Journal articles: 'Azotobacter. Nitrogen'

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Nadia Nuraniya Kamaluddin, Suman Samanta, Saon Banerjee, and Sarita Sarkar. "Role and perspective of Azotobacter in crops production." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i2.45130.

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Low nitrogen content in soil is usually overcome by chemical fertilization. After long application period, high-dose and intensive use of N fertilizers can cause ammonia volatilization and nitrates accumulation in soil. In sustainable agriculture, the use of bacterial inoculant integrated with nutrient management system has a role in soil health and productivity. Azotobacter-based biofertilizer is suggested as a chemical nitrogen fertilizer substitute or addition in crop production to improve available nutrients in the soil, provide some metabolites during plant growth, and minimize fertilizer doses. The objective of this literature reviewed paper is to discuss the role of Azotobacter in agriculture; and the prospective of Azotobacter to increase yield and substitute the chemical fertilizer in food crops production. The results revealed that mechanisms by Azotobacter in plant growth enhancement are as biofertilizer, biostimulant, and bioprotectant. Nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter is the mechanism to provide available nitrogen for uptake by roots. Azotobacter stimulates plant growth through phytohormones synthesis; indole acetic acid, cytokinins, and gibberellins are detected in the liquid culture of Azotobacter. An indirect effect of Azotobacter is exopolysaccharide production and plant protection. Inoculation of Azotobacter in the field integrated with organic matter and reduced chemical fertilizer are reported to improve plant growth and yield.

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Marthin Kalay, Abraham Talahaturuson, and Yansen Lakburlawal. "NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA AZOTOBACTER AS BIOFERTILIZER AND BIOCONTROL IN LONG BEAN." Agric 30, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2018.v30.i1.p25-32.

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Azotobacter is Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria through the mechanism of nitrogen fixation and phytohormon production but this rhizobacteria has a role to control plant diseases. The objective of experiment was to evaluate the activity of Azotobacter as biofertilizers as well as biocontrol on long bean cultivation in damping off endemic land in Ambon city, Maluku Province. The field experiment was arranged in completely randomized block design. Inoculation of long bean by Azotobacter has been done by seed inoculation, soil inoculation before planting, and plant inoculation. Plants treated with Azotobacter received fertilizer NPK of ¾ or ½ dosage recommendation while control plants were received 100% NPK. Research showed that no differences between yield of long bean inoculated with Azotobacter sp +reduced doses of NPK with that of control plants. Any application method of Azotobacter inoculation lowered damping off diseases incidence significantly until 10 days after planting, but no effect of inoculation on late blight at 21 days after planting. This study confirmed that Azotobacter has dual activity to reduce the dose of NPK fertilizer and control damping off.

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Bhattarai, Dhruba R., Krishna P. Poudyal, and Shanta Pokhrel. "Effect of Azotobacter and Nitrogen Levels on Fruit Yield and Quality of Bell Pepper." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (July 21, 2012): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6475.

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Inorganic fertilizers alone cannot sustain high levels of productivity. It may cause deterioration of soil environment leading to low productivity. An investigation was carried out to develop integrated nutrient management technology for fruit yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council Khumaltar, Lalitpur during 2010/011. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and having seven treatments viz., Control (100% NPK), Azotobacter + 25% N + PK, Azotobacter + 50% N + PK, Azotobacter + 75% N + PK, Azotobacter + FYM + 25% N + PK, Azotobacter + FYM + 50% N + PK, Azotobacter + FYM + 75% N + PK. Among the tested treatments, T7 (Azotobacter + FYM + 75 % N + PK) recorded the maximum plant height (66.18 cm), number of primary branches (8.20) and fruit yield (18.08 kg) per plot.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6475 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 29-34

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Das, A. C., and D. Saha. "Influence of diazotrophic inoculations on nitrogen nutrition of rice." Soil Research 41, no. 8 (2003): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03115.

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An experiment was conducted in microplots (7 by 7m) to investigate the effect of 2 non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria [Azotobacter (strain CS1) and Azospirillum (strain CM4)] in the presence of 50 kg N/ha on the performances of the diazotrophs with respect to nitrogen accretion and its transformation in the rhizosphere soils of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-36). In most cases, a successful inoculation of the diazotrophs was recorded, with the proliferation of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, either alone or in combination, in the rhizosphere soils, and nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of the microbes was present in rice roots. The uninoculated soil receiving 100 kg N/ha recorded the highest amount of total nitrogen, non-hydrolysable organic nitrogen, available nitrogen, and hydrolysable organic nitrogen content in the rhizosphere soils, resulting in greater yield of the crop. Inoculation of the diazotrophs substantially increased different fractions of nitrogen content in the rhizosphere soils, and the increase in total nitrogen, non-hydrolysable organic nitrogen, and hydrolysable organic nitrogen was greater due to Azotobacter than either Azospirillum or a combination of Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Total and mineral nitrogen content increased at maximum tillering to flowering stages of the crop, followed by a decline at maturity, whereas, hydrolysable organic nitrogen decreased with a concomitant increase in non-hydrolysable fraction with the age of the crop.

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Shawky, B. T., Y. Ghali, F. A. Ahmed, and T. Kahil. "Ammonium-nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation in azotobacter vinelandii." Acta Biotechnologica 7, no. 6 (1987): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370070617.

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Wahyuni, Mardiana, Agus Triani, and Mariani Sembiring. "Pengaruh Kompos Mucuna bracteata Dan Azotobacter Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Kadar Nitrogen Bibit Kelapa Sawit." Agrotekma: Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Ilmu Pertanian 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/agr.v4i2.3735.

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Through the nursery process with certain treatments can be produced quality seeds. Application of Mucuna bracteata compost and Azotobacter on growing media in polybags is one alternative that expected to increase plant growth. This study aimed to determine the effect of M. bracteata compost and Azotobacter and its combination on growth and nitrogen levels of oil palm seedlings. This research was conducted at STIPAP Medan in December 2018 - June 2019 with a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). Treatment compost (K) 3 levels ie K0, K1 and K2 and Azotobacter (A) with 3 levels are A0, A1 and A2. M. bracteata treatment had a very significant effect on seedling height, number of leaves, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. Azotobacter treatment did not significantly affect the parameters of observation, increasing levels of leaf N 13-15%. Interaction compost and Azotobacter treatment had no significant effect. The best treatment is the K2A2 of 1.2 kg of compost and 30 ml of Azotobacter each oil palm seedlings planted in the polybag.

