Journal articles on the topic 'B.C. Lions'

Mammals use endogenously produced heat to maintain a high and relatively constant core body temperature ( T b ). How they regulate their T b during reproduction might inform us as to what thermal conditions are necessary for optimal development of offspring. However, few studies have measured T b in free-ranging animals for sufficient periods of time to encounter reproductive events. We measured T b continuously in six free-ranging adult female African lions ( Panthera leo ) for approximately 1 year. Lions reduced the 24 h amplitude of T b by about 25% during gestation and decreased mean 24 h T b by 1.3 ± 0.1°C over the course of the gestation, reducing incidences of hyperthermia ( T b > 39.5°C). The observation of improved homeothermy during reproduction may support the parental care model (PCM) for the evolution of endothermy, which postulates that endothermy arose in birds and mammals as a consequence of more general selection for parental care. According to the PCM, endothermy arose because it enabled parents to better control incubation temperature, leading to rapid growth and development of offspring and thus to fitness benefits for the parents. Whether the precision of T b regulation in pregnant lions, and consequently their reproductive success, will be influenced by changing environmental conditions, particularly hotter and drier periods associated with climate change, remains to be determined.

This study aims to reveal the values of character education described in the verses of the Alquran, especially in animal verses (fauna), namely: bees, crows, and lions. The research method uses the Content Analysis method, with the type of library research. The primary data source is the Tafsir Alquran, the fauna verses and the primary source is the support. The results of his research then as for the values of animal character education in the Alquran, namely: 1) bees have the value of character education a) hard work, b) willing and willing to sacrifice, c) discipline, d) obedient and obedient, e ) trustworthy and responsible, f) independent, g) not looking for position, h) respecting the leader, i) beneficial to other creatures, j) maintaining cleanliness. 2) crows, a) intelligence, b) cooperation, c) faith, d) Islamic educational values. 3) Lions, a) courage, b) affection, c) sincerity, d) patience and e) cooperation. While the relevance of character to education are: a) Understanding of character helps formulate educational goals, b) Understanding of character helps formulate the characteristics and content of the curriculum, c) Understanding of character will help formulate the characteristics of professional teachers, d) Understanding of character will help formulate the code school ethics and discipline, e) Understanding of character can help formulate effective methods and approaches in the learning process, f) Understanding of character can create a conducive educational environment.

ABSTRACT Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes AIDS-like immunodeficiency disease in domestic cats. Free-ranging lions, Panthera leo, carry a chronic species-specific strain of FIV, FIV-Ple, which so far has not been convincingly connected with immune pathology or mortality. FIV-Ple, harboring the three distinct strains A, B, and C defined by pol gene sequence divergences, is endemic in the large outbred population of lions in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania. Here we describe the pattern of variation in the three FIV genes gag, pol-RT, and pol-RNase among lions within 13 prides to assess the occurrence of FIV infection and coinfection. Genome diversity within and among FIV-Ple strains is shown to be large, with strain divergence for each gene approaching genetic distances observed for FIV between different species of cats. Multiple in fections with two or three strains were found in 43% of the FIV-positive individuals based on pol-RT sequence analysis, which may suggest that antiviral immunity or interference evoked by one strain is not consistently protective against infection by a second. This comprehensive study of FIV-Ple in a free-ranging population of lions reveals a dynamic transmission of virus in a social species that has historically adapted to render the virus benign.

In this paper, we study the existence of entropy solutions for some nonlinear $p(x)-$elliptic equation of the type $$Au - \mbox{div }\phi(u) + H(x,u,\nabla u) = \mu,$$ where $A$ is an operator of Leray-Lions type acting from $W_{0}^{1,p(x)}(\Omega)$ into its dual, the strongly nonlinear term $H$ is assumed only to satisfy some nonstandard growth condition with respect to $|\nabla u|,$ here $\>\phi(\cdot)\in C^{0}(I\!\!R,I\!\!R^{N})\>$ and $\mu$ belongs to ${\mathcal{M}}_{0}^{b}(\Omega)$.

ABSTRACTCryptosporidiumandGiardiaare of public health importance, with recognized transmission through recreational waters. Therefore, both can contaminate marine waters and shellfish, with potential to infect marine mammals in nearshore ecosystems. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the presence ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiain mussels located at two distinct coastal areas in California, namely, (i) land runoff plume sites and (ii) locations near sea lion haul-out sites, as well as in feces of California sea lions (CSL) (Zalophus californianus) by the use of direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) detection methods and PCR with sequence analysis. In this study, 961 individual mussel hemolymph samples, 54 aliquots of pooled mussel tissue, and 303 CSL fecal samples were screened.Giardia duodenalisassemblages B and D were detected in hemolymph from mussels collected near two land runoff plume sites (Santa Rosa Creek and Carmel River), and assemblages C and D were detected in hemolymph from mussels collected near a sea lion haul-out site (White Rock). These results suggest that mussels are being contaminated by protozoa carried in terrestrial runoff and/or shed in the feces of CSL. Furthermore, low numbers of oocysts and cysts morphologically similar toCryptosporidiumandGiardia, respectively, were detected in CSL fecal samples, suggesting that CSL could be a source and a host of protozoan parasites in coastal environments. The results of this study showed thatCryptosporidiumandGiardiaspp. from the feces of terrestrial animals and CSL can contaminate mussels and coastal environments.

The endangered Galapagos sea lion (GSL, Zalophus wollebaeki) exhibits a range of foraging strategies utilising various dive types including benthic, epipelagic and mesopelagic dives. In the present study, potential prey captures (PPC), prey energy consumption and energy expenditure in lactating adult female GSLs (n = 9) were examined to determine their foraging efficiency relative to the foraging strategy used. Individuals displayed four dive types: (a) epipelagic (<100 m; EP); or (b) mesopelagic (>100 m; MP) with a characteristic V-shape or U-shape diving profile; and (c) shallow benthic (<100 m; SB) or (d) deep benthic (>100 m; DB) with square or flat-bottom dive profiles. These dive types varied in the number of PPC, assumed prey types, and the energy expended. Prey items and their energetic value were assumed from previous GSL diet studies in combination with common habitat and depth ranges of the prey. In comparison to pelagic dives occurring at similar depths, when diving benthically, GSLs had both higher prey energy consumption and foraging energy expenditure whereas PPC rate was lower. Foraging efficiency varied across dive types, with benthic dives being more profitable than pelagic dives. Three foraging trip strategies were identified and varied relative to prey energy consumed, energy expended, and dive behaviour. Foraging efficiency did not significantly vary among the foraging trip strategies suggesting that, while individuals may diverge into different foraging habitats, they are optimal within them. These findings indicate that these three strategies will have different sensitivities to habitat-specific fluctuations due to environmental change.

Abstract We show existence and concentration results for a class of p&q critical problems given by − d i v a ϵ p | ∇ u | p ϵ p | ∇ u | p − 2 ∇ u + V ( z ) b | u | p | u | p − 2 u = f ( u ) + | u | q ⋆ − 2 u in R N , $$-div\left(a\left(\epsilon^{p}|\nabla u|^{p}\right) \epsilon^{p}|\nabla u|^{p-2} \nabla u\right)+V(z) b\left(|u|^{p}\right)|u|^{p-2} u=f(u)+|u|^{q^{\star}-2} u\, \text{in} \,\mathbb{R}^{N},$$ where u ∈ W 1,p (ℝ N ) ∩ W 1,q (ℝ N ), ϵ > 0 is a small parameter, 1 < p ≤ q < N, N ≥ 2 and q * = Nq/(N − q). The potential V is positive and f is a superlinear function of C 1 class. We use Mountain Pass Theorem and the penalization arguments introduced by Del Pino & Felmer’s associated to Lions’ Concentration and Compactness Principle in order to overcome the lack of compactness.

Reproductive failures in four populations of marine mammals (Californian sea lions (Zalophus californianus), Bothnian Bay ringed seals (Pusa hispida), Dutch Waddensee harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), and most recently, Gulf of St. Lawrence beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)) have been attributed to the effects of contamination by organochlorine (OC) residues. In this article, I review the evidence for these effects. I conclude that since (a) crucial biological information in the light of which OC residue data can be interpreted is often missing, (b) the nature of the supposed reproductive effect is variable, and (c) the OC residues to which these effects are attributed vary qualitatively and quantitatively, correlations between observed residue concentrations and apparent reproductive changes do not provide any firm evidence for a cause – effect relationship. In a single experimental study, a diet with a higher OC content than that used as a control impaired reproduction in harbour seals; however, dietary components other than OC content also differed. Although there appears to be no firm correlative evidence sinking residue concentrations in marine mammals with reproductive effects, there is enough concern about possible links to justify more experimental studies, with the aim of identifying the possible biochemical mechanisms involved.

A total of 27 bacterial isolates from California sea lions and a walrus tentatively classified within the family Pasteurellaceae was further characterized by genotypic and phenotypic tests. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences showed that the isolates investigated formed a monophyletic group, tentatively designated Bisgaard taxon 57. According to 16S rRNA gene sequences, the most closely related species with a validly published name was Bisgaardia hudsonensis and the most closely related species based on rpoB sequence comparison was Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida; highest similarities between the isolates and the type strains of B. hudsonensis and P. multocida subsp. multocida were 95.0 and 88.2%. respectively. All isolates of Bisgaard taxon 57 exhibit the phenotypic characters of the family Pasteurellaceae . Members of Bisgaard taxon 57 can be separated from existing genera of the Pasteurellaceae by the following tests: positive reactions for catalase, oxidase, Voges–Proskauer and indole; no X- or V-factor dependency; and acid production from l-arabinose (slow), l-fucose, maltose and trehalose, but not from dulcitol, d-mannitol, d-mannose or sucrose. The main fatty acids of Bisgaard taxon 57 (CCUG 59994T) are C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and the summed feature C14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C16 : 1 I. This fatty acid profile is characteristic of members of the Pasteurellaceae . The quinone profile of Bisgaard taxon 57 (DSM 23800T) was similar to that of other genera in the Pasteurellaceae . The DNA G+C content of strain Baika1T is 36.2 mol%, which is at the lower end of the range for members of the family Pasteurellaceae . On the basis of both phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that members of Bisgaard taxon 57 should be classified as representatives of a novel species in a new genus, Otariodibacter oris gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Otariodibacter oris is Baika1T ( = CCUG 59994T = DSM 23800T), which was isolated from the oral cavity of a healthy California sea lion in Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark, in 2007.

We propose and analyse a new stochastic competing two-species population dynamics model. Competing algae population dynamics in river environments, an important engineering problem, motivates this model. The algae dynamics are described by a system of stochastic differential equations with the characteristic that the two populations are competing with each other through the environmental capacities. Unique existence of the uniformly bounded strong solution is proven and an attractor is identified. The Kolmogorov backward equation associated with the population dynamics is formulated and its unique solvability in a Banach space with a weighted norm is discussed. Our mathematical analysis results can be effectively utilized for a foundation of modelling, analysis, and control of the competing algae population dynamics. References S. Cai, Y. Cai, and X. Mao. A stochastic differential equation SIS epidemic model with two correlated brownian motions. Nonlin. Dyn., 97(4):2175–2187, 2019. doi:10.1007/s11071-019-05114-2. S. Cai, Y. Cai, and X. Mao. A stochastic differential equation SIS epidemic model with two independent brownian motions. J. Math. Anal. App., 474(2):1536–1550, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2019.02.039. U. Callies, M. Scharfe, and M. Ratto. Calibration and uncertainty analysis of a simple model of silica-limited diatom growth in the Elbe river. Ecol. Mod., 213(2):229–244, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.12.015. M. G. Crandall, H. Ishii, and P. L. Lions. User's guide to viscosity solutions of second order partial differential equations. Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 27(1):229–244, 1992. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1992-00266-5. N. H. Du and V. H. Sam. Dynamics of a stochastic Lotka–Volterra model perturbed by white noise. J. Math. Anal. App., 324(1):82–97, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.11.064. P. Grandits, R. M. Kovacevic, and V. M. Veliov. Optimal control and the value of information for a stochastic epidemiological SIS model. J. Math. Anal. App., 476(2):665–695, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2019.04.005. B. Horvath and O. Reichmann. Dirichlet forms and finite element methods for the SABR model. SIAM J. Fin. Math., 9(2):716–754, 2018. doi:10.1137/16M1066117. J. Hozman and T. Tichy. DG framework for pricing european options under one-factor stochastic volatility models. J. Comput. Appl. Math., 344:585–600, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2018.05.064. G. Lan, Y. Huang, C. Wei, and S. Zhang. A stochastic SIS epidemic model with saturating contact rate. Physica A, 529(121504):1–14, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2019.121504. J. L. Lions and E. Magenes. Non-homogeneous Boundary Value Problems and Applications (Vol. 1). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1972. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65161-8. J. Lv, X. Zou, and L. Tian. A geometric method for asymptotic properties of the stochastic Lotka–Volterra model. Commun. Nonlin. Sci. Numer. Sim., 67:449–459, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2018.06.031. S. Morin, M. Coste, and F. Delmas. A comparison of specific growth rates of periphytic diatoms of varying cell size under laboratory and field conditions. Hydrobiologia, 614(1):285–297, 2008. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9513-y. B. \T1\O ksendal. Stochastic Differential Equations. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14394-6. O. Oleinik and E. V. Radkevic. Second-order Equations with Nonnegative Characteristic Form. Springer Boston, 1973. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8965-1. S. Peng. Nonlinear Expectations and Stochastic Calculus under Uncertainty: with Robust CLT and G-Brownian Motion. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59903-7. T. S. Schmidt, C. P. Konrad, J. L. Miller, S. D. Whitlock, and C. A. Stricker. Benthic algal (periphyton) growth rates in response to nitrogen and phosphorus: parameter estimation for water quality models. J. Am. Water Res. Ass., 2019. doi:10.1111/1752-1688.12797. Y. Toda and T. Tsujimoto. Numerical modeling of interspecific competition between filamentous and nonfilamentous periphyton on a flat channel bed. Landscape Ecol. Eng., 6(1):81–88, 2010. doi:10.1007/s11355-009-0093-4. H. Yoshioka, Y. Yaegashi, Y. Yoshioka, and K. Tsugihashi. Optimal harvesting policy of an inland fishery resource under incomplete information. Appl. Stoch. Models Bus. Ind., 35(4):939–962, 2019. doi:10.1002/asmb.2428.

Cette recherche vise à décrire les liens entre les représentations des enfants dans deux systèmes d’écriture : alphabétique et consonantique. Cette étude transversale est déployée auprès de 60 enfants libanais âgés entre 4 et 6 ans 1. Les écritures des enfants autour de huit mots sont récoltées en français et en arabe. Les résultats ne montrent aucune di˙érence significative entre les deux systèmes d’écriture aux âges de 4 et 5 ans. C’est à l’âge de 6 ans que des di˙érences significatives se présentent entre les deux langues. Les résultats montrent une di˙érence significative des écritures en fonction de l’âge. Ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse développementale d’une structuration unique inductive quant aux codes alphabétique français et consonantique arabe. Cette structuration se distingue pour chacune des langues lors de l’entrée formelle dans l’écrit.

Abstract A PCR method was developed for specifc detection of tiger, leopard, and lion DNA from test specimens for inspection and quarantine or for law-enforced animal protection. Three pairs of specifc primers were designed based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of tiger, leopard, and lion and used in the PCR testing. To mimic the effect of food processing on the sensitivity of the test, the tiger muscle and bovine bonemeal powder samples were treated at 133°C for 30 min. At this processing condition, the method was sensitive enough to detect as low as 0.05% of tiger-derived ingredients from the mixed bonemeal powders. The data demonstrate that our PCR method is convenient and economic, with high sensitivity and repeatability, and can be used to detect and identify tiger, leopard, and lion ingredients from various test samples.

In this paper we show that all Lins-Mandel spaces S (b, l, t, c) are branched cyclic coverings of the 3-sphere. When the space is a 3-manifold, the branching set of the covering is a two-bridge knot or link of type (l, t) and otherwise is a graph with two vertices joined by three edges (a θ-graph). In the latter case the singular set of the space is always composed by two points with homeomorphic links. The first homology groups of the Lins-Mandel manifolds are computed when t=1 and when the branching set is a knot of genus one. Furthermore the family of spaces has been extended in order to contain all branched cyclic coverings of two-bridge knots or links.

