Academic literature on the topic 'B.c.-approximately 100 a.d'
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Journal articles on the topic "B.c.-approximately 100 a.d"
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Ferrannini, E., E. J. Barrett, S. Bevilacqua, R. Jacob, M. Walesky, R. S. Sherwin, and R. A. DeFronzo. "Effect of free fatty acids on blood amino acid levels in human." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 250, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): E686—E694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.6.e686.
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Raised plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels effectively impede glucose uptake in vivo, thereby conserving plasma glucose and sparing glycogen. To test whether FFA have any effect on blood amino acid levels, we infused Intralipid plus heparin or saline into healthy volunteers under four different experimental conditions: A) overnight fast; B) euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (approximately 100 microU/ml); C) hyperglycemic (approximately 200 mg/100 ml) hyperinsulinemia (approximately 50 microU/ml); and D) hyperglycemic (approximately 300 mg/100 ml) normoinsulinemia (approximately 20 microU/ml). In the fasting state (A), lipid infusion was associated with lower blood levels of most amino acids, both branched chain and glucogenic. This effect, however, could not be ascribed to lipid infusion alone, because plasma insulin levels were also stimulated. The clamp studies (B, C, and D) allowed to assess the influence of lipid on blood amino acid levels at similar plasma insulin and glucose levels. It was thus observed that lipid infusion has a significant hypoaminoacidemic effect of its own under both euglycemic (B) and hyperglycemic (C) conditions; this effect involved many glucogenic amino acids (alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, and cystine) but none of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). In marked contrast, normoinsulinemic hyperglycemia (D), with or without lipid infusion, caused no change in the blood level of any measured amino acid. We conclude that lipid infusion has a hypoaminoacidemic action. We also suggest that this action is permitted by insulin and may involve specific metabolic interactions (e.g., reduced availability of glucose-derived pyruvate or glycerophosphate) as well as enhanced uptake by the liver.
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Hodenius, Michael A. J., Thoralf Niendorf, Gabriele A. Krombach, Walter Richtering, Thomas Eckert, Heiko Lueken, Manfred Speldrich, et al. "Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and MR Relaxometry of Aqueous Ferrofluids." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 2399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18276.
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The synthesis and characterization of ferrofluid based MR contrast agents, which offer R2* versatility beyond that of ferucarbotran, is described. Ferrofluids were formed after stabilizing magnetite cores with dodecanoic acid (a), oleic acid (b), dodecylamine (c), citric acid (d) or tartaric acid (e). Core sizes were deduced from TEM micrographs. Magnetic properties were determined by SQUID magnetometry. Hydrodynamic particle diameters were determined by dynamic light scattering measurements. Zeta potentials were measured by combining laser Doppler velocimetry and phase analysis light scattering. Iron contents were evaluated colorimetrically. MR relaxometry including R1 and R2* was conducted in vitro using homogeneous ferrofluid samples. The average core diameters of ferrofluids a, b and c equaled 9.4±2.8 nm and approximately 2 nm for ferrofluids d and e. Magnetization measurements at 300 K revealed superparamagnetic behaviour for the dried 9 nm diameter cores and paramagnetic-like behaviour for the dried cores of ferrofluids d and e. Iron contents were between 32–75 mg Fe/mL, reflecting the ferrofluids' high particle concentrations. Hydrodynamic particle diameters equaled 100–120 nm (a, b and c). For the ferrofluids a, b, d and e coated with anions, strong negative zeta potential values between −27.5 mV and −54.0 mV were determined and a positive zeta potential value of +33.5 mV was found for ferrofluid c, covered with cationic dodecylammonium ions. MR relaxometry yielded R1-values of 1.9±0.3 (a), 4.0±0.8 (b), 5.2±1.0 (c), 0.124±0.002 (d) and 0.092±0.005 s−1 mM−1 (e), and R2*-values of 856±24 (a), 729±16 (b), 922±29 (c), 1.7±0.05 (d) and 0.49±0.05 s−1 mM−1 (e). Thus, the synthesized ferrofluids reveal a broad spectrum of R2* relaxivities. As a result, the various MR contrast agents have a great potential to be used in studies dealing with malignant tissue targeting or molecular imaging.
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Conway, A. M., and C. Valvatne. "The Boulton Field, Block 44/21a, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.53.
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AbstractThe Boulton Field was discovered in 1984 when gas was tested from the Lower Ketch Unit, Carboniferous Westphalian C/D, in well 44/21-2. Following appraisal drilling in 1990, the Boulton 'B' structure was delineated and a trap confirmed by a combination of up-dip seal against basal Permian shales, and salts and lateral seal against sealing faults and impermeable Westphalian C sediments. A second structure was drilled in the same year, Boulton 'F', with gas discovered in the deeper Murdoch Sand Interval of the Westphalian C/D. The two separate structures collectively form the Boulton Field.Current deliverability from the 'B' structure, Lower Ketch Sands is approximately 100 MMSCFD from a single producer. Developed with a minimal platform facility, the gas is delivered to Theddlethorpe Gas Terminal via offshore compression at the nearby Murdoch Field. The reservoir in Boulton 'B' comprises a series of channel sands deposited in a braided stream complex flowing predominantly from north to south across an Upper Carboniferous alluvial plain. Sandbody connectivity within the complex fluvial architecture of the Westphalian C is a key control on gas production.
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Kotzer, T. G., T. K. Kyser, and E. Irving. "Paleomagnetism and the evolution of fluids in the Proterozoic Athabasca Basin, northern Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 1474–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-118.
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In the Athabasca Basin, diagenetic hematite of variable paragenesis occurs throughout the sandstones and underlying paleoregolith. This hematite carries three distinct, single-component magnetizations: A (D = 158°, I = 62°, α95 = 5°, n = 21); B (D = 11°, I = −36°, α95 = 7°, n = 6); and C (D = 18°, I = 79°, α95 = 3°, n = 27). In some areas of the sandstones, such as near reactivated fault zones, the diagenetic hematite has been altered to goethite which yields a very low-intensity, incoherent D magnetization. Ages for the A, B, and C magnetizations, inferred from comparisons with paleomagnetic directions in Precambrian rocks whose ages are known approximately, are 1750–1600, 1600–1450, and about 900 Ma, respectively. The A magnetization is carried by the earliest formed hematite, and its estimated age compares well with U–Pb ages of 1650–1700 Ma for early diagenetic apatite. U–Pb and Rb–Sr ages of approximately 1500 and 900 Ma for uraninite and illite coeval with hematite that carries the B and C magnetizations compare well with their ages estimated from paleomagnetism. The development of B magnetization appears to be coeval with high-grade, unconformity-type uranium mineralization.Petrographic and field relationships indicate that the A magnetization is carried by hematite formed during initial diagenesis of the Athabasca sandstones, the B magnetization is carried by hematite formed during peak diagenesis, and the C magnetization is carried by hematite formed during subsequent high-temperature hydrothermal alteration. The incoherent D magnetizations have resulted from degradation of hematite to goethite as a result of incursion of low-temperature meteoric waters along fault zones that have been continuously reactivated since the late Precambrian. δ18O values of clay minerals and of the coeval hematite which carries the B and C magnetization indicate that they were formed from a fluid having temperatures of 150–200 °C and δ18O values near 1.0‰. Fluids that deposited the early formed hematite carrying the A magnetism are relatively 18O depleted, with values of approximately 0.8‰ and somewhat lower temperatures of 120–160 °C. Intermingling of A, B, and C magnetizations indicates either that hematite may be deposited by one fluid and reprecipitated by a subsequent fluid, or that fluid flow was controlled by local variations in permeability. Evidently, fluid flow has been episodic and basin wide and has occurred over a time span on the order of 108 years. It is suggested that the stratigraphy of the sandstones controlled the basin-wide lateral migration of the basinal fluids and that faults facilitated interformational fluid flow.