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Neni Rostini, Arief Harsono, and Dan Nuryani. "Peningkatan Populasi, Pertumbuhan dan Serapan Nitrogen Tanaman Kedelai dengan Pemberian Azotobacter Penghasil Eksopolisakarida." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 45, no. 1 (May 4, 2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v45i1.13801.

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Nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter is widely used as biofertilizer in sustainable agriculture. The bacteria produce exopolysaccharide which might have a significant role in enhancing soybean nitrogen uptake and growth. The objective of this research was to obtain growth media of Exopolysaccharide–producing Azotobacter; and increase shoot and root growth as well as nitrogen uptake of soybean var. Anjasmoro at early vegetative phase following inoculation of Azotobacter chroococcum liquid. Research consist of two phase, 1) determination of organic-based media for A. chroococcum liquid inoculant production, and 2) pot experiment for application of liquid inoculant on soybean. The first experiment was performed in a series of batch fermenter consisted of several organic media for 72 hours. The second experiment was set in completely randomized design consisted of three density of liquid inoculant. The results verified that the best media which induced exopolysachharide production of A. chroococcum was 1% molase enriched with 0.1% NH4Cl. Liquid inoculant clearly enhanced population of Azotobacter in soybean rhizosphere, plant height, roots dry weight and N uptake of 21 day old soybean. This research implied that A. chroococcum might be used as biofertilizer at early growth of soybean. Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum, biofertilizer, liquid inoculat

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Saffeullah, Peer, Neelofer Nabi, and Shahid Umar. "Influence of Integrated Approach of Azotobacter and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Various Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Brassica Oleracea L. var. capitata." Current World Environment Special Issue, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.special-issue1.06.

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This study was formulated to evaluate the impact of bacterization with Azotobacter of two cabbage genotypes (Pusa Early golden acre and Pusa drum head) under field conditions. The study was performed in herbal garden of Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. The plants were treated with graded treatments (60,120,180 kg N ha-1) of N alone and in combination with seedling inoculation withAzotobacter. The plants were sampled and tested for various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters. Chlorophyll content, NR activity, protein content, sugar content and phenol content was found to be significantly higher in plants treated with N in combination in Azotobacter. Thus, the use of Azotobacteras a supplement or biofertilizer in integrated nutrient management systems was highly recommended to minimize the application rates of synthetic fertilizers and attain the goal of sustainable agriculture.

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Jain, Devendra, Jyoti Sharma, Gunnjeet Kaur, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Surya Chauhan, Vimal Sharma, Archna Suman, Santosh Ranjan Mohanty, and Elina Maharjan. "Phenetic and Molecular Diversity of Nitrogen Fixating Plant Growth Promoting Azotobacter Isolated from Semiarid Regions of India." BioMed Research International 2021 (January 9, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6686283.

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In the present study, 24 Azotobacter strains were isolated from soils of different areas of southern Rajasthan and characterized at biochemical, functional, and molecular levels. The isolated Azotobacter strains were gram negative and cyst forming when viewed under the microscope. These strains were also screened for their plant growth promoting activities and the ability of these isolates to survive under abiotic stress conditions viz. salt, pH, temperature, and drought stress. All the isolates showed IAA, siderophore, HCN, and ammonia production, whereas seven Azotobacter strains showed phosphate solubilization. Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) revealed significant diversity among Azotobacter strains and the dendrogram obtained differentiated twenty-four of the strains into two major clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.64. Qualitative and quantitative N2 fixation abilities of these strains were also detrained, and the amounts of acetylene reduced by Azotobacter strains were in the range of 1.31 to 846.56 nmol C2H4 mg protein−1 h−1. The strains showing high nitrogen fixation ability with multiple PGP activities were selected for further pot studies, and these Azotobacter strains significantly increased the various plant growth parameters of maize plantlets. Furthermore, the best Azotobacter isolates were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and confirmed their identities as Azotobacter sp. The indigenous Azotobacter strains with multiple PGP activities could be further used for commercial production.

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Gina Nurhabibah, Priyanka Asmiran, and Etty Pratiwi. "Antibiotic Resistance of Azotobacter Isolated from Mercury-Contaminated Area." Journal of Agricultural Studies 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i3.14834.

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Nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter is a renewable source of biofertilizer for plant growth. Increased of antibiotic level in soil due to intensive used manure is believed to induce bacterial sensitivity to antaibiotic. An antibiotic sensitivity test has been carried out to study the inhibition effect of ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol on Azotobacter isolated from mercury-contaminated taling. The resistance test was performend by using disc plate method in Nitrogen-free Ashby’s agar with and without mercury. The results showed that the presence of 20 mg/L mercury in plate agar totally inhibited Azotobater growth. In the absence of mercury chloride, all isolates showed different sensitivity to antibiotics. Growth of Azotobacter buru1 was only inhibited by tetracycline. Azotobacter buru2 was susceptible to high and low concentration of tetracycline and streptomycin but they were resistance to low concentration of chloramphenicol as well as ampicillin; while Azotobacter bd3a were sensitive to all tested antibiotic. In conclusion, order of Azotobacter resistance to antibiotics in the absence of mercury was Bd3a<Buru2<Buru1. This research have not revealed the resistance of Azotobacter to antibiotic in the presence of mercury.

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Jain, Devendra, Gunnjeet Kaur, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Surya Chauhan, S. K. Khandelwal, R. H. Meena, Deepak Rajpurohit, and Santosh Ranjan Mohanty. "Phenetic Characterization of Nitrogen Fixing Azotobacter from Rhizospheric Soil of Southern Rajasthan." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.40.

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The present research was conducted to characterize the indigenous plant growth promoting (PGP) Azotobacter strains isolated from plant root interface of semi-arid regions of Rajasthan (India) and to study their potential to be used as bio-fertilizers. A total of 172 Azotobacter strains were isolated, purified and based on the morphological test i.e. gram staining, pigmentation, cyst formation, fluorescence etc, broadly classified as Azotobacter. Further the secluded strains were examined for biochemical analysis and plant growth promoting characters. All the isolates showed different biochemical characteristics and significant PGP traits. IAA activity of the Azotobacter strains ranges from 54.5-6000 µg/mL. Ammonia, HCN and siderophore was produced by 92.4%, 78.4% and 80.23% of the total isolates respectively. Solubilization of phosphate was observed in 97.6% of the total isolates. These strains were also characterized for qualitative and quantitative N2 fixation abilities and the result indicated that 114 strains showed positive results on nitrogen free malate agar medium (NFMM) containing bromothymol blue (BTB) and able to produce 18.93-475.6 N-moles C2H4 mg protein−1 h−1 of acetylene reduced by Azotobacter strains. In vitro pot studies revealed that the selected native Azotobacter strains having high ARA results significantly increase the plant growth characters. Shoot length, root length, root number and chlorophyll content and leaf number increases by 45.62%, 17.60%, 97.49%, 49.69% and 27.83% respectively in pot inoculated with AZO23-3 as compared to control. These effective strains can further be utilized for development of effective microbial formulations.

