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Journal articles on the topic 'Azotobacter – Analysis'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Itzigsohn, Robin, Oded Yarden, and Yaacov Okon. "Polyhydroxyalkanoate analysis inAzospirillum brasilense." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 13 (December 15, 1995): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-171.

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The considerable industrial interest in the qualitative and quantitative production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in microorganisms has led to the characterization of those synthesized in the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter paspali. In contrast to some other bacterial species, Azospirillum brasilense does not produce copolymers of hydroxyalkanoates when grown under the different carbon sources assayed, namely n-alkanoic acids, hydroxyalkanoates, and sugars with varying C:N ratios. Rather, only homopolymers of polyhydroxybutyrate were detected, comprising up to 70% of the cell dry mass. No copolymers were detected in Azotobacter paspali. Quantitative analyses of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) are also presented.Key words: Azospirillum spp., Azotobacter paspali, polyhydroxyalkanoate analysis, PHA, PHB.

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2

Maldonado, R., A. Garzón, D. R. Dean, and J. Casadesús. "Gene dosage analysis in Azotobacter vinelandii." Genetics 132, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/132.4.869.

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Abstract For more than a decade, Azotobacter vinelandii has been considered a polyploid bacterium on the basis of physical studies of chromosome size and DNA content per cell. However, as described in the present work, many genetic operations can be performed in A. vinelandii without the constraints expected in a polyploid bacterium: (i) reversion of transposon-induced mutations is usually associated with loss of the transposable element; (ii) revertants retaining the transposon always carry secondary transpositions; (iii) heterozygotic transconjugants and transformants are unstable and segregate homozygotic colonies even in the absence of selection. Physical monitoring of segregation, achieved by colony hybridization, indicates that phenotypic expression of an allele is always correlated with its physical presence, thus ruling out the existence of either threshold dosage requirements or transcriptionally inactive DNA. Chromosomal lac fusions constructed by double crossover with a linearized plasmid show a segregation pattern consistent with the inheritance of one or several chromosomes per daughter cell. Analysis of the delay required for the expression of recessive chromosomal mutations such as rif, nal and str provides further evidence that A. vinelandii is not a polyploid bacterium.

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3

Loveless, Telisa M., and Paul E. Bishop. "Identification of genes unique to Mo-independent nitrogenase systems in diverse diazotrophs." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-007.

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A number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria were screened using PCR for genes (vnfG and anfG) unique to the V-containing nitrogenase (vnf) and the Fe-only nitrogenase (anf) systems. Products with sequences similar to that of vnfG were obtained from Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter salinestris genomic DNAs, and products with sequences similar to that of anfG were obtained from Azomonas macrocytogenes, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Azotobacter paspali DNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of anfG and vnfG genes shows that each gene product forms a distinct cluster. Furthermore, amplification of an internal 839-bp region in anfD and vnfD yielded a product similar to anfD from Heliobacterium gestii and a product similar to vnfD from Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter salinestris. Phylogenetic analysis of NifD, VnfD, and AnfD amino acid sequences indicates that AnfD and VnfD sequences are more closely related to each other than either is to NifD. The results of this study suggest that Azotobacter salinestris possesses the potential to express the vanadium (V)-containing nitrogenase (nitrogenase 2) and that R. rubrum, Azomonas macrocytogenes, and H. gestii possess the potential to express the Fe-only nitrogenase (nitrogenase 3). Like Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter paspali appears to have the potential to express both the V-containing nitrogenase and the Fe-only nitrogenase.Key words: Mo-independent nitrogenase systems, diverse diazotrophs, vnfG, anfG.

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4

Baral, Bandhu Raj, and Parbati Adhikari. "Effect of Azotobacter on Growth and Yield of Maize." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 11, no. 2 (March 21, 2014): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i2.18409.

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A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of Azotobacter on growth and yield of maize (variety Rampur composite) at farmland of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the winter season of 2007-08 and 2008-09. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with eight treatments each replicated three times. The treatments were control, 120:60:40 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1, Azotobacter seed inoculation, Azotobacter soil application, Azotobacter +10 t FYM ha-1, 10 t FYM ha-1, 120:60:40 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 + Azotobacter, 120:60:40 kg NP2O5K2O ha-1 + Azotobacter + 10 t FYM ha-1. Analysis of variance showed that grain yield, plant height, ear height, ear length, kernel per rows and 1000 grain weight were significantly affected with treatments. Only inoculation of Azotobacter increased 15 to 35% grain yield over non inoculated treatments. The benefit of Azotobacter inoculation was higher in the absence of chemical fertilizer application. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i2.18409 SAARC J. Agri., 11(2): 141-147 (2013)

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5

Jain, Devendra, Jyoti Sharma, Gunnjeet Kaur, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Surya Chauhan, Vimal Sharma, Archna Suman, Santosh Ranjan Mohanty, and Elina Maharjan. "Phenetic and Molecular Diversity of Nitrogen Fixating Plant Growth Promoting Azotobacter Isolated from Semiarid Regions of India." BioMed Research International 2021 (January 9, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6686283.

