Academic literature on the topic 'Azuki bean'

Overweight and obesity are becoming a major public health issue. Pancreatic lipase is a key enzyme to catalyze the hydrolysis of 50-70% of dietary fat in the digestive system. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity can block fat absorption in gastrointestinal tract, further control obesity incidence. On the other hand, a-glucosidase is also a key enzyme to hydrolysis polysaccharides and disaccharides into glucose in small intestine. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity can block digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, further control metabolism disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Food legumes are widely used in people’s life with multiple pharmacological activities. The author extracted total phenolics and saponin components from 13 commonly consumed food legumes produced in China, did a systematic comparative study investigating their inhibitory effects against digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase and a-glucosidase), and screened adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) as the further target bean. The results showed that the different concentrations of total phenolic extract from adzuki bean (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 mg/mL) inhibited hydrolysis of triolein about 24.1, 24.0, 30.7, and 36.3%, respectively, while different concentrations of total saponin extracts from adzuki bean (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 mg/mL) inhibited hydrolysis of triolein about 15.9, 23.5, 30.1, and 29.2%, respectively. On the other hand, phenolic extract of adzuki bean at the concentration from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL exhibited much more than 80% a-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while saponin extract of adzuki bean exhibited 56.4 to 68.7% a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Based on the results of pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, at the concentration of 1 mg/mL, phenolics extract and saponin extract of adzuki bean (mean 32.5%) and pinto bean (mean 27%) had the stronger inhibitory effects. Moreover, phenolics extract and saponin extract of adzuki bean (mean 79.25%) and pinto bean (mean 72.85%) also had the stronger inhibitory effects on a-glucosidase activity. In addition, adzuki bean is widely used and has diverse application in foods and drugs. In a word, it indicated that adzuki bean is one of the best target beans to further study anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects via cell and animal models. Flavonoids and saponins in adzuki bean were obtained and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electro spray ionization-tandem multi-stage mass spectrometry in succession. Among 15 compounds identified, four flavonoids (catechin, vitexin-4.-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and six saponins (azukisaponin I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) in adzuki bean were further quantified by external calibration method using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with the program of time segment and extract ion chromatogram analysis. Animal model is a good way to intuitively evaluate the anti-obesity effect of adzuki bean. So the anti-obesity effects of adzuki bean in mice fed with a high-fat diet was investigated. ICR female mice were fed with a high fat diet administrated orally with different doses of adzuki bean extracts for eight weeks. Total extract, flavonoids and saponins of adzuki bean enhanced lipolysis (166.1%, 175.6%, and 152.6%, respectively). Compared to the final body weight (33.6 g) of the high-fat diet group, oral administration (300 mg/kg per day) of total extract, flavonoids and saponins of adzuki bean significantly reduced the final body weight of mice, and significantly decreased the adipose tissue accumulation. The adzuki bean intervention also significantly reduced the levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and liver lipid. Adzuki bean demonstrated the anti-obesity effects on mice fed with a high fat diet, such effects may mediated through the inhibitory effects of flavonoids and saponins from adzuki bean on a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities, and lipolysis enhancement effect of active components from adzuki bean. Obesity is characterized biologically at the cellular level by as an increase in the number of preadipocutes and an increase in the size of adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes in adipose tissue. 3T3-L1 cell model was used to reveal the mechanism of anti-obesity effects of adzuki bean in the present study. The results showed that adzuki bean total extract, adzuki bean flavonoids, adzuki bean saponins, four mono flavonoides (catechin, vitexin-4.