Dans le contexte de la surveillance de l’influenza aviaire au Vietnam, des enquêtes ont été conduites auprès d’éleveurs de volailles et d’acteurs locaux de la santé animale dans deux communes du delta du fleuve Rouge afin d’identifier la circulation d’informations sanitaires concernant les volailles (contenu de l’information ; mode, rayon et rapidité de circulation ; acteurs impliqués ; actions déclenchées par les informations reçues ; incitations économiques et sociales à la diffusion ou à la rétention d’information). Les principaux résultats montrent que a) des réseaux de surveillance informels actifs existent, b) les niveaux d’alerte sont variables et les mesures appliquées par les éleveurs sont diverses et souvent éloignées des recommandations officielles, et c) l’agent vétérinaire communal constitue une articulation entre les systèmes informel et formel de surveillance. Nous concluons sur la nécessité pour les autorités de distinguer plus nettement les stratégies de surveillance de celles de contrôle et d’envisager une régionalisation de ce contrôle basée sur une prise en compte des spécificités épidémiologiques et des dynamiques des acteurs locaux.

Abstract This article aims to highlight the crucial stages of C.P. Cavafy’s “history in education” through textbooks about literature from 1930 until today. More specifically, the research is constructed around two areas: a) the fundamental role of literary criticism and how it was related to the introduction of C.P. Cavafy in education in 1930, b) the degree of osmosis between History of Literature and History of Education. The methodological criteria of the research are drawn from different areas, such as: i) literary criticism, ii) history of education and educational policy, iii) history of textbook anthologies, and iv) poetry anthologies. a) During a course of eighty years, C. P. Cavafy is found in thirty-five anthologies, teachers’ textbooks and curricula, whereas the parallel reading recommendations reach a staggering eighty-seven; Ithaca is the most anthologised poem — twelve times. b) The positive opinions by the critics and the momentum of school anthologies that tried a holistic approach to poetry defined the inclusion of C. P. Cavafy in the school anthologies during the educational reform of 1929-1932. c) The position of Cavafy in the History of Modern Greek Literature by K. Th. Dimaras surpasses the efforts made by the critics of that time. Moreover, Linos Politis also holds a part of the restoration of C. P. Cavafy as far as the school textbooks are concerned, as his History of Modern Greek Literature, as well as his poetic anthology, determined the school literary canon from the days of the Restoration of Democracy until now.

Assessment of tire Tariff Schedules Commercial Scheduled Air Transport Related to Fuel Price illcrease Aircraft illtematio1wl Ai1port Yogyakarta Adi Sucipto is to know haw the effect of rising prices of aviation fuel or aircraft fuel to air freight carrier rates, namely PT. Garuda llldonesia (Garuda Airlines), PT. Sun Lion (Lion Airlines), and PT. Metro Batavia (Batavia Airlines) for route Jakarta - Yogyakarta during the period January to September 2011. Assess111c11 t method used is descriptive quantitative method to calculate the total cost of airline travel route Jakarta - Yogyakarta with calculation components include (a) Type of aircraft and aircraft type, (b) Using the assumption of hvo load factor is 65% lower load factor and load factor is high 80%, (c) Using tire asswnption of hvo aviation fuel prices are the lowest aviation fuel jet fuel price range, - and the highest price of aviation fuel during the period January to September 2011, the average ticket price flight route Jakarta - Yogyakarta period from January to September 2011. 17re results of the assessment indicates there is a difference significant benefits from each airline operator, when associated with the load factor and the difference in price of aviation fuel.

The fish shelter port (TPI) is a need that needs to be prepared by local village officials and the government for every coastal village in Bengkalis Regency. This research was conducted in the Berancah village of Bantan District. The analysis in this study describes the economic feasibility mathematically for the construction of a fish storage port (TPI) by calculating the cost ratio (B / C ratio) benefit analysis, payback period (PP), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return ( IRR). The results obtained from the NPV value (3,661,267,645), BCR value (0.943), IRR value of 10.01%, and PP are in the period of 30 years. Taken as a whole by standardizing the calculations, it can be concluded that the planned construction of a fish shelter in Berancah village is considered not economically feasible, but economic analysis is not merely a benchmark for feasibility, reviewed for the future many benefits will be received by the community around the location of the development plan so that it can improve the welfare of the community in Berancah village.

Arnold focuses on three issues in his response to Underwager and Wakefield. (a) He recognizes the clarification of their understanding of the ontological status of Satan, but takes exception to their accusation that he understands the philosophy of science exclusively in logical positivist terms. On the contrary, he points out that it is Underwager and Wakefield who have a restricted understanding of the role of worldview in relationship to the issue of evil spirits. (b) Arnold once again suggests that Underwager and Wakefield's understanding of the present role of Satan is triumphalistic and far too restricted. He especially takes issue with their contention that Satan's only remaining capacity is to lie. Arnold also stresses the responsibility of believers to actualize their new identity in Christ as the primary means of resisting the influence of Satan. (c) Finally, Arnold contends that he is presenting the New Testament concept of freedom and thereby is certainly not leading people to a new form of legalism as Underwager and Wakefield charge.

Epididymal spermatozoa from harvested wild animals is potentially useful for conservation purposes, as it can be used for subsequent artificial insemination or stored in Biological Resource Banks for future use. The potential of sperm banking is of particular interest for use in lion (Panthera leo) populations maintained in small National Parks, as translocation of males to effect gene-flow is often problematic, resulting in the translocated lion being killed by resident pride males. We measured the change in sperm quality over time during cool storage (at 4°C) and after thawing of samples cryopreserved at −196°C. Also, we present a correlation between sperm plasma membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity as measured by fluorescent analysis. The testes from a pride lion were removed and transported to the laboratory (at 4°C) within 6h. The epididymides were removed and both cauda epididymides were flushed with 1mL of Tris-citrate egg yolk extender (Fraction A, Biladyl, Minitub, Germany). The sample containing 2930×106 cells mL−1 was washed (20mM HEPES, 355mM sucrose, 10mM glucose, 2.5mM KOH;; 400mOsm/kg, pH 7; Sigma, South Africa) and after centrifugation (5min. at 600g), the pellet was resuspended in 0.5mL of washing solution (with 197mM NaCl instead of sucrose). One aliquot of spermatozoa was kept at 4°C and evaluated at 24h intervals for 7 days. A second aliquot of the sperm sample was extended in Tris-citrate egg yolk extender with glycerol (Fraction B, Biladyl), frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN) vapor and stored in LN. The frozen sample was later thawed and evaluated as for the cooled samples. Percentages of motile (MS) and progressive (PS) spermatozoa were assessed using a phase contrast microscope (×200; stage at 37°C). Sperm plasma membrane damage was assessed by determining the percentage of cells exhibiting red fluoresence after staining with propidium iodide (PI, 50ng/mL; 10min RT). Spermatozoa that did not stain red in PI were classified as plasma membrane intact (PMI). Resilience to hypo-osmotic shock and plasma membrane integrity were evaluated by incubating a portion of the sample in a 100mOsm/kg solution (10nM glucose, 20nM HEPES, 30nM NaCl) containing PI for 15min at room temperature. The percentage of sperm cells with active mitochondria (MIT) was determined by counting spermatozoa showing orange fluoresence over the mid-piece after staining with JC-1(7.5 uM Sigma) for 30min at 37°C. At collection, MS was 15% and did not show a significant decrease during the 7-day storage period. Initially, PS was 10% and dropped to 5% after 7 days, with values fluctuating during the storage period. Both PMI and HOSPMI were 80% on Day 1, gradually decreasing to 75% on Day 7 of storage. PMI and MIT showed a highly significant correlation (r=0.88; P=0.003; n=8). In frozen-thawed sperm samples, MS fell from a pre-freeze value of 15% to 5% after thawing. Similarly, PS fell from 10% in pre-freeze to 3% in frozen-thawed samples. Likewise, PMI, HOSPMI and MIT values were 80% and 45%, 87% and 45% and 89% and 49%, respectively. Our study showed that lion sperm PMI and MIT remained high after 7 days at 4°C. MS and PS, although low, did not vary during this same period. PI and JC-1 showed a significant correlation, suggesting that both might be affected by the same deleterious factors. Although PMI, HOSPMI and MIT values decreased approximately 40% after freezing, we feel that such sperm samples could be used for in vitro embryo production, if not by IVF, by ICSI. Of course, additional studies are needed to validate our suggestion.

O balanço hídrico de um solo podzolizado de Lins e Marília cultivado com cafeeiros de diferentes idades e tamanhos, ou seja, 'Mundo Novo' com livre crescimento (18 anos; altura - 3m), 'Mundo Novo' recepado (3 anos; altura - 2m) e 'Catuaí' (4 anos; altura - 1,5m), foi realizado no período entre duas colheitas (1971/72), na Estação Experimental de Pindorama, utilizando a técnica de moderação de nêutrons até 2,4m de profundidade. Este tipo de solo reteve cerca de 1mm de água por centímetro de profundidade quando submetido à tensão de 15atm. A ocorrência de uma camada adensada entre 60 e 90cm de profundidade ajudou a reter a umidade na parte superior do solo, dificultando a drenagem profunda. Os armazenamentos mínimo e máximo observados representaram, respectivamente, 500 e 620mm para o 'Catuaí', 460 e 600mm para o recepado, e 390 e 590mm para o livre crescimento. De modo geral, pode-se dizer que: (a) o lote com livre crescimento evapotranspirou 97% do total de chuva e não contribuiu efetivamente com os reservatórios subterrâneos; (b) o recepado evapotranspirou 94% do total de chuva e teve uma drenagem profunda efetiva de 55mm; (c) o 'Catuaí' evapotranspirou 88% do total de chuva e teve uma drenagem profunda efetiva de 152,6mm.

Cet article présente la démarche de transformation du Programme de santé mentale de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont dans le cadre de la mise en place du Plan d’action en santé mentale du Québec. Cet article aborde, d’une part, les enjeux et défis rencontrés et, d’autre part, le modèle de soins et les choix privilégiés. Le cheminement parcouru dans cette démarche est présenté en trois sections spécifiques : 1- les principes directeurs qui sous-tendent le Plan d’action en santé mentale ; 2- le contexte du Programme de santé mentale de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont avant l’arrivée du Plan d’action et le virage que ce dernier entraîne ; 3- le processus évolutif de transformation des soins selon trois volets : a) les liens avec le guichet d’accès en santé mentale du territoire ; b) le soutien à la première ligne ; c) le traitement spécialisé des problématiques complexes en deuxième ligne avec une préoccupation pour la continuité des soins. En conclusion, cet article traite des limites de la présente démarche et des aspects jugés essentiels à la progression de la mise en place du Plan d’action en santé mentale au Québec.

Les jeunes qui se retrouvent en centre de réadaptation pour jeunes contrevenants constituent un groupe qui mérite une attention particulière lorsqu’il s’agit de faire le point sur les relations qui se nouent entre alcool/drogues et violence. Cet article a pour but de décrire les liens qui se tissent entre substances psychoactives (entendre alcool et drogues illégales) et violence chez les jeunes contrevenants. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit d’exposer le rôle : a) des intoxications; b) du besoin d’argent pour se procurer des drogues ; et c) du système de distribution illicite des drogues dans la manifestation de comportements violents chez les jeunes contrevenants canadiens. Les données traitées dans cet article sont issues d’un questionnaire adressé aux jeunes contrevenants de sexe masculin admis dans les centres de réadaptation du Québec (n = 239) et de l’Ontario (n = 162) quel que soit le délit à l’origine de leur prise en charge institutionnelle. Parmi les trois types de relation étudiés, c’est l’intoxication qui se révèle le facteur le plus important menant à la violence. Notons par ailleurs qu’une bonne partie des crimes associés aux substances psychoactives le sont à plus d’un titre. Des pistes d’interprétation sont suggérées.

Reporting and publishing research from a country with limited research capacity experiences from an editor Christos Lionis as chief and associate editor that serves certain European and International biomedical journals presents key issues that researchers need to be aware when they prepare, present and submit their work to maximise their chances of publication. Sufficient reporting and all the steps: (a) Planning ahead or thinking about the type or research, (b) Choosing a suitable journal, (c) Considering what before submission – are discussed in the article. However, a successful publication with an impact factor in a well-recognized journal is not only achieved by the fundamental steps that the author needs to undertake but also by certain “secrets” which are presented within the paper. Common pitfalls when research is reported will be highlighted by the author, while recommendations for a successful reporting of the research findings. To what extent publishing with impact factor is a blessing or a curse would be also approached within the paper. The information that this article provides is based on personal experiences of an editor in certain biomedical journals but it is important not to forget that in clinical practice it is critical to be passionate about discoveries to make an effect in regards to the patients’ benefits.

The evolution of an existing network to the new structure will require a phased migration strategy aimed at minimising capital expenditure during the transition phase, while reaping the benefits early on. Any action taken during this transition step should simplify the network's evolution to the NGN packet-switched architecture. This work conducted the study of the migration of PSTN networks to NGN Optical Fiber networks, its configuration and implementation of Smart AX MA5600T HUAWEI and C300M ZTE Shelfs MSANs solutions. Full Text: PDF ReferencesAtzwanger. Joachim, Multi-Service Access Node: Soft switches ITSF ROM, Telekom Austria (2009). DirectLink B. Handley, Multi-Service Access Nodes (MSANs): Gateways to Next-Generation Network (NGN), Fujitsu scientific & technical journal 42, 4, 432-438 (Oct 2006). DirectLink D. C. Eddine, Presentation MSAN type ZTE (MSG 5200 & C300M). DirectLink DSM-2128 IP DSLAM and MSAN (Multi Service Access Node), Smart solutions for smart networks (Sept 2018). DirectLink Huawei, MSAN MA5600T Basic Configuration, Issue 1-00 (2010). DirectLink Huawei, SmartAX MA5600T/MA5603T/MA5608T Multiservice Access Module: Commissioning and Configuration Guide V800R015C10, Issue 01 (2014-10-30). DirectLink Loïc. Debourdeau, Le Protocole SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), RFC2543. DirectLink Sennouni. Hassane, Implementation de la solution Dual Homing pour la diversification des liens Uplinks du MSAN MA5600T au sein du reseaux metro Ip d'IAM, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées- Tanger (2014). DirectLink ZTE, ZXA10 C300M, Configuration Manual (CLI) (2012-10-20). DirectLink

The Retrieval-Induced Forgetting (RIF) paradigm includes three phases: (a) study/encoding of category exemplars, (b) practicing retrieval of a sub-set of those category exemplars, and (c) recall of all exemplars. At the final recall phase, recall of items that belong to the same categories as those items that undergo retrieval practice, but that did not undergo retrieval practice themselves, is impaired. The received view is that this is because retrieval of target category-exemplars (e.g., “Tiger” in the category Four-legged animal) requires inhibition of nontarget category-exemplars (e.g., “Dog” and “Lion”) that compete for retrieval. Here, we used the RIF paradigm to investigate whether ignoring auditory items during the retrieval-practice phase modulates the inhibitory process. In two experiments, RIF was present when retrieval practice was conducted in quiet and when it was conducted in the presence of spoken words that were drawn from a different category to that from which the targets for retrieval practice were selected. In contrast, RIF was abolished when words that were either identical to, or merely semantically related to, the retrieval-practice words were presented as background speech. The results suggest that the act of ignoring speech can reduce inhibition of the non-practiced category-exemplars, thereby eliminating RIF, but only when the spoken words are competitors for retrieval (i.e., belong to the same semantic category as the to-be-retrieved items).

Abstract Adenovirus (AdV) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients. Human adenoviruses represent a large family, currently including 51 serotypes, which are divided into 6 species (A-F). We have recently demonstrated by a species-specific RQ-PCR approach covering the entire spectrum of human adenoviruses that molecular detection of AdV in peripheral blood precedes the onset of life-threatening virus disease, and provides a basis for early preemptive treatment (Lion et al., Blood102(3):1114–20, 2003). An association of AdV species with clinical manifestation and response to antiviral therapy has been reported, but little is known about the clinical role of individual AdV serotypes. In immunocompromised patients, the use of serological testing for identification of adenovirus serotypes is limited due to the impaired immune response. We have therefore determined the nucleotide sequence of the complete AdV hexon gene in all 51 human serotypes, and identified regions permitting rapid serotyping at the molecular level. Serotypes belonging to the species A,B, C, E, and F, can be determined by fragment length analysis of a single PCR product, respectively. Serotype identification within the largest AdV species D requires sequencing of a single 300bp PCR amplicon. In view of the great predominance of species C in our region, we have also established real-time PCR tests permitting identification of its four serotypes. Analysis of all AdV C positive cases within more than 6.000 clinical specimens investigated at our center over the past years revealed the highest prevalence for serotype 2 (57%), followed by the serotypes 1 (39%) and 5 (4%). In some instances, two different AdV C serotypes were present simultaneously. We have demonstrated that the identification of specific virus strains within individual AdV serotypes, which may be required for investigation of possible transmission of infections within the hospital, can be achieved by sequencing of PCR products derived from an appropriate AdV target region within the hexon gene. The possibility of rapid molecular serotype and strain analysis provides a basis for studies on adenovirus epidemiology, and may in future have implications for the selection of the most appropriate antiviral treatment.