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In the present study, 24 Azotobacter strains were isolated from soils of different areas of southern Rajasthan and characterized at biochemical, functional, and molecular levels. The isolated Azotobacter strains were gram negative and cyst forming when viewed under the microscope. These strains were also screened for their plant growth promoting activities and the ability of these isolates to survive under abiotic stress conditions viz. salt, pH, temperature, and drought stress. All the isolates showed IAA, siderophore, HCN, and ammonia production, whereas seven Azotobacter strains showed phosphate solubilization. Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) revealed significant diversity among Azotobacter strains and the dendrogram obtained differentiated twenty-four of the strains into two major clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.64. Qualitative and quantitative N2 fixation abilities of these strains were also detrained, and the amounts of acetylene reduced by Azotobacter strains were in the range of 1.31 to 846.56 nmol C2H4 mg protein−1 h−1. The strains showing high nitrogen fixation ability with multiple PGP activities were selected for further pot studies, and these Azotobacter strains significantly increased the various plant growth parameters of maize plantlets. Furthermore, the best Azotobacter isolates were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and confirmed their identities as Azotobacter sp. The indigenous Azotobacter strains with multiple PGP activities could be further used for commercial production.

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6

Caldwell, Jane M., and Hosni M. Hassan. "Azotobacter chroococcum does not contain sodA or its gene product Mn-superoxide dismutase." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-003.

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Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii grown in Burk medium with 1% mannitol (BM) or in BM supplemented with 2.2 mg/mL ammonium acetate (BM+N) were found to have only iron-containing and CuZn-containing superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, genomic DNA from A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii were subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis using sodA- and sodB-specific primers and yielded only a sodB product. These results dispute the assertion by Buchanan and Lees (Can. J. Microbiol. 26: 441447, 1980) that A. chroococcum contains Mn-superoxide dismutase.Key words: FeSOD, Cu-ZnSOD, MnSOD, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii.

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7

Bageshwar, Umesh K., Ramesh Raina, Nirupam Roy Choudhury, and H. K. Das. "Analysis of upstream activation of thevnfHpromoter ofAzotobacter vinelandii." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-011.

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BAL-31 deletion products of the DNA fragment containing the vnfH promoter and upstream region, when cloned in a transcriptional fusion vector and analyzed for vnfH expression in Azotobacter vinelandii, revealed that the upstream activator sequence of the vnfH promoter lies about 140 nucleotides upstream of the promoter. Subsequent substitution and deletion analysis by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis in the upstream region of the vnfH promoter showed that sequences 5'-GTACCATGCGGAAC-3' and 5'-GTACCTGCGGGTAC-3', located 170 and 140 nucleotides upstream of the vnfH promoter, respectively, are both required for vnfH expression. Addition of four nucleotides in the intervening sequence between the vnfH promoter and the putative VnfA (analog of NifA of the conventional molybdenum-dependent nitrogen-fixation pathway) binding site resulted in a drastic reduction of expression from the vnfH promoter in Azotobacter vinelandii, where as addition of 10 nucleotides in the intervening sequence did not affect the expression. Therefore, the face of the helix-dependent contact appeared to be important. DNA bending seemed to play a crucial role in expression from vnfH promoter. The intervening sequence exhibited characteristics of sequence-dependent intrinsically curved DNA, as shown by anomalous low gel mobility with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and computer simulated curvature analysis. Distamycin at very low concentrations significantly reduced the anomaly in electrophoretic mobility of the intervening DNA sequence.Key words: Azotobacter vinelandii, vnfA, vnfH, promoter-lacZ fusion, DNA bending.

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8

Le, O., B. Shen, S. E. Iismaa, and B. K. Burgess. "Azotobacter vinelandii mutS: nucleotide sequence and mutant analysis." Journal of Bacteriology 175, no. 23 (1993): 7707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.23.7707-7710.1993.

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9

Dhevagi, P., S. Priyatharshini, A. Ramya, and M. Sudhakaran. "Biosorption of lead ions by exopolysaccharide producing Azotobacter sp." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/1/mrn-1231.