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COHEN, R. D. H., H. H. NICHOLSON, and E. D. JANZEN. "EFFECT OF REPEATED IMPLANTATION WITH ZERANOL FROM BIRTH OR WEANING ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN BEEF HEIFERS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-005.
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Liveweight, pregnancy rate, skeletal development and carcass characteristics were measured on 52 crossbred beef heifers implanted with zeranol at birth then at 110, 204 and 314 d of age (B); at weaning (204 d of age) and at 314 d of age (W); or not implanted (C). At 14 mo of age, the heifers were bred for 6 wk in corrals by natural service. Six weeks later they were slaughtered and their reproductive tracts collected. Height at the withers and pelvic area were measured before slaughter. Mean weaning weights ± SD, corrected to 200 d and for age of dam, were 249 ± 20 kg for group B and 226 ± 22 kg for groups W and C (P < 0.001). At breeding, the heifers weighed 434 ± 24, 416 ± 29 and 392 ± 31 kg for groups B, W and C, respectively (P < 0.001). At slaughter, their liveweights were 531 ± 26, 508 ± 32 and 483 ± 36 kg, respectively (P < 0.001) and carcass weights were 304 ± 17, 286 ± 21 and 270 ± 20 kg, respectively (P < 0.001). Rib eye area was 84.3 ± 8.47, 76.5 ± 8.89 and 72 ± 7.81 cm2, respectively (P < 0.001) but there were no significant differences between groups for cutability (58.2 ± 1.85%), average fat cover (9.4 ± 0.84 mm) or grade (90.3% ± A1/A2 and 9.7% A3/A4). Height at the withers did not differ between groups (46.7 ± 1.61 cm) but zeranol increased pelvic area (186.4 ± 19.54, 178.6 ± 21.84 and 165.3 ± 21.14 cm2 zeranol for groups B, W and C, respectively; (P < 0.05). Pregnancy rate was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in group B (42.9%) compared with groups W and C (84.2 and 77.8%, respectively). However, examination of the reproductive tracts indicated that only one nonpregnant heifer in each of groups B and C was not cycling and no other abnormalities were found. It was concluded that zeranol will increase live and carcass weights, rib eye area and pelvic area of heifers but that four implants given at birth and at approximately 100-d intervals to 314 d of age will reduce reproductive rate in comparison to heifers implanted twice postweaning or not implanted. Key words: Zeranol, heifer, growth, reproduction, pelvimetry, carcass
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Spriet, L. L. "ATP utilization and provision in fast-twitch skeletal muscle during tetanic contractions." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 257, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): E595—E605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.4.e595.
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Rat fast-twitch muscles were tetanically stimulated in situ with an occluded circulation to examine ATP utilization and provision during isometric tension production. Plantaris (PL) and gastrocnemius (G) muscles were stimulated for 60 s in four conditions: A) 1.0-Hz train rate, 200-ms train duration at 80 Hz, B) 1.0 Hz (100 ms, 80 Hz), C) 0.5 Hz (100 ms, 80 Hz), and D) 1.0 Hz (200 ms, 40 Hz). Muscles were sampled pre- and post-stimulation for pH, high-energy phosphates, and glycolytic intermediates. Contributions to total ATP utilization (all muscles and conditions) were 64-67% glycolysis, 24-28% phosphocreatine, and 8-9% endogenous ATP. Glycogenolysis and glycolysis were greatest in white G (WG), 40% lower in red G (RG), and intermediate in PL muscles. Average energy costs in conditions A and D were approximately 0.60 mumol ATP/(N.s). Decreasing the train duration to 100 ms in B and the number of tetani to 30 in C increased energy costs to 0.93 +/- 0.05 and 1.26 +/- 0.07 mumol ATP/(N.s). Despite a lower pH, WG glycogenolytic (phosphorylase) activity was constant during condition A, whereas RG activity decreased in the final 30 contractions. Larger accumulations of Pi and inosine monophosphate may account for the maintained phosphorylase activity. Glycolytic (phosphofructokinase, PFK) activity was highest in WG and associated with higher fructose 6-phosphate concentration, greater depletion of ATP and, in later contractions, a higher NH4+ concentration. During tetanic in situ stimulation of fast-twitch muscle, the H+ profiles of phosphorylase and PFK are extended beyond in vitro predictions via the accumulation of positive modulators. This permits significant anaerobic ATP production via the glycolytic pathway despite increasing [H+]. The findings also suggest that lengthening the duration of tetani, generating lower peak tensions, and prolonging relaxation time all contribute to lower energy costs in fast-twitch muscle.
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Triandi, Rachmat, and Johannes Beck. "Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Silver Thianthrene Complexes with Weakly Coordinating Anions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2007-1010.
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Two novel silver complexes with thianthrene (TA) as a ligand have been synthesized in the poorly coordinating solvent liquid sulfur dioxide, using silver salts with weakly coordinating anions [BF4]− and [SbF6]−. Both colorless compounds contain discrete molecular entities and SO2 molecules included in the crystal structure. Selection of crystals and the diffraction data collection were performed at low temperatures (123 K). The tris(μ-thianthrene-κ2S)disilver(I) bis(hexafluoroantimonate) sulfur dioxide solvate [Ag2(TA)3][SbF6]2·5SO2 (1) (monoclinic, P21/c, a = 21.644(3), b = 12.4216(4), c = 21.934(3) Å , β = 115.04(1)°, Z = 4) is made up of complexes bearing three TA units acting as bridging ligands with both S atoms towards two Ag+ ions with d(Ag+-Ag+) = 2.911 Å giving the [Ag2(TA)3]2+ unit approximately D3h molecular symmetry. The bis(μ-thianthrene-κ2S)disilver(I) bis(tetrafluoroborate) sulfur dioxide solvate [Ag2(TA)2][BF4]2・3SO2 (2) (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 21.0045(6), b = 7.4553(2), c = 22.6024(6) A° , β = 109.65(0)°, Z = 4) is made up of [Ag2(TA)2]2+units with two bridging TA units coordinating two Ag+ ions with d(Ag+-Ag+) = 2.925 Å giving the complexes approximately D2h molecular symmetry. Weak, secondary bonds between Ag+ and the F atoms of the anions, such as Ag···F-SbF5 = 2.862(4) Å in 1 or Ag···F-BF3 = 2.773(2) Å in 2, and with O atoms of SO2 molecules link the complexes with the anions and the solvate molecules, respectively.
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Kwon, Su Yeon, Jung Hee Shim, Yu Ha Kim, Chang Su Lim, Seong Bae An, and Inbo Han. "Efficacy for Whitlockite for Augmenting Spinal Fusion." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (November 28, 2021): 12875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312875.