-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and six mono saponins (azukisaponin I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) exhibited inhibitory effect of proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells, and the inhibitory rate of proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells was about 20%. Mature adipocytes were stained by Oil Red O and the lipid accumulated exhibited red color, while the preadipocytes could not been stained. The data of the effects of adzuki bean samples on lipid accumulation during the differentiation period of 3T3-L1 cells revealed that azukisaponin II had the highest inhibitory effect (49.72%) with a dose dependent manner from 50 to 500 µg/mL. It indicated that adzuki bean may block the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes which contribute to anti-obesity effects. Most of adzuki bean samples significantly blocked the triglyceride accumulation and enhanced lipolysis by increseaing the released of glycerol during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cell. Additionally, adzuki bean samples except catechin significantly inhibited glycerol-3-phosphase dehydrogenase activity in 3T3-L1 cells, which indicated that adzuki bean samples had the ability to inhibit triglyceride synthesis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods were used to investigate the intervention effects of adzuki bean total extract, adzuki bean flavonoids, adzuki bean saponins, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and azukisaponin II isolated from adzuki bean on the related gene expressions. These adzuki bean samples inhibited differentiation of 3T3-L1 cell by decreasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor . and CCATT/enhancer-binding protein a (major adipocyte transcription factors) at messenger ribonucleic acid level and protein level in adipocytes. Additional, they inhibited adipogenesis by decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthase, promoting lipolysis by increasing the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, made energy balance by regulating the expression of leptin, adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase, and tumor necrosis factor a, and induced cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of bax and decresing the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisums through regulation of the related gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. It also suggested that adzuki bean had a positive effect in prevention and treatment of adipogenesis-related obesity, and might be a good option of functional foods to control obesity.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>食品暨應用生物科技學系所<br>104<br>Most commercial yogurt are produced form dairy material. However, casein in the milk are commonly considered as allergens which may interfere the iron absorption. In this study, we used physical stimulation to increase GABA content of azuki. Moreover, tartary buckwheat was also adopted as material for introducing functional flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin. Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 were inoculated to the moromi of buckwheat and azuki to develop a functional vegetable yogurt for providing an alternative choice for vegetarians. The malt solution prepared form ground malt powder was incubated at 35 °C for the activation of intrinsic enzymes. The activated malt solution was then mixed with buckwheat mash at different temperature for serial saccharification processes. Furthermore, the azuki was pretreated by serial soaking, sprouting and freezing processes. The ground frozen azuki was prepared as solution and subsequently gelatinized under 95 °C for 20 minutes. The gelatinized azuki solution was mixed with saccharificated buckwheat solution as buckwheat/azuki moromi. TWK10 was inoculated to the supernatant of azuki/buckwheat moromi for 12 hours fermentation. The pH dropped from 6.00 to 3.92 during the fermentation. In the meanwhile, the microbial density was increased to 12.34 log CFU/mL. Fermented supernatant was mixed with previous separated solid content to form buckwheat/azuki yogurt. The functional components of the buckwheat /azuki yogurt were 44.7 mg GABA/100 mL, 43.417 mg rutin/100 mL and 2.032 mg quercetin/100 mL. No syneresis was observed after one week storage. The results of hedonic tests revealed that 10% added fructose significantly improved the acceptance of yogurt. Further modification may make this functional yogurt more competitive for consumer’s choice.

碩士<br>嘉南藥理科技大學<br>生物科技系暨研究所<br>96<br>Azuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi and Ohashi) is one of the twelve most important grain legumes in the world. In East Asia, the azuki bean is almost applied to food processing extensively. Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer using azuki bean hypocotyls showed normal transient GUS gene expression, Agrobacterium-induced hypersensitive necrotic reaction in plant cells are seriously problems. Four cultivars of Azuki bean, Kaohsiung NO.6 (KS6), KS7, KS8 and KS9 were tested for plant regeneration by using explants sections from the epicotyls formed the seeds germinating seven days after planting in the dark. It is the Agrobacterium to use different strain with plasmid pCAMBIA 1201 or 1303, including transformation research for EHA105, LBA4404 and KYRT1, try to find out the relevant condition that the suitable azuki bean epicotyls transfer to transformation. The result of the study shows that the Agrobacterium carrying pCAMBIA1201 had higher efficiency than pCAMBIA1303. In gene transfer system of azuki bean, the infection efficiency of EHA105 strain is higher than KYRT1 and LBA4404. Using EHA105- pCAMBIA1201 to infect the explants of azuki bean shows that the KS9 had the biggest GUS gene expression extent, which is up to 67.62%, however, the condition of brownish is the most serious of all. Moreover, the intensity of GUS gene expression of KS6 and KS8 are the strongest, 70.31% and 73.22, respectively. In addition, the accumulation of lignin in KS6 is lower than the other one; the brownish of section cell in KS8 is lower, too.

