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Journal articles on the topic 'Azotobacter chroococcum – Genetics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Caldwell, Jane M., and Hosni M. Hassan. "Azotobacter chroococcum does not contain sodA or its gene product Mn-superoxide dismutase." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-003.

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Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii grown in Burk medium with 1% mannitol (BM) or in BM supplemented with 2.2 mg/mL ammonium acetate (BM+N) were found to have only iron-containing and CuZn-containing superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, genomic DNA from A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii were subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis using sodA- and sodB-specific primers and yielded only a sodB product. These results dispute the assertion by Buchanan and Lees (Can. J. Microbiol. 26: 441447, 1980) that A. chroococcum contains Mn-superoxide dismutase.Key words: FeSOD, Cu-ZnSOD, MnSOD, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii.

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2

de la Vega, Mercedes G., Francisco J. Cejudo, and Antonio Paneque. "Regulation of Azotobacter chroococcum invertase." Archives of Microbiology 155, no. 4 (March 1991): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00243447.

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3

Paneque, A., M. C. Munoz-Centeno, M. T. Ruiz, and F. J. Cejudo. "Nitrate permease from Azotobacter chroococcum." Physiologia Plantarum 89, no. 3 (November 1993): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05219.x.

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4

Robson, Robert L., Robert Jones, R. Moyra Robson, Ariel Schwartz, and Toby H. Richardson. "Azotobacter Genomes: The Genome of Azotobacter chroococcum NCIMB 8003 (ATCC 4412)." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2015): e0127997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127997.

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5

Tibelius, Karl H., Robert L. Robson, and M. G. Yates. "Cloning and characterization of hydrogenase genes from Azotobacter chroococcum." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 206, no. 2 (February 1987): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00333586.

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6

Kothari, S. K., and C. S. Saraf. "Response of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) to bacterial seed inoculation and application of phosphorus fertilizer." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 2 (October 1986): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960008727x.

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Nitrogen fixing, free-living, organisms like Azotobacter and Azospirillum are known to increase the nodulation and efficiency oiRhizobium (Krasilinikov & Korenyakov, 1944). The beneficial effect of incorporation of Azotobacter with Rhizobium may be due to the production of auxins (Vancura & Macura, 1960) and prolonged survival of Rhizobium in the presence of a large amount of polysaccharide gums (Krasilinikov & Korenyakov, 1944). In green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), because of high temperature and unavoidable soil moisture stress during hot and dry summer months (April-June), survival of the seed-inoculated Rhizobium is very poor (Lai, Dubey & Chandra, 1983). In the present study attempts were made to improve the efficiency cf Rhizobium as an inoculant by the use of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense.

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7

Revilla, Elisa, Francisco J. Cejudo, Antonio Llobell, and Antonio Paneque. "Short-term ammonium inhibition of nitrate uptake by Azotobacter chroococcum." Archives of Microbiology 144, no. 3 (April 1986): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00410944.

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8

Khosravi, Houshang, and Hossein Kari Dolatabad. "Identification and molecular characterization of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter salinestris using ARDRA, REP, ERIC, and BOX." Molecular Biology Reports 47, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-05133-7.

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9

Ruiz, M. T., F. J. Cejudo, M. C. Muñoz-Centeno, and A. Paneque. "Isolation and characterization of an Azotobacter chroococcum mutant deficient in nitrate transport." FEMS Microbiology Letters 67, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13865.x.

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10

Raschinkina, A. S., N. A. Troitsky, and L. A. Okulich. "Introduction of mu bacteriophage into Azotobacter chroococcum and intergeneric rp4 :: mu plasmid-mediated transfer of genes." Biopolymers and Cell 1, no. 4 (July 20, 1985): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000186.

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11

Banerjee, Aulie, Subhrangshu Supakar, and Raja Banerjee. "Melanin from the Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum: A Spectroscopic Characterization." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2014): e84574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084574.

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12

Cejudo, Francisco J., and Antonio Paneque. "Effect of nitrogen starvation on ammonium-inhibition of nitrogenase activity in Azotobacter chroococcum." Archives of Microbiology 149, no. 6 (April 1988): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00446748.