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Anny Yuniarti, and Hidiyah Ayu Ratna Ma’rufah. "Effect of exopolysaccharide-producing Azotobacter and cow manure on nutrient uptake and root-to-shoot ratio of sorghum." Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 17, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jip.v17i2.5205.

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Nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter synthesizes exopolysaccharide, which is important among other to improve aggregate stability and hence nutrients uptake. A pot experiment has been conducted to determine the effect of exopolysaccharide-producing Azotobacter and organic matter on nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium uptake by the shoot of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and plant growth. The pot experiment was setup in randomized block design which test eight combination treatments of Azotobacter isolates (AS5, AS6, and AS5 + AS6) and organic matter application (with and without 20 t ha-1 of cow manure). The result showed dual inoculation of Azotobacter AS5 and AS6 inoculation combined with cow manure application increased N and P uptake. The dual inoculation treatment did not affect root length; but increased the shoot height and dry weight when accompanied by the application of cow manure. The ratio of root and shoot dry weight was not influenced by single or dual Azotobacter inoculation with or without organic matter.

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Priyanka Asmiran, June Putinella, Wilhelmina Rumahlewang, and Marthin Kalay. "ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL AGENT AZOTOBACTER-TRICHODERMA ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHILI (Capsicum annuum L.) IN A POT EXPERIMENT." Agric 29, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2017.v29.i2.p137-146.

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Soil microbes have suggested to be used as agricultural input. Nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria Azotobacter is responsible to maintain nitrogen nutrition and plant growth whereas Trichoderma enable to reduce soil born plant diseases through antagonistic activity. The objective of this pot experiment was to determine the dosage and application time of carrier- based Azotobacter-Trichoderma inoculant which increase nitrogen availability in soil, as well as growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annuum L.). Chili transplants were grown in low fertility soil mixed with cow manure. Experiment was set up in split plot design which tested four inoculant dosage and three application time. The result showed that effect of biological agent on plant height at three and six weeks after transplanting was not significant. Inoculation of 7,5 g/pot carrier-based Azoto-Tricho at planting time followed by soil dressing with Azotobacter liquid inoculant at 10 day after planting significantly increased NO3 - in soil. Carrier-based Azoto-Tricho inoculant irrespective of dosage and application time increased plant yield. The highest yield, 290 g plant-1, was showed by plant treated by 7,5 g po1t Azoto-Tricho at planting time followed by Azotobacter liquid inoculation. This pot experiment showed that carrier-based Azotobacter-Trichoderma inoculant has potential to be used as biological agent in chili production.

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Rachmadhani, Nur Winda, Didik Hariyono, and Mudji Santoso. "KEMAMPUAN Azetobacter sp. DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI PEMUPUKAN UREA PADA TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)." BUANA SAINS 18, no. 1 (July 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/bs.v18i1.932.

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Azotobacter sp. is a non-symbiotic bacteria that has the ability to mobilize nitrogen from a form that is not available in a form that is available for plants. Inoculation of Azotobacter sp. into the planting medium can be used as a supplier of nitrogen required by the plant. Utilization of Azotobacter sp. as biofertilizer has the ability to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers, improve the soil fertility and increase the microbial activity in the rhizosphere of plants. Inoculation of Azotobacter sp. into the planting medium is one alternative to improve the efficiency of urea fertilizer in the maize cultivation. The result of this research showed that the application of Azotobacter sp. with the dose of 10 ml l-1 and 20 ml l-1 on the urea fertilization with the dose of 150 kg ha-1 were able to increase the growth of maize, so that maize has growth that was not significantly different with the maize that got urea with the dose of 225 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1. Inoculation of Azotobacter sp. in the planting media, either with the dose of 10 ml l-1or 20 ml l-1were able to increase the maize yield when compared to the treatment without Azotobacter sp. Inoculation of Azotobacter sp. into the planting medium was able to increase the maize yield. However, increasing the dose of Azotobacter sp. more than 10 ml l-1 did not affect to increase the maize yield. Maize yield reached the optimum value when the dose of urea supplied was153.50 kg ha-1.

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Razie, Fakhrur, and Iswandi Anas. "EFFECT OF AZOTOBACTER AND AZOSPIRILLUM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE GROWN ON TIDAL SWAMP RICE FIELD IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.10.2.41-45.

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Tidal swamp land is a potential area for rice cultivation. However, tidal swamp is fragile ecosystems, so that when this area is used for rice cultivation, it has to be done carefully. To reduce a risk of environmental pollution in the tidal swamp area due to rice cultivation, the area should be managed properly and wisely especially when using agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. In relation to this, the use of bio-fertilizer such as Azotobacter or/and Azospirillum, an atmospheric nitrogen fixing bacterium, might be an important thing for this area. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the number of NFB (i.e. Azotobacter and Azospirillum spp.) found in tidalswamp rice fields of South Kalimantan, and their ability in fixing atmospheric nitrogen and supplying this fixed nitrogen to rice, and in increasing rice yields. There were three research stages performed in this study. The first, collecting, isolating and purifying the NFB on the selective media of nitrogen free media. The second, a hydroponic experiment in the greenhouse using Yoshida nutrition solution (Yoshida et al., 1976 in IRRI, 2003) as culture media and selected Azotobacter and Azospirillum. The third experiment was to study the effect of selected Azotobacter isolates to increase growth and yield of IR64 and Margasari rice cultivars, and two Azotobacter isolates were combined with six inoculation methods for Siam Unus rice cultivar as treatments. The result showed that the number of NFB strains found in rhizospere rice cultivars were varied widely. Then, Azotobacter and Azospirillum spp selected from rice fields in the tidal land of South Kalimantan when associated with IR64 and Siam Unus rice cultivars have ability in fixing atmospheric N2 and in supplying N on the initial rice growth. Azotobacter T.B.PDST.2b and T.HM.BPMT.2b were significantly supplying N for early growth of IR64 rice cultivars (2.34 and 2.13 %N). The ability of these isolates to fix atmospheric N2 was similar to N fertilizer (urea) in supplying N (2.2% N). Only Azotobacter T.B.PDST.2b was relatively significant to supply N (1.36% N) for Siam Unus rice cultivar early growth, even though this strain has less ability than N fertilizer (1.94% N) in supplying N. Azotobacter isolates grow in media containing no urea were higher IAA produced than in media containing Urea. Furthermore, yield of IR64, Margasari and Siam Unus inoculated with Azotobacter isolates were 3.87–4.93; 4.63-5.36 and 5.44-6.42 ton/ha respectively. In conclusion, the utilization of Azotobacter and Azorpirillum spp to substitute N fertilizer would be able to increase effeciency of N nutritions and to avoid environment pollutions risks from agrochemical N fertilizer other than to increase rice yields on tidal land of South Kalimantan. Keywords: Azotobacter, Azospirillum, rice cultivars, tidal lands and rice yields.