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Whitlockite (WH) is the second most abundant inorganic component of human bone, accounting for approximately 25% of bone tissue. This study investigated the role of WH in bone remodeling and formation in a mouse spinal fusion model. Specifically, morphology and composition analysis, tests of porosity and surface area, thermogravimetric analysis, an ion-release test, and a cell viability test were conducted to analyze the properties of bone substitutes. The MagOss group received WH, Group A received 100% beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), Group B received 100% hydroxyapatite (HAp), Group C received 30% HAp/70% β-TCP, and Group D received 60% HAp/40% β-TCP (n = 10 each). All mice were sacrificed 6 weeks after implantation, and micro-CT, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and Masson trichome (MT) staining and immunohistochemistry were performed. The MagOss group showed more homogeneous and smaller grains, and nanopores (<500 nm) were found in only the MagOss group. On micro-CT, the MagOss group showed larger fusion mass and better graft incorporation into the decorticate mouse spine than other groups. In the in vivo experiment with HE staining, the MagOss group showed the highest new bone area (mean: decortication group, 9.50%; A, 15.08%; B, 15.70%; C, 14.76%; D, 14.70%; MagOss, 22.69%; p < 0.0001). In MT staining, the MagOss group demonstrated the highest new bone area (mean: decortication group, 15.62%; A, 21.41%; B, 22.86%; C, 23.07%; D, 22.47%; MagOss, 26.29%; p < 0.0001). In an immunohistochemical analysis for osteocalcin, osteopontin, and CD31, the MagOss group showed a higher positive area than other groups. WH showed comparable bone conductivity to HAp and β-TCP and increased new bone formation. WH is likely to be used as an improved bone substitute with better bone conductivity than HAp and β-TCP.
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Reinke, W., P. Gaehtgens, and P. C. Johnson. "Blood viscosity in small tubes: effect of shear rate, aggregation, and sedimentation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): H540—H547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.3.h540.
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Apparent viscosity was determined in vertical glass tubes (ID 30.2-132.3 microns) with suspensions of human red cells in A) serum, B) saline containing 0.5 g/100 ml albumin, C) plasma, and D) plasma containing Dextran 250 at a feed hematocrit of 0.45. Pressure-flow relationships were obtained in a range of pseudo-shear rates (mu) between 0.15 and 250 s-1. Relative viscosities in the nonaggregating suspensions (A and B) were found to increase monotonically with decreasing mu. The Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect was present in the entire range of mu. In the two aggregating suspensions (C and D), viscosities increased initially in larger but not small tubes with declining mu and fell in all tubes at some characteristic mu (usually below 10 s-1). Viscosity reduction was greater in the larger tubes and in suspensions with greater aggregation tendency. With suspension D, the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect was eliminated in the lowermost shear-rate range. The cell-free marginal zone increased in width (to a maximum of approximately 40% of tube radius) as viscosity declined. Measurements of viscosity and cell-free marginal zone were also performed with suspension C in tubes mounted in horizontal position. In contrast to vertical tubes, a monotonic increase in viscosity was found with decreasing mu, associated with cell sedimentation and development of a cell-free layer only in the upper portion of the tubes.
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Nasir-Naeem, Khadeejah O., Sarah A. Akande, Rahinat Garba, and Jubril O. Akolade. "Assessment of milling as an alternative to chemical additives in processing of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius)." AROC in Food and Nutrition 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocfn01021017.
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Background: Jute mallow is a widely consumed vegetable because of its enormous nutritional benefits. The mode of preparation of this vegetable differs across sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, it is commonly cooked with potash. This study was designed to assess the milling of jute mallow leaves before cooking as an alternative to chemical additives in its preparation into “ewedu” soup. Methods: The experiment was divided into four groups. Group A (jute mallow leaves cooked alone), Group B (jute mallow leaves cooked with 1 g of potash), Group C (jute mallow leaves cooked with 1 g of baking soda) and Group D (jute mallow leaves pulverized before cooking). Proximate, mineral and Vitamin C content, as well as the viscosity of the soups, were determined using standard analytical procedures. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the moisture, ash, fibre and lipid contents. However, the protein (4.29 %) content of group B and carbohydrate (2.4 %) content of group C were significantly lower (p>0.05) than that of the other groups. Potassium content (235.88 mg/100g) in group B, was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the other groups. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the calcium and magnesium contents. Group C (13.54 mg/100g) and B (12.15 mg/100g) showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) sodium content than A (10.44 mg/100g) and D (10.37mg/100g). There was no observed significant difference (p>0.05) in the vitamin C content of the groups. Viscosity was significant (p<0.05) in this order, A>B>D>C. Group A recorded the highest viscosity of approximately 9 cP compared to 2.7, 1.6 and 2.1 cP in groups B, C and D respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that milling before cooking can be promoted as against the use of potash and baking soda in processing jute mallow leaves into “ewedu” soup
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "B.c.-approximately 100 a.d"
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Doukas, Georgios. "Pierre Boaistuau (c. 1517-1566) and the employment of humanism in mid sixteenth-century France." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3239/.
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This study examines the manifestations of French humanism in sixteenth-century intellectual culture, through an analysis, for the first time, of the entirety of the works of Pierre Boaistuau. An eminent French humanist writer, on whose life little information exists, Boaistuau emerges far more prolific than any previous study has hitherto recognised. Thus, on a first level, his case offers the opportunity for an exploration of the developments of French print culture at the time. In addition, careful examination of the contents of his widely circulated works sheds new light on the ways humanist themes and values were incorporated into contemporary literary production, and were used for different purposes which surpassed the mere celebration of ancient learning. Boaistuau employed seven genres in order to compile seven books of different natures, all of them however grafted onto a humanist framework. Associated with narrative fiction, Renaissance philosophy, political theory, the study of history, and natural philosophy, his works demonstrate how the classical past and the humanist values of virtue, erudition, and self-discipline were used in a variety of ways in mid sixteenth-century France: for promotion of a moralising message, praise of the French monarchy, bolstering the Catholic faith, and enhancing the understanding of the natural world.
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Jaschke, Bettina. "Darstellung und Kopplung von Cyclosilazanen und Borazinen - Precursoren für Si-B-N- und Si-B-C-N-Keramiken." Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B0DA-D.
Full textBooks on the topic "B.c.-approximately 100 a.d"
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Levinson, Sanford. A multiple choice test: How many times has the United States constitution been amended? : (a) 14; (b) 26; (c) 420±100; (d) all of the above. [Toronto, Ont.]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1990.
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Fiorenza, Bevilacqua, ed. Anabasi. Torino: Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 2002.
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Brownson, Carleton L. b. 1866. and Dillery John 1961-, eds. Anabasis. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998.
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Xenophon. Anabasis: Der Zug der Zehntausend : griechisch-deutsch. München: Artemis, 1990.
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1892-1975, Sonevyt͡s︡ʹkyĭ Mykhaĭlo, ed. Anabazis. Ni͡u︡ Ĭork: Naukove t-vo im. Shevchenka, 1986.
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Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B. C. -A. D. 400. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
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S, Burns Thomas. Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B. C. -A. D. 400. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
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R, Clarke John. Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B. C. -A. D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press, 1992.
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R, Clarke John. Looking at Laughter: Humor, Power, and Transgression in Roman Visual Culture, 100 B. C. - A. D. 250. University of California Press, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "B.c.-approximately 100 a.d"
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Bachke, Carl Christian. "Fakta, frustrasjoner og forbedringspotensialer. En undersøkelse av dagens norske dosentstilling." In Å satse på dosenter, 57–74. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.109.ch3.
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This chapter analyzes the findings of an email questionnaire-based study among Norwegian docents. The purpose was to shed light on the research question “What characterizes the Norwegian academic docent position?” 81 out of 155 docents responded (approximately 52 percent). The findings show that (a) compared to other academic positions, docents are few in number; (b) the male–female gender distribution is relatively even (60:40); (c) it takes on average more than 20 years after attained master-level for docents to qualify for promotion to the position; (d) their average age is above 60 years; (e) most docents work within vocational study programs like teacher/preschool-teacher education, nursing, social work/education and child welfare study; (f) neither the docents themselves nor the academic institutions employing them clearly define the expectations, duties and responsibilities of the position; and (g) this ambiguity is a source of frustration for the docents. Lastly, two challenges are discussed, and two possible improvements are proposed.