碩士<br>國立臺南大學<br>自然科學教育學系碩士班<br>94<br>Legumes are very difficult to transform than other crops because unlike transformation in other organisms, the regeneration system for some legume species is currently not available. Although the most commonly transformation for legumes is based on infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, however tissue necrosis and cell death are seriously problems in damage for the success of legume transformation. According to Yamada et al. (2001), we established azuki bean (Vigna angularis Willd) hypocotyls regeneration system for cultivar KS8, the plantlets can be generated within 30-45 days in tissue culture. Agrobacterium-mediated azuki bean hypocotyls gene transfer showed normal transient GUS gene expression, Agrobacterium-induced hypersensitive necrotic reaction in plant cells are seriously problems. Infection with low bacterium density has no apparent improvement in elimination of this tissue necrotic reaction. Histochemical detection for reactive oxygen species (ROS, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) and lignin accumulation on these necrotic cells revealed that tissue necrosis is affected by ROS production. Hydrogen peroxide production is a biphasic response, the first H2O2 production occurred at 2 h after infection, the second major production happened at 12 h during coclutivation. Antioxidants, such as DTT, GSH, Se, vitamin C, and L-cysteine were incorporated into culture media or bacterium broths in order to reduce tissue necrotic reaction during coclutivation in azuki bean gene transfer. Vitamin C improved callus growth and L-cysteine was the only antioxidant used in our studies that reduced tissue necrosis. However, GUS gene expression is inhibited by using large amount of L-cysteine (>300 mgL-1) although tissue necrosis can be improved dramatically Diphenylene iodonium (DPI) a specific inhibitor for flavoenzyme, such as NADPH oxidase and NADH oxidase was tested for its possible function in improvement Agrobacterium-mediated azuki bean gene transfer. DPI reduced H2O2 accumulation by 32% and superoxide production for 20%, although tissue necrotic reaction was slightly affected by DPI, GUS gene expression was increased. The possible mechanism and useful theory for DPI in Agrobacterium- mediated azuki bean gene transfer are currently under investigation.

碩士<br>臺南師範學院<br>自然科學教育學系碩士班<br>92<br>Three cultivars of Azuki bean, Kaohsiung NO.8, Pingtung native and KS540 were tested for plant regeneration by using explants sections from the epicotyls formed the seeds germinating seven days after planting in the dark. In the beginning, the explants were placed on MS medium with 10mg l-1 6-benzyladenine in the dark for 2 days. Then, these explants were changed to the MS medium containing 1mg l-1 6-benzyladenine at 25℃ under cool white fluorescent light (16/8 light regime), and adventitious shoots would developed. Roots would be induced on MS medium without plant growth regulators. The efficiency of callus-induced of three genotypes was over 95%. Broadly, the cultivar KS540 has the best regeneration efficiency about 31~42%. However, the regeneration efficiency of epicotyl’s hook of the cultivar Kaohsiung-8 could reach 79.4%, and the minimum forming period was 30-45 days. The high regeneration efficiency and fast growing rate for epicotyls are the advantages to develop Auki bean transformation system. In the transformation of azuki bean by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, co-cultivation was conducted with 6-BA and either acetosyringone (AS), genistein or daidzein. Genistein and daidzein were the important isoflavnoinds in the legume crops. We tested the GUS expression in the early stages after transformation. The GUS expression showed co-cultivation only with 6-BA had better and stable transformation efficiency. Co-cultivation with either acetosyringone, genistein or daidzein, the GUS expression was inhibited and varied widely.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>食品科學系<br>97<br>The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of black soy bean or azuki bean infusion on glucose and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Forty male Sprague -Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups, rats drink water (normal), diabetic rats drink water (DM), diabetic rats drink black soybean infusion (DM + BI), diabetic rats drink azuki bean infusion (DM + AI) for 11 weeks. The results demonstrated that both DM + AI and DM + BI groups could lower the level of glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol in plasma. In the aspect of carbonhydrate metabolism, DM + AI group could improve glucose tolerance at foruth week and DM + BI group showed the same effect at ninth week. To investigate glucose related metabolism enzyme in liver, hexokinase activity of DM + BI group would be reduced and the glucose-6-phosphatase activity of DM + AI group would be increased. Besides, the DM + AI group could reduce the activity of intestinal lactase and maltase. In the aspect of lipid metabolism, both DM + AI and DM + BI groups could decrease the level of VLDL + LDL- Cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, DM + BI group also reduced free fatty acid level. On the other hand, DM + AI could decrease the value of TBARS in liver and DM + BI group could decrease the value of TBARS in plasma. In the aspect of oxidative stress, DM + BI group could increase activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase and the GSH/GSSG ratio. According to above- mentioned results, both black soybean and azuki bean infusion had potency to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats.