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Yates, M. G., E. M. De Souza, and J. H. Kahindi. "Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29, no. 5-6 (May 1997): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(96)00213-1.

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Martín, A., M. Moreno, and P. Marín. "Azotobacter and Azospirillum as potential nitrogen fertilizers." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24, no. 3-4 (February 1993): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629309368796.

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., Laleeta. "Impact of Azotobacter in Different Doses of Dichlorvos." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 25, 2021): 2209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36855.

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Azotobacter is free living, non–symbiotic, heterotrophic bacteria capable of fixing an average of 20kg N / hector year. Azotobacter species are Gram negative, free–living, aerobic soil dwelling, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick–walled cysts (means of asexual reproduction under favorable condition). Out of six species of Azotobacter, some of them are motile by means of peritrichous flagella while others are not. They are typically polymorphic and their size ranges from 2–10µm long and 1–2µm wide. A. chroococcum is the first aerobic free– living nitrogen fixer. These bacteria utilize atmospheric nitrogen gas for their cell protein synthesis. Dichlorvos is an organophosphate widely used as an insecticide to control household pests, in public health, and protecting stored products from insects. In present study of dichlorvos in Azotobacter through different doses are effected of seed germination and observed the toxicity and harmful effect of dichlorvos solution.

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Pratiwi, Gea Anggun, Diyan Herdiyantoro, and Pudjawati Suryatmana. "PENGARUH PUPUK HAYATI DAN DOSIS AZOTOBACTER SP. DALAM FITOREMEDIASI MENGGUNAKAN TANAMAN RAMI (BOEHMERIA NIVEA L. GAUD) PADA TANAH TERCEMAR HIDROKARBON MINYAK BUMI." Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian Andalas 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jtpa.22.1.13-21.2018.

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Phytoremediation in soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon is a technology to remediate contaminant using plant as nutrient availability facilitator for degrading microbials in the rhizosphere. Phytoremediation can be promoted by biofertilizers containing nitrogen fixer, phosphate solubilizer, and mychorrizal for improving soil fertility, also Azotobacter sp. which produces biosurfactant. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of biofertilizers and doses of Azotobacter sp. on enhancing of petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation efficiency, nitrogen fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria population, and total chlorophyll content in ramie leaves. This research was carried out from September 2016 to April 2017 at Laboratory of Soil Biology, Laboratory of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition, also Greenhouse and Field Station Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran. This research used factorial randomized complete block design with two factors consisted of biofertilizers (control, nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing fungi, mychorrizal, and biofertilizer consortium) and doses of Azotobacter sp. (control, 1%, and 2%). The results of experiment showed there was an interaction effect between biofertilizer of phosphate solubilizing fungi and 2% dose of Azotobacter sp. on the enhancement of total chlorophyll content in ramie leaves.

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Young, J. M., and D. C. Park. "Probable synonymy of the nitrogen-fixing genus Azotobacter and the genus Pseudomonas." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64969-0.

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The relationships of the genus Azotobacter, Azomonas macrocytogenes and the genus Pseudomonas were revealed by comparative analysis of partial 16S rRNA and atpD, carA and recA gene sequences and as concatenated nucleotide and peptide sequences. Sequence similarities of Azotobacter species and Azomonas macrocytogenes indicated that these may be considered to be synonyms at the molecular level. In addition, these species show an intimate relationship with species of Pseudomonas, especially P. aeruginosa (the type species of the genus). In terms of the current circumscription of the genus Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azomonas macrocytogenes should be considered for amalgamation with Pseudomonas. Azotobacter and Azomonas comprise nitrogen-fixing strains with large pleomorphic cells that form cysts, and peritrichous flagella insertion; characteristics not included in the current circumscription of Pseudomonas. The data are discussed in the light of whether lateral transfer of genes could be involved in the determination of significant morphological characteristics, thus leading to a problem that may be encountered more frequently: how to resolve classification of taxa based on conserved sequences with those based on their phenotype. More fundamentally, the results illuminate problems that will increasingly be encountered: by what criteria can taxa be delineated, what are the most appropriate methods for classification, and what are the proper assumptions of bacterial classification?

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Zellya Handyman, Febby Nur Indriani, Pujawati Suryatmana, and Nenny Nurlaeny. "Azotobacter population, soil nitrogen and groundnut growth in mercury-contaminated tailing inoculated with Azotobacter." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 5, no. 3 (April 1, 2018): 1269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2018.053.1269.

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Esmailpour, A., M. Hassanzadehdelouei, and A. Madani. "Impact of Livestock Manure, Nitrogen and Biofertilizer (Azotobacter) on Yield and Yield Components Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)." Cercetari agronomice in Moldova 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0079-5.

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Abstract Integrated nutrient management strategies involving chemical and biologic fertilizer is a real challenge to stop using the high rates of agrochemicals and to enhance sustainability of crop production. In order to study the effects of livestock manure, chemical nitrogen, and biologic (Azotobacter) fertilizers on yield and yield components of wheat, an agricultural experiment in the form of split factorial design with three replications was conducted in Elam region, Iran. The aim of this research was assessment of the effects of these fertilizers separately and in integrated forms; and setting out the best fertilizer mixture. The results showed that treatment with livestock manure, Azotobacter and chemical nitrogen increased plant height, biological and grain yield. Using livestock manure and Azotobacter increased biologic yield through increase in plant height which cause to increase in grain yield without any significant changes in harvest index and other yield components, but the use of chemical nitrogen caused an increase in plant height, No. of spikelete/spike, No. of grain/spike, one thousand grain weight and harvest index, biologic and grain yield. In the light of the results achieved, we may conclude that using livestock manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer together with the Azotobacter had the maximum impact on yield; and that we can decrease use of chemical fertilizers through using livestock manure and biologic fertilizers and to reach to the same yield when we use only chemical fertilizers.