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Aim: Removal of lead from wastewater using Azotobacter species and optimisation of various parameters to maximise the adsorption of lead by response surface methodology as a tool. Methodology: The bacterial isolate UBI-7 recovered from sewage water irrigated soil was examined for its biosorption potential towards lead. The lead removal efficiency of Azotobacter salinestris was studied with respect to metal concentration (50-250 mg l-1), contact time (24-120 hrs), and pH (4-8).Using response surface methodology, these factors were optimized and R2 value obtained was 0.9710 for lead ions, which indicates the validity of the model. Observation with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope imaging (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic analysis (EDX) were carried out to confirm lead biosorption by Azotobacter salinestris. Results: The lead tolerant bacterium isolated from sewage water irrigated soil (UBI-7) was recognized as Azotobacter salinestris by 16S rRNA based gene sequence analysis. The highest removal percentage of Pb (61.54) was 50 mg l-1 in 72 hrs equilibration period. Interaction effect between different levels of Pb and different contact time of the solution were found to be significant. Lead biosorption by the organism was confirmed by the changes in stretching intensities of functional groups as well as appearance of strong OH stretching at 3291.69 cm-1. Images obtained from Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic studies of the bacteria (UBI-7) before and after biosorption clearly indicated lead adsorption. Interpretation: Current study proves that the functional groups of Azotobacter salinestris are involved in lead biosorption from aqueous solution which was confirmed through FTIR.EDX analysis also elucidated the lead absorption by the bacterial cells. Hence, this could be effectively utilized for decontamination of lead from the polluted environment. Key words: Azotobacter salinestris, Biosorption, Lead, Response surface methodology

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10

Morgan, T. V., D. J. Lundell, and B. K. Burgess. "Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I: cloning, sequencing, and mutant analysis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, no. 3 (January 1988): 1370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57312-4.

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11

Chowdhury-Paul, Sangita, Victoria Pando-Robles, Verónica Jiménez-Jacinto, Daniel Segura, Guadalupe Espín, and Cinthia Núñez. "Proteomic analysis revealed proteins induced upon Azotobacter vinelandii encystment." Journal of Proteomics 181 (June 2018): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.031.

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12

ABE, Naoto, Kazukiyo ONODERA, and Yoshiharu MARUYAMA. "Analysis of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase reaction by monoclonal antibodies." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54, no. 8 (1990): 1961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.54.1961.

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13

Jain, Devendra, Gunnjeet Kaur, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Surya Chauhan, S. K. Khandelwal, R. H. Meena, Deepak Rajpurohit, and Santosh Ranjan Mohanty. "Phenetic Characterization of Nitrogen Fixing Azotobacter from Rhizospheric Soil of Southern Rajasthan." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.40.

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The present research was conducted to characterize the indigenous plant growth promoting (PGP) Azotobacter strains isolated from plant root interface of semi-arid regions of Rajasthan (India) and to study their potential to be used as bio-fertilizers. A total of 172 Azotobacter strains were isolated, purified and based on the morphological test i.e. gram staining, pigmentation, cyst formation, fluorescence etc, broadly classified as Azotobacter. Further the secluded strains were examined for biochemical analysis and plant growth promoting characters. All the isolates showed different biochemical characteristics and significant PGP traits. IAA activity of the Azotobacter strains ranges from 54.5-6000 µg/mL. Ammonia, HCN and siderophore was produced by 92.4%, 78.4% and 80.23% of the total isolates respectively. Solubilization of phosphate was observed in 97.6% of the total isolates. These strains were also characterized for qualitative and quantitative N2 fixation abilities and the result indicated that 114 strains showed positive results on nitrogen free malate agar medium (NFMM) containing bromothymol blue (BTB) and able to produce 18.93-475.6 N-moles C2H4 mg protein−1 h−1 of acetylene reduced by Azotobacter strains. In vitro pot studies revealed that the selected native Azotobacter strains having high ARA results significantly increase the plant growth characters. Shoot length, root length, root number and chlorophyll content and leaf number increases by 45.62%, 17.60%, 97.49%, 49.69% and 27.83% respectively in pot inoculated with AZO23-3 as compared to control. These effective strains can further be utilized for development of effective microbial formulations.

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14

Hadi Mahdi Alsaady, Majida, Hussein Ali Salim, Rakib A. Al-ani, Hadi M. Aboud, and Jamal Talib M Al Roubaie. "Antagonistic effectiveness of some bacteria against Fusarium graminearum causing crown rot disease on wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.21130107.