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"FIG.1 INSTANTANEOUS AND AVERAGE CONCENTRATION PROFILES Instantaneous Top View Instantaneous 1 Hour Average of Plume Concentration Concentration Profile at X=x0 Profile at X=x0 FIG. 2 ODOUR CONCENTRATION FREQUENCIES (AS % WITHIN EACH 10° WIND SECTOR) NESWN (a) ALL CONCENTRATION , (b) C>C0/16,(c) C>C0/4, (d) C > C0/ 2 , (C0 = MAX. AXIAL ODOUR STRENGTH ) | <684 5)." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 243–45. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-100.
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Rizza, Stacey A. "Viral Hepatitis." In Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review, 295–300. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199827626.003.0030.
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Many viruses can cause multisystem disease in humans. There are 5 hepatotropic viruses that primarily infect the human liver and cause hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. In 1996 a sixth virus, hepatitis G virus, was described, but its role in human disease remains uncertain. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 10 cases of viral hepatitis per 100,000 people are reported each year in the United States. The causes, diagnosis, and treatment of each virus are reviewed.
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Omona, Kizito. "Vaginal Delivery." In Midwifery [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96097.
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Vaginal delivery refers to the birth of offspring in mammals or babies in humans, through the vagina, also known as the “birth canal”. It is the natural method of birth for most mammals excluding those which lay eggs. For women who deliver vaginally, childbirth progresses in three stages: labor, delivery of the baby and delivery of the placenta. There are two types of vaginal delivery: Unassisted vaginal delivery and assisted vaginal delivery. In the later, this assistance can vary from use of medicines to emergency delivery procedures. The following types of vaginal delivery have been noted; (a) Spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) (b) Assisted vaginal delivery (AVD), also called instrumental vaginal delivery (c) Induced vaginal delivery and (d) Normal vaginal delivery (NVD), usually used in statistics or studies to contrast with a delivery by cesarean section. Delivery of a full-term newborn occurs at a gestational age of 37–42 weeks, usually determined by the last menstrual period or ultrasonographic dating and evaluation. Nearly 80% of newborns are delivered at full term while approximately 10% of singleton pregnancies are delivered preterm and 10% of all deliveries are post-term.
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Jana, Sebak Kumar, and Joyashree Roy. "Climate Change and Diseases of Plants and Animals." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 37–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch003.
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Home Garden is a complex sustainable land use system that combines multiple farming components of the homestead and provides environmental services, household needs, and employment and income generation opportunities to the households. Predicted climate changes have serious implications for crop and livestock yields particularly in tropical regions. Home garden may act as a cushion to the adverse climate shocks. There is dearth of in-depth study of home garden ecosystem in India. Authors selected 100 households in Garhbeta-1 block, which is in the dry zone in the district of Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal for this study. The main objectives of this chapter include: (a) identifying key characteristics of the home garden, (b) identifying the pattern of climate change from the household perceptions and the changes made in the home gardens. (c) identifying different diseases of plants and animals in home gardens in the study area (d) managing diseases of plants in home gardens, (e) identifying different problems/ constraints in home.
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Jana, Sebak Kumar, and Joyashree Roy. "Climate Change and Diseases of Plants and Animals." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change, 1454–74. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch072.
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Home Garden is a complex sustainable land use system that combines multiple farming components of the homestead and provides environmental services, household needs, and employment and income generation opportunities to the households. Predicted climate changes have serious implications for crop and livestock yields particularly in tropical regions. Home garden may act as a cushion to the adverse climate shocks. There is dearth of in-depth study of home garden ecosystem in India. Authors selected 100 households in Garhbeta-1 block, which is in the dry zone in the district of Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal for this study. The main objectives of this chapter include: (a) identifying key characteristics of the home garden, (b) identifying the pattern of climate change from the household perceptions and the changes made in the home gardens. (c) identifying different diseases of plants and animals in home gardens in the study area (d) managing diseases of plants in home gardens, (e) identifying different problems/ constraints in home.
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"‘cerebral length.’ The length of the basicranial axis as to this length, or, in other words, the proportional length of the line g h to that of a b taken as 100, in the three skulls, is as follows:—Bes-ver 70 to 100; Lemur 119 to 100; Baboon 144 to 100. In an adult male Gorilla the cerebral length is as 170 to the basicrannial axis taken as 100, in the Negro (fig. 30) as 236 to 100. In the Constantinople skull (fig. 30) as 266 to 100. The cranial difference between the highest Ape’s skull and the lowest Man’s is therefore very strikingly brought out by these measurements. In the digram of the Baboon’s skull the dotted lines d d &c. give the angles." In Man's Place in Nature, 1863, 113. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203503171-18.
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Li, Jie Jack, Chris Limberakis, and Derek A. Pflum. "Reductions." In Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187984.003.0010.
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The Barton deoxygenation (or Barton–McCombie deoxygenation) is a two-step reaction sequence for the reduction of an alcohol to an alkane. The alcohol is first converted to a methyl xanthate or thioimidazoyl carbamate. Then, the xanthate or thioimidazoyl carbamate is reduced with a tin hydride reagent under radical conditions to afford the alkane. Trialkylsilanes have also been used as the hydride source. Reviews: (a) McCombie, S. W. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M.; Fleming, I., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, U. K., 1991; Vol. 8, Chapter 4.2: Reduction of Saturated Alcohols and Amines to Alkanes, pp. 818–824. (b) Crich, D.; Quintero, L. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 1413–1432. To a solution of the â-hydroxy-N-methyl-O-methylamide (0.272 g, 1.55 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (30 mL) were added carbon disulfide (6.75 mL, 112 mmol) and iodomethane (6.70 mL, 108 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 0.25 h, and then sodium hydride (60% suspension in mineral, 136.3 mg, 3.4 mmol) was added. After 20 min at 0 °C, the reaction was quenched by slow addition to 60 g of crushed ice. (Caution: hydrogen gas evolution!). The mixture was raised to room temperature and separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (4 × 15 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na2SO4</aub>), concentrated in vacuo, and purified (SiO2, 5% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford 0.354 g (86%) of the xanthate. To a solution of the xanthate (2.95 g, 11.1 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was added tributyltin hydride (15.2 mL, 56.6 mmol) and 2,2´-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 0.109 g, 0.664 mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux for 1 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated in vacuo, and purified (SiO2, 100% hexanes to remove tin byproducts, followed by 10% EtOAc in hexanes to elute product) to afford 1.69 g (96%) of the N-methyl-O-methylamide.
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Medeiros, G. V. B., L. V. B. Paz, P. A. Sousa, A. A. Regis, and R. S. Cruz. "AVALIAÇÃO DA ROTULAGEM E DA QUALIDADE DE NÉCTAR DE LARANJA COMERCIALIZADOS EM CURRAIS NOVOS – RN." In Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos: Pesquisas e Avanços. Agron Food Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53934/9786599539664-42.