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Glick, Baernard R., Heather E. Brooks, and J. J. Pasternak. "Physiological effects of plasmid DNA transformation on Azotobacter vinelandii." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-028.

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Genetic transformation of Azotobacter vinelandii by the introduction of broad-host-range plasmid DNA (i.e., pRK2501, RSF1010, or pGSS15) causes a number of physiological changes. As shown here, the capacity for nitrogen fixation, mean cell size, and synthesis of siderophores are decreased, whereas the production of capsular slime is enhanced. These findings suggest that the presence of plasmid DNA imposes a "metabolic load" on Azotobacter vinelandii. Therefore, it cannot be assumed a priori that the introduction of plasmid DNA into Azotobacter vinelandii will not disrupt some normal physiological processes. The implications of these findings are discussed, specifically in the context of developing Azotobacter vinelandii as an effective bacterial fertilizer by genetic manipulation.

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Rara Rahmantika Risanti, Ibnu Haikal, Yuliati Mahfud, Nenny Nurlaeny, and Meddy Rachmadi. "Effect of Azotobacter Application Method on Yield of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) on Dry Land." Agric 31, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2019.v31.i2.p136-145.

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Biofertilizer which contain rhizobacteria Azotobacter increase soil fertility and improve plant growth through nitrogen fixation and phytohormone production. The objective of this study was to compare the responses of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) plants in dry land after the application of several Azotobacter inoculation methods. Field experiments were carried out with a randomized block design consisting of five treatments with five replicates each. The treatments were seed inoculation, soil treatment before planting, soil treatment after planting and plant dressing. Plant inoculation with Azotobacter treated with half of recommended dosage urea while the control plant received recommended dose urea. The experimental results showed that all application methods did not affect soybean production, number of nodules, Azotobacter populations in the rhizosphere and N total soil; but Azotobacter inoculation through leaves increased N uptake and weight of 100 soybean seeds.

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Hamilton, T. L., M. Ludwig, R. Dixon, E. S. Boyd, P. C. Dos Santos, J. C. Setubal, D. A. Bryant, D. R. Dean, and J. W. Peters. "Transcriptional Profiling of Nitrogen Fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Bacteriology 193, no. 17 (July 1, 2011): 4477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.05099-11.

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BISHOP, P. "A second nitrogen fixation system in Azotobacter vinelandii." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 1986): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(86)90012-5.

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Jatasara, D., D. Rana, and R. Sheoran. "EFFICACY OF AZOTOBACTER INOCULATION UNDER GRADED DOSES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER IN RELATION TO GROWTH, YIELD AND NITROGEN UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF OAT (Avena sativa L.)." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 2 (September 1, 2000): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.2.6.

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A field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India during the winter season for three consecutive years from 1995–96 to 1997–98 to study the effect of different nitrogen levels and Azotobacter inoculation on the growth, grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two varieties of oat. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The results revealed that oat variety JHO-822 was superior to OS-7 for grain yield. However, the variety OS-7 produced a higher straw yield than JHO-822. Increasing levels of nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha significantly increased the grain and straw yields over the lower doses on a pooled data basis. Nitrogen application also had a beneficial effect on the yield attributing traits of oat. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was highest at 60 kg N/ha and declined thereafter. Azotobacter inoculation was found beneficial in terms of increased grain and straw yield and higher nitrogen utilization efficiency over the uninoculated treatments.

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Mousa, Nibal, Ali Adham, Nazar Merzah, and Safa Jasim. "Azotobacter spp. Bioremediation Chemosate." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 3 (July 29, 2021): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210034.

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Bioremediation of pesticides is the best option available to date due to its eco-friendly, cost-effective and efficacious nature. The study aimed to evaluate the Azotobacter spp. bioremediation Chemosate in the different incubation period and concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ppm). From local sites, different microbes were isolated and Azotobacter separated using selective methods for identification of characteristics. The best result for the growth of Azotobacter sp. was at 25 ppm/0.222-0.163, in 15 days; in addition, the great degradation rate % was 25 ppm / 54.16%, observed in 2 months, while the best degradation and residues of chemosate after its digestion through MSM and HPLC residues analyses were at 25 ppm, as seen in 1-2 months, respectively. The degradation ratio % reached 81-79 % for 1-2 months. This conclusion suggests that Azotobacter spp. degradation Chemosate principles applied via hydrolysis binds phosphorus bonds with oxygen and digests the pesticides to produce nitrogen and carbon as elements for its growth sequences, especially at 2 months/25ppm.

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Tobing, Wilda Lumban, and Mariani Sembiring. "Penggunaan Azotobacter dan Kompos Kulit Buah Kakao Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Efisiensi Penggunaan Nitrogen Pada Pembibitan Utama Kelapa Sawit." Agrosains : Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agsjpa.v23i1.49042.

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The expansion of oil palm plantations continues to increase so that it requires quality seed. Nurseries need to be done before moving to the field. The use of Azotobacter and cocoa fruit skin compost is one way to increase the growth and nitrogen use efficiency in oil palm in main nursery. This research was aimed to know the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of palm oil in main nursery. This research was conducted on the research area of the Agricultural Agribusiness College of Agriculture Practices (STIPAP) Medan and the Laboratory of Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) of North Sumatra and the Agricultural Laboratory of the University of North Sumatera from February until Juli 2013. The method used was Randomized Group Design factorial with 3 replications and followed by Duncan test at α=5%. The first factor is Azotobacter including without giving Azotobacter (A0), 20 ml/polybag (A1) and 40 ml/polybag (A2). The second factor is cocoa fruit skin compost, which consists of 3 of them, namely without compost (K0), 125 g/polybag (K1), and 250 g/polybag (K2). The research parameters were plant dry weight (g), nitrogen uptake (mg) and N use efficiency (EPN). The results showed that the use of Azotobacter and cocoa fruit skin compost were able to significantly increasing dry weight of plant and N uptake of oil palm seeds and gave the highest EPN value of 12.93.