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13

Kole, Manoj M., William J. Page, and Illimar Altosaar. "Distribution of Azotobacter in Eastern Canadian soils and in association with plant rhizospheres." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 815–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-138.

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Aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria were readily isolated from Eastern Canadian soils. The majority (89%) of these soils were found to contain Azotobacter chroococcum and other members of this family. These bacteria ranged from 1 × 102 to 2.5 × 104 bacteria per gram soil. The soil type had relatively little effect on the population of these bacteria provided a soil moisture content of 10 to 18% and a soil pH of 6.5 to 8.0 was maintained. The presence of wheat or common lawn grasses did not promote better establishment of Azotobacteraceae. However, slightly larger populations of these bacteria were associated with corn, oat, and soybean rhizospheres.

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14

Jones, Robert, Paul Woodley, Angelika Birkmann-Zinoni, and Robert L. Robson. "The nifH gene encoding the Fe protein component of the molybdenum nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum." Gene 123, no. 1 (January 1993): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(93)90555-h.

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15

Quinn, Jennifer A., David B. McKay, and Barrie Entsch. "Analysis of the pobA and pobR genes controlling expression of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase in Azotobacter chroococcum." Gene 264, no. 1 (February 2001): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00599-0.

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16

Bonartsev, Anton, Sergey Yakovlev, Arasha Boskhomdzhiev, Irina Zharkova, Dmitrii Bagrov, Vera Myshkina, Tatiana Mahina, et al. "The Terpolymer Produced by Azotobacter Chroococcum 7B: Effect of Surface Properties on Cell Attachment." PLoS ONE 8, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): e57200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057200.

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17

Romos, Juan, and Robert L. Robson. "Cloning of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Azotobacter chroococcum, an enzyme important in aerobic nitrogen fixation." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 208, no. 3 (July 1987): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328143.

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18

Ghadimi, Mehdi, Alireza Sirousmehr, Mohammad Hossein Ansari, and Ahmad Ghanbari. "Organic soil amendments using vermicomposts under inoculation of N2-fixing bacteria for sustainable rice production." PeerJ 9 (September 2, 2021): e10833. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10833.

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Organic and biological fertilizers are considered as a very important source of plant nutrients. A field experiment was conducted during 2017−2018 in paddy soil to investigate the effect of vermicomposting of cattle manure mixture with Azolla and rice straw on soil microbial activity, nutrient uptake, and grain yield under inoculation of N2-fixing bacteria. Experimental factors consisted of organic amendments at six levels (vermicomposts prepared from manure (VM); manure + rice straw (VRM); manure + Azolla mixture (VAM); manure + rice straw + Azolla mixture (VRAM); raw manure without vermicomposting (M), and a control) and N2-fixing bacteria at three levels (Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilence, and non−inoculation). The results showed that, vermicompost treatments compared to control and raw manure significantly increased the number and biomass−C of soil microorganisms, urease activity, number of tillers hill−1, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake, and grain and protein yield. Inoculation of plants with N2-fixing bacteria, especially Azotobacter increased the efficiency of organic amendments, so that the maximum urease activity, soil microbial activity, P and N uptake, and grain yield (4,667 (2017) and 5,081 (2018) kg/h) were observed in vermicompost treatments containing Azolla (VAM and VRAM) under inoculation with Azotobacter. The results of the study suggested that, using an organic source along with inoculation with appropriate N2-fixing bacteria for vermicompost has a great effect on enzyme activity, soil biology, nutrient uptake and grain yield has a synergistic interaction on agronomic traits under flooded conditions. Therefore, this nutrient method can be used as one of the nutrient management strategies in the sustainable rice production.

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19

Ruiz, María T., Francisco J. Cejudo, and Antonio Paneque. "Effect of divalent cations on the short-term NH 4 + inhibition of nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter chroococcum." Archives of Microbiology 154, no. 4 (September 1990): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00276524.

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20

Tibelius, Karl H., Lisheng Du, Don Tito, and Fran Stejskal. "The Azotobacter chroococcum hydrogenase gene cluster: sequences and genetic analysis of four accessory genes, hup A, hupB, hupY and hupC." Gene 127, no. 1 (May 1993): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(93)90616-b.