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Nas últimas décadas, o mercado brasileiro de bebidas cresceu exponencialmente devido à tendência de aliar o consumo de alimentos práticos e saborosos à uma alimentação saudável. Um dos produtos de maior aceitação nesse mercado, são os néctares de fruta, destacando-se o de laranja, devido ao sabor agradável, alto valor nutricional, teor de vitamina C e efeito antioxidante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rotulagem de diferentes marcas comerciais de néctar de laranja e suas propriedades físico-químicas. O estudo foi realizado com cinco marcas de néctar de laranja, denominadas A, B, C, D e E, comercializados no município de Currais Novos, Rio Grande do Norte. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos sólidos solúveis (ºBrix) e acidez titulável (%) e comparados pela média e desvio padrão. A avaliação da rotulagem foi realizada por comparação dos rótulos dos produtos com as legislações vigentes. Os resultados físico-químicos dos néctares de laranja variaram entre as marcas com teores de sólidos solúveis variando de 7,26 a 11,56 °Brix e acidez titulável de 4,1 a 13,06 g ácido cítrico/100 mL. Já para a análise de rotulagem nutricional das marcas avaliadas, todas as cincos marcas de néctar apresentaram adequadas quanto às exigências da legislação vigente portanto, as mesmas não apresentam nenhuma restrição para comercialização na Cidade de Currais Novos – RN, cumprindo quase todos os requisitos estabelecidos.
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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Liquids and Solids." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0016.
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The atoms or molecules in a liquid have enough kinetic energy to partially overcome the forces of attraction between them. Therefore, they are in constant random motion (as in a gas) but they are still relatively close together. However, they are not as tightly packed, or as well ordered, as in a solid. There is not as much free space in a liquid as in a gas. The atoms or molecules may aggregate together to form chains or rings that readily move relative to one another; this gives a liquid its fluid (flow) properties. Liquids generally occur as compounds. For example, water, ethanol, and carbon tetrachloride are liquids at room temperature. However, a few elements are also liquids at room temperature: bromine, cesium, gallium, mercury, and rubidium. A liquid is characterized by the following physical properties: boiling point and freezing point, density, compressibility, surface tension, and viscosity. These properties of a liquid are greatly influenced by the strength of its intermolecular forces. In summary: • Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape. They take on the shape of their containers. • Liquids are characterized by low compressibility, low rigidity, and high density relative to gases. • Liquids diffuse through other liquids. • Liquids can vaporize into the space above them and produce a vapor pressure. Polar molecules possess an electric dipole moment, μ, defined as the product of the magnitude of the partial charges Q+ and Q− on the molecule and the distance r separating the charges. In mathematical terms, it is given by the equation: μ = Qr The unit for μ is debyes (D), and 1 D = 3.336×10−30 coulomb meter (C-m). No interatomic bonds are completely ionic. Knowing the dipole moment of a compound, though, lets us differentiate ionic from covalent bonds by calculating the percent ionic character for the bonds. The percent ionic character of a bond is found by comparing the measured dipole moment of the molecule of the type A−B with the calculated dipole moment for the 100% ionized compound A+B−.
Conference papers on the topic "B.c.-approximately 100 a.d"
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Sun, Libin, Li Shi, Hongtao Wang, Haitao Wang, Yuqin Hu, and Zhensheng Zhang. "Seismic Test and Analyses on Double-Layer Model of HTR-PM Graphite Structure." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54961.
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This research is to investigate the feasibility and practicability of carrying out an experimental work to support the seismic assessment of High Temperature Reactor Pebble bed Module (HTR-PM) reactor graphite core structure, which contains thousands of graphite bricks and tens of thousands of keys/dowels. The seismic responses of HTR-PM reactor under the seismic and impact conditions are beyond the applicability of the analytical methods currently employed, and the experimental program would be required to enhance the development of alternative analytical method and extensions of the current methods. This work can provide information and judgments for potential future work that would be nuclear safety related. The seismic excitations applied on the 1:2 double-layer graphite core model without side and top metallic components support, which is part of HTR-PM side reflector structure, included: (a) the white noise excitation from 0.1g to 0.5g amplitude in two orthogonal directions; (b) sine-sweep, frequency band from 1.0 to 35.0 back to 1.0 Hz, sweep rates less than 2 oct/min while 1 oct/min around resonant frequencies, at constant 0.5g amplitude in one horizontal uniaxial excitation; (c) five OBEs (Operating Basis Earthquake) up to 7.4g and (d) one SSE (Safe Shutdown Earthquake) up to 8.0g by considering scale law; (e) Four similar models have been tested with different gaps (1.6, 3.0 and 5.0mm) between bricks and with/without holddown plates, which can indicate approximately core structure characteristic at different lifetime for graphite irradiation deformation. The response of acceleration and displacement are measured in the tests. The natural frequencies of double layers model, bricks radial and tangential relative displacement have been calculated from the test results. Damaged graphite components have been counted and analyzed. The purpose of the test is to (a) investigate model dynamic behavior and response characteristics of integrated graphite components, (b) verify model scaling laws; (b) provide specific data on bricks relative displacement, acceleration; (c) provide data for correlation with analytical models; (d) verify the seismic analysis code to be developed in INET, and (e) optimize the detail design for HTR-PM project. The preliminary simulation results achieved good agreement with the data obtained from the test.
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Sfakianakis, Eleftherios, Foivos Irakleidis, Katerina Ntailian, and Peng Tan. "CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BREAST DENSITY: IS THERE ANY NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTAL SCREENING?" In Abstracts from the Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium - BBCS 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s2006.
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Objectives: Mammographic density (MD) is the amount of fibroglandular breast tissue, which appears relatively radiopaque on mammography when compared with fat that appears radiolucent. It may obscure an underlying breast cancer (BC), thus decreases mammographic sensitivity. MD is also an independent BC risk factor. MD is most commonly classified by the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), fifth edition, 2012, where breast density is determined by radiologists using visual assessment that is subject to inter-rater variability. The term “dense breasts” refers to either heterogeneously dense or extremely dense breasts (category C or D), accounting for approximately 47%–50% of women. Supplemental screening modalities, such as digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), MRI, and ultrasound, when combined with digital mammography (DM) have shown to be effective in the identification of mammographically occult breast lesions in high breast density patients. In this study, we examined the potential value of available screening modalities and their importance in patients with increased MD. Methodology: We conducted a systematic review of the literature via MEDLINE assessing the clinical importance of MD and its role in supplemental screening protocols. Results: Reduced mammographic sensitivity — Mammographic sensitivity rate is adversely proportional to MD. Breast stromal component and hence stromal stiffening promote an increase in MD. Another important factor is that extracellular matrix stiffness has been found to be tumorigenic and is significantly associated with BC. As a consequence, the combined relative BC risk is increased exponentially in levels A, B, C, and D BI-RADS categories, respectively. Supplemental screening modalities — To overcome the limitations of digital mammography in higher MD categories, the introduction of DBT has significantly improved BC detection and reduced recall rates when added to mammography. Both STORM-1 and STORM-2 trials showed the significant improvement in BC detection rate when DBT was combined with DM. On the other hand, MBTST trial revealed an increase of false-positive rates when BC screening was carried out with DBT alone. In another multicenter study, the ACRIN Protocol 6666 established that the addition of ultrasound (US) to DM in women within BI-RADS C and D groups will identify an additional 1.1–7.2 cancers per 1,000 high-risk women, but substantially increase the number of false positive results. Breast MRI may be offered as supplemental screening modality in women with heterogeneous or extremely dense breast tissue. The combination of MRI with DM and US in screening of heterogeneous or extremely dense breasts with at least one risk factor for BC produces a 100% sensitivity rate. Also, supplemental MRI screening in women with extremely dense breasts can reduce the incidence of undetected interval BC. On the contrary, the addition of MRI possesses low specificity rates and increased cost. Conclusions: Increased BD is a common mammographic finding in women. Although very common, its association with reduced mammographic sensitivity and consequently BC detection masking is of high clinical significance. Additionally, BD alone is a risk factor for BC, despite the fact that the exact mechanisms of tumorigenesis associated to it are yet to be fully understood. Supplemental screening modalities, such as DBT, MRI, and US, when combined with DM have been shown to be effective in the identification of mammographically occult BC in high BD patients. The increased number of unnecessary biopsies as a result of increased false positivity rates may increase the physical and psychological patient burden. Since there is no consensus for routine use of DBT or MRI in screening of women with increased BD, the decision for supplemental screening should be personalized.