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Razie, Fakhrur, and Anas Iswandi. "The Potency of Azotobacter spp.Isolated from Tidal Land of South Kalimantan to Produce Indole Acetic Acids (IAA)." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.7.1.35-39.

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Tidal land area is considered as the most frigile ecosystems. To open this area as agricultural land has to be donecarefully. To reduce the risk of declining the environmental quality of tidal swa,,!p area due to the agricultural activity, lhearea should be managed properly and Wisely especially when using agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. Inrelation to this, the use of biofertilizer such as Azotobacter spp, a nitrogen fIXing bacterium and IAA producer, might beimportant thingfor this area.The aims of this experiments was to study the ability of Azotobacter isolated from rice' rhizophere grown in tidalswamp area of South Kalimantan, in producing IAA to stimulate the growth of roots of rice cultivar I R-64. The parametersused to evaluate the effect of Azotobacter inoculation were the increase of the surface area of root, length of roots, totallength of roots, fresh, dry weight of rice IR-64 roots and the growth of root hairs.The results showed that Azotobacter produced less IAA in the media containing Urea (18.28-35.54 ppm IAA) comparedto Azotobacter grown in media without Urea (33.89 - 42.01 ppm IAA). Azotobacter T.M. UNST.3 produced the highest IAA(42.01 ppm), therefore they were able to increase the surface of roots, increase the length and weight of roots of rice cultivarIR-64 compared to other Azotobacter strains. In media containing Urea, Azotobacter RG 3.62 produced the least IAA (/8.29 ppm IAA) compared to other Azotobacter strains. However, this particular Azotobacter strain was able to increase the surface area of root, increased the number of root hairs compared to other strains.

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Loveless, Telisa M., and Paul E. Bishop. "Identification of genes unique to Mo-independent nitrogenase systems in diverse diazotrophs." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-007.

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A number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria were screened using PCR for genes (vnfG and anfG) unique to the V-containing nitrogenase (vnf) and the Fe-only nitrogenase (anf) systems. Products with sequences similar to that of vnfG were obtained from Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter salinestris genomic DNAs, and products with sequences similar to that of anfG were obtained from Azomonas macrocytogenes, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Azotobacter paspali DNAs. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of anfG and vnfG genes shows that each gene product forms a distinct cluster. Furthermore, amplification of an internal 839-bp region in anfD and vnfD yielded a product similar to anfD from Heliobacterium gestii and a product similar to vnfD from Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter salinestris. Phylogenetic analysis of NifD, VnfD, and AnfD amino acid sequences indicates that AnfD and VnfD sequences are more closely related to each other than either is to NifD. The results of this study suggest that Azotobacter salinestris possesses the potential to express the vanadium (V)-containing nitrogenase (nitrogenase 2) and that R. rubrum, Azomonas macrocytogenes, and H. gestii possess the potential to express the Fe-only nitrogenase (nitrogenase 3). Like Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter paspali appears to have the potential to express both the V-containing nitrogenase and the Fe-only nitrogenase.Key words: Mo-independent nitrogenase systems, diverse diazotrophs, vnfG, anfG.

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32

Edgar Enrique, Sosa-Rubio, Herrera-Cool Gilbert Jose, and Zavaleta-Cordova Maria Del Carmen. "USES OF BIOFERTILIZATION TO PRODUCE TROPICAL GRASS FORAGE IN QUINTANA ROO MEXICO." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13408.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the biofertilizers effect in Panicum maximaum (cv. Mombaza) and Brachiaria brizantha tropical grasses production. Microorganisms were obtained in rhizosphere of plants. To establish an effective symbiosis with native strains of Azospirillum, Azotobacter and mycorrhizal fungi, experiments were carried out in greenhouse and field. The biofertilizers used in greenhouse were combined (CC), semisolid medium Nitrogen free with malate as nitrogen source (NFB), Azotobacter (azot) and Azospirillum (Azos). For mycorrhizal fungi, 6 treatments were used: T1-control, T2-fertilized, T3-brown spore, T4-honey spore, T4-black spore and T5-commercial spore. The microorganism used in field were those that showed effectivity in greenhouse. The treatments in field were T1: control, T2: inorganic fertilizer, T3: Azospirillum + Azotobacter, T4: mycorrhizal and T5: commercial biofertilizer. The variables evaluated were dry weight (DW), radicular weight (RW), radicular volume (RV), stem diameter (SD) and total height (TH). Results for B. brizantha indicate differences (PÃ¢Â‰Â¤0.05). Application of Azospirillum + Azotobacter (T3) favored the development of the height of the plant and the diameter of the stem. The commercial biofertilizer (T5) increased the production of dry matter with 0.99 kg/m2. In respect with P. maximum (cv. Mombaza) grass, they were not detected significative differences (PÃ¢Â‰Â¥0.05) between treatments, however, the biological results showed that inorganic fertilizer (T2) increased the dry matter production with 1.34 kg / m2 in comparison with Azospirillum + Azotobacter (T3) that showed 0.72 kg / m2.

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Itzigsohn, Robin, Oded Yarden, and Yaacov Okon. "Polyhydroxyalkanoate analysis inAzospirillum brasilense." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 13 (December 15, 1995): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-171.

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The considerable industrial interest in the qualitative and quantitative production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in microorganisms has led to the characterization of those synthesized in the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter paspali. In contrast to some other bacterial species, Azospirillum brasilense does not produce copolymers of hydroxyalkanoates when grown under the different carbon sources assayed, namely n-alkanoic acids, hydroxyalkanoates, and sugars with varying C:N ratios. Rather, only homopolymers of polyhydroxybutyrate were detected, comprising up to 70% of the cell dry mass. No copolymers were detected in Azotobacter paspali. Quantitative analyses of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) are also presented.Key words: Azospirillum spp., Azotobacter paspali, polyhydroxyalkanoate analysis, PHA, PHB.

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34

Balemi, T. "Effect of integrated use of Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.)." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.54.2006.4.11.