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In this study, the antagonistic effect of five bacteria genera namely Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and Streptomyces isolated from rhizosphere of wheat were evaluated against Fusarium graminearum as potential biocontrol agents in vitro. F. graminearum was molecularly diagnosed using the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Each bacteria were tested for the production of catalase enzyme, oxidase enzyme, analysis of starch, analyze of gelatin, and the motility, where Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and Bacillus subtilis were positive for all tested. Fungal inhibition tests were performed by using the dual culture method and agar well diffusion technique. Among them, Streptomyces and Azospirillum exhibited potent inhibition to the growth of F. graminearum (72.14% and 66.42%) respectively, followed by B.pumillus, P.fluorescens, B. subtilis and Azotobacter ( 58.28%, 43.23%, 39.71% and 35.71%) respectively as compared with the control treatment (0.0%).The dry weight of the fungus biomass was decreased with bacteria P. fluorescens, Streptomyces sp, Azotobacter sp, Azospirillum sp, B. subtilis, and B. pumillus which reached (0.114, 0.103, 0.147, 0.101, 0.143, and 0.107 g) respectively compared to the control treatment that was 0. 665 g.

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15

Young, J. M., and D. C. Park. "Probable synonymy of the nitrogen-fixing genus Azotobacter and the genus Pseudomonas." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64969-0.

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The relationships of the genus Azotobacter, Azomonas macrocytogenes and the genus Pseudomonas were revealed by comparative analysis of partial 16S rRNA and atpD, carA and recA gene sequences and as concatenated nucleotide and peptide sequences. Sequence similarities of Azotobacter species and Azomonas macrocytogenes indicated that these may be considered to be synonyms at the molecular level. In addition, these species show an intimate relationship with species of Pseudomonas, especially P. aeruginosa (the type species of the genus). In terms of the current circumscription of the genus Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azomonas macrocytogenes should be considered for amalgamation with Pseudomonas. Azotobacter and Azomonas comprise nitrogen-fixing strains with large pleomorphic cells that form cysts, and peritrichous flagella insertion; characteristics not included in the current circumscription of Pseudomonas. The data are discussed in the light of whether lateral transfer of genes could be involved in the determination of significant morphological characteristics, thus leading to a problem that may be encountered more frequently: how to resolve classification of taxa based on conserved sequences with those based on their phenotype. More fundamentally, the results illuminate problems that will increasingly be encountered: by what criteria can taxa be delineated, what are the most appropriate methods for classification, and what are the proper assumptions of bacterial classification?

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16

Soman, J., S. Iismaa, and C. D. Stout. "Crystallographic analysis of two site-directed mutants of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, no. 32 (November 1991): 21558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54674-3.

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17

Toukdarian, A., G. Saunders, G. Selman-Sosa, E. Santero, P. Woodley, and C. Kennedy. "Molecular analysis of the Azotobacter vinelandii glnA gene encoding glutamine synthetase." Journal of Bacteriology 172, no. 11 (1990): 6529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.11.6529-6539.1990.

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18

Blanco, Gonzalo, Martin Drummond, Paul Woodley, and Christina Kennedy. "Sequence and molecular analysis of the nifL gene of Azotobacter vinelandii." Molecular Microbiology 9, no. 4 (August 1993): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01745.x.

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19

Jacobson, Marty R., Valerie L. Cash, Mary C. Weiss, Nancy F. Laird, William E. Newton, and Dennis R. Dean. "Biochemical and genetic analysis of the nifUSVWZM cluster from Azotobacter vinelandii." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 219, no. 1-2 (October 1989): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00261156.

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20

Venkatesh, T. V., and H. K. Das. "The Azotobacter vinelandii recA gene: sequence analysis and regulation of expression." Gene 120, no. 1 (October 1992): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(92)90023-i.

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21

Venkatesh, T. V., and H. K. Das. "The Azotobacter vinelandii recA gene: sequence analysis and regulation of expression." Gene 113, no. 1 (April 1992): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(92)90668-f.

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22

Colnaghi, Rita, Silvia Pagani, Christina Kennedy, and Martin Drummond. "Cloning, Sequence Analysis and Overexpression of the Rhodanese Gene of Azotobacter vinelandii." European Journal of Biochemistry 236, no. 1 (February 15, 1996): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00240.x.

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23

Wolfinger, E. D., and P. E. Bishop. "Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the vnfENX region of Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Bacteriology 173, no. 23 (1991): 7565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.23.7565-7572.1991.

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24

Peña, C. "Characterization of Azotobacter vinelandii aggregation in submerged culture by digital image analysis." FEMS Microbiology Letters 207, no. 2 (February 5, 2002): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(01)00572-9.

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25

Chen, Jack Chien, Leonard E. Mortenson, and Lance C. Seefeldt. "Analysis of a gene region required for dihydrogen oxidation in Azotobacter vinelandii." Current Microbiology 30, no. 6 (June 1995): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00369862.