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21

Cvijanovic, Gorica, Nada Milosevic, and Mirjana Jarak. "The importance of diazotrophs as biofertilisers in the maize and soybean production." Genetika 39, no. 3 (2007): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0703395c.

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The contemporary food production requires the preservation of soil productivity with the simultaneous maintenance of the yield level accomplished with the appropriate fertilizing. The maize and soybean production is unimaginable without fertilizers and the application of information within the filed of nitrogen fixation. The application of fertilizers has been increasing. Diazotrophs are microorganisms with the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and to convert it in forms available to plants. Therefore, effects of different rates of mineral nitrogen (80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1 in maize and half of the mentioned rates in soybean), as well as, maize seed bacterisation with the associative species (Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Klebsiella planticola, Beijerinckia derxi) and soybean with the symbiotic species (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) and their mixture on soil biogeny and yield quality and quantity were studied. The studied parameters in maize had higher values under conditions of bacterisation and fertilization with 80 kg N ha-1, while the mixture of diazotrophs and fertilization with 40 kg N ha-1 resulted in higher values of studied parameters in soybean. It is possible to produce organic/healthy food with the maintenance of soil biogeny if diazotrophs are incorporated into the soil with lower rates of mineral nitrogen. This possibility is a basic prerequisite for sustainable agriculture.

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22

Kumar, Manoj, Amandeep Kaur, Chandra Pachouri, and Joginder Singh. "Growth promoting characteristics of rhizobacteria and AM Fungi for biomass amelioration of Zea mays." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 3 (2015): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141029047k.

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Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhiza were evaluated on the growth (biomass) and yield of Zea mays. In the present study, selective rhizospheric PGPR (Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Azospirillum brasilense and Streptomyces sp.) and a combination of six strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Acaulospora morrowae, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus constrictum, Glomus mossae, Glomus aggregatum and Scutellospora calospora) were isolated and identified with standard methods and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. PGPR and AMF were checked for their growth-promoting behavior under specific treatment conditions. The 30-48-day-old treated plants in all combinations showed a significantly higher mass value. The average dry weight from the shoot was in a range from 41-52% as compared to the control. This increase also translated into a higher mass value of the roots. Overall, an 82% growth rate was observed in terms of height as the consequence of biomass production, specifically in the case of AMF + rhizobacteria combination. We report an efficient, sustainable and cost-effective biofertilizer for enhanced biomass of Z. mays, one of the staple food crops worldwide.

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23

Štajner, D., S. Kevrešan, O. Gašić, and Z. Sarić. "Induction of antioxidant enzyme activities and pigment content in wheat as a result of nitrogen supply and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum." Cereal Research Communications 25, no. 4 (December 1997): 1007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543909.

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24

Tibelius, Karl H., Lisheng Du, Don Tito, and Fran Stejskal. "The Azotobacter chroococcum hydrogenase gene cluster: sequences and genetic analysis of four accessory genes, hup A, hup B, hup Y and hup C." Gene 134, no. 1 (November 1993): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(93)90190-e.

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25

Saber, Wesam I. A., Noura E. El-Naggar, Mohammad S. El-Hersh, and Ayman Y. El-Khateeb. "An Innovative Synergism Between Aspergillus oryzae and Azotobacter chroococcum for Bioconversion of Cellulosic Biomass into Organic Acids under Restricted Nutritional Conditions Using Multi-Response Surface Optimization." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2015): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2015.47.57.

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26

Kumar, Upendra, Megha Kaviraj, P. Panneerselvam, Himani Priya, Koushik Chakraborty, P. Swain, S. N. Chatterjee, S. G. Sharma, P. K. Nayak, and A. K. Nayak. "Ascorbic acid formulation for survivability and diazotrophic efficacy of Azotobacter chroococcum Avi2 (MCC 3432) under hydrogen peroxide stress and its role in plant-growth promotion in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 139 (June 2019): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.003.