The article is devoted to the introduction into scientific circulation of a collection of terracotta architectural details from the excavations of the Upper City of Olbia in the second half of the 1920-ies. Archaeological research was conducted by the Scientific Council of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences according to the plan proposed by B. V. Farmakovskyi after the resumption of excavations in Olbia in 1924. Two of the details, fragments of polychrome simas of the Late Archaic period, most likely were related to the cult monumental structures of the Western Temenos and were found in the layer of its destruction. The remaining details were found during excavations of residential houses in the central (excavation sites A, H, D) and north-eastern part of the city (excavation site I). These are fragments of eaves tiles, the facades of which are decorated with embossed ornaments of two variants — Ionian cyma with pearls and meander, in the metopes of which are placed letters or four- and eight-petalled palmettes. The tile category includes a pentagonal antefix with a relief image of an Athena mask in a helmet and half lotus flowers on the sides. Fragments of gutters (simas) — a facade with a Satire mask and a water-supply decorated in the shape of a lion’s head with an open mouth were also found. Ceramic architectural details, which served as decoration and were an integral part of the roof of residential buildings, became widespread in Olbia in the second half of the IV—III c. BC. Such details are also known in almost all ancient centers of the Western Black Sea coast. Modern ceramic studies of similar architectural terracotta from Messambria and Apollonia Pontica have determined its local production. The obtained data allowed correcting not only the information on handicraft production in Olbia, as such a tile is traditionally, after the opinion of I. B. Brashynskyi, belonged to the local ceramic production, but also to offer a new direction of the Black Sea trade in ceramic building materials. Another important area for Olbia was the tiles import from Sinop.

Abstract Abstract 2271 Introduction: Imatinib 400 mg/day represents the current standard treatment for de novo as well as pre-treated CML patients in chronic phase (CP). Recent randomized phase III trials revealed conflicting results concerning the potential higher efficacy of dose-increased imatinib in de novo treated CP-CML. Methods: We here present the final analyses including response data, OS, EFS and PFS of the multicenter, randomised, 2-arm phase III CELSG “ISTAHIT” trial evaluating imatinib high dose (HD) induction (800 mg/day, 6 months) followed by 400 mg/day as maintenance (experimental arm B) compared to continuous imatinib standard dose (400mg/day; arm A) in pre-treated CP CML patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0032726. Results: From a total of 243 patients screened for inclusion, 16 patients were not eligible (mainly due to non sufficient numbers of metaphases obtainable from the bone marrow before the start of the study). Of the remaining 227 patients, 113 patients were randomized into arm A and 114 patients into the experimental arm B. Subsequent data are presented as per protocol. No significant differences between treatment groups were observed regarding sex (55.5% female, 44.5% male), age (median: 46.3 years, range 18 –76), Sokal scores at diagnosis (30% low, 41% intermediate, 16% Sokal high risk, 13% unknown) and different pre-treatments, which included hydroxyurea (96%), interferon (72%), busulfan (17%) and “others” (26%; mainly Ara-C). The median observation time was 673 days. Cytogenetic responses were generally higher in the experimental arm B and revealed statistically significant differences in major cytogenetic responses (MCyR) at 3 and 6 months (month 3: 25.8% arm A, 48.3% arm B, p=0.002; month 6: 41.9% arm A, 58.8% arm B, p=0.029) as well as in complete cytogenetic responses (CCyR) not only during imatinib HD therapy (month 3: 7.5% arm A, 29.9% arm B, p<0.001; month 6: 20.4% arm A, 47.4% arm B, p<0.001) but also thereafter (month 12: 31.8% arm A, 52.9% arm B, p=0.006). The primary endpoint of the study, the achievement of an improved MCyR at 12 month was, however, not significantly different (56.8% arm A, 64.4% arm B). In line with improved cytogenetic responses, major molecular response (MMRIS) rates were also significantly better at 3, 6 and even at 24 months in the HD arm B (month 3: 3.7% arm A, 15.9% arm B, p=0.003; month 6: 9.4% arm A, 34.6% arm B, p<0.001; month 24: 26.5% arm A, 42.5% arm B, p=0.034). Surprisingly, however, this impressing improvement in cytogenetic and molecular remissions in patients achieving high dose imatinib as induction therapy did not translate into a better OS and PFS, both of which were comparable in the two treatment arms (OS: p=0.25; EFS: p=0.37). Moreover, the EFS was even significantly worsened in the experimental arm B (p=0.014). Grade 3/4 non-haematological toxicities during the first 6 months of therapy were comparable, whereas grade 3/4 haematological toxicities were significantly more common in the imatinib HD arm B. Conclusions: Although high dose imatinib induction induces more rapid and higher cytogenetic and molecular remission rates in pre-treated CP CML patients, OS as well as PFS were not improved and EFS was even worsened in the high dose induction arm B. Therefore we conclude that imatinib 400mg/day remains the standard of care for pre-treated CP-CML patients. Disclosures: Petzer: Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Off Label Use: Imatinib 800mg is not licensed as the initial therapy of chronic phase CML. Lion: Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding. Bogdanovic: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Griskevicius: Novartis: Research Funding. Kwakkelstein: Celgene: Employment. Rancati: Novartis: Consultancy, Employment, Equity Ownership, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Gastl: Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Wolf: Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

BackgroundWe have demonstrated the ability of Hepatitis-B-virus (HBV)-specific T cell receptor (TCR) bioengineered T cells to recognize and lyse Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells expressing HBV antigens derived from HBV-DNA integration in patients with liver transplant.1 LioCyx-M is an immunotherapeutic product composing of autologous T cells transiently modified with in-vitro transcribed mRNA encoding HBV-specific TCR. The transient TCR expression makes LioCyx -M amenable to a dose escalating posology.MethodsThe primary endpoint of this phase 1 trial is to assess the safety and tolerability of LioCyx-M in patients with advanced HBV-HCC without curative treatment options. Eligible patients were diagnosed with Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage B or C HCC (Child-Pugh < 7 points), receiving >1 year antiviral treatment prior to enrollment. These patients had matching HLA class I genotypes which present HBV encoded antigen. Peripheral blood was collected from each patient prior to each dose for LioCyx-M manufacturing. Patients received 4 escalating doses of 1×104 cells/kg, 1×105 cells/kg, 1×106 cells/kg, 5×106 cells/kg bodyweight (BW) in the first treatment cycle, each intravenously administered weekly. Patients underwent 1-month safety assessment post the 4th infusion, according to Common Terminology NCI CTCAE Version 4.0.3. If there were no dose associated toxicities, patients were eligible to continue administration of LioCyx-M at dose of 5 × 106 cells/kg BW weekly. Tumor response per RECIST 1.1 criteria and survival time were assessed.ResultsAt data cutoff (30 April 2020), eight patients were enrolled, with a median age of 53 (range: 49 - 67). These patients received a median number of 6 (range: 4 - 12) infusions of LioCyx-M. 1 patient developed Grade 3 elevations in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin after receiving LioCyx-M at dose level of 1×105 cells/kg BW. Another patient had Grade 1 transient fever after receiving LioCyx-M at dose level 5×106 cells/kg BW in the 4th, 5th and 6th infusions. No treatment-related adverse events (trAEs) such as cytokine release syndrome or neurotoxicity were observed. No fatal trAEs were observed. The median time to progression was 1.9 months (range: 0.2 - 9.5 months). The median overall survival was 34 months (range: 3 - 38.2 months).ConclusionsThe encouraging clinical outcome and tolerable safety highlight the good benefit-risk profile of LioCyx-M. Therefore, further exploration of efficacy of LioCyx-M treatment for advanced HBV-HCC is warranted in a Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical study.AcknowledgementsFunding: Lion TCR.Trial RegistrationNCT03899415Ethics ApprovalThe study was approved by Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital’s Ethics Board, approval number R2016185DI010.ReferenceTan AT, Yang N, Lee Krishnamoorthy T, et al. Use of Expression Profiles of HBV-DNA Integrated Into Genomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Select T Cells for Immunotherapy. Gastroenterology 2019;156(6):1862–1876.e9.

Композиты на основе полианилина и CuCl2·2H2O/ZrOCl2·8H2O, в качестве модифицирующих добавок получены методом химической полимеризации без добавления кислоты. Особенности электронной структуры и химических связей образцов исследованы методами ИК спектроскопии и спектроскопии рентгеновского поглощения. Микроструктура поверхности композитов исследовалась методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Полианилин в состав композитов входит в частично окисленной форме, степень окисления полимера зависит от типа модифицирующей добавки. Добавление CuCl2·2H2O/ZrOCl2·8H2O в процессе синтеза увеличивает электропроводность образцов ЛИТЕРАТУРА1. Ćirić-Marjanović G. Recent advances in polyaniline research: Polymerization mechanisms,structural aspects, properties and applications // Synthetic Metals, 2013, v. 177, pp. 1-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.06.0042. Боева Ж. А., Сергеев В. Г. Полианилин: синтез, свойства и применение // Высокомолекулярныесоединения. 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ESTIMATIVA DE PARÂMETROS BIOFÍSICOS E EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO REAL NO SEMIÁRIDO PERNAMBUCANO UTILIZANDO SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO FREDERICO ABRAÃO COSTA LINS1; DIEGO CEZAR DOS SANTOS ARAÚJO2; JHON LENNON BEZERRA DA SILVA2; PABRÍCIO MARCOS OLIVEIRA LOPES3; JOSÉ DIORGENES ALVES OLIVEIRA2 E ANDREY THYAGO CARDOSO SANTOS GOMES DA SILVA1 1 Mestrandos em Engenharia Agrícola – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). Av. D. Manoel de Medeiros, SN; Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil; CEP: 52171-900. E-mail: frederico_acl@hotmail.com (Autor para correspondência); andreythyago@gmail.com; 2 Mestres em Engenharia Agrícola e Doutorandos – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola da UFRPE. E-mail: diego@agro.eng.br; jhonlennoigt@hotmail.com; josediorgenes@gmail.com; 3 Doutor em Sensoriamento Remoto; Professor adjunto da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. E-mail: pabriciope@gmail.com. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se estimar e avaliar a distribuição espaço-temporal de parâmetros biofísicos e a evapotranspiração real diária para o município de Arcoverde, Pernambuco, durante estações seca e chuvosa, utilizando imagens orbitais do satélite Landsat-8 de sensores OLI/TIRS, para as datas de passagem: 14/01/2015 e 02/12/2016, processadas com o algoritmo SEBAL. Foram gerados os seguintes mapas temáticos: Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), Índice de Área Foliar (IAF), albedo e temperatura de superfície (Ts), saldo de radiação instantâneo (Rn) e evapotranspiração real diária (ETr). O NDVI foi maior em janeiro de 2015 e o albedo e Ts foram maiores em 2016 (0,23 e 37,44 °C), ao passo que em 2015, os valores foram de 0,20 e 34,11 °C, relacionando-se às condições meteorológicas e uso do solo. O Rn variou de 520,06 a 540,22 W m-2 nos dois anos e, para a ETr, verificou-se a maior média em janeiro de 2015 (3,41 mm dia-1), devido ao maior NDVI e precipitações, evidenciando maior disponibilidade de água na vegetação e no solo. As técnicas de sensoriamento remoto possibilitaram o monitoramento do município de Arcoverde-PE, determinando os parâmetros biofísicos nos diferentes usos do solo, predizendo os processos futuros de degradação e consequente desertificação na localidade. Palavras-chave: caatinga, vegetação, monitoramento ambiental, uso do solo, agrometeorologia. LINS, F. A. C.; ARAÚJO, D. C. dos S.; SILVA, J. L. B. da; LOPES, P. M. O.; OLIVEIRA, J. D. A.; SILVA, A. T. C. S. G. daBIOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS ESTIMATE AND ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE SEMIARID REGION OF THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL, USING REMOTE SENSING 2 ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to estimate and evaluate the spatial-temporal distribution of biophysical parameters and the actual daily evapotranspiration index for the municipality of Arcoverde, Pernambuco, during the dry and rainy season, using orbital images from the Landsat-8 satellite and OLI/TIRS sensors for the following dates in which the satellite passed over the region: 01/14/2015 and 02/12/2016, processed using the SEBAL algorithm. The following thematic maps were generated: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), albedo and surface temperature (Ts), Net radiation (Rn) and daily reference evapotranspiration (ETr). The NDVI was higher on January 2015 and the albedo and Ts were higher in 2016 (0.23 and 37.44 °C), whereas in 2015, the values were 0.20 and 34.11 °C, related to the meteorological conditions and the land use. The Rn ranged from 520.06 to 540.22 W m-² in two years of study and, for the ETr, the highest average was recorded on January 2015 (3.41 mm day-1), due to the higher NDVI and rainfall index, evidencing greater availability of water in the vegetation and soil. The remote sensing techniques allowed the monitoring of the municipality of Arcoverde, determining the biophysical parameters in the different uses of soil, anticipating the future degradation processes and consequent desertification in the place. Keywords: caatinga, vegetation, environmental monitoring, use of the soil, agrometeorology.

Abstract A detailed study of a Pliocene to Quaternary incised-valley system located under the Roussillon coastal area (Gulf of Lion) is carried out by means of a high-resolution seismic data set (coastal lagoons and adjacent shelf area), drill reports and analysis of a cored drill (Leucate SC1) performed in 2007 on the barrier beach in the North of Leucate lagoon. The lowermost surface (S100/S200), correlated with a pebbles level on the Leucate core SC1 (R0), erosionnally overlies pliocene deposits. It is incised by a thalweg 15 m depth and deepens progressively from the coastal plain to the outer shelf and dips under the Quaternary forced regressive wedges. Above this basal surface, the infilling of the incised valley corresponds to the seismic unit U1. The lower part of U1 shows continuous sub-horizontal reflectors and is correlated (Leucate SC1) to marine muds with levels of mud-supported gravels (body B). The upper part of unit U1 comprises seismic erosional reflectors that are almost amalgamated under the barrier beach. It is correlated on the Leucate well to body C comprising coarse levels (gravels and pebbles) alternating with marine muds (lower part) and marine coarse sands (upper part). The upper part of the unit is dated 12900 cal yr B.P. This unit is interpreted as resulting of successive phases of incision and infilling due to base-level changes during Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods. Coarse levels of sand and gravel corresponding to river stages and sands and muds shelly levels representing marine stages. The overlying units represent post-glacial late transgressive (S650) and highstand (U660, U661, U662) deposits. This system is a rare example of well preserved compound incised valleys correlated offshore with Quaternary lowstand wedges. By comparison, the incised valleys along the Atlantic coast of France are “simple” incised valleys where only the last episode of incision/infilling is observable. The Quaternary “compound” incised valleys cited in the literature represent examples of the fluvial part of incised systems, whereas the Languedoc-Roussillon incised valleys probably correspond to estuary or embayment, successively reoccupied during the various Quaternary eustatic cycles. Tectonics is the main factor controlling the depositional stratigraphic architecture. The studied area is located at the hinge point between continental uplift and marine subsidence and favoured the preservation of successive phases of erosion/infilling. The geometry of the Pliocene deposits has also an impact on the shape and orientation of the buried paleovalleys.