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26

Giranda, V. L., H. M. Berman, and V. L. Schramm. "Crystallographic Quaternary Structural Analysis of AMP Nucleosidases from Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, no. 26 (September 1989): 15674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84885-8.

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27

Menon, A. L., L. E. Mortenson, and R. L. Robson. "Nucleotide sequences and genetic analysis of hydrogen oxidation (hox) genes in Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Bacteriology 174, no. 14 (1992): 4549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.14.4549-4557.1992.

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28

Joerger, R. D., and P. E. Bishop. "Nucleotide sequence and genetic analysis of the nifB-nifQ region from Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Bacteriology 170, no. 4 (1988): 1475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.170.4.1475-1487.1988.

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29

Sur, Saubashya, Malay Bhattachar, Asim K. Bothra, Louis S. Tisa, and Arnab Sen. "Bioinformatic Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns in a Free Living Diazotroph, Azotobacter vinelandii." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 7, no. 2 (March 15, 2008): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2008.242.249.

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30

Pyla, Rajkumar, Tae-Jo Kim, Juan L. Silva, and Yean-Sung Jung. "Proteome analysis of Azotobacter vinelandii ∆arrF mutant that overproduces poly-β-hydroxybutyrate polymer." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 88, no. 6 (August 28, 2010): 1343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2852-4.

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31

Dimou, Maria, Anastasia Venieraki, Georgios Liakopoulos, and Panagiotis Katinakis. "Cloning, characterization and transcriptional analysis of two phosphate acetyltransferase isoforms from Azotobacter vinelandii." Molecular Biology Reports 38, no. 6 (November 21, 2010): 3653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0478-3.

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32

Raina, Ramesh, Umesh K. Bageshwar, and H. K. Das. "The Azotobacter vinelandii nifL-like gene: nucleotide sequence analysis and regulation of expression." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 237, no. 3 (March 1993): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00279444.

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33

Pawar, Rohit, Santosh Barkule, Shruti Kirti, and Dipesh Rasal. "Effect on soil health of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cultivation with Integrated Nutrient Management." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1881.

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Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (Cauliflower) is an important commercial vegetable crop grown all over the world. In order to meet the growing demand of burgeoning population, large amounts of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers are being applied to the fields every year to achieve maximum production leading to deleterious environmental effects.The present investigation ‘Integrated nutrient management in cauliflower was undertaken at the Instructional Farm of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Latur during the Rabi season. The experiment laid out in Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) with fourteen treatments replicated thrice. The treatment comprises with RDF (120:80:40 NPK kg/ha.), FYM (10 t/ha), Azotobacter and Azospirillum (10 kg/ha). The variety Snowball – 16 was selected for the study. The data regarding soil analysis after harvesting, the maximum available nitrogen (265.66 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (23.26 kg ha-1) and available potassium (415.33 kg ha-1) were recorded in highest dose of INM i.e. 100 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum(T2) and is was statistically at par with T6 and T8. The maximum organic carbon (0.93 per cent) was recorded in the treatment 75 % RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum(T6). There were no significant differences of INM treatments observed on soil pH and electrical conductivity. This result suggested that 25% chemical fertilizers can be reduced without any compromise on fertility status of the soil for cauliflower crop production in sub-tropical condition.

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34

Rojas-Tapias, Daniel, Oriana Ortega Sierra, Diego Rivera Botía, and Ruth Bonilla. "Preservation of Azotobacter chroococcum vegetative cells in dry polymers." Universitas Scientiarum 20, no. 2 (October 10, 2014): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc20-2.pacv.

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We studied the preservation of Azotobacter chroococcum C26 using three dry polymers: carrageenin, sodium alginate, and HPMC, using a method of accelerated degradation. Bacterial viability, as response variable, was measured at three temperatures in four different times, which was followed by calculation of bacterial degradation rates. Results showed that temperature, time of storage, and protective agent influenced both viability and degradation rates (P;lt;0.05). We observed, using the Arrhenius thermodynamic model, that the use of polymers increased the activation energy of bacterial degradation compared to control. We obtained thermodynamic models for each polymer, based on the Arrhenius equation, which predicted the required time for thermal degradation of the cells at different temperatures. Analysis of the models showed that carrageenin was the best polymer to preserve A. chroococcum C26 since ~ 900 days are required at 4 ºC to reduce its viability in two log units. We conclude, therefore, that long-term preservation of A. chroococcum C26 using dry polymers is suitable under adequate preservation and storage conditions.