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Chang, Gray S., Blaine Grover, John T. Maki, and Misti A. Lillo. "The Feasibility Study of AGR 7-Position Fuel Testing Assembly in NEFT Position." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58098.
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In order to support the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Program 2018 deployment schedule, the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program must reduce the AGR fuel irradiation testing time in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) from approximately 2 1/2 calendar years to 1 1/2 calendar years. The AGR fuel irradiation testing requirements are: (a) burn-up of at least 14% FIMA; (b) Fast neutron fluence (E > 0.18 MeV) – maximum < 5.1 × 1025 n/m2; (c) limit of fission power density is 350 W/cc; and (d) irradiation time < 1 1/2 calendar years. The accelerated testing could be accomplished by utilizing the ATR North East flux trap (NEFT) position, which can provide more control of the thermal neutron flux rate than the ATR B-10 position currently being used for the AGR-1 fuel testing, which is regulated to achieve the fuel temperature and burn-up rate requirements. In addition, the Fast (E > 1.0 MeV) to Thermal (E < 0.625 eV) neutron flux ratio (F/T) for the NEFT is much harder (higher) than the F/T ratio for the B-10 position. Thus, an appropriate configuration of Beryllium (Be) and water will need to be determined in order to soften (lower) the F/T ratio to the desired value. The proposed AGR 7-position fuel test configuration in the NEFT will utilize a graphite holder consisting of six fuel specimen positions arranged around the perimeter of the graphite holder with a seventh fuel specimen position in the center of the holder. To soften the neutron spectrum in the fuel compacts, the water volume in the outer water annulus can be increased. To reduce the compact power density, a hafnium filter could be incorporated around the graphite holder. After several trials, a hafnium filter with a thickness of 0.008 inches appeared to adequately reduce the power density to achieve the fuel testing requirements. It was also determined that the chosen beryllium-tube and water annulus configuration would adequately soften the neutron spectrum to achieve the fuel testing requirement. This neutronics study is based upon typical ATR cycle operation of 50 effective full power days (EFPD) per cycle for seven proposed irradiation cycles, and a NE lobe power of the 14 MW. The MCWO-calculated fuel compact power density, burnup (% FIMA), and fast neutron fluence (E > 0.18 MeV) results indicate that the average fuel compact burnup and fast neutron fluence reach 14.79% FIMA and 4.16 × 1025 n/m2, respectively. The fuel compact peak burnup reached 16.68% FIMA with corresponding fast neutron fluence for that fuel compact of 5.06 × 1025 n/m2, which satisfied the fuel testing requirements. It is therefore concluded that accelerating the AGR fuel testing using the proposed AGR 7-position fuel test configuration in the NEFT is very feasible.
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Chen, Kok Hao, and Jong Hyun Choi. "Nanoparticle-Aptamer: An Effective Growth Inhibitor for Human Cancer Cells." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11966.
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Semiconductor nanocrystals have unique optical properties due to quantum confinement effects, and a variety of promising approaches have been devised to interface the nanomaterials with biomolecules for bioimaging and therapeutic applications. Such bio-interface can be facilitated via a DNA template for nanoparticles as oligonucleotides can mediate the aqueous-phase nucleation and capping of semiconductor nanocrystals.[1,2] Here, we report a novel scheme of synthesizing fluorescent nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) using DNA aptamers and the use of this biotic/abiotic nanoparticle system for growth inhibition of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells for the first time. Particularly, we used two DNA sequences for this purpose, which have been developed as anti-cancer agents: 5-GGT GGT GGT GGT TGT GGT GGT GGT GG-3 (also called, AGRO) and 5-(GT)15-3.[3–5] This study may ultimately form the basis of unique nanoparticle-based therapeutics with the additional ability to optically report molecular recognition. Figure 1a shows the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of GT- and AGRO-passivated PbS QD that fluoresce in the near IR, centered at approximately 980 nm. A typical synthesis procedure involves rapid addition of sodium sulfide in the mixture solution of DNA and Pb acetate at a molar ratio of 2:4:1. The resulting nanocrystals are washed to remove unreacted DNA and ions by adding mixture solution of NaCl and isopropanol, followed by centrifugation. The precipitated nanocrystals are collected and re-suspended in aqueous solution by mild sonication. Optical absorption measurements reveal that approximately 90 and 77% of GT and AGRO DNA is removed after the washing process. The particle size distribution in Figure 1b suggests that the GT sequence-capped PbS particles are primarily in 3–5 nm diameter range. These nanocrystals can be easily incorporated with mammalian cells and remain highly fluorescent in sub-cellular environments. Figure 1c serially presents an optical image of a MCF-7 cell and a PL image of the AGRO-capped QD incorporated with the cell. Figure 1. (a) Normalized fluorescence spectra of PbS QD synthesized with GT and AGRO sequences, which were previously developed as anti-cancer agents. The DNA-capped QD fluoresce in the near IR centered at ∼980 nm. (b) TEM image of GT-templated nanocrystals ranging 3–5 nm in diameter. (c) Optical image of an MCF-7 human breast cancer cell after a 12-hour exposure to aptamer-capped QD. (d) PL image of AGRO-QD incorporated with the cell, indicating that these nanocrystals remain highly fluorescent in sub-cellular environments. One immediate concern for interfacing inorganic nanocrystals with cells and tissue for labeling or therapeutics is their cytotoxicity. The nanoparticle cytotoxicity is primarily determined by material composition and surface chemistry, and QD are potentially toxic by generating reactive oxygen species or by leaching heavy metal ions when decomposed.[6] We examined the toxicity of aptamer-passivated nanocrystals with NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. The cells were exposed to PbS nanocrystals for 2 days before a standard MTT assay as shown in Figure 2, where there is no apparent cytotoxicity at these doses. In contrast, Pb acetate exerts statistically significant toxicity. This observation suggests a stable surface passivation by the DNA aptamers and the absence of appreciable Pb2+ leaching. Figure 2. Viability of 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells after a 2-day exposure to DNA aptamer-capped nanocrystals. There is no apparent dose-dependent toxicity, whereas a statistically significant reduction in cell viability is observed with Pb ions. Note that Pb acetate at 133 μM is equivalent to the Pb2+ amount that was used for PbS nanocrystal synthesis at maximum concentration. Error bars are standard deviations of independent experiments. *Statistically different from control (p<0.005). Finally, we examined if these cyto-compatible nanoparticle-aptamers remained therapeutically active for cancer cell growth inhibition. The MTT assay results in Figure 3a show significantly decreased growth of breast cancer cells incorporated with AGRO, GT, and the corresponding templated nanocrystals, as anticipated. In contrast, 5-(GC)15-3 and the QDs synthesized with the same sequence, which were used as negative controls along with zero-dose control cells, did not alter cell viability significantly. Here, we define the growth inhibition efficacy as (100 − cell viability) per DNA of a sample, because the DNA concentration is significantly decreased during the particle washing. The nanoparticle-aptamers demonstrate 3–4 times greater therapeutic activities compared to the corresponding aptamer drugs (Figure 3b). We speculate that when a nanoparticle-aptamer is internalized by the cancer cells, it forms an intracellular complex with nucleolin and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator, thereby inhibiting NF-κB activation that would cause transcription of proliferation and anti-apoptotic genes.[7] The nanoparticle-aptamers may more effectively block the pathways for creating anti-apoptotic genes or facilitate the cellular delivery of aptamers via nanoparticle uptake. Our additional investigation indicates that the same DNA capping chemistry can be utilized to produce aptamer-mediated Fe3O4 nanocrystals, which may be potentially useful in MRI and therapeutics, considering their magnetic properties and biocompatibility. In summary, the nanoparticle-based therapeutic schemes developed here should be valuable in developing a multifunctional drug delivery and imaging agent for biological systems. Figure 3. Anti-proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with aptamer-passivated nanocrystals. (a) Viability of MCF-7 cells exposed to AGRO and GT sequences, and AGRO-/GT-capped QD for 7 days. The DNA concentration was 10 uM, while the particles were incubated with cells at 75 nM. (b) Growth inhibition efficacy is defined as (100 − cell viability) per DNA to correct the DNA concentration after particle washing.