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27

Li, Zhuo, Megha N. Parajulee, and Fajun Chen. "Influence of elevated CO2 on development and food utilization of armyworm Mythimna separata fed on transgenic Bt maize infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria." PeerJ 6 (July 5, 2018): e5138. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5138.

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Background Bt crops will face a new ecological risk of reduced effectiveness against target-insect pests owing to the general decrease in exogenous-toxin content in Bt crops grown under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). The method chosen to deal with this issue may affect the sustainability of transgenic crops as an effective pest management tool, especially under future atmospheric CO2 level raising. Methods In this study, rhizobacterias, as being one potential biological regulator to enhance nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops, was selected and the effects of Bt maize (Line IE09S034 with Cry1Ie vs. its parental line of non-Bt maize Xianyu 335) infected by Azospirillum brasilense (AB) and Azotobacter chroococcum (AC) on the development and food utilization of the target Mythimna separate under ambient and double-ambient CO2 in open-top chambers from 2016 to 2017. Results The results indicated that rhizobacteria infection significantly increased the larval life-span, pupal duration, relative consumption rate and approximate digestibility of M. separata, and significantly decreased the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult longevity, fecundity, relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of digested food and efficiency of conversion of ingested food of M. separata fed on Bt maize, while here were opposite trends in development and food utilization of M. separata fed on non-Bt maize infected with AB and AC compared with the control buffer in 2016 and 2017 regardless of CO2 level. Discussion Simultaneously, elevated CO2 and Bt maize both had negative influence on the development and food utilization of M. separata. Presumably, CO2 concentration arising in future significantly can increase their intake of food and harm to maize crop; however, Bt maize infected with rhizobacterias can reduce the field hazards from M. separata and the application of rhizobacteria infection can enhance the resistance of Bt maize against target lepidoptera pests especially under elevated CO2.

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28

Sellamuthu, Gothandapani, Prabha Shankar, Sekar Soundarapandian, Sangeeta Paul, and Jasdeep C. Padaria. "Molecular Evolution of the Negative Regulatory Gene (NIFL) from Azotobacter Chroococcum and its Nitrogenase Activity." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2643.

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Two isolates of Azotobacter chroococcum (A. chroococcum CBD15 and A. chroococcum W5), were characterized for their atmospheric nitrogen fixing efficiency and ability to produce plant growth promoting hormone. The isolates, A. chroococcum CBD15 and A. chroococcum W5, were observed the production of Indole acetic acid (IAA) and nitrogen fixation in the absence of any inorganic nitrogen source. The ability nitrogen fixation was estimated by acetylene reduction studies revealed that A. chroococcum CBD15 produced 693.3 nmole C2H4 h-1 mg-1 whereas A. chroococcum W5 produced 523.4 nmole C2H4 h-1 mg-1. Nitrogenase activity of both the isolates was reduced when grown in media containing nitrogen source (ammonia or urea), in comparison to media lacking any nitrogen source. The nifL gene, which is one of the most important regulatory gene of nitrogen fixation pathway, was isolated from A. chroococcum CBD15 and A. chroococcum W5. Sequence analysis revealed that both nifL gene sequences have maximum homology with nifL gene of A. vinelandii and Pseudomonas oryzae respectively. The genetic manipulation of nifL gene of A. chrococcum will lead to development of an efficient bioinoculant for sustainable agriculture.

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29

Zhang, Xinning, Oliver Baars, and François M. M. Morel. "Genetic, structural, and functional diversity of low and high-affinity siderophores in strains of nitrogen fixingAzotobacter chroococcum." Metallomics 11, no. 1 (2019): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mt00236c.

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30

Kuzevski, Janja, Nada Milosevic, Sasa Krstanovic, and Zora Jelicic. "Effect of Azotobacter chroococcum on sugar beet and microbial activity of rhizosphere." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 118 (2010): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1018037k.