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35

Mazinani, Z., and A. Asgharzadeh. "Genetic diversity of Azotobacter strains isolated from soils by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis." Cytology and Genetics 48, no. 5 (September 2014): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0095452714050041.

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36

WESTPHAL, Adrie H., and Arie KOK. "Lipoamide dehydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. Molecular cloning, organization and sequence analysis of the gene." European Journal of Biochemistry 172, no. 2 (March 1988): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13887.x.

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37

Li, J. G., S. Tal, A. C. Robinson, V. Dang, and B. K. Burgess. "Analysis of Azotobacter vinelandii strains containing defined deletions in the nifD and nifK genes." Journal of Bacteriology 172, no. 10 (1990): 5884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.10.5884-5891.1990.

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38

Johnson, Deborah C., Mihaela-Carmen Unciuleac, and Dennis R. Dean. "Controlled Expression and Functional Analysis of Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biosynthetic Components within Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 21 (August 25, 2006): 7551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00596-06.

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ABSTRACT A system for the controlled expression of genes in Azotobacter vinelandii by using genomic fusions to the sucrose catabolic regulon was developed. This system was used for the functional analysis of the A. vinelandii isc genes, whose products are involved in the maturation of [Fe-S] proteins. For this analysis, the scrX gene, contained within the sucrose catabolic regulon, was replaced by the contiguous A. vinelandii iscS, iscU, iscA, hscB, hscA, fdx, and iscX genes, resulting in duplicate genomic copies of these genes: one whose expression is directed by the normal isc regulatory elements (Pisc) and the other whose expression is directed by the scrX promoter (PscrX). Functional analysis of [Fe-S] protein maturation components was achieved by placing a mutation within a particular Pisc-controlled gene with subsequent repression of the corresponding PscrX-controlled component by growth on glucose as the carbon source. This experimental strategy was used to show that IscS, IscU, HscBA, and Fdx are essential in A. vinelandii and that their depletion results in a deficiency in the maturation of aconitase, an enzyme that requires a [4Fe-4S] cluster for its catalytic activity. Depletion of IscA results in a null growth phenotype only when cells are cultured under conditions of elevated oxygen, marking the first null phenotype associated with the loss of a bacterial IscA-type protein. Furthermore, the null growth phenotype of cells depleted of HscBA could be partially reversed by culturing cells under conditions of low oxygen. Conserved amino acid residues within IscS, IscU, and IscA that are essential for their respective functions and/or whose replacement results in a partial or complete dominant-negative growth phenotype were also identified using this system.

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39

Santric, Ljiljana, Vaskrsija Janjic, and Ljiljana Radivojevic. "Effect of Fomesafen on the abundance of soil microorganisms in soybean crop." Pesticidi 18, no. 2 (2003): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0302109s.

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Effect of the herbicide Fomesafen on the abundance of soil microorganisms was investigated. The abundance of total microflora, fungi, actinomycetes aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter) and cellulolytic bacteria was studied. Trials were set up on smonitza and alluvium soil types in laboratory environment. Fomesafen was applied at 0.2 and 0.4 kg/ha rate. Microbiological analysis was done 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days after treatment. The acquired results showed that fomesafen had caused a decrease in the abundance of total microorganisms, aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria, the highest effect being recorded in the interval between the 7th and 14th post-treatment days. The most susceptible genus was Azotobacter. Fomesafen was found to cause an increase in the abundance of actinomycetes, while no shangein fungi abundance was recorded. No difference in the intensity of effect on the investigated parameters was found between the applied rate and soil type, except a 36% reduction of total microorganisms on smonitza and 51% on alluvium, and 48% reduction of cellulolytic bacteria on smonitza and 41% on alluvium.

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40

Nikel, Pablo I., Alejandra de Almeida, Evelia C. Melillo, Miguel A. Galvagno, and M. Julia Pettinari. "New Recombinant Escherichia coli Strain Tailored for the Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) from Agroindustrial By-Products." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 3949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00044-06.

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ABSTRACT A recombinant E. coli strain (K24K) was constructed and evaluated for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production from whey and corn steep liquor as main carbon and nitrogen sources. This strain bears the pha biosynthetic genes from Azotobacter sp. strain FA8 expressed from a T5 promoter under the control of the lactose operator. K24K does not produce the lactose repressor, ensuring constitutive expression of genes involved in lactose transport and utilization. PHB was efficiently produced by the recombinant strain grown aerobically in fed-batch cultures in a laboratory scale bioreactor on a semisynthetic medium supplemented with the agroindustrial by-products. After 24 h, cells accumulated PHB to 72.9% of their cell dry weight, reaching a volumetric productivity of 2.13 g PHB per liter per hour. Physical analysis of PHB recovered from the recombinants showed that its molecular weight was similar to that of PHB produced by Azotobacter sp. strain FA8 and higher than that of the polymer from Cupriavidus necator and that its glass transition temperature was approximately 20ï¿½C higher than those of PHBs from the natural producer strains.