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A field experiment was conducted during the summerseason of 2000-2001 at IARI, New Delhi using the onion cultivar Pusa Madhvi to identify a suitable Azotobacter strain and nitrogen level combination(s) for better yield and quality of onion. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 75% recommended doses) and three Azotobacter strains (CBD-15, AS-4 and M-4) with two uninoculated controls, one with the full dose of N and the other without NPK. The results revealed that the application of 75% recommended N dose along with inoculation with CBD-15 or M-4 significantly increased the marketable yield and the nitrogen content in both leaves and bulbs, over the control with the full dose of nitrogen, whereas only 75% recommended N + CBD-15 led to a significantly increased total yield. Total soluble solids (TSS) and neck thickness were significantly reduced by the application of 50% recommended N dose along with inoculation with CBD-15 or M-4 compared with the uninoculated control with the full N dose. Inoculation with any of the Azotobacter strains along with 50 or 75% recommended N dose significantly reduced the sprouting loss during storage, while inoculation significantly reduced rotting and total losses when combined with 50 or 25% recommended N doses.

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35

Radivojevic, Ljiljana, Ljiljana Santric, Radmila Stankovic-Kalezic, Dragica Brkic, and Vaskrsija Janjic. "Effects of Metribuzin on the abundance and activity of some groups of soil microorganisms." Pesticidi 18, no. 2 (2003): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0302099r.

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Effects of the metribuzin herbicide on soil microorganisms were investigated Trials were set up on a chernozem soil in laboratory environment. Metribuzin application rates were 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 mg a.i./500g air-dry soil at 10?C, 20?C and 30?C. Soil respiration (amount of released CO2) and abundance of total microflora, fungi, actinomycetes, cellulolytics, ammonifiers nitrifiers, aerobic nitrogen fixiers (Azotobacter) and anaerobic nitrogen fixiers (Clostridium) were studied. Metribuzin was found to inhibit soil respiration, causing statistically highly significant changes of that area of microbiological activity in almost all trial variants. The effect of metribuzin on microorganism abundance varied. It caused a decrease in total microflora, fungi, cellulolytics, nitrifiers, and aerobic and anaerobic nitrogen fixiers (Azotobacter and Clostridium) at all temperatures, and reduced the abundance of actinomycetes at 10?C and 30?C. No effect on ammonifiers was recorded.

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36

Ivonne, Gutieacute rrez Rojas, Beatriz Torres Geraldo Ana, and Moreno Sarmiento Nubia. "Optimising carbon and nitrogen sources for Azotobacter chroococcum growth." African Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 15 (April 11, 2011): 2951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.1484.

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37

Hales, B. J., and E. E. Case. "Nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter vinelandii in tungsten-containing medium." Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, no. 33 (November 1987): 16205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47717-4.

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38

Martinez-Toledo, Maria V., and J. Gonzalez-Lopez. "EFFECT OF METOLACHLOR ON AZOTOBACTER NITROGEN FIXATION IN SOIL." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8, no. 9 (1989): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1552-8618(1989)9[789:eomoan]2.0.co;2.

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39

Mrkovacki, Nastasija, Dragana Bjelic, Livija Maksimovic, Zivko Curcic, Mihajlo Ciric, and Milorad Zivanov. "The effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum on microorganisms in rhizosphere and sugar beet yield in organic farming." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 130 (2016): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1630045m.

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The effect on sugar beet yield parameters and microbiological soil status was studied using two techniques of sugar beet inoculation with strains of Azotobacter chroococcum. Cultivar ?Drena? was used in the study, and field trial was set under the conditions of organic farming system in Backi Petrovac. A mixture of three strains of Azotobacter chroococcum was used as microbial fertilizer. Inoculation was performed by: (A) incorporation of strains into soil before sowing; and (B) repeated incorporation of strains into soil two weeks after sowing. PGP characterization of the strains confirmed the ability of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from 12.63 ?g ml-1 to 14.95 ?g ml-1, nitrogen fixation, and P-solubilization. Positive effects on the number of azotobacter and free nitrogen fixers in rhizosphere were obtained by inoculation, as well as positive effects on the tested sugar beet yield parameters. The largest increase in root yield, yield of crystal sugar, and yield of polarised sugar compared with the control was obtained by repeated soil inoculation, ranging from 22 to 23%.

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40

Mrkovacki, Nastasija, Snezana Mezei, and Nikola Cacic. "Population dynamics of Azotobacter chroococcum in sugarbeet rhizosphere depending on mineral nutrition." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 104 (2003): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0304091m.

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Population dynamics of Azotobacter chroococcum has been studied in the rhizosphere of a sugarbeet hybrid inoculated with Azotobacter strains 5, 8 and 14. Simultaneously we examined the effects of four levels of nitrogen fertilization (non-fertilized control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and the applications of manure and harvest residues. Samples were taken three times in May, July and October. The experiment included inoculated and non-inoculated variants at all four levels of fertilization, in five replicates.

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Kothari, S. K., and C. S. Saraf. "Response of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) to bacterial seed inoculation and application of phosphorus fertilizer." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 2 (October 1986): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960008727x.

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Nitrogen fixing, free-living, organisms like Azotobacter and Azospirillum are known to increase the nodulation and efficiency oiRhizobium (Krasilinikov & Korenyakov, 1944). The beneficial effect of incorporation of Azotobacter with Rhizobium may be due to the production of auxins (Vancura & Macura, 1960) and prolonged survival of Rhizobium in the presence of a large amount of polysaccharide gums (Krasilinikov & Korenyakov, 1944). In green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), because of high temperature and unavoidable soil moisture stress during hot and dry summer months (April-June), survival of the seed-inoculated Rhizobium is very poor (Lai, Dubey & Chandra, 1983). In the present study attempts were made to improve the efficiency cf Rhizobium as an inoculant by the use of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense.

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42

Zarnowski, Robert, Yoshikatsu Suzuki, Ewa D. Zarnowska, Yasuaki Esumi, Arkadiusz Kozubek, and Stanislaw J. Pietra. "5-n-Alkylresorcinols from the Nitrogen-fixing Soil Bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum Az12." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 59, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2004): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-5-604.

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A mixture of five saturated 5-n-alkylresorcinol homologues was isolated from vegetative cells of the nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum Az12. Their structures were established by spectrometry (1H NMR, EI-MS, FAB-MS, FAB-MS/MS) and chromatography (GC, TLC) means.

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43

Naserzadeh, Yousef, Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi, Niloufar Mahmoudi, Davoud Kartuli Nejad, and Anvar Shikhragimovich Gadzhikurbanov. "Effect of combined use of fertilizer and plant growth stimulating bacteria Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas on the quality and components of corn forage in Iran." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 14, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2019-14-3-209-224.