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In sugar beet production, one of the most important factors that affect the yield, apart from genetic properties, is the use of mineral fertilizers. Considerate amounts of mineral fertilizers are used in sugar beet production. However, if agroecological conditions are not optimum, mineral fertilizers cannot be completely absorbed, which may lead to soil contamination. Therefore, research has been focusing on ways of using atmospheric nitrogen by means of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Numerous researches have proved that one part of mineral fertilizers can be replaced by biological nitrogen. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of genotype, azotobacter and the amount of mineral fertilizers on the root yield of sugar beet and on the microbiological activity of the sugar beet rhizospheric soil. Three hybrids of sugar beet were used during the two years of the research. The seed of the hybrids was inoculated with three strains of azotobacter. Various amounts of NPK were used (0;30;60;90 kg/ha). At the end of the vegetation period, the following were determined: root yield, total number of bacteria, number of azotobacter, oligotrophic bacteria, ammonifiers, fungi, and actinomycetes in soil. Dehydrogenase activity was measured. The results were processed statistically (analysis of variance for factorial trials) and the effect of the factors was determined upon the expected mean square values. The yield was mainly affected by the amount of mineral fertilizers. However, the effect of mineral fertilizers was different with different inoculation treatments. The effect of the examined factors was dependant upon genotype, amount of mineral fertilizers, inoculation and the year of trials. The interaction between genotype, mineral fertilizers, inoculation and the year of trials was the factor that had the greatest effect on the number of almost all the examined soil microorganisms.

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31

Singh, R., R. K. Behl, K. P. Singh, P. Jain, and N. Narula. "Performance and gene effects for wheat yield under inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 9 (December 10, 2011): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4052-pse.

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The present investigation was conducted to know the impact of bio-inoculants in low input field conditions on the magnitude and direction of gene effects and mean performance of some morphological and productivity traits in three wheat cultivars WH 147 (medium mineral input), WH 533 (drought tolerant), Raj 3077 (drought tolerant) and six generations namely P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>, F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub>, BC<sub>1</sub> and BC<sub>2</sub> of three crosses i.e. WH 147 × WH 533, WH 533 × Raj 3077 and WH 147 × Raj 3077. The experiment was conducted in randomised block design with three replications and three treatments i.e. control (C, without inoculation), inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF, Glomus fasciculatum), and AMF + Azotobacter chroococcum (Azc). Mineral fertilizer (80 kg N/ha + 40 kg P/ha + 18 kg ZnSO<sub>4</sub>/ha) was applied in all the three treatments. The application of bio-inoculants, AMF and AMF + Azc had a positive effect on plant height, peduncle length, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index in various populations of all the crosses. However, in some of the generations the impact of bio-inoculants was insignificant. The joint scaling test revealed that additive-dominance gene effects were mainly operative in governing expression of peduncle length, tillers per plant, plant height, grains/spike, grain yield and all traits except days to flowering and harvest index in crosses WH 147 × WH 533 and WH 533 × Raj 3077. The application of bioinoculants influenced gene effects for days to flowering, days to maturity, flag leaf area, spike length, grains/spike, 1000 grain weight and harvest index where complex genetic interactions were changed to simple additive-dominance gene effects in the cross WH 147 × Raj 3077. Likewise, additive-dominance gene effects were altered and digenic interactions exhibited for days to maturity, flag leaf area in WH 147 × WH 533 and days to flowering, plant height, flag leaf area in WH 533 × Raj 3077. Flag leaf area and plant height were governed by additive gene effects while for days to maturity and 1000-grain weight both additive and dominance gene effect were important. Duplicate epistasis was important in all the three crosses for days to flowering and harvest index and in the cross WH 147 × Raj 3077 for grain weight grains per spike and flag leaf area.  

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32

Evans, D. J., R. Jones, P. R. Woodley, J. R. Wilborn, and R. L. Robson. "Nucleotide sequence and genetic analysis of the Azotobacter chroococcum nifUSVWZM gene cluster, including a new gene (nifP) which encodes a serine acetyltransferase." Journal of Bacteriology 173, no. 17 (1991): 5457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.17.5457-5469.1991.

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33

Rubio, Esteban Julián, Marcela Susana Montecchia, Micaela Tosi, Fabricio Darío Cassán, Alejandro Perticari, and Olga Susana Correa. "Genotypic Characterization of Azotobacteria Isolated from Argentinean Soils and Plant-Growth-Promoting Traits of Selected Strains with Prospects for Biofertilizer Production." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/519603.