<p>Low availability and inadequate nutritional contents in pasture/fodder are constraints for livestock production in northern Australia. Alternative feed sources are required to mitigate feed gaps, especially in the dry season. Dual-purpose cowpea can offer suitable legume option for mixed farming systems where fodder/grazing an immature crop can meet the feed gaps for livestock and produce grain for food market. The research was conducted in Central Queensland University (CQU), Australia to examine the dual-purpose traits (response to regrowth) after cutting (removal of 50% and 75% plant height) at anthesis for four cowpea genotypes across three seasons (summer, autumn and winter). </p> <p>Biomass cutting occurred at anthesis between 36-41 days after sowing (DAS) in summer, 34-36 DAS in autumn and was delayed in winter (68-79 DAS) with no significant difference between genotypes. The crop maturity, however, was delayed in winter (123-140 vs 68-103 DAS in summer and 60-90 DAS in autumn) and by cutting treatments across all seasons. Biomass harvest was higher in summer (241 g/m2), followed by autumn (215 g/m2) and lowest in winter (149 g/m2). Likewise, the biomass yield increased significantly with higher cut regime at 75% (2.41 g/m2) particularly in the summer season compared to low cut regime at 50%. Additionally in the summer, AVTCP#1, and AVTCP#4 outyielded other genotypes under the 75% and 50% cut treatments respectively, whereas in the winter, no significant difference observed between the genotypes. </p> <p>Results showed variations in seed and total biomass yield due to treatments, genotypes, and seasons. In summer, moderate biomass removal (50%) stimulated seed yield (343.9 vs 264 g/m2) and no penalty for 75% biomass removal compared to control (274 vs 264 g/m2), particularly for the AgriVentis cowpea genotypes. In autumn, however, 50% biomass removal resulted into no penalty on seed yield (258 vs 276 g/m2) compared to control whereas 75% biomass removal reduced the seed yield significantly. In winter, however, seed yield decreased significantly with biomass removal for all genotypes, but more severely so in Red Caloona. </p> <p>Regarding the forage quality analysis, the effect of biomass cut treatments was less prominent in proximate compositions and bioactive compounds. Overall, the Red Caloona recorded higher Total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant capacity in forage, while AgriVentis genotypes had high digestibility and dry matter (DM) contents. The gross energy (GE) contents of the forage ranged 17.1-18.6 MJ/kg and did not differ significantly for variety, cutting treatments and seasons. However, the crude protein (CP), decreased significantly in summer (22.9%), compared to autumn (28.1%) and winter (29.1%). The high intensity cutting (75%) reduced CP (22.3 vs 23.5%) compared to low cutting intensity (50%) in summer but no significant effects of cutting treatments on autumn and winter. Higher CP was recorded by AVTCP#1 for summer and winter and by Red Caloona for autumn. </p> <p>Regarding the seed quality analysis, the CP ranged 22.2-25.5% with significant genotypes x treatments effect for summer and winter crop and no effects of genotypes and treatments in autumn. The bioactive compounds varied significantly between genotypes such that Red Caloona recorded highest TPC, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Cupric reducing antioxidant power (CUPRAC) compared to AgriVentis genotypes. Genotypic effect on seed physical quality was also observed where AgriVentis genotypes recorded the highest test weight and seed diameter, whereas Red Caloona recorded higher seed density. However, no significant effect of cutting treatment was recorded for test weight, seed diameter, seed density, bioactive compounds (TPC, FRAP, CUPRAC) and fiber analysis, both acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). </p> <p>The overall results demonstrated the scope for developing cowpea as a dual-purpose crop as shown by the total first cut biomass yield up to 6.05 t/ha and seed yield up to 10.5 t/ha over three seasons within a year. The first cut biomass resulted into good quality fodder (high DM, CP, and moderate GE) for livestock and end of season harvest of grain for human consumption. Current assessment for seasonal adaptations and biochemical properties associated with cowpea traits conferring grain and graze uses present large variation between genotypes and cutting treatments. These results underpin strong genetic and crop physiological basis conferring traits for dual-purpose cowpea and suggest further exploring cowpea as dual-purpose crop for Northern Australia for different farming systems. In addition, the study also provided valuable insights into the potential dual-purpose traits of cowpea genotypes under cutting (biomass removal) pressure, which can support future breeding and management strategies for dual-purpose cowpea production in tropics.</p>