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Zea mays variety 704 (single cross) was studied to investigate effect of chemical fertilizers and growth-promoting bacteria on yield and yield components of corn ( Zea mays ). A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications at Tehran-Varamin Research Farm (Iran) in 2017. The treatments were as follows: inoculation of the seeds with growth promoters in four levels: Rhizobium , Azospirillum , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas ; Rhizobium , Azospirillum and Pseudomonas ; Rhizobium , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas ; Azospirillum , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and use of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers at four levels: no use, 1/3, 2/3, and 100 % recommended were applied. The results showed that the use of fertilizer was significant on the traits such as several leaves per plant, number of seeds per row, number of seeds per ear, plant height and forage yield at 1 % level. The results indicated that the highest forage yield of 33.78 t ha-1 was obtained from the interaction between the use of fertilizers and biological fertilizers, Rhizobium , Azospirillum , Azotobacter and Pseudomonas , which was 42 % higher than control.

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44

Peterson, Jay B., and Lynn S. Peterson. "para-Hydroxybenzoate supported nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii strain OP (13705)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-222.

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Azotobacter vinelandii cells grew with molecular nitrogen and p-hydroxybenzoate as the sole added nitrogen and carbon sources. Nitrogenase activity in p-hydroxybenzoate grown cells was demonstrated with the acetylene reduction assay. Cell extracts contained the enzymes p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.2) and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.1.3); oxygenases associated with p-hydroxybenzoate metabolism. These enzymes separated from respiration particles with gel filtration chromatography, indicating that they are soluble and not membrane bound. This evidence indicates that oxygen enters to the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane during nitrogen fixation.

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45

Upadhyay, Sandeep, Narendra Kumar, V. K. Singh, and Anshuman Singh. "Isolation, characterization and morphological study of Azotobacter isolates." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.718.

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Among the diazotrops, great attention has been paid to the genus Azotobacter and its role in increasing the growth and health of plants. In the present study, forty two strains of Azotobacter were isolated from soil. These strains were purified and characterized through microscopical and biochemical test for cell shape, pigmentation, colony size, Gram reaction and catalase activity were identified as Azotobacter sp These strains showed wide variability to these characters. Among 42 isolates, 7 were single cocci, 7 coccidal chain and 4 were cocci in clumps. Majority of isolates i.e. 24, were small, medium and large rod shaped. Thirty two isolates were Gram –ve, catalase positive and 10 were Gram +ve, catalase negative. Finally from these isolates, twenty two were confirmed as Azotobacter strains on cyst formation. The carbon-source utilization pattern revealed that out of 22 strains that 16 strains resembled the characters of A. chroococcum, 3 matched with A. vinelandii and 3 with A. beijerinckii. All 22 isolates were analyzed for its nitrogen fixing ability by using Microkjeldhal method. The highest amount of N2 (18.88 mg g-1 sucrose) was fixed by Azo-SBT 72 while lowest (6.04 mg g-1 sucrose) by Azo-SUR 25 strain. However, injudicious and hazardous use of chemical fertilizers have degraded the soil health and there is need of ecofriendly management of soil by screening and hunting of potential nitrogen fixing strains to protect the soil environment and health. In this context, biofertilizers hunting natural environment is the need of soil to ensure better health of future generations.

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46

GyurfÁn, I., N. H. Nghia, G. Tóth, I. TurtÓzky, and P. Stefanovits. "Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Fixation and Enzyme Activities in Chlamydomonas-Azotobacter Symbioses." Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 181, no. 3 (January 1986): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-3796(86)80045-2.

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47

Jacobson, M. R., R. Premakumar, and P. E. Bishop. "Transcriptional regulation of nitrogen fixation by molybdenum in Azotobacter vinelandii." Journal of Bacteriology 167, no. 2 (1986): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.167.2.480-486.1986.

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48

Wang, Huibo, Hao Li, Mengling Zhang, Yuxiang Song, Jian Huang, Hui Huang, Mingwang Shao, Yang Liu, and Zhenhui Kang. "Carbon Dots Enhance the Nitrogen Fixation Activity of Azotobacter Chroococcum." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 19 (May 7, 2018): 16308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b03758.

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49

Gafur, MA, and Afroza Sultana. "Estimation of nitrogen transforming microorganisms in soils of different tea valleys of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 42, no. 1 (July 28, 2013): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15907.

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Physico-chemical properties of soils and quantitative estimation and distribution of population of Azotobacter, ammonifying, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in soils under tea plants of tea valleys of Bangladesh were studied. Soil texture ranged from loam to clay loam, pH ranged from 4.84 - 5.65 and organic carbon varied between 0.18 and 2.12%. Population of Azotobacter, ammonifying bacteria, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter and denitrifying bacteria ranged from 18.0 × 109/g - 88.4 × 109cfu/g soil, 0.20 × 109/g - 0.24 × 109/g soil, 0.20 × 109/g - 0.24 × 109/g soil, 0.20 × 109/g - 0.24 × 109/g soil and 0.17 × 109/g - 0.24 × 109/g soil, respectively. The populations of microorganisms were not related with soil pH and organic carbon. Ammonifying bacteria was positively and significantly correlated with Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas with Nitrobacter at 0.01% level. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15907 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(1): 161-165, 2013 (June)

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Wyszkowska, J., J. Kucharski, and E. Wałdowska. "The influence of diesel oil contamination on soil microorganisms and oat growth." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 2 (December 21, 2011): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4359-pse.

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The effect of diesel oil applied at 0, 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2 ml/kg of soil on yield of oat and number of oligotrophic, eutrophic, nitrogen immobilising, ammonifying and cellulolytic bacteria and Azotobacter sp., actinomyces and fungi was studied in a pot experiment. Inoculation with Streptomyces intermedius spores was used for soil detoxication. The experiment was performed in Eutric Cambisol soil derived from light clay sand. Diesel oil was found to have a negative effect on the growth and development of oat. Inoculation did not attenuate the response of oat to soil contamination with diesel oil, but it had a positive effect on oligotrophic and eutrophic bacteria as well as Azotobacter sp., nitrogen immobilising bacteria and fungi. Regardless of sown and unsown soil and inoculation with S. intermedius spores, diesel oil stimulated the number of oligotrophic, eutrophic, nitrogen immobilising bacteria and actinomyces. Sowing of oat positively affected microbiological properties of soil, because it had a positive influence on the relation of oligotrophic bacteria and actinomyces to fungi. This positive effect, however, was weakened by diesel oil.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Azotobacter. Nitrogen'

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