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41

Premakumar, R., Marty R. Jacobson, Telisa M. Loveless, and Paul E. Bishop. "Characterization of transcripts expressed from nitrogenase-3 structural genes of Azotobacter vinelandii." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-150.

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Five major anfH-hybridizing mRNA species accumulated in Azotobacter vinelandii cells derepressed for nitrogenase-3 (an alternative nitrogenase, which appears to lack Mo and V). Using anfH-, anfD-, anfG-, anfK-, and orf1orf2-specific probes and mutant strains of A. vinelandii these mRNA species have been identified as encoding anfHDGKorf1orf2 (6.0 kb), anfHDGK (4.3 kb), anfHD (2.6 kb), vnfHorfFd (1.3 kb), and vnfH and (or) anfH(1.0 kb). A 0.6-kb mRNA species, which hybridized only to the orf1orf2-specific probe, and a 3.5-kb mRNA species, which hybridized to anfD or anfK, also accumulated under these conditions. Northern blot analysis and S1 nuclease mapping indicate that transcription of the anf structural gene cluster initiates at a unique nif consensus promoter situated 127 base pairs upstream from the anfH coding region. Observation of anfH-hybridizing mRNA species that accumulate in strains derepressed for nitrogen fixation demonstrates that transcription of the anfHDGKorf1orf2 cluster is normally repressed by Mo, V, and NH4+, whereas transcription of the vnfHorfFd cluster does not require the presence of V and is repressed only by Mo, but not NH4+. Analysis of the accumulation of mRNAs in a tungsten-tolerant strain revealed that Mo and V repression of anf transcription must occur by different mechanisms. Key words: Azotobacter vinelandii, nitrogenase-3, transcripts, regulation, molybdenum, vanadium.

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42

DeRose, Victoria J., Chul-Hwan Kim, William E. Newton, Dennis R. Dean, and Brian M. Hoffman. "Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation Spectroscopic Analysis of Altered Nitrogenase MoFe Proteins from Azotobacter vinelandii." Biochemistry 34, no. 9 (March 1995): 2809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00009a009.

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43

Joerger, R. D., T. M. Loveless, R. N. Pau, L. A. Mitchenall, B. H. Simon, and P. E. Bishop. "Nucleotide sequences and mutational analysis of the structural genes for nitrogenase 2 of Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Bacteriology 172, no. 6 (1990): 3400–3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.6.3400-3408.1990.

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44

Bageshwar, Umesh K., Ramesh Raina, Nirupam Roy Choudhury, and H. K. Das. "Analysis of upstream activation of the vnfH promoter of Azotobacter vinelandii." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 5 (1998): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-44-5-405.

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45

Du, Lisheng, Karl H. Tibelius, Emanuel M. Souza, R. P. Garg, and M. G. Yates. "Sequences, organization and analysis of the hupZMNOQRTV genes from the Azotobacter chroococcum hydrogenase gene cluster." Journal of Molecular Biology 243, no. 4 (November 1994): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(94)90029-9.

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46

Moreno G., Andrés Eduardo, Daniel Fernando Rojas T., and Ruth Rebeca Bonilla B. "Aplicación de diseños estadísticos secuenciales en la identificación de fuentes nutricionales para Azotobacter chroococcum AC1." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 12, no. 2 (November 23, 2011): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol12_num2_art:226.