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The genetic diversity among 31 putativeAzotobacterisolates obtained from agricultural and non-agricultural soils was assessed using rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting and identified to species level by ARDRA and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. High diversity was found among the isolates, identified asA. chroococcum,A. salinestris, andA. armeniacus. Selected isolates were characterized on the basis of phytohormone biosynthesis, nitrogenase activity, siderophore production, and phosphate solubilization. Indole-3 acetic-acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3) and zeatin (Z) biosynthesis, nitrogenase activity, and siderophore production were found in all evaluated strains, with variation among them, but no phosphate solubilization was detected. Phytohormones excreted to the culture medium ranged in the following concentrations: 2.2–18.2 μg IAA mL−1, 0.3–0.7 μg GA3 mL−1, and 0.5–1.2 μg Z mL−1. Seed inoculations with further selectedAzotobacterstrains and treatments with their cell-free cultures increased the number of seminal roots and root hairs in wheat seedlings. This latter effect was mimicked by treatments with IAA-pure solutions, but it was not related to bacterial root colonization. Our survey constitutes a first approach to the knowledge ofAzotobacterspecies inhabiting Argentinean soils in three contrasting geographical regions. Moreover, this phenotypic characterization constitutes an important contribution to the selection ofAzotobacterstrains for biofertilizer formulations.

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34

Saad, Dina A., Ayyad W. Al-Shahwany, and Hadi M. Aboud. "Evaluation the Effect of Bio-Fertilization on Some Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Growth Parameters under Drought Conditions." Iraqi Journal of Science, September 29, 2019, 1948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2019.60.9.7.

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Field experiment was conducted during 2018- 2019 in loam soil at the research field of the Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq, to study the effect of bio-fertilizers and two levels of chemical fertilization ( 50% and 100%) in some agronomic traits of wheat Triticum aestivum L. cultivar IPA 99 by the genus Azotobacter chroococum and AMF Glomus mosseae singly or in combination under drought condition. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD)with three replications. The results revealed that the application of bio-fertilizers reduced the negative impacts of water deficit. However, (Azoto+AMF) were significantly increased the means of plant height, flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll content and the fresh weight of total vegetative ( 86.81 cm, 65.45 cm2, 49.55 SPAD, 37.93 g) respectively compared to the control treatment at 20% water deficit and 50% fertilization. Besides, there was no antagonism between A. chroococcum and Glomus mosseae, which can recommend to use them as bio-fertilizer.

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35

"The genetic analysis of nitrogen fixation, oxygen tolerance and hydrogen uptake in azotobacters." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 317, no. 1184 (September 24, 1987): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1987.0054.

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Azotobacters are important in nitrogen-fixation research because of their ability to synthesize at least two alternative forms of nitrogenase and also because of their high tolerance to oxygen. Approaches to studying genes in azotobacters involved in these and related processes include the analysis of mutants, hybridization to genes of other organisms, and also complementation of K. pneumoniae and E. coli mutants by azotobacter DNA. Eight to ten different regions of the genome may contain DNA involved in nitrogen fixation in A. chroococcum . The largest of these is about 25 kilobases (kb) in length and resembles the nif cluster of K. pneumoniae to some extent. Other regions include those hybridizing to fixABC genes of rhizobia and those thought to be involved in the Va-based alternative nitrogenase. Regulation of expression of genes for Mo nitrogenase in A. vinelandii involves, as in K. pneumoniae , ntrA and nifA genes, but unlike K. pneumoniae , not ntrC . Another regulatory gene, called nfrX , has also been identified. Mutants of A. chroococcum with increased sensitivity to oxygen (Fos - ) have been isolated and their phenotypes related to mechanisms of oxygen tolerance. Two are characterized as being deficient in citrate synthase and PEP carboxylase, respectively; these indicate that efficient operation of the TCA cycle is important for respiratory protection of nitrogenase. Finally, genetic studies of hydrogen uptake in A. chroococcum include the characterization of 15 kb of hup DNA by hybridization and mutant-complementation experiments.

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