." Dyes and Pigments 33, no. 2 (February 1997): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-7208(96)00040-x.

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40

Fedorov, L. A. "NMR Spectroscopy of Azo Dyes." Russian Chemical Reviews 57, no. 10 (October 31, 1988): 941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc1988v057n10abeh003403.

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41

Facchin, Giacomo, Mario Gleria, Francesco Minto, Roberta Bertani, Massimo Guglielmi, and Giovanna Brusatin. "Poly(organophosphazenes) containing azo dyes." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 16, no. 3 (March 1995): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1995.030160310.

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CABRAL, J. DE O., and H. A. TURNER. "The Polarography of Azo Dyes." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 72, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1956.tb02128.x.

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Savel, Ifrim. "Some novel azo reactive dyes." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 110, no. 7 (October 22, 2008): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1994.tb01651.x.

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44

Gregory, P. "Azo dyes: Structure-carcinogenicity relationships." Dyes and Pigments 7, no. 1 (1986): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-7208(86)87005-x.

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Shankarling, Ganapati S., Pratik P. Deshmukh, and Amruta R. Joglekar. "Process intensification in azo dyes." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5, no. 4 (August 2017): 3302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.057.

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Lauth, G., W. Hoelderich, and G. Wagenblast. "Molecular sieves containing azo dyes." Zeolites 15, no. 2 (February 1995): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(95)90103-5.

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Matijević, Borko M., Đenđi Đ. Vaštag, Suzana Lj Apostolov, Fathi Assaleh, Aleksandar D. Marinković, and Dušan Ž. Mijin. "Solvatochromism of Thiouracil Azo Dyes." Journal of Solution Chemistry 45, no. 6 (May 28, 2016): 885–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10953-016-0482-x.

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Abd-El-Aziz, Alaa S., Erin K. Todd, Rawda M. Okasha, and Tarek H. Afifi. "Organoiron polymers containing azo dyes." Macromolecular Symposia 196, no. 1 (July 2003): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200390180.

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Faldu, Priti, Vishal Kothari, Charmy Kothari, Jalpa Rank, Ankit Hinsu, and Ramesh Kothari. "Toxicity Assessment of Biologically Degraded Product of Textile Dye Acid Red G." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.14972.

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Azo dyes are of environmental concern due to their recalcitrant nature. Several azo dyes and their decolorized and degraded products exert toxic and mutagenic effects on the flora and fauna. The toxic properties of these azo dyes are due to nature and position of the substitution with respect to the aromatic rings and amino nitrogen atoms. Several studies have thus far been emphasized on biodegradation of azo dye pollutants, though role of their biodegraded product is rarely studied. Given a lack of this understanding, we have analyzed the effects of degraded products of a di-azo textile dye Acid Red G by newly isolated bacterial species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PFK10 and Brevibacillus choshinensis PFK11. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Acid Red G and their degraded products were tested on HeLa cell line and Human lymphocyte cell, respectively. The data of MTT assay has been shown that activity of degraded products of the Acid Red G were comparable to their parent dye. But chromosome aberration assay and sister chromatid exchange assay did not show any significant changes in chromosomes as compared to positive control mitomicine.

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S.Vijayanand, S. Vijayanand, and J. Hemapriya J.Hemapriya. "Bacterial Bioremediation of Textile Azo Dyes – A Review." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 12 (October 1, 2011): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/dec2013/147.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Azo dyes Azo dyes'

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