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<p>La multiplicación masiva de bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal es un aspecto fundamental para la producción de bioinoculantes. Con el objetivo de evaluar una estrategia experimental que permitiera identificar factores nutricionales con influencia sobre la multiplicación de Azotobacter chroococcum AC1, se realizó la aplicación secuencial de diseños estadísticos (Placket-Burman, diseño factorial 27-3, máxima respuesta ascendente y análisis de superficie de respuesta). Se evaluaron once fuentes nutricionales: glucosa, sacarosa, glicerol, almidón, glutamato monosódico, urea, levadura comercial entera, extracto de levadura, MgSO4·7H2O, K2HPO4·3H2O y solución de microelementos. Los resultados evidenciaron que la aplicación en secuencia de diseños estadísticos demostró ser una estrategia confiable permitiendo una producción de células viables de 9x109 ufc/mL luego de 24 horas del proceso de multiplicación, empleando una combinación óptima estimada basada en extracto de levadura, glutamato monosódico, glucosa, K2HPO4·3H2O, MgSO4·7H2O y solución de micronutrientes.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Sequential statistical design application in identification of Azotobacter chroococcum AC1 nutritional sources.</strong></p><p>The mass multiplication of plant growth promoting bacteria is a fundamental aspect in the production of bioinoculants. In order to evaluate an experimental strategy that would identify nutritional factors that influence the growth of Azotobacter chroococcum AC1 strain, the sequential application of statistical designs (Placket-Burman design, 27-3 factorial design, steepest ascent method, and response surface analysis) was performed. Eleven nutritional sources: glucose, sucrose, glycerol, starch, monosodium glutamate, urea, commercial yeast, yeast extract, MgSO4·7H2O, K2HPO4·3H2O, and mineral solution were evaluated. Sequential statistical design application proved to be a reliable experimental strategy, allowing 9x109 cfu/ mL production from an optimal ration between yeast extract, monosodium glutamate, glucose, K2HPO4·3H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, and mineral solution.</p>

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47

Kuzevski, Janja, Nada Milosevic, Sasa Krstanovic, and Zora Jelicic. "Effect of Azotobacter chroococcum on sugar beet and microbial activity of rhizosphere." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 118 (2010): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1018037k.

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In sugar beet production, one of the most important factors that affect the yield, apart from genetic properties, is the use of mineral fertilizers. Considerate amounts of mineral fertilizers are used in sugar beet production. However, if agroecological conditions are not optimum, mineral fertilizers cannot be completely absorbed, which may lead to soil contamination. Therefore, research has been focusing on ways of using atmospheric nitrogen by means of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Numerous researches have proved that one part of mineral fertilizers can be replaced by biological nitrogen. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of genotype, azotobacter and the amount of mineral fertilizers on the root yield of sugar beet and on the microbiological activity of the sugar beet rhizospheric soil. Three hybrids of sugar beet were used during the two years of the research. The seed of the hybrids was inoculated with three strains of azotobacter. Various amounts of NPK were used (0;30;60;90 kg/ha). At the end of the vegetation period, the following were determined: root yield, total number of bacteria, number of azotobacter, oligotrophic bacteria, ammonifiers, fungi, and actinomycetes in soil. Dehydrogenase activity was measured. The results were processed statistically (analysis of variance for factorial trials) and the effect of the factors was determined upon the expected mean square values. The yield was mainly affected by the amount of mineral fertilizers. However, the effect of mineral fertilizers was different with different inoculation treatments. The effect of the examined factors was dependant upon genotype, amount of mineral fertilizers, inoculation and the year of trials. The interaction between genotype, mineral fertilizers, inoculation and the year of trials was the factor that had the greatest effect on the number of almost all the examined soil microorganisms.

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48

Betancourt, Doris A., Telisa M. Loveless, James W. Brown, and Paul E. Bishop. "Characterization of Diazotrophs Containing Mo-Independent Nitrogenases, Isolated from Diverse Natural Environments." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 11 (March 31, 2008): 3471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02694-07.

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ABSTRACT Molybdenum-independent nitrogenases were first described in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii and have since been described in other diazotrophic bacteria. Previously, we reported the isolation of seven diazotrophs with Mo-independent nitrogenases from aquatic environments. In the present study, we extend these results to include diazotrophs isolated from wood chip mulch, soil, “paraffin dirt,” and sediments from mangrove swamps. Mo-deficient, N-free media under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were used for the isolations. A total of 26 isolates were genetically and physiologically characterized. Their phylogenetic placement was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Most of the isolates are members of the gamma subdivision of the class Proteobacteria and appear to be specifically related to fluorescent pseudomonads and azotobacteria. Two other isolates, AN1 and LPF4, are closely related to Enterobacter spp. and Paenibacillus spp., respectively. PCR and/or Southern hybridization were used to detect the presence of nitrogenase genes in the isolates. PCR amplification of vnfG and anfG was used to detect the genetic potential for the expression of the vanadium-containing nitrogenase and the iron-only nitrogenase in the isolates. This study demonstrates that diazotrophs with Mo-independent nitrogenases can be readily isolated from diverse natural environments.

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HANEMAAIJER, Roeland, Anja JANSSEN, Arie KOK, and Cees VEEGER. "The dihydrolipoyltransacetylase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis." European Journal of Biochemistry 174, no. 4 (July 1988): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14140.x.

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50

Quinn, Jennifer A., David B. McKay, and Barrie Entsch. "Analysis of the pobA and pobR genes controlling expression of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase in Azotobacter chroococcum." Gene 264, no. 1 (February 2001): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00599-0.

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