In 2000 and 2001, a new disease was observed on commercial spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in the Salinas Valley, Monterey County, CA. Initial symptoms were water-soaked, irregularly shaped leaf spots (2 to 3 mm diameter). As the disease developed, spots enlarged to as much as 1 to 2 cm, were vein-delimited, and turned dark brown. Faint chlorotic halos sometimes surrounded the spots. Death of large areas of the leaf occurred if spots coalesced. Spots were visible from the adaxial and abaxial sides of leaves, and no fungal structures were observed. The disease occurred on newly expanded and mature foliage. No fungi were isolated from the spots. However, cream-colored bacterial colonies were consistently isolated on sucrose peptone agar, and these strains were nonfluorescent on King's medium B. Strains were positive for levan and negative for oxidase, arginine dihydrolase, and nitrate reductase. Strains did not grow at 36°C, did not rot potato slices, but induced a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Turk). These results suggested the bacterium was similar to Pseudomonas syringae. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis (MIS-TSBA 4.10, MIDI Inc., Newark, DE) indicated the strains were highly similar (80.1 to 89.3%) to P. syringae pv. maculicola. However, in contrast to P. syringae pv. maculicola, the spinach strains did not utilize the carbon sources erythritol, L+tartrate, L lactate, and DL-homoserine. Pathogenicity of 10 strains was tested by growing inoculum in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h, diluting to 106 CFU/ml, and spraying 4-week-old plants of spinach cv. Bossanova. Control plants were sprayed with sterile nutrient broth. After 5 to 8 days in a greenhouse (24 to 26°C), leaf spots identical to those observed in the field developed on cotyledons and true leaves of inoculated plants. Strains were reisolated from the spots and identified as P. syringae. Control plants remained symptomless. The 10 strains were also inoculated on beet (Beta vulgaris), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla), cilantro (Coriandrum sativum), and spinach. Spinach showed leaf spots after 8 days; however, none of the other plants developed symptoms. Two strains were inoculated onto spinach cvs. Califlay, Lion, Nordic IV, Polka, Resistoflay, Rushmore, RZ 11, Spinnaker, Springfield, Viroflay, and Whitney. Leaf spot developed on all cultivars, and the pathogen was reisolated. Because the FAME data indicated a similarity between the spinach pathogen and P. syringae pv. maculicola, we inoculated sets of spinach cv. Bolero, cabbage (Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata cv. Grenedere), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis cv. White Rock) with three P. syringae pv. maculicola and three spinach strains. Cabbage and cauliflower developed leaf spots only when inoculated with P. syringae pv. maculicola; spinach had leaf spots only when inoculated with the spinach strains. All inoculation experiments were done twice, and the results of the two tests were the same. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot of spinach in California caused by a nonfluorescent P. syringae, and the first record of this disease in the United States. Biochemical characteristics and limited host range of the pathogen indicate the California strains are likely the same as the P. syringae pv. spinaciae pathogen that was reported in Italy (1) and Japan (2). References: (1) C. Bazzi et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 27:103, 1988. (2) K. Ozaki et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 64:264, 1998.

ABSTRACT Endangered Species and the use of a Biological Opinion During Spill Response In 2001, six Federal agencies signed an Interagency Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) regarding Oil Spill Planning and Response Activities under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act's National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan and the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The agencies participating in the MOA include the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of the Interior's Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's—National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) and National Ocean Service (NOS). In the MOA, NOAA Fisheries and USFWS determined that oil spill response activities qualify as an emergency action, as defined by regulations implementing the ESA in 50 CFR 402.02. As such, the emergency continues to exist until the removal operations are completed and the case is closed in accordance with 40 CFR 300.320(b). To reduce the burden of processing emergency consultation paperwork during every routine oil spill clean-up action that occurs in the Northwest, the USCG and the EPA initiated formal consultation (pursuant to 50 CFR 402.14(c)) with the Northwest Regional Office of NOAA Fisheries on November 12, 2002, and submitted a programmatic biological assessment (BA). The Aassessed the effects of most response activities on ESA-listed species that may be present in the inland waters of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho (salmonids) and the offshore waters out to 200 nautical miles (salmonids, large whales, Steiler sea lion, and sea turtles). On November 6, 2003, NOAA Fisheries completed and signed the nation's first programmatic biological opinion (BO) on oil spill response activities. While NOAA Fisheries determined that the proposed action was not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat, the agency included reasonable and prudent measures with non-discretionary terms and conditions. The terms and conditions now serve as a “job aid” for oil spill responders in the Northwest and ensure that effects on listed species and their critical habitat are minimized during most response methods that are used. There has been some disagreement regarding the value of conducting formal consultation prior to an actual oil spill event. In addition to the upfront staff time and related costs, there is always the possibility that an incident-specific BA and BO may still have to be done. Moreover, the USCG and EPA have not yet initiated an analogous programmatic consultation with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) so incident-specific consultations are ongoing for ESA-listed species under their jurisdiction. This paper presents the background, process, and outcomes (including pros and cons) in the development of a successful programmatic consultation on oil spill activities.

O presente artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a gestão da aprendizagem e a construção da autonomia a partir dos usos das Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) na educação. São questionamentos sobre o modelo tradicional de educação e as dificuldades para superar o desafio de construir uma educação que atenda as necessidades dos jovens do século XXI. Neste contexto, apresentamos o resultado da pesquisa em 402 memoriais elaborados por professores que frequentaram, na condição de alunos, um curso online, tendo-se verificado que os professores não apresentaram dificuldades relevantes no que respeita ao uso e ao acesso da tecnologia.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gestão da aprendizagem, autonomia, aprendizagem online. ABSTRACTThis article presents a reflection on the uses of a learning management systems and the construction of autonomy parting from the application of Digital Technologies of Information and Communication (DTIC) in education. Inquiries are presented about the traditional model of education and the difficulties to overcome the challenge of building an education that meets the needs of young people of the 21st century. Within this framework, we present the result of a survey of 402 briefs produced by teachers that attended, in condition of students, in online courses, having been verified that the teachers haven't presented relevant difficulties in regards to the use and access to technology. KEYWORDS: Learning management, autonomy, online education. RESUMENEn este artículo se presenta una reflexión sobre la gestión del aprendizaje y la construcción de la autonomía de las Tecnologías Digitales de la Información y la Comunicación (TDIC) en la educación. Son las preguntas sobre el modelo tradicional de la educación y las dificultades para superar el desafío de construir una educación que responda a las necesidades de los jóvenes del siglo XXI. Se presentan los resultados de la investigación de 402 memoriales elaborados por maestros que asistieron, en la condición de estudiantes de un curso en línea, ya que se encontró que los profesores no mostraron dificultades significativas cuanto al uso y acceso a la tecnología.PALABRAS CLAVE: Aprendizaje de la gestión, la autonomía, el aprendizaje en línea. ReferênciasALMEIDA, F. Tecnologia e escola: nossas aliadas. In J. A. Valente et al., Formação de professores a distância e integração de mídias. São Paulo: Avercamp, 2007.ALMEIDA, M. E. & Valente, J. A. Tecnologias e Currículo: trajetórias convergentes ou divergentes? São Paulo: Paulus, 2011.BARBERO, J. Heredando el futuro. Pensar la educación desde la comunicación. Rev. Nómadas, Nº 5, 1996.BELLONI, M. Educação à distância. Campinas: Autores associados, 2003.BORGES, M. Apropriação das tecnologias de informação e comunicação pelos gestores educacionais. São Paulo: PUC (Tese de Doutorado em Educação), 2009.HASSMANN, H. Redes digitais e metamorfoses do aprender. Petropolis-RJ: Vozes, 2005.KENSKI, V. M. Educação e Tecnologia: O ritmo da informação. Campinas: Papirus, 2007.LÉVY, P. As Tecnologias da inteligência. São Paulo: Editora 34, 1993.LION, C. Mitos e Realidade da Tecnología Educacional. In E. Litwin, Educação á Distância: Temas para o debate de uma nova agenda educativa. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1997.MORAN, J., Masetto, M. & Behrens, M. Novas tecnologias e mediações pedagógicas. Campinas: Papirus, 2003.OKADA, A. Memorial reflexivo em cursos on-line: um caminho para avaliação formativa emancipadora. In J. A. Valente et al., Formação de professores a distância e integração de midias. São Paulo: Avercamp, 2007.POSTMAN, N. O fim da educação: Redefinindo o valor da escola. Rio de Janeiro: Graphia, 2002.SANTOS, E. & Alves, L. Praticas pedagógicas e tecnologias digitais. Rio de Janeiro: E-papers, 2006.SILVA, B. Educação e Comunicação. Braga: CEEP - Universidade do Minho, 1998.SILVA, B. A tecnologia é uma estratégia. In Paulo Dias & Varela de Freitas (org.). Actas da II Conferência Internacional Desafios - 2001. Braga: Centro de Competência da Universidade do Minho do Projecto Nónio, pp. 839-859, 2001.SILVA, B. A inserção das tecnologias de informação e comunicação no currículo. In A. M. Flávio & E. Macedo (Orgs) Currículo, Práticas Pedagógicas e Identidades. Pp. 65-91. Porto: Porto Editora, 2002.SILVA, B. & Pereira, M. Reflexões sobre dinâmicas e conteúdos da cibercultura numa comunidade de prática educacional. In M. Silva (org.) Formação de Professores para Docência online. Pp 29-51. S. Paulo: Loyola, 2012.TAPSCOTT, D. A geração digital. Rio de Janeiro: Agir Negócios, 2010.TEIXEIRA, A. Mestres de amanhã. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos, Vol. 40 (92), pp. 10-19, 1963. Disponível em:Url: http://opendepot.org/2701/ Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

Today there is an urgent strategic task of qualitative essential change of the existing educational model of secondary and higher education in the multi-problematic context of highly politicized, declarative and formalized reforming of the national education system during the decades of Ukraine’s independence, which giving priority to information-technical resources, academic and intellectual competence successes of students, does not focus on the processes of multifunctional, primarily widely involved and fully balanced, psychocultural development of individuals, groups, and teams. This methodologically oriented study argues that the modern trends of innovative development of society, ethnocultural prospects of the Ukrainian nation and systemic psychodidactic requirements meets A.V. Furman’s modular-developmental system, which as a complex socially-scientific project is implemented for more than a quarter of a century in the field of domestic education by a team of scientists, managers, researchers and practitioners. It theoretically, projectly, methodically and practically implements a more effective than the existing one technostructure of organization and logic-semantic content of the educational process due to the balanced implementation of ideas of culture and development, the requirements of mentality, spirituality, development, modularity and most importantly – its qualitatively different psychological-pedagogical, program-methodical, educationally-bookish, psycho-artistic and expert-diagnostic support. In the effective dimension, it is substantiated that this author’s educational system guarantees a Quaternary metasystemic effect, namely: a) causes at the level of the institution an innovative-psychological climate appearance of productive cooperation of all organizers, teachers and participants by a number of its interdependent basic parameters (according to O.Ye. Furman’s theory, it is psychological influence and its classes, educational communication and its aspects as types of exchange, polymotivation and spheres of conditions of its development, positive-harmonious Self-concept and its components); b) determines at the level of group (joint-academic) educational interaction the formation of such a psychocultural polydialogical space, which has an essentially new restructuring of the educational process, by the format of coverage the advanced human experience – socio-cultural-psychological and by structural structure – modular and multi-parametric; c) allows at the level of interpersonal contact between the mentor and successor to reflect still closed to the conscious ability of each of them the semantic components of their real, purely interself, modular-developmental interaction (normatively set for each stage of the educational cycle invariants of psychological-pedagogical content, portions of educational-subject content as fragments of the state educational standard, newly created sets of methodical-means content of a separate discipline, etc.); d) all this ultimately actualizes in the psycho-spiritual sphere of a personal world of a pupil, a student the best sensory and mental, social and volitional, existential and action, reflexive and creative potential of diverse development and self-improvement during his passing the holistic modular-development cycle in its central link – gradual implementation of personal educational activity. It is reflexively concluded that the logic-semantic core of the investigated here educational system is the concept of developmental interaction (A.V. Furman, O.Ye. Furman (Humeniuk), A.N. Hirnyak, etc.), which has the perspective with the efforts of the current scientific school representatives to become a full-fledged original theory. For the time being, this methodological research outlines the attributive features of the new educational model in terms of both scientific-design support and psycho-artistic implementation in everyday life the optimal psychosocial influences of participants in innovative learning on each other, as well as psychodidactic conditions for achieving proper efficiency and quality of parity educational activity in the classroom are highlighted. In addition, it is established as a product of pure thinking of named system’s author – an updated intelligence map of 36 categorical concepts of modular-developmental education, which has at least five-segment heuristics. Naturally, the lion’s share of the proposed scientific text is devoted to the logic-essential definition of ten basic categories of this innovative educational model, which in semantic complementarity reflect its fundamental theoretical framework and complex research optics of interdisciplinary (mostly socio-humanitarian) cognition.

Abstract Co-expression of lymphoid and myeloid surface markers is a common phenomenon in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One explanation for this could be the aberrantly expression of lymphoid antigens on malignant myeloid cells. Another intriguing possibility is that these leukemic bi-phenotypic cells emerge from a leukemic stem cell (LSC) with lymphoid characteristics. In this scenario co-expression of lymphoid and myeloid markers on a substantial proportion of the leukemic cell population would rather reflect the nature of the LSC in these AML cases than deregulated antigen expression of a malignant transformed cell. We have recently characterized the LSCs in a murine model of CALM/AF10 positive AML. In each leukemic mouse we could demonstrate the presence of three distinct populations, a minor B220+/myeloid marker (MM)− population which showed the highest leukemogenicity in vitro and in vivo (candidate LSCs), a bi-phenotypic population which was MM+/B220+, and the leukemic bulk population which expressed only myeloid markers without the expression of the lymphoid associated marker B220 (MM+/B220−) (Deshpande et al. Cancer Cell 2006). We now sought to analyze the relationship between these three leukemic populations. Single cell-sorted LSC candidates (B220+/MM−) could give rise to the other leukemic populations in vitro. Real time RT-PCR for 5 lymphoid-associated and 5 myeloid-associated transcripts showed that most lymphoid-associated genes were highly expressed in the B220+/MM− cells and their expression levels were decreased or not detectable in the myeloid bulk. The converse was true with the myeloid associated transcripts confirming that the LSCs were more lymphoid-like than the myeloid bulk that they generate. The expression of lymphoid-associated genes such as Rag2, Pax5, IL7Ra and Ebf1 showed a progressive downregulation and that of myeloid associated transcripts such as c-fms, GM-CSFR, GCSF-R showed a progressive upregulation upon differentiation of single B220 positive cell to the myeloid lineage. The expression of most (7 out of 10) of these lineage-associated genes was intermediate in the B+/MM+ cells suggesting a transient lympho-myeloid stage of differentiation. We then performed a DNA microarray analysis of these sub-populations by using a chip with 20,172 PCR-amplified, sequence-verified, gene-specific DNA fragments (LION Biosciences). Correlation based principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on the normalized expression values of genes showing differential expression in the three cell populations. Two statistically significant principal components were extracted, explaining more than 95% of the variation, where the genes were clustered into three classes based on their loadings. These clusters were overlaid with the loadings of the three cell populations to see whether the clusters match to a certain cell type. We observed that the three cell populations actually corresponded to the three clusters of genes and interestingly the B220+/MM+ bi-phenotypic cells lie between the B220+/MM− LSCs and the B220−/MM+ bulk. These data demonstrate that the AML in the CALM/AF10 murine model is arranged as a hierarchy of progressively differentiated cells with the B220+/MM+ bi-phenotypic cells as transient intermediates between the B220+/MM− LSCs and the myeloid B220−/MM+ bulk. These data support a model in which myelo-lymphoid cells observed in cases of human AML could arise as intermediates during the differentiation process of LSCs with lymphoid characteristics into leukemia with predominantly myeloid features. These observations encourage studies which test the hypothesis that AML subtypes characterized by co-expression of lymphoid and myeloid surface markers are originating from a leukemia propagating cell with lymphoid characteristics. The presence of lymphoid markers on LSCs in certain AML sub-sets could pave the way for a more effective anti-leukemic therapy.