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Na, Suok-Min, and Alison B. Flatau. "Surface Segregation of Sulfur and Its Effect on Surface-Energy-Induced Selective Grain Growth in Magnetostrictive Fe-Ga-B Alloy." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-506.
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The surface-energy-induced selective grain growth with a specific plane can be governed in polycrystalline Fe-Ga-B alloys doped with sulfur. The segregated sulfur during texture annealing played an important role in controlling the surface energy to induce the selective growth of {100} or {110} grains, corresponding to maximum magnetostrictive performance, along <001> orientation with respect to rolling direction. The results show that sulfur diffuses (adsorbs) from bulk interior (sulfur atmosphere) then segregates on the surface. The amount of segregated sulfur increases with an increase of annealing time at the temperature of 1200°C. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data on the surface as well as selective development of {100}<001> and {110}<001> preferred textures are presented in this work. The XPS fitted peaks of S 2p3/2 at binding energy of 161.2 and 163.2 eV for annealed Fe-Ga-B doped with sulfur represent the presence of stoichiometric FeS and FeSn (polysulfide), respectively. For all of the sulfur-free Fe-Ga-B sheets annealed in the ampoule with sulfur element, XPS indicated contributions centered at approximately 161.7 (S 2p) that has been assigned to iron sulfide as well. The presence of FeS was clearly confirmed by XRD patterns and XPS fitted peak positions at 161.5 eV (S 2p3/2) and 710.2 eV (Fe 2p3/2). The segregation of sulfur and boron during annealing were also confirmed by AES depth profile results, which exhibited peak concentrations of 10 at.%S and 20 at.%B at the surface, respectively. The peak magnetostriction of 201 ppm was obtained at annealed (Fe81.3Ga18.7)99B1 alloy with near {100}<001> orientation under sulfur atmosphere containing the amounts of 6.4 mg S. On the other hand, the texture of sulfur-free Fe-Ga-B alloy was close to {110}<001> after annealing at 1200°C for 6h under flowing argon, corresponding to the magnetostriction of 160 ppm.
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Muncharoen, Chaiwat, Masanori Aritomi, Tatchai Sumitra, and Takatoshi Takemoto. "The Effect of Numerical Diffusion on Oscillatory Flow in Two-Phase Boiling Channel." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22115.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of numerical diffusion on the ill-posedness and the accuracy of the model simulated the thermal-hydraulic instabilities in boiling water reactor channels. The model of the upward flow system in two-phase boiling channel simulating BWR core was developed to investigate the oscillatory flow, which was caused by flow instabilities, by using the drift-flux model. The time step was fixed at 1 millisecond at all time and the mesh size was varied as follows: 400, 200, 100, 50 and 20 mm. Then the numerical diffusion in the conservation equations was analyzed in reference to spatial mesh size. The maximums of the absolute ratios of the first order and the second order approximations of the time derivative terms (A/B) and the convective terms (C/D), including the summations of the second power of the ratios of the second order and the first order approximations of the time derivative terms (Σ(B/A)2) and the convective terms (Σ(D/C)2) were calculated to investigate the ill-posedness and the accuracy of numerical calculation of this model. The results from the model showed that the numerical diffusion in the time derivative term and the convective term play the important role in the drift-flux model for the small mesh size and may cause the ill-posedness and degrade the accuracy of the model. It was found that the A/B, the C/D, the Σ(B/A)2 and the Σ(D/C)2 in the drift-flux model highly fluctuated at the small mesh size of 50 and 20 mm. More importantly, the numerical diffusion due to the oscillation flow and the mesh size variation may have an effect on the amplitude of the pressure drop of the oscillatory flow at the small mesh size.
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Lutfiasari, Dessy, and Galuh Pradian Yanuaringsih. "The Effect of Soybean-Palm Date Milk Consumption on Hemoglobin Level among Adolescent." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.61.
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Background: Anemia is a problem that affects reproductive health among adolescent. High incidence of anemia among adolescents still needs an attention. One of which is the consumption of foods containing iron (Fe). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of soybean-date palm (kurma) milk consumption on hemoglobin (Hb) levels among adolescent girls. Subjects and Method: A quasi experiment was conducted at the Al Ma’ruf Islamic Boarding School in Kediri, East Java, from March to July 2020. The samples obtained were 28 people who had Hb below 12 g% and were not menstruating. The sample was divided into 4 treatment groups i.e. A group (100 g soybean and 100 g date palm), B group (100 g soybean and 50 gr date palm), C group (100 g soybean and 60 g date palm), D group (50 g soybean and 60 gr date palm). The dependent variable was hemoglobin level. The independent variable was the consumption of soy- date palm milk. Data of hemoglobin levels were taken before and after the consumption of soybean- date palm milk with a ratio data scale. The other data were collected using observational sheet. The data were analyzed using t-test. Results: Hemoglobin levels was increased from 10.24 to 12.03 (p= 0.021) in A group, and it was statistically significant. While groups B, C, and D had no effect on the consumption of soybean-date palm milk on hemoglobin levels among adolescent girls. Conclusion: Soybean-date palm milk consumption with ratio of 1:1 increasing hemoglobin level among adolescent girls. Keywords: hemoglobin levels, soybean, date palm, adolescent girl Correspondence: Dessy Lutfiasari. Kadiri University, East Java, Indonesia. Email: dessylutfiasari@unik-kediri.ac.id. Mobile: +62 813-3622-9675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.61
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Lobel, P., M. Palmer, and K. Schor. "CHRONIC ORAL DEFIBROTIDE STIMULATES VASCULAR PGI2 AND INHIBITS ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FORMATION IN CHOLESTEROL-FED RABBITS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643150.