Résumé Suite aux travaux pionniers de Pentland, un grand nombre d'historiens canadiens du 19e siècle ont postulé l'existence d'un marché du travail partagé pendant la période cruciale s'étendant de 1850 à 1870. D'après cette hypothèse, on assiste à cette époque à la création d'un prolétariat sans terres, élément essentiel à la transformation du pays, d'une économie agricole et commerciale à une économie industrielle et capitaliste. Ce groupe naissant était partagé suivant l'ethnie, les travailleurs Anglais et Ecossais occupant les emplois spécialisés, les Irlandais étant relégués aux emplois non spé- cialisés. On soutient que ce partage interne, s ajoutant aux salaires élevés versés aux travailleurs les plus prévilégiés, permit au Canada d'éviter en grande partie le radi- calisme ouvrier, alors que la réserve de personnel compétent épargna aux industries canadiennes les coûts élevés de la formation. Cependant une étude des recensements de 1861 et 1871 dans le centre-sud de l'Ontario indique que, en majorité, les immigrants irlandais catholiques et protestants travaillaient non pas à des emplois industriels peu rémunérés, mais bien à Vagriculture. Une enquête informatisée sur 10,000 hommes cou verts par les deux recensements et dont l'emploi est connu, fournit des renseignements sur un certain nombre de questions. L'analyse des données révèle les différences suivantes dans la composition de la population active masculine entre 1861 et 1871: a) la proportion de personnes nées en Ontario passer de 27 à 40 pour cent, alors que le nombre de personnes nées en Irlande baisse de 24 à 15 pour cent; la proportion de personnes nées en Ecosse et en Angleterre demeure essentiellement inchangée: b) pour ce qui est des emplois, il y aun mouvement du travail d'ouvriers vers iagriculture et, dans une moindre mesure, vers les occupa- tions artisanales et non-manuelles; la grande majorité des fermiers (84 pour cent en 1871) est propriétaire et non locataire; c) ni l'ethnicité ni la religion ne déterminaient l'occupation; à l'exception d'une concentration d'Irlandais d'origine dans les milieux ouvriers, la population active ne semble pas avoir été départagée suivant l'ethnicité ou Vappartenance religieuse. Une proportion relativement élevée de travailleurs nés en Ontario (30 pour cent en 1861 et 25 pour cent en 1871) était constituée de fermiers et de leurs fits; d) pendant cette période les différences entre nationalités au sein des groupes occupationnels s'aténuent, quoique les Irlandais catholiques continuent d'être sur- représentés chez les ouvriers, tout comme les Anglais d'origine dans les occupations bourgeoises et artisanales. S'il y a une certaine spécialisation occupationnelle par groupe ethnique, la concertration n'est pas assez prononcée pour appuyer l hypothèse selon laquelle la population était profondément partagée suivant l'ethnicité; e) une analyse des emplois par groupes d'âge laisse croire qu'il n'y a pas de mouvement d'abandon de l'agriculture et, conséquemment, pas de prolétarisation de la population au cours des années 1860. Au contraire, il y eu un accroissement de la proportion de fermiers et une diminution de la proportion d'ouvriers. Chaque groupe occupationnei suit un modèle de croissance particulier, avec des variations dans le temps; f) i établisse- ment de liens entre les données des deux recensements permet certaines conclusions sur la question de la permanence dans l'emploi. Près de 90 pour cent de ceux qui étaient fermiers en 1861 se réclamaient du même groupe occupationnei une décennie plus tard, alors que seulement un tiers des ouvriers faisaient de même. Dans l'ordre, les artisants, les professionnels et les marchands/fabricants se situent au centre de l'échelle pour ce qui est de la permanence. Un nombre relativement peu élevé de fils de fermiers (7 pour cent) sont devenus ouvriers ou artisans. Le groupe occupationnei le moins stable est celui des travailleurs non-manuels, où seulement 30 pour cent ont gardé le même genre d'emploi. Les données indiquent une mobilité occupationnelle assez élevée dans le temps, et l'absence de dépeuplement rural ou d'une crise de l'agriculture; g) sauf pour les travailleurs non-spécialisés, la mobilité semble dépendre plus de l'occupation que de l'âge. Le taux de mobilité est le plus élevé pour les travailleurs âgés de moins de 25 ans, particulièrement chez les ouvriers, alors qu'il est moins prononcé entre 25 et 54 ans. Au delà de cet âge, seuls les artisans ont une certaine mobilité. En tenant compte de l'ethnicité dans les calculs, un seul phénomène important peut être identifié: les ouvriers Irlandais catholiques avaient plus fortement tendance à demeurer dans cette catégorie pendant assez longtemps. A une époque où Vindustrialisation urbaine prenait de l'ampleur, la production indé- pendante de produits de base pas des familles d'agriculteurs devint également plus courante. La mobilité occupationnelle était généralisée, ce manifestant particulière- ment du groupe des ouvriers, vers celui des agriculteurs.

Dossier "PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait Avant-propos Le lait est un produit animal complexe à l’origine de multiples valorisations en alimentation humaine : laits de consommation incluant les laits infantiles, fromages, beurres, crèmes, yaourts, desserts et boissons lactées, ingrédient dans une grande diversité de pâtisseries et de plats cuisinés, etc. Il s’agit donc d’un pilier de l’alimentation humaine y compris à l’âge adulte et ce depuis des milliers d’années. Toutefois, les demandes des consommateurs et de la société ont évolué rapidement ces dernières années et les exigences en matière de qualité des produits se sont complexifiées (Le Bihan-Duval et al 2014). Tout d’abord du point de vue du consommateur, en particulier occidental, l’alimentation doit désormais répondre à une diversité d’attentes. A la demande en « quantité » d’après-guerre, se sont en particulier ajoutées des exigences sanitaires, des exigences organoleptiques, de traçabilité du produit, des exigences nutritionnelles, et après une période « nutrition - santé » (Cniel 2011), une exigence croissante de « naturalité ». De plus, du point de vue du citoyen, la qualité intègre l’environnement, le bien-être animal, les conditions de production. Une partie des consommateurs a d’ailleurs évolué vers une stratégie d’achat « responsable » (Cniel 2011). Simultanément, le lait, bien que bénéficiant d’une image traditionnellement et majoritairement favorable à plusieurs titres, est confronté ces dernières années à des remises en causes parfois virulentes (allergies, intolérances, rejet des matières grasses saturées et trans…) qui s’installent probablement durablement dans les rapports des consommateurs avec le lait (Cniel 2011). Malgré ce contexte exigeant et changeant, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, au-delà des quantités totales en matières grasses et protéiques, peu de dispositifs sont disponibles et mis en œuvre pour suivre, qualifier, voire piloter la composition fine du lait « en sortie de ferme ». Le lait a suivi, avec le développement du secteur laitier, un processus de standardisation conformément au principe du « lait apte à toute transformation », devenant une matière première à laquelle l’application de procédés de fabrication variés donne de la valeur. Ce constat est à moduler pour les filières AOP fromagères. La composition fine du lait, en particulier la variabilité des profils en acides gras et en protéines, n’est pas ou peu valorisée, ni au niveau de la production, ni au niveau de la transformation. Dans le contexte actuel, traiter le lait de manière indifférenciée peut être contre-productif, en particulier si l’on reconsidère la richesse intrinsèque de la matière première « lait » et le fait que la composition du produit final reflète largement la composition du lait d’origine (Lucas et al 2006). Le lait « en sortie de ferme » se situe à la charnière entre l’amont et l’aval des filières laitières et, à ce titre, est idéalement placé pour être une source importante de compétitivité et d’adaptabilité des filières laitières dans leur globalité. Le sujet de la composition fine du lait a bien entendu fait l’objet de travaux bien avant que le programme PhénoFinlait ne soit imaginé et mis en œuvre. Ainsi, les liens entre alimentation et profil en acides gras (Chilliard et al 2007, Couvreur et al 2007, Hurtaud et al 2007) ou encore les variants génétiques des lactoprotéines majeures (Grosclaude et al 1987, Grosclaude 1988) ont été étudiés généralement à partir de dispositifs expérimentaux. Ces connaissances ont servi de point de départ et d’assurance sur la faisabilité et l’intérêt d’engager un programme à grande échelle. L’ambition de PhénoFinlait était alors de transposer ces connaissances et hypothèses en élevages privés avec une grande diversité de systèmes d’alimentation et de coupler cela à une analyse conjointe du déterminisme génétique afin d’apporter aux éleveurs et à leurs filières des outils et des réponses globales. De nombreuses nouvelles références étaient bien évidemment à établir, mais l’un des enjeux majeurs portait et porte toujours sur les possibilités de transfert aux filières. Les développements à la fois de la spectrométrie dans l’infra-rouge et de la sélection génomique ont ouvert de nouvelles portes en matière d’accès à la composition fine du lait à coûts réduits et d’analyses de ses déterminants génétiques.Les travaux pionniers de la Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux (Soyeurt et al 2006) ont ainsi ouvert la voie à l’estimation de nombreux composants fins du lait à partir d’une exploitation plus fine des données d’absorbance de la lumière dans le Moyen Infra-Rouge (MIR) principalement. Le principe est simple : la spectrométrie MIR, utilisée pour estimer les taux de matière grasse et protéique en routine dans les laboratoires d’analyse du lait, peut aussi être utilisée pour quantifier individuellement certains composants fins. Des modèles de prédiction sont développés à partir d’un jeu d’échantillons caractérisés à la fois à l’aide d’une méthode d’ancrage et par un spectre MIR. Ces modèles sont ensuite appliqués aux données spectrales telles que celles produites dans le cadre des analyses laitières habituelles de paiement du lait à la qualité et de contrôle laitier. Plusieurs dizaines d’acides gras et protéines peuvent ainsi être estimés avec une précision satisfaisante et à un coût additionnel modeste par rapport aux analyses déjà réalisées en routine. Parallèlement, les avancées dans le domaine de la génomique permettent d’analyser et d’exploiter plus rapidement et plus finement le déterminisme génétique des caractères. Là encore, le principe est relativement simple : deséquations d’estimation du potentiel génétique des animaux pour les différents caractères sont établies à partir d’une population de référence (animaux génotypés et caractérisés d’un point de vue phénotypique). Cette population peut être de taille beaucoup plus restreinte que celle nécessaire pour mettre en œuvre une évaluation génétique « classique ». Par ailleurs, les équations produites permettent de déterminer le potentiel génétique d’un animal sans pour autant qu’il dispose lui-même (ou ses descendants) de phénotype mesuré (Robert-Granié et al 2011). L’un des enjeux en sélection est alors de concevoir et de mettre en œuvre des programmes de caractérisation phénotypique de populations de référence, ce que l’on a appelé des programmes de « phénotypage » à plus ou moins grande échelle. Le programme PhénoFinlait est l’un des premiers grands programmes de phénotypage à haut débit (Hocquette et al 2011) avec ses caractéristiques : phénotypage fin sur la composition du lait, dans des systèmes d’élevage caractérisés, en particulier, par l’alimentation, préalable à un génotypage à haut débit des animaux suivis. Face à ces enjeux pour la filière laitière et ces nouvelles potentialités techniques et scientifiques, les filières laitières bovine, caprine et ovine, les acteurs de l’élevage (conseil en élevage et laboratoires d’analyse du lait) et de la génétique (entreprises de sélection et de mise en place d’insémination), les instituts de recherche et de développement (Inra, Institut de l’Elevage, Actalia) et APIS-GENE ont décidé de se constituer en consortium afin d’unifier leurs efforts et de partager leurs compétences et réseaux. Le consortium, avec le soutien financier d’APIS-GENE, de l’ANR, du Cniel, du Ministère de l’Agriculture (fond dédié CASDAR et Action Innovante), de France AgriMer, de France Génétique Elevage, du fond IBiSA et de l’Union Européenne, a initié début 2008 un programme pour :- analyser la composition fine du lait en acides gras et en protéines par des méthodes de routine et des méthodes d’ancrage ultra-résolutives (protéines) ;- appliquer ces méthodes à grande échelle sur une diversité de systèmes et de races représentatives de la diversité de la ferme France afin d’identifier des facteurs influençant la composition fine du lait ;- optimiser la valorisation des ressources alimentaires et génétiques par le conseil en élevage ;- initier une sélection génomique. Au-delà de ces objectifs, le programme PhénoFinlait a été envisagé comme un investissement majeur et collectif pour les filières laitières françaises afin de leur permettre de conserver ou de développer des avantages compétitifs par la possibilité de mieux valoriser la composition fine et demain ultrafine (grâce à des méthodes plus fines encore que la spectrométrie MIR) du lait. Les bases de données et d’échantillons ont ainsi vocation à être exploitées et ré-exploitées pendant plusieurs années au fur et à mesure des demandes des filières et de l’avancée des connaissances et des technologies d’analyse du lait. D’autres pays se mobilisent également sur cette problématique : Pays-Bas, Nouvelle-Zélande, Danemark et Suède, Italie, Belgique, etc. Ce dossier de la revue Inra Productions Animales fait état des principales productions issues à ce jour du programme PhénoFinlait. Il n’a pas vocation à couvrir exhaustivement les résultats produits. En particulier, nous ne présenterons pas systématiquement l’ensemble des résultats pour l’ensemble des espèces, races et composants. Néanmoins, nous nous sommes attachés à présenter à travers trois articles de synthèse et un article conclusif les principales avancées permises par ce programme à partir d’exemples pris dans les différentes filières. Gelé et al, débutent ce dossier par une présentation du programme dans ses différents volets, depuis la détermination des élevages et animaux à suivre jusqu’à la collecte et la conservation d’échantillons (de lait et de sang), en passant par l’enregistrement en routine des spectres MIR, des conditions d’alimentation, le prélèvement d’échantillons de sang puis, plus tard, le génotypage sur des puces pangénomiques. Cet article développe plus particulièrement la méthodologie mise en place pour déterminer la composition du lait en acides gras etprotéines à partir de spectres MIR. Enfin, il dresse un bilan des données collectées, permettant d’actualiser les références sur la caractérisation des troupeaux, des femelles laitières, des régimes alimentaires, et du profil des laits produits dans les trois filières laitières françaises. Legarto et al, présentent ensuite les résultats relatifs à l’influence des facteurs physiologiques (stade de lactation...), alimentaires (à travers des typologies de systèmes d’alimentation), raciaux et saisonniers, sur les profilsen acides gras. Ces résultats mettent en évidence de nombreuses sources de variation de la composition du lait qui pourront être exploitées à différentes échelles : animal, troupeau et bassin de collecte. Enfin, Boichard et al, présentent une synthèse de l’analyse du déterminisme génétique des acides gras d’une part et des protéines d’autre part. Cette synthèse aborde les estimations de paramètres génétiques tels que l’héritabilité et les corrélations génétiques entre caractères de composition fine entre eux, et avec les caractères de production. Ces résultats permettent en particulier de définir les potentialités de sélection ainsi que les liaisons génétiques à considérer. Ces analyses ont aussi permis de mesurer l’importance du choix de l’unité d’expression des teneurs (en pourcentage de la matière grasse ou protéique, ou en pourcentage dans le lait). Dans une dernière partie, cet article présente les analyses de détection de QTL avec une analyse des co-localisations entre races, entre composants et avec des gènes majeurs connus. RéférencesBoichard D., Govignon-Gion A., Larroque H., Maroteau C., Palhière I., Tosser-Klopp G., Rupp R., Sanchez M.P., Brochard M., 2014. Déterminisme génétique de la composition en acides gras et protéines du lait des ruminants. In : PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait. Brochard M., Boichard D., Brunschwig P., Peyraud J.L. (Eds). Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 283-298. Chilliard Y., Glasser F., Ferlay A., Bernard L., Rouel J., Doreau M., 2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation, cow and goat milk fat nutritional quality: a review. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109, 828-855. Cniel, 2011. Lait, produits laitiers et société : France 2025 – Prospective collective. Note de synthèse sur les évolutions probables, juillet 2011. Couvreur S., Hurtaud C., Marnet P.G., Faverdin P., Peyraud J.L., 2007. Composition of milk fat from cows selected for milk fat globule size and offered either fresh pasture or a corn silage-based diet. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 392-403. Gelé M., Minery S., Astruc J.M., Brunschwig P., Ferrand M., Lagriffoul G., Larroque H., Legarto J., Martin P., Miranda G., Palhière I., Trossat P., Brochard M., 2014. Phénotypage et génotypage à grande échelle de la composition fine des laits dans les filières bovine, ovine et caprine. In : PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait. Brochard M., Boichard D., Brunschwig P., Peyraud J.L. (Eds). Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 255-268. Grosclaude F., Mahé M.F., Brignon G., Di Stasio L., Jeunet R., 1987. A Mendelian polymorphism underlying quantitative variations of goat αS1-casein. Génét. Sel. Evol., 19, 399-412. Grosclaude F., 1988. Le polymorphisme génétique des principales lactoprotéines bovines. Relations avec la quantité, la composition et les aptitudes fromagères du lait. INRA Prod. Anim., 1, 5-17. Hocquette J.F., Capel C., David V., Guemene D., Bidanel J., Barbezant M., Gastinel P.L., Le Bail P.Y., Monget P., Mormede P., Peyraud J.L., Ponsart C., Guillou F., 2011. Les objectifs et les applications d’un réseau organisé de phénotypage pour les animaux d’élevage. Renc. Rech. Rum., 18, 327-334. Hurtaud C., Peyraud J.L., 2007. Effects of feeding camelina (seeds or meal) on milk fatty acid composition and butter spreadability. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 5134-5145. Le Bihan-Duval E., Talon R., Brochard M., Gautron J., Lefevre F., Larzul C., Baeza E., Hocquette J.F., 2014. Le phénotypage de la qualité des produits : enjeux de société, scientifiques et techniques. In : Phénotypage des animaux d’élevage. Phocas F. (Ed). Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 223-234. Legarto L., Gelé M., Ferlay A., Hurtaud C., Lagriffoul G., Palhière I., Peyraud J.L., Rouillé B., Brunschwig P., 2014. Effets des conduites d’élevage sur la composition en acides gras du lait de vache, chèvre et brebis évaluéepar spectrométrie au moyen infrarouge. In : PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait. Brochard M., Boichard D., Brunschwig P., Peyraud J.L. (Eds).Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 269-282. Lucas A., Rock E., Chamba J.F., Verdier-Metz I., Brachet P., Coulon J.B., 2006. Respective effects of milk composition and the cheese-making process on cheese compositional variability in components of nutritionalinterest. Lait, 86, 21-41. Robert-Granié C., Legarra A., Ducrocq V., 2011. Principes de base de la sélection génomique. In : Numéro spécial, Amélioration génétique. Mulsant P., Bodin L., Coudurier B., Deretz S., Le Roy P., Quillet E., Perez J.M. (Eds). INRA Prod. Anim., 24, 331-340. Soyeurt H., Dardenne P., Dehareng F., Lognay G., Veselko G., Marlier M., Bertozzi C., Mayeres P., Gengler N., 2006. Estimating fatty acid content in cow milk using mid-infrared spectrometry. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 3690-3695.

Jersey Oil and Gas Unearths Wengen Prospect The Greater Buchan Area (GBA) now has four drill-ready prospects to add to discoveries already slated for development. In a new subsurface evaluation, Jersey Oil & Gas, a British-independent North Sea-focused upstream oil and gas company, has uncovered a new prospect, named Wengen, to complement its Verbier Deep, Cortina NE, and Zermatt drill-ready prospects. The four are estimated to host some 222 million bbl of P50 prospective resources, all in the immediate vicinity of Jersey’s planned GBA production facility. The consolidated Greater Buchan venture comprises Buchan field (80 million bbl), Verbier (c25 million bbl), J2 (c20 million), and Glenn (14 million). The new prospect, located in License P2170, is directly west of the Tweedsmuir field and should host some 62 million bbl of potential resources (P50), with the probabilistic range set at 31 million bbl at P90 (higher confidence) and 162 mil-lion for P10 (lower confidence). Probability of geological success is 22% for the prospect. Contractor Rockflow previously estimated the recoverable resources in the GBA at 94.7 million bbl, including the parts within P2170. In late November, Jersey announced it is taking full ownership of License P2170, which hosts most of the Verbier discovery, as part of the GBA. In March, Jersey told investors the project is fully funded and that it intends to take the project to potential industry partners via a farm-out process. An exploratory drilling campaign is being planned for 2022. Jordan Finds “Promising” Gas Reserves Near Iraq Border Jordan’s majority state-owned National Petroleum Company (NPC) has discovered “promising” natural gas in the Risha gas field along its eastern border with Iraq. Risha makes up nearly 5% of the kingdom’s consumption of natural gas of around 350 MMcf/D for power generation, Jordanian officials said. The flow of new gas supplies will raise the productivity of the gas field and help Jordan cut dependence on oil imports to fuel its power sector and industries. The country, which now imports over 93% of its total energy supplies, is burdened by a $3.5-billion annual bill, comprising almost 8% of Jordan’s GDP. Although British supermajor BP abandoned the eastern desert area in 2014 after investing over $240 million, Jordanian exploration has stepped up since 2019, boosting quantities by at least 70%, Mohammad al Khasawneh, head of NPC, said. An ambitious 10-year energy plan unveiled in 2019 aims to secure nearly half of the country’s electricity generation from local energy sources com-pared to a current 15%, according to Iraq Energy Minister Hala Zawati. The plan is meant to diversify local energy sources by expanding investments in renewable and oil shale to reduce costly foreign fuel imports, Zawati added. ExxonMobil Discovers Hydrocarbons Offshore Suriname ExxonMobil and Petronas have discovered several hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone zones with good reservoir qualities in the Campanian section of the Sloanea-1 exploration well on Block 52 offshore Suriname, adding to ExxonMobil’s finds in the Guyana-Suriname basin. The well was drilled by operator Petronas. ExxonMobil said in November that it is prioritizing near-term capital spending on advantaged assets with the highest potential future value. Maersk Drilling reported in early July that it had secured the Maersk Developer from Petronas subsidiary PSEPBV in a $20.4-million one-well exploration con-tract offshore Suriname. The semisubmersible rig drilled the Suriname-Guyana basin well to a total depth of 15,682 ft. “We are pleased with the positive results of the well,” Emeliana Rice-Oxley, Petronas’ vice president of upstream exploration, said. “It will provide the drive for Petronas to continue exploring in Suriname, which is one of our focus basins in the Americas.” Block 52 covers an area of 1.2 million acres and is located approximately 75 miles offshore north of Paramaribo. The water depths on Block 52 range from 160 to 3,600 ft. ExxonMobil E&P Suriname BV, an affiliate of ExxonMobil, holds 50% interest in Block 52. PSEPBV is operator and holds 50% interest. CNOOC Starts Production on Penglai 25-6 Oil Field Area 3 Project China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) announced on 14 December that its Bohai Sea Project - the Penglai 25-6 oil field area 3 - has started production ahead of schedule. The biggest offshore oil field and the second biggest oil field in China, the Penglai is located in the south central Bohai Sea, with average water depth of about 27 m. In addition to fully utilizing the existing processing facilities of Penglai oil fields, the project has built a new wellhead platform and plans 58 development wells, including 38 production wells and 20 water-injection wells. The project is expected to reach its peak production of approximately 11,511 B/D of crude oil in 2023. Six successful appraisal wells were also drilled, which confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons in reservoirs located with-in Miocene, Lower Minghuazhen, and Guantao sandstones. The Penglai 19-3 oil field is located in Block 11/05 of Bohai Bay, approximately 235 km southeast of Tanggu. The production-sharing contract for block 11/05 was signed between CNOOC and ConocoPhillips China (COPC) in December 1994; the field was discovered jointly by CNOOC and COPC in 1999. The oil field was developed in two phases. Phase I production started in December 2002; production from the wellhead platform C, which is tied back temporarily to the production facilities of Phase I, began in June 2007. Since June 2020, CNOOC has announced five production startups: the Jinzhou 25-1 oilfield 6/11 area project, the Liuhua 16-2 oilfield/ 20-2 oil-field joint development project, the Nan-bao 35-2 oilfield S1 area project, the Luda 21-2/16-3 regional development project, and the Qinhuangdao 33-1S oilfield phase-I project. In Q3 2020, CNOOC achieved a total net production of 131.2 million BOE, which the company said represented an increase of 5.1% year over year. Production from China was said to have increased by 10.4% year over year to 88.6 million BOE. In November, CNOOC revealed that the Liuhua 29-1 gas field had begun production; in September, the company said the Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field pilot area development project had also begun. Operator CNOOC holds 51% interest while COPC holds 49% interest in the Penglai 25-6 oilfield area 3 project. Equinor’s Snorre Expansion Project Starts Ahead of Schedule, Below Cost Work began in December on the Snorre Expansion Project in the southern part of the Norwegian Sea. This increased-oil-recovery project will add almost 200 million bbl of recoverable oil reserves and help extend the productive life of the Snorre field through 2040. The expansion project is proposed in blocks 34/4 and 34/7 of the Tampen area, approximately 124 miles west of Florø in the Norwegian North Sea. “I am proud that we have managed to achieve safe startup of the Snorre Expansion Project ahead of schedule in such a challenging year as 2020. In addition, the project is set to be delivered more than NOK 1 billion below the cost estimate in the plan for development and operation,” Geir Tungesvik, Equinor’s executive vice president for technology, projects, and drilling, said. Originally scheduled to come onstream in the first quarter of 2021, the project comprises 24 new wells divided into six subsea templates, drilled to recover the new volumes. Bundles connecting the new wells to the platform have been installed, in addition to new risers. The project also includes a new module and modifications on Snorre A. In December 2017, Equinor submitted a modified plan for development and operation of the field. With the expansion, the recovery factor will increase from 46 to 51%, representing significant value for a field with 2 billion bbl of recoverable oil reserves. Wind power will supply about 35% of the power requirement for the Snorre and Gullfaks fields. The Hywind Tampen project, featuring 11 floating wind turbines, should start up in Q3 2022. The investments in the expansion project total NOK 19.5 billion (2020 value). The project has had substantial spin-off effects for the supply industry in Norway, particularly in eastern Norway and in Rogaland. The Snorre field partnership comprises Equinor (operator) 33.27%, Petoro 30%, Vår Energi 18.55%, Idemitsu 9.6%, and Wintershall Dea 8.57%. Petrobras To Sell Entire Stake in Onshore Field of Sergipe Petrobras on 11 December signed a contract with Energizzi Energias do Brasil to sell its entire stake in the onshore field of Rabo Branco, located south of the Carmópolis field in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Sergipe state. The Rabo Branco field is part of the BT-SEAL-13 concession. The $1.5-million sale is in line with Petrobras’ strategy to cut costs and improve its capital allocation, to focus its resources increasingly on deep and ultradeep waters. The average oil production of the field, from January to October 2020, was 138 B/D. Energizzi Energias do Brasil will own 50% stake in the Rabo Branco field; operator Produção de Óleo e Gás (Petrom) holds the remaining 50%. On 10 December, Petrobras closed the divestiture of its full ownership in four onshore fields at the Tucano Basin site in the state of Bahia. Petrobras sold its entire interest to Eagle Exploração de Óleo e Gás (Eagle). Petrobras earned $2.571 million from this sale, in addition to the $602,000 that the company received at the time of signing the sale contract, for a total of $3.173 million. BP, Reliance Announce First Gas From Asia’s Deepest Project Oil-to-telecom conglomerate Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and BP have started production from India’s first ultradeepwater gas project, the first of three such projects in the KG D6 block. The R Cluster gas field is located off the east coast of India, about 60 km from the existing KG D6 control-and-riser platform (CRP), and comprises a subsea production system tied back to the CRP via a subsea pipeline. It is the deepest offshore gas field in Asia at a depth greater than 2000 m. The companies’ next project, the Satellites Cluster, is expected to come on stream this year, followed by the MJ project in 2022. These projects will utilize the existing hub infrastructure in the KG D6 block. “Growing India’s own production of cleaner-burning gas to meet a significant portion of its energy demand, these three new KG D6 projects will support the country’s drive to shape and improve its future energy mix,” BP Chief Executive Bernard Looney said. The R Cluster field is expected to reach plateau gas production of about 12.9 million standard cubic meters per day (MMscm/D) in 2021. Peak gas production from the three fields should be 30 MMscm/D (1 Bcf/D) by 2023, about 25% of India’s domestic production, and will help reduce the country’s dependence on imported gas. RIL is the operator of KG D6 with a 66.67% interest; BP holds a 33.33% participating interest.

Cet article passe en revue trois méthodologies susceptibles de faire avancer les connaissances en matière de jeux de hasard et d'argent: la méthodologie longitudinale, la méthodologie expérimentale et la méthodologie génétique. Des exemples servent à illustrer comment ces méthodologies permettent: a) de documenter le développement des habitudes et des problèmes de jeu; b) d'identifier les facteurs de risque à présomption causale associés à leur apparition, à leur maintien ou à leur aggravation; c) d'explorer la signification de la cooccurrence des problèmes de jeu avec d'autres problèmes de santé mentale; d) d'analyser les possibles liens transactionnels entre les problèmes de jeu et d'autres problèmes d'adaptation; et, enfin, e) de dégager des leçons par rapport à la modélisation théorique et à l'intervention préventive.

This initial study presents the results of the classroom implementation of a learning sequence derived from Fibonacci’s error in solving ‘The lion in the pit’ problem. The study was carried out with 35 physics students in a general first-semester course ‘Development of complex-thinking skills’. The learning sequence was implemented as a paper-and-pencil activity in personal and group modes. The most important results are the following: (a) Students were able to provide an acceptable procedure about how Fibonacci might get the wrong answer, (b) students can argue why that answer is wrong, (c) some students’ solutions presented good conceptual and procedural clarity, frequently missed in historic literature, and (d) students grasped the importance of knowing about errors made by famous mathematicians in two connected aspects: mathematics is a human activity prone to errors and, consequently, fear of errors shouldn’t be an obstacle in learning of school mathematics.

À travers le monde, les paris sportifs représentent la deuxième forme de jeux de hasard et d’argent (JHA) la plus associée aux problèmes de jeu. Les cognitions des parieurs sportifs pourraient contribuer à cette association. Cependant, aucun outil ne semble adapté aux parieurs de loteries sportives, principalement à cause de la composante d’habileté. Cette étude vise (a) à développer l’Inventaire des cognitions à risque — Loteries sportives (ICR-LS) et en déterminer la structure factorielle, (b) à évaluer la validité de convergence de l’ICR-LS avec Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), les habitudes de jeu, et la gravité des problèmes de jeu; et (c) à évaluer les liens entre le nombre d’heures mensuelles consacrées à la préparation des paris aux loteries sportives et les habitudes de jeu. Les parieurs sportifs recrutés (N = 272) étaient principalement de sexe masculin (86,5 %), dans la vingtaine (M = 26,7 ans) et issus de la communauté universitaire (88,3 %). Les analyses en composantes principales indiquent que l’instrument possède deux dimensions (Superstitions et Habiletés), une forte cohérence interne (les coefficients alpha > ,85) et une bonne validité convergente. Des associations négligeables, mais statistiquement significatives, ressortent entre l’ICR-LS et le montant annuel dépensé aux loteries, les heures consacrées à la préparation des paris et la gravité des problèmes de jeu. En outre, le temps consacré à la préparation des paris sportifs est modérément corrélé avec le montant dépensé, la fréquence de jeu et la gravité des problèmes de jeu, ce qui incite à y voir, peut-être, un facteur de risque lié aux loteries sportives. Le temps consacré à la préparation des paris sportifs et ses effets sur les différentes sphères de vie mériteraient d’être étudiés davantage, notamment auprès de joueurs problématiques.AbstractAround the world, sports betting is the second type of gambling activity most associated with gambling problems. Thus, sports bettors’ cognitions play an essential role in this association. However, no instrument is specifically designed to assess sports bettors’ cognitions. This study aims (a) to develop the Inventaire des cognitions à risque — Loteries sportives (ICR-LS) and to determine its factor structure, (b) to assess the convergent validity of the ICR-LS with the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), gambling habits, and the severity of gambling problems; and (c) to assess the links between the number of monthly hours spent preparing for sports lottery bets and gambling habits. Participants are sport lottery bettors (N = 272) that are mainly men (86.5%) in their twenties (M = 26.7 years old), and from a university community (88.3%). Principal component analysis results indicate that the instrument is composed of two factors (Superstitions and Abilities), and shows strong internal consistency (coefficients alpha > .85) and good convergent validity. The scale shows statistically significant but negligible associations with the annual amount spent on lotteries, hours spent on the preparation of bets, and gambling problem severity. In addition, time dedicated to bet preparation is moderately associated with the amount spent, gambling frequency, and gambling problem severity, suggesting that sports bettors bet preparation time could be a risk factor in sports betting. Studies should explore further the amount of time dedicated to bet preparation and its effects on different spheres of life, especially for problem gamblers.