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Defibrotide (DEF) is a polydeoxyribonucleotide fraction from bovine lung, possessing profibrinolytic and PGI2 stimulating properties. Male rabbits were fed for 4 months a standard laboratory diet (150 g/day) without (A) or with (B) DEF or a cholesterol (1%) supplemented diet without (C) or with (D) DEF (60 mg/kg x day) was administered orally (drinking water) and withdrawn 24-36 h prior to the acute experiments.DEF did not change the elevated serum cholesterol: 18 ± 2 (C) vs. 26 ± 5 (D) mM but significantly reduced the plaque formation in the aorta from 4.5 ± 0.3 (C) to 3.3 ± 0.2 (D) (subjective score). Collagen induced (0.6 pg/ml) thromboxane formation and ATP release was significantly reduced by DEF: 55+2 (C) vs. 42 ± 2 (D) ng/ml TXB2; 152 ± 11 (C) vs. 74±5 (D) AU ATP (platelet rTch plasma). DEF significantly increased the basal and bradykinin (Bk, 30 nM) stimulated PGI2 release from rabbit aorta preparations in Krebs buffer, while the PGI2 forming capacity (arachidonic acid, AA, 30 pg/ml) was unchanged Furthermore, the iloprost (30 nM) stimulated cAMP was significantly elevated by DEF in both control: 115 ± 10 (A) vs. 155 ± 18 (B) pmoles/1 and cholesterol-fed rabbits: 120 ± 14 (C) vs. 172 ± 9 (D). DEF, directly added to the platelets in vitro did not inhibit platelet activation up to 100 pg/ml.The data demonstrate a 2-3-fold stimulation of basal and hormone (Bk) induced PGI2 formation of control and sclerotic rabbit aorta after 4 months DEF treatment while the atherosclerosis per se does not significantly change these parameters. DEF treatment also significantly reduces platelet hyperreactivity at unchanged serum ch() lesterol. Both properties might be useful to prevent complication’s of atherosclerosis, such as myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Lall, Pradeep, Mahendra Harsha, Jeff Suhling, and Kai Goebel. "Damage Pre-Cursors Based Prognostication of Accrued Damage and Assessment of Operational Readiness of Leadfree Electronics." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73251.
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Electronics in high reliability applications may be stored for extended periods of time prior to deployment. Prior studies have shown the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the SAC leadfree alloys reduces under prolonged exposure to high temperatures [Zhang 2009]. The thermal cycle magnitudes may vary over the lifetime of the product. Long-life systems may be re-deployed several times over the use life of the product. Previously, the authors have identified damage pre-cursors for correlation of the damage progression with the microstructural evolution of damage in second level interconnects [Lall 2004a-d, 2005a-b, 2006a-f, 2007a-e, 2008a-f, 2009a-d, 2010a-j]. Leadfree assemblies with Sn3Ag0.5Cu solder have been subjected to variety of thermal aging conditions including 60°C, 85°C and 125°C for periods of time between 1-week and 2-months, thermal cycling from −55°C to 125°C, −40°C to 95°C and 3°C to 100°C. The presented methodology uses leading indicators of failure based on microstructural evolution of damage to identify accrued damage in electronic systems subjected to sequential stresses of thermal aging and thermal cycling. Damage equivalency relationships have been developed to map damage accrued in thermal aging to the reduction in thermo-mechanical cyclic life based on damage proxies. Accrued damage between different thermal cyclic magnitudes has also been mapped for from −55°C to 125°C, −40°C to 95°C and 3°C to 100°C thermal cycles. The presented method for interrogation of the accrued damage for the field deployed electronics, significantly prior to failure, may allow insight into the damage initiation and progression of the deployed system. The expected error with interrogation of system state and assessment of residual life has been quantified.
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Borowska, A., D. Lauri, A. Maggi, E. Dejana, G. de Gaetano, and J. Pangrazzi. "IMPAIREMENT OF PRIMARY HAEMOSTASIS BY LMW-HEPARINS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643172.
Full textAbstract:
Low molecular weight (LMW) heparlns have been developed with the aim of reducing anticoagulant activity thereby minimizing the bleeding complications of conventional heparin. Unexpectedly, bleeding events were reported during treatment with some LMW-heparins, in clinical and experimental studies. We studied the effect of four different LMW-heparlns on primary haemostasis In male rats (CD COBS, Charles River) after l.v. administration of 0.75 mg/kg b.w. of the drugs. LMW heparin A was devoid of any activity on an experimental model of “template” bleeding time in rats (110.6±5.9 sec versus 108.7±4.1 control values) whereas LMW-heparins B, C and D prolonged the bleeding time to a different extent (228.7±19.9, 161.5±6.4 and 161.7±8.6 respectively). Pretreatment of animals with aspirin (100 mg/kg b.w. per o.s). resulted In a significant potentiation of the “template” bleeding time. In vitro platelet aggregation Induced by collagen (20 μg/ml) or by collagen in combination with ADP (5-10 μM) was strongly inhibited by LMW-heparln B, while LMW-heparln A showed no effect. LMW-heparins C and D exerted an Intermediate level of Inhibition of platelet aggregation. The same pattern of aggregating response was found when LMW-heparins A and B were given i.v. to rats (0.75 mg/kg b.w.) and platelet aggregation was studied “ex vivo” 15 min after drug administration.These data may help explain the impairment of primary haemostasis associated with some LMW-heparin preparations.
Reports on the topic "B.c.-approximately 100 a.d"
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Law, Edward, Samuel Gan-Mor, Hazel Wetzstein, and Dan Eisikowitch. Electrostatic Processes Underlying Natural and Mechanized Transfer of Pollen. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613035.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The project objective was to more fully understand how the motion of pollen grains may be controlled by electrostatic forces, and to develop a reliable mechanized pollination system based upon sound electrostatic and aerodynamic principles. Theoretical and experimental analyses and computer simulation methods which investigated electrostatic aspects of natural pollen transfer by insects found that: a) actively flying honeybees accumulate ~ 23 pC average charge (93 pC max.) which elevates their bodies to ~ 47 V likely by triboelectrification, inducing ~ 10 fC of opposite charge onto nearby pollen grains, and overcoming their typically 0.3-3.9 nN detachment force resulting in non-contact electrostatic pollen transfer across a 5 mm or greater air gap from anther-to-bee, thus providing a theoretical basis for earlier experimental observations and "buzz pollination" events; b) charge-relaxation characteristics measured for flower structural components (viz., 3 ns and 25 ns time constants, respectively, for the stigma-style vs. waxy petal surfaces) ensure them to be electrically appropriate targets for electrodeposition of charged pollen grains but not differing sufficiently to facilitate electrodynamic focusing onto the stigma; c) conventional electrostatic focusing beneficially concentrates pollen-deposition electric fields onto the pistill tip by 3-fold as compared to that onto underlying flower structures; and d) pollen viability is adequately maintained following exposure to particulate charging/management fields exceeding 2 MV/m. Laboratory- and field-scale processes/prototype machines for electrostatic application of pollen were successfully developed to dispense pollen in both a dry-powder phase and in a liquid-carried phase utilizing corona, triboelectric, and induction particulate-charging methods; pollen-charge levels attained (~ 1-10 mC/kg) provide pollen-deposition forces 10-, 77-, and 100-fold greater than gravity, respectively, for such charged pollen grains subjected to a 1 kV/cm electric field. Lab and field evaluations have documented charged vs. ukncharged pollen deposition to be significantly (a = 0.01-0.05) increased by 3.9-5.6 times. Orchard trials showed initial fruit set on branches individually treated with electrostatically applied pollen to typically increase up to ~ 2-fold vs. uncharged pollen applications; however, whole-tree applications have not significantly shown similar levels of benefit and corrective measures continue. Project results thus contribute important basic knowledge and applied electrostatics technology which will provide agriculture with alternative/supplemental mechanized pollination systems as tranditional pollen-transfer vectors are further endangered by natural and man-fade factors.