O câncer de colo uterino ainda hoje é um problema de saúde pública em muitas partes do mundo. No Brasil, é o terceiro tumor maligno mais frequente entre as mulheres. Uma das causas pontadas como percussor desse câncer é o HPV, principalmente, quando correlacionado a outros fatores de riscos e estilo de vida. Sua cura é altamente possível desde que se tenha um diagnóstico rápido e preciso. Na maioria dos casos, as alterações celulares no colo uterino são descobertas facilmente no exame preventivo conhecido como Papanicolau. Outro método que pode ser utilizado para esta detecção precoce de lesões em colo cervical é a fluorescência óptica que não é invasivo e vem sendo amplamente utilizado no diagnóstico de lesões bucais e de pele. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre a aplicação da fluorescência óptica no diagnóstico de lesões em colo cervical.Descritores: Fluorescência; Neoplasias do Colo do Útero; Diagnóstico.ReferênciasINCA. Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância (Conprev) Falando sobre câncer do colo do útero. Rio de Janeiro: MS/INCA, 2002.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância. Estimativa 2018: incidência de câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2017.WHO. World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. 2016. Disponível em: <http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/>. Acesso em: 02 set. 2017.Martins LTF, Fraga CDS, Andrade MS, Santos KJS, Paixão GPN, Bittencourt IS. Caracterização de mulheres com lesão pré-maligna ou maligna no exame papanicolaou. Rev Enferm UFPE.2017;11(9):3360-68.Moreira TR, Lima ACS, Santos MA, Auler ME, Turkiewicz M, Chaves MAF, Plewka J. Perfil das mulheres usuárias do SUS com lesões intraepiteliais em um município do oeste do Paraná. Arq Ciênc Saúde UNIPAR. 2017;21(3):181-86.Guarisi R, Hardy E, Derchain SFM, Fonsechi-Carvasan GA, Borges JBR. Rastreamento diagnóstico e tratamento das lesões precursoras e do câncer invasor de colo uterino no município de Franco da Rocha, SP. Rev bras cancerol. 2004;50(1):7-15Lima TM, Lessa PR, Freitas LV, Teles LMR, Aquino OS, Damasceno AKC et al. Análise da capacidade diagnóstica dos exames preventivos do câncer de colo uterino. Acta paul enferm. 2012;25(5):673-78.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Conduta INCA/MS - Câncer do colo do útero. Rev bras cancerol. 2000;46(4):351-54.Trindade GB, Manenti AS, Simões PW, Madeira K. Avaliação do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero e sua periodicidade em um município de Santa Catarina. Medicina. 2017;50(1):1-10.Acosta DF, Dantas TS, Cazeiro CC, Acosta DF, Gomes VLO. Vivenciando o exame papanicolau: entre o (não) querer e o fazer. Rev enferm UFPE. 2017;11(8):3031-38.Derchain SFM, Longatto Filho A, Syrjanen KJ. Neoplasia intraepitelial cervical: diagnóstico e tratamento. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(7):425-33.Lins B, Sartor BC, Scariot PK, Tusset C. Citologia oncótica: aplicabilidade e atuação do profissional biomédico na área. In: Congresso de Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade da Serra Gaúcha. Caxias do Sul. 2014;318-27.Giraldo BS. Espectroscopia óptica de fluorescência aplicada ao soporte de diagnóstico médico de précanceres de tejidos de cuello uterino [tese]. Manizales: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Fac Ingenieria y Arquitetura;2009.Coelho VHM. Fluorescência óptica no diagnóstico de lesões teciduais [tese]. São Carlos: Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Química de São Carlos;2005.Yassoyama MCBM. Estudo do colo uterino por Espectroscopia FT-Raman [dissertação]. São José dos Campos: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba;2006.Ricci HA, Pratavieira S, Brugnera Junior A, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C. Ampliando a visão bucal com fluorescência óptica. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2013;67(2):129-35.Simonato LE, Tomo S, Miyahara GI, Navarro RS, Villaverde AGJB. Fluorescence visualization efficacy for detecting oral lesions more prone to be dysplastic and potenttially malignant disorders: a pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017;17(1):1-4.Corti MA, Garavalia MJ. Biopsia optica. Descrición general y resultados preliminares por espectroscopia optica e autoflorescencia. Externos. 2015;1(1):707-10.

Introdução: Os anestésicos locais são substâncias químicas capazes de bloquear de forma reversível a transmissão de impulsos nervosos no local onde forem aplicados, sendo fundamentais no âmbito da Odontologia para controle da dor. Objetivo: Realizar revisão de literatura sobre os principais anestésicos locais utilizados na Odontologia. Metodologia: O estudo trata-se de uma revisão narrativa realizada entre os meses de janeiro e março de 2018. As bases de dados para a busca da literatura foram Scielo, Pubmed, Web of Science, Bireme. As palavras-chaves usadas foram “Anestésicos Locais”, “Mecanismos de Ação”, “Farmacologia”, “Odontologia”, “Relação Estrutura-atividade”, “Canais de Sódio”, presentes no DeCS. Discussão: A cocaína foi o primeiro composto a ser utilizado como anestésico local e foi a partir desta que os novos anestésicos foram desenvolvidos. Os anestésicos locais apresentam na sua estrutura molecular um anel aromático, uma cadeia intermediária e um grupo amina. Eles atuam sobre os neurônios e seu sítio de ação são os canais de sódio dependente de voltagem, aos quais se ligam reversivelmente, abolindo a excitabilidade neuronal. A classificação dos anestésicos locais é definida quanto à estrutura química e quanto à duração de ação, sendo os principais utilizados na Odontologia lidocaína, mepivacaína, articaína, prilocaína, cloridrato de bupivacaína. Conclusão: Conforme a literatura revisada, é necessário o conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista sobre as características farmacológicas individuais dos anestésicos locais e as sistêmicas do paciente para uma escolha correta, já que sua utilização é variável para cada usuário, e a manipulação inadequada desses fármacos pode levar a sérios riscos para a saúde do paciente.Descritores: Odontologia; Anestésicos locais; Farmacologia; Relação Estrutura-Atividade; Canais de Sódio; Mecanismos Moleculares de Ação Farmacológica.Almeida FM. Controle medicamentoso da dor. In: Estrela C. Dor odontogênica. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2001. p.243-61.Silva AP, Diniz AS, Araújo FA, Souza CC. Presença da queixa de dor em pacientes classificados segundo o protocolo de Manchester. Rev Enferm Centro Oeste Mineiro. 2013;3(1):507-17.Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G. Farmacologia. 8. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2016.Paiva LCA, Cavalcanti AL. Anestésicos locais em odontologia: Uma revisão de literatura. UEPG Ci Biol Saúde. 2005; 11(2):35-42.Soares RG, Salles AA, Irala LED, Limongi O. Como escolher um adequado anestésico local para as diferentes situações na clínica odontológica diária? RSBO. 2006;3(1):35-40.Miller RD, Hondeghem LM. Anestésicos Locais. In: Katzung BG. Farmacologia básica e clínica. 10. ed. Rio de Janeiro: AMGH Editora; 2010. p.301-7.Becker D, Reeed K. Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology. Anesth Prog. 2006;53(3):98-108.Alves RIL. Anestésicos locais [dissertação]. Porto, Portugal: Universidade Fernando Pessoa; 2013.Malamed SF. Manual de anestesia local. 6. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2013.Ferreira AAA, Silva ID, Diniz RS, Guerra GCB. Anestésicos locais: revisando o mecanismo de ação molecular. Infarma. 2006;18(5/6):15-18.Anjos ED, Carvalho RWF. Complicações sistêmicas em anestesia local. In: Lubiana NB. Pro-Odonto Cirurgia. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2007. p.143-78.Carvalho RWF, Pereira CU, Anjos ED, Laureano Filho JR, Vasconcelos BCE. Anestésicos locais: como escolher e prevenir complicações sistêmicas. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac. 2010;51(2):113-20.Teixeira RN. Anestesia local sem vasoconstritor versus com vasoconstritor [dissertação] Porto, Portugal: Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa; 2014.Carvalho B, Fritzen EL, Parodes AG, Santos RB, Gedoz L. O emprego dos anestésicos locais em Odontologia: revisão de literatura. Rev bras odontol. 2013;70(2):178-81.Santaella GM. Soluções anestésicas locais: uma revisão de literatura [monografia]: Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2011.Reis Jr A. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) e Karl Köller (1857-1944) e a descoberta da anestesia local. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009;59(2):244-57. Bobbio A. História Sinótica da Anestesia. São Paulo: Novel; 1969.Byck R. Freud e a Cocaína. Rio de Janeiro: Espaço e Tempo; 1989.Araújo DR, Paula E, Fraceto LF. Anestésicos locais: interação com membranas biológicas e com o canal de sódio voltagem-dependente. Quim Nova. 2008;31(7):1775-83.Catterall WA, Mackie K. Local anesthetics. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman and Gillman’s the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 11. ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2006. p. 369-85.Carvalho JCA. Farmacologia dos anestésicos locais. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 1994;44(1):75-82.Faria FAC, Marzola C. Farmacologia dos anestésicos locais – considerações gerias. BCI. 2001;8(29):19-30.Bahl R. Local anestesia in dentistry. Anesth Prog. 2004;51(4):138-42.Udelsmann A, Dreyer E, Melo MS, Bonfim MR, Borsoi LFA, Oliveira TG. Lipídeos nas intoxicações por anestésicos locais. ABCD arq bras cir dig. 2012;25(3):169-72.Fozzard HA, Lee PJ, Lipkind JM. Mechanism of local anesthetic drug action on voltage-gated sodium channels. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(21):2671-86.Jackson T, Mclure HA. Pharmacology of local anesthetics. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2006;19(2):155-61.Schulman JM, Strichartz GR. Farmacologia dos Anestésicos Locais. In: Golan DE, Tashjian Jr AH, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW. Princípios de Farmacologia: a base fisiopatológica da farmacoterapia. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2009. p.131-145.Golan DE, Tashjian Jr AH, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW. Princípios de Farmacologia: a base fisiopatológica da farmacoterapia. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2014.Marieb EM, Hoehn K. Anatomia e Fisiologia. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2009.Carvalho-De-Souza JL. Análise do efeito inibitório do eugenol sobre canais para Na+ ativados por voltagem em neurônios sensitivos [tese]. São Paulo: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas – USP; 2009.Andrade ED. Terapêutica medicamentosa em odontologia. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Artes Médicas; 2014.Parise GK, Ferranti KN, Grando CP. Sais anestésicos utilizados na odontologia: revisão de literatura. J Oral Investig. 2017;6(1):75-84.Gordh T. Lidocaine: the origino of a modern local anesthetic. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(6):1433-37.Peñarrocha M, Sanchis BJM, Martínez GJM. Anestesia local em odontologia. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2008.DEF. Dicionário de especialidades farmacêuticas 2016. 44. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Publicações Científicas; 2016.Vasconcelos RJH, Nogueira RVB, Leal AKR, Oliveira CTV, Bezerra JGB. Alterações sistêmicas decorrente do uso da lidocaína e prilocaína na prática odontológica. Rev cir traumatol buco-maxilo-fac. 2002;1(2):13-19.Montan MF, Cogo K, Bergamaschi CC, Volpato MC, Andrade ED. Mortalidade relacionada ao uso de anestésicos locais em odontologia. RGO. 2007;55(2):197-202.Gaffen AS, Haas DA. Survey of local anesthetic use by ontario dentists. J Can Dent Assoc. 2009;75(9):649.Souza LMA, Ramacciato JC, Motta RHL. Uso de Anestésicos locais em pacientes idosos. RGO. 2011;59:25-30.Yagiela JA, Dowd FJ, Johnson BS, Mariotti AJ, Neidle EA. Farmacologia e terapêutica para dentistas. 6. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2011.Mojumdar EH, Lyubartsev AP. Molecular dynamics simulations of local anesthetic articaine in a lipid bilayer. Biophys Chem. 2010;153(1):27-35.Maniglia-Ferreira C, Almeida-Gomes F, Carvalho-Sousa B, Barbosa AV, Lins CC, Souza FD et al. Clinical evaluation of three anesthetics in endodontics. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2009;22(1):21-6.Moore PA, Doll B, Delie RA, Hersh EV, Korostoff J, Johnson S et al. Hemostatic and anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine HCL with 1:200,00 epinephrine and 4% articaine HCL with 1:100,000 epinephrine when administrated intraorally for periodontal surgery. J Periodontol. 2007;78(2):247-53.Santos CF, Modena KC, Giglio FP, Sakai VT, Calvo AM, Colombini BL et al. Epinephrine concentration (1,100,00 or 1,200,000) does not affect the clinical efficacy of 4% articaine forlower third molar removal: a double-blind, randomized, cross study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(12):2445-52.Massaro F. Lipossomal bupivacaine: a long-acting local anesthetic for postsurgical analgesia. Focus On. 2012; 47:213-26.Dantas MVM, Gabrielli MAC, Hochuli VE. Effect of mepivacaine 2% with adrenaline 1:100.000 in blood pressure. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2008;37(3):223-27.

Introduction The academic area known as food studies—incorporating elements from disciplines including anthropology, folklore, history, sociology, gastronomy, and cultural studies as well as a range of multi-disciplinary approaches—asserts that cooking and eating practices are less a matter of nutrition (maintaining life by absorbing nutrients from food) and more a personal or group expression of various social and/or cultural actions, values or positions. The French philosopher, Michel de Certeau agrees, arguing, moreover, that there is an urgency to name and unpick (what he identifies as) the “minor” practices, the “multifarious and silent reserve of procedures” of everyday life. Such practices are of crucial importance to all of us, as although seemingly ordinary, and even banal, they have the ability to “organise” our lives (48). Within such a context, the following aims to consider the influence and significance of an important (although largely unstudied) professional figure in rural and regional economic life: the country food preparer variously known as the local chef or cook. Such an approach is obviously framed by the concept of “cultural economy”. This term recognises the convergence, and interdependence, of the spheres of the cultural and the economic (see Scott 335, for an influential discussion on how “the cultural geography of space and the economic geography of production are intertwined”). Utilising this concept in relation to chefs and cooks seeks to highlight how the ways these figures organise (to use de Certeau’s term) the social and cultural lives of those in their communities are embedded in economic practices and also how, in turn, their economic contributions are dependent upon social and cultural practices. This initial mapping of the influence and significance of the rural and regional chef in one rural and regional area, therefore, although necessarily different in approach and content, continues the application of such converged conceptualisations of the cultural and economic as Teema Tairu’s discussion of the social, recreational and spiritual importance of food preparation and consumption by the unemployed in Finland, Guy Redden’s exploration of how supermarket products reflect shared values, and a series of analyses of the cultural significance of individual food products, such as Richard White’s study of vegemite. While Australians, both urban and rural, currently enjoy access to an internationally renowned food culture, it is remarkable to consider that it has only been during the years following the Second World War that these sophisticated and now much emulated ways of eating and cooking have developed. It is, indeed, only during the last half century that Australian eating habits have shifted from largely Anglo-Saxon influenced foods and meals that were prepared and eaten in the home, to the consumption of a wider range of more international and sophisticated foods and meals that are, increasingly, prepared by others and eaten outside the consumer’s residence. While a range of commonly cited influences has prompted this relatively recent revolution in culinary practice—including post-war migration, increasing levels of prosperity, widespread international travel, and the forces of globalisation—some of this change owes a debt to a series of influential individual figures. These tastemakers have included food writers and celebrity chefs; with early exponents including Margaret Fulton, Graham Kerr and Charmaine Solomon (see Brien). The findings of this study suggests that many restaurant chefs, and other cooks, have similarly played, and continue to take, a key role in the lives of not only the, necessarily, limited numbers of individuals who dine in a particular eatery or the other chefs and/or cooks trained in that establishment (Ruhlman, Reach), but also the communities in which they work on a much broader scale. Considering Chefs In his groundbreaking study, A History of Cooks and Cooking, Australian food historian Michael Symons proposes that those who prepare food are worthy of serious consideration because “if ‘we are what we eat’, cooks have not just made our meals, but have also made us. They have shaped our social networks, our technologies, arts and religions” (xi). Writing that cooks “deserve to have their stories told often and well,” and that, moreover, there is a “need to invent ways to think about them, and to revise our views about ourselves in their light” (xi), Symons’s is a clarion call to investigate the role and influence of cooks. Charles-Allen Baker-Clark has explicitly begun to address this lacunae in his Profiles from the Kitchen: What Great Cooks Have Taught Us About Ourselves and Our Food (2006), positing not only how these figures have shaped our relationships with food and eating, but also how these relationships impact on identities, culture and a range of social issues including those of social justice, spirituality and environmental sustainability. With the growing public interest in celebrities, it is perhaps not surprising that, while such research on chefs and/or cooks is still in its infancy, most of the existing detailed studies on individuals focus on famed international figures such as Marie-Antoine Carême (Bernier; Kelly), Escoffier (James; Rachleff; Sanger), and Alexis Soyer (Brandon; Morris; Ray). Despite an increasing number of tabloid “tell-all” surveys of contemporary celebrity chefs, which are largely based on mass media sources and which display little concern for historical or biographical accuracy (Bowyer; Hildred and Ewbank; Simpson; Smith), there have been to date only a handful of “serious” researched biographies of contemporary international chefs such as Julia Child, Alice Waters (Reardon; Riley), and Bernard Loiseux (Chelminski)—the last perhaps precipitated by an increased interest in this chef following his suicide after his restaurant lost one of its Michelin stars. Despite a handful of collective biographical studies of Australian chefs from the later-1980s on (Jenkins; O’Donnell and Knox; Brien), there are even fewer sustained biographical studies of Australian chefs or cooks (Clifford-Smith’s 2004 study of “the supermarket chef,” Bernard King, is a notable exception). Throughout such investigations, as well as in other popular food writing in magazines and cookbooks, there is some recognition that influential chefs and cooks have worked, and continue to work, outside such renowned urban culinary centres as Paris, London, New York, and Sydney. The Michelin starred restaurants of rural France, the so-called “gastropubs” of rural Britain and the advent of the “star-chef”-led country bed and breakfast establishment in Australia and New Zealand, together with the proliferation of farmer’s markets and a public desire to consume locally sourced, and ecologically sustainable, produce (Nabhan), has focused fresh attention on what could be called “the rural/regional chef”. However, despite the above, little attention has focused on the Australian non-urban chef/cook outside of the pages of a small number of key food writing magazines such as Australian Gourmet Traveller and Vogue Entertaining + Travel. Setting the Scene with an Australian Country Example: Armidale and Guyra In 2004, the Armidale-Dumaresq Council (of the New England region, New South Wales, Australia) adopted the slogan “Foodies thrive in Armidale” to market its main city for the next three years. With a population of some 20,000, Armidale’s main industry (in economic terms) is actually education and related services, but the latest Tourist Information Centre’s Dining Out in Armidale (c. 2006) brochure lists some 25 restaurants, 9 bistros and brasseries, 19 cafés and 5 fast food outlets featuring Australian, French, Italian, Mediterranean, Chinese, Thai, Indian and “international” cuisines. The local Yellow Pages telephone listings swell the estimation of the total number of food-providing businesses in the city to 60. Alongside the range of cuisines cited above, a large number of these eateries foreground the use of fresh, local foods with such phrases as “local and regional produce,” “fresh locally grown produce,” “the finest New England ingredients” and locally sourced “New England steaks, lamb and fresh seafood” repeatedly utilised in advertising and other promotional material. Some thirty kilometres to the north along the New England highway, the country town of Guyra, proclaimed a town in 1885, is the administrative and retail centre for a shire of some 2,200 people. Situated at 1,325 metres above sea level, the town is one of the highest in Australia with its main industries those of fine wool and lamb, beef cattle, potatoes and tomatoes. Until 1996, Guyra had been home to a large regional abattoir that employed some 400 staff at the height of its productivity, but rationalisation of the meat processing industry closed the facility, together with its associated pet food processor, causing a downturn in employment, local retail business, and real estate values. Since 2004, Guyra’s economy has, however, begun to recover after the town was identified by the Costa Group as the perfect site for glasshouse grown tomatoes. Perfect, due to its rare combination of cool summers (with an average of less than two days per year with temperatures over 30 degrees celsius), high winter light levels and proximity to transport routes. The result: 3.3 million kilograms of truss, vine harvested, hydroponic “Top of the Range” tomatoes currently produced per annum, all year round, in Guyra’s 5-hectare glasshouse: Australia’s largest, opened in December 2005. What residents (of whom I am one) call the “tomato-led recovery” has generated some 60 new local jobs directly related to the business, and significant flow on effects in terms of the demand for local services and retail business. This has led to substantial rates of renovation and building of new residential and retail properties, and a noticeably higher level of trade flowing into the town. Guyra’s main street retail sector is currently burgeoning and stories of its renewal have appeared in the national press. Unlike many similar sized inland towns, there are only a handful of empty shops (and most of these are in the process of being renovated), and new commercial premises have recently been constructed and opened for business. Although a small town, even in Australian country town terms, Guyra now has 10 restaurants, hotel bistros and cafés. A number of these feature local foods, with one pub’s bistro regularly featuring the trout that is farmed just kilometres away. Assessing the Contribution of Local Chefs and Cooks In mid-2007, a pilot survey to begin to explore the contribution of the regional chef in these two close, but quite distinct, rural and regional areas was sent to the chefs/cooks of the 70 food-serving businesses in Armidale and Guyra that I could identify. Taking into account the 6 returns that revealed a business had closed, moved or changed its name, the 42 replies received represented a response rate of 65.5per cent (or two thirds), representatively spread across the two towns. Answers indicated that the businesses comprised 18 restaurants, 13 cafés, 6 bistro/brasseries, 1 roadhouse, 1 takeaway/fast food and 3 bed and breakfast establishments. These businesses employed 394 staff, of whom 102 were chefs and/cooks, or 25.9 per cent of the total number of staff then employed by these establishments. In answer to a series of questions designed to ascertain the roles played by these chefs/cooks in their local communities, as well as more widely, I found a wide range of inputs. These chefs had, for instance, made a considerable contribution to their local economies in the area of fostering local jobs and a work culture: 40 (95 per cent) had worked with/for another local business including but not exclusively food businesses; 30 (71.4 per cent) had provided work experience opportunities for those aspiring to work in the culinary field; and 22 (more than half) had provided at least one apprenticeship position. A large number had brought outside expertise and knowledge with them to these local areas, with 29 (69 per cent) having worked in another food business outside Armidale or Guyra. In terms of community building and sustainability, 10 (or almost a quarter) had assisted or advised the local Council; 20 (or almost half) had worked with local school children in a food-related way; 28 (two thirds) had helped at least one charity or other local fundraising group. An extra 7 (bringing the cumulative total to 83.3 per cent) specifically mentioned that they had worked with/for the local gallery, museum and/or local history group. 23 (more than half) had been involved with and/or contributed to a local festival. The question of whether they had “contributed anything else important, helpful or interesting to the community” elicited the following responses: writing a food or wine column for the local paper (3 respondents), delivering TAFE teacher workshops (2 respondents), holding food demonstrations for Rotary and Lions Clubs and school fetes (5 respondents), informing the public about healthy food (3 respondents), educating the public about environmental issues (2 respondents) and working regularly with Meals on Wheels or a similar organisation (6 respondents, or 14.3 per cent). One respondent added his/her work as a volunteer driver for the local ambulance transport service, the only non-food related response to this question. Interestingly, in line with the activity of well-known celebrity chefs, in addition to the 3 chefs/cooks who had written a food or wine column for the local newspaper, 11 respondents (more than a quarter of the sample) had written or contributed to a cookbook or recipe collection. One of these chefs/cooks, moreover, reported that he/she produced a weblog that was “widely read”, and also contributed to international food-related weblogs and websites. In turn, the responses indicated that the (local) communities—including their governing bodies—also offer some support of these chefs and cooks. Many respondents reported they had been featured in, or interviewed and/or photographed for, a range of media. This media comprised the following: the local newspapers (22 respondents, 52.4 per cent), local radio stations (19 respondents, 45.2 per cent), regional television stations (11 respondents, 26.2 per cent) and local websites (8 respondents, 19 per cent). A number had also attracted other media exposure. This was in the local, regional area, especially through local Council publications (31 respondents, 75 per cent), as well as state-wide (2 respondents, 4.8 per cent) and nationally (6 respondents, 14.3 per cent). Two of these local chefs/cooks (or 4.8 per cent) had attracted international media coverage of their activities. It is clear from the above that, in the small area surveyed, rural and regional chefs/cooks make a considerable contribution to their local communities, with all the chefs/cooks who replied making some, and a number a major, contribution to those communities, well beyond the requirements of their paid positions in the field of food preparation and service. The responses tendered indicate that these chefs and cooks contributed regularly to local public events, institutions and charities (with a high rate of contribution to local festivals, school programs and local charitable activities), and were also making an input into public education programs, local cultural institutions, political and social debates of local importance, as well as the profitability of other local businesses. They were also actively supporting not only the future of the food industry as a whole, but also the viability of their local communities, by providing work experience opportunities and taking on local apprentices for training and mentorship. Much more than merely food providers, as a group, these chefs and cooks were, it appears, also operating as food historians, public intellectuals, teachers, activists and environmentalists. They were, moreover, operating as content producers for local media while, at the same time, acting as media producers and publishers. Conclusion The terms “chef” and “cook” can be diversely defined. All definitions, however, commonly involve a sense of professionalism in food preparation reflecting some specialist knowledge and skill in the culinary arts, as well as various levels of creativity, experience and responsibility. In terms of the specific duties that chefs and professional cooks undertake every day, almost all publications on the subject deal specifically with workplace related activities such as food and other supply ordering, staff management, menu planning and food preparation and serving. This is constant across culinary textbooks (see, for instance, Culinary Institute of America 2002) and more discursive narratives about the professional chef such as the bestselling autobiographical musings of Anthony Bourdain, and Michael Ruhlman’s journalistic/biographical investigations of US chefs (Soul; Reach). An alternative preliminary examination, and categorisation, of the roles these professionals play outside their kitchens reveals, however, a much wider range of community based activities and inputs than such texts suggest. It is without doubt that the chefs and cooks who responded to the survey discussed above have made, and are making, a considerable contribution to their local New England communities. It is also without doubt that these contributions are of considerable value, and valued by, those country communities. Further research will have to consider to what extent these contributions, and the significance and influence of these chefs and cooks in those communities are mirrored, or not, by other country (as well as urban) chefs and cooks, and their communities. Acknowledgements An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engaging Histories: Australian Historical Association Regional Conference, at the University of New England, September 2007. I would like to thank the session’s participants for their insightful comments on that presentation. A sincere thank you, too, to the reviewers of this article, whose suggestions assisted my thinking on this piece. Research to complete this article was carried out whilst a Visiting Fellow with the Research School of Humanities, the Australian National University. References Armidale Tourist Information Centre. Dining Out in Armidale [brochure]. Armidale: Armidale-Dumaresq Council, c. 2006. Baker-Clark, C. A. 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Redden, G. “Packaging the Gifts of Nation.” M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.7 (1999) accessed 10 September 2008 http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/gifts.php. Riley, N. Appetite For Life: The Biography of Julia Child. New York: Doubleday, 1977. Ruhlman, M. The Soul of a Chef. New York: Viking, 2001. Ruhlman, M. The Reach of a Chef. New York: Viking, 2006. Sanger, M. B. Escoffier: Master Chef. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1976. Scott, A. J. “The Cultural Economy of Cities.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 212 (1997) 323–39. Simpson, N. Gordon Ramsay: The Biography. London: John Blake, 2006. Smith, G. Nigella Lawson: A Biography. London: Andre Deutsch, 2005. Symons, M. A History of Cooks and Cooking. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 2004. Tairu, T. “Material Food, Spiritual Quest: When Pleasure Does Not Follow Purchase.” M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.7 (1999) accessed 10 September 2008 http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/pleasure.php. White, R. 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The use of the family home as a setting for television sitcoms (situation comedies) has long been recognised for its ability to provide audiences with an identifiable site of ontological security (much discussed by Giddens, Scannell, Saunders and others). From the beginnings of American sitcoms with such programs as Leave it to Beaver, and through the trail of The Brady Bunch, The Cosby Show, Roseanne, The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, and on to Home Improvement, That 70s Show and How I Met Your Mother, the US has led the way with screenwriters and producers capitalising on the value of using the suburban family dwelling as a fixed setting. The most obvious advantage is the use of an easily constructed and inexpensive set, most often on a TV studio soundstage requiring only a few rooms (living room, kitchen and bedroom are usually enough to set the scene), and a studio audience. In Singapore, sitcoms have had similar successes; portraying the lives of ‘ordinary people’ in their home settings. Some programs have achieved phenomenal success, including an unprecedented ten year run for Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd from 1996-2007, closely followed by Under One Roof (1994-2000 and an encore season in 2002), and Living with Lydia (2001-2005). This article furthers Blunt and Dowling’s exploration of the “critical geography” of home, by providing a focused analysis of home-based sitcoms in the nation-state of Singapore. The use of the home tells us a lot. Roseanne’s cluttered family home represents a lived reality for working-class families throughout the Western world. In Friends, the seemingly wealthy ‘young’ people live in a fashionable apartment building, while Seinfeld’s apartment block is much less salubrious, indicating (in line with the character) the struggle of the humble comedian. Each of these examples tells us something about not just the characters, but quite often about class, race, and contemporary societies. In the Singaporean programs, the home in Under One Roof (hereafter UOR) represents the major form of housing in Singapore, and the program as a whole demonstrates the workability of Singaporean multiculturalism in a large apartment block. Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd (PCK) demonstrates the entrepreneurial abilities of even under-educated Singaporeans, with its lead character, a building contractor, living in a large freestanding dwelling – generally reserved for the well-heeled of Singaporean society. And in Living with Lydia (LWL) (a program which demonstrates Singapore’s capacity for global integration), Hong Kong émigré Lydia is forced to share a house (less ostentatious than PCK’s) with the family of the hapless Billy B. Ong. There is perhaps no more telling cultural event than the sitcom. In the 1970s, The Brady Bunch told us more about American values and habits than any number of news reports or cop shows. A nation’s identity is uncovered; it bares its soul to us through the daily tribulations of its TV households. In Singapore, home-based sitcoms have been one of the major success stories in local television production with each of these three programs collecting multiple prizes at the region-wide Asian Television Awards. These sitcoms have been able to reflect the ideals and values of the Singaporean nation to audiences both at ‘home’ and abroad. This article explores the worlds of UOR, PCK, and LWL, and the ways in which each of the fictional homes represents key features of the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural Singapore. Through ownership and regulation, Singaporean TV programs operate as a firm link between the state and its citizens. These sitcoms follow regular patterns where the ‘man of the house’ is more buffoon than breadwinner – in a country defined by its neo-Confucian morality, sitcoms allow a temporary subversion of patriarchal structures. In this article I argue that the central theme in Singaporean sitcoms is that while home is a personal space, it is also a valuable site for national identities to be played out. These identities are visible in the physical indicators of the exterior and interior living spaces, and the social indicators representing a benign patriarchy and a dominant English language. Structure One of the key features of sitcoms is the structure: cold open – titles – establishing shot – opening scene. Generally the cold opening (aka “the teaser”) takes place inside the home to quickly (re)establish audience familiarity with the location and the characters. The title sequence then features, in the case of LWL and PCK, the characters outside the house (in LWL this is in cartoon format), and in UOR (see Figure 1) it is the communal space of the barbeque area fronting the multi-story HDB (Housing Development Board) apartment blocks. Figure 1: Under One Roof The establishing shot at the end of each title sequence, and when returning from ad breaks, is an external view of the characters’ respective dwellings. In Seinfeld this establishing shot is the New York apartment block, in Roseanne it is the suburban house, and the Singaporean sitcoms follow the same format (see Figure 2). Figure 2: Phua Chu Kang External Visions of the Home This emphasis on exterior buildings reminds the viewer that Singaporean housing is, in many ways, unique. As a city-state (and a young one at that) its spatial constraints are particularly limiting: there simply isn’t room for suburban housing on quarter acre blocks. It rapidly transformed from an “empty rock” to a scattered Malay settlement of bay and riverside kampongs (villages) recognisable by its stilt houses. Then in the shadow of colonialism and the rise of modernity, the kampongs were replaced in many cases by European-inspired terrace houses. Finally, in the post-colonial era high-rise housing began to swell through the territory, creating what came to be known as the “HDB new town”, with some 90% of the population now said to reside in HDB units, and many others living in private high-rises (Chang 102, 104). Exterior shots used in UOR (see Figure 3) consistently emphasise the distinctive HDB blocks. As with the kampong housing, high-rise apartments continue notions of communal living in that “Living below, above and side by side other people requires tolerance of neighbours and a respect towards the environment of the housing estate for the good of all” (104). The provision of readily accessible public housing was part of the “covenant between the newly enfranchised electorate and the elected government” (Chua 47). Figure 3: Establishing shot from UOR In UOR, we see the constant interruption of the lives of the Tan family by their multi-ethnic neighbours. This occurs to such an extent as to be a part of the normal daily flow of life in Singaporean society. Chang argues that despite the normally interventionist activities of the state, it is the “self-enforcing norms” of behaviour that have worked in maintaining a “peaceable society in high-rise housing” (104). This communitarian attitude even extends to the large gated residence of PCK, home to an almost endless stream of relatives and friends. The gate itself seems to perform no restrictive function. But such a “peaceable society” can also be said to be a result of state planning which extends to the “racial majoritarianism” imposed on HDB units in the form of quotas determining “the actual number of households of each of the three major races [Chinese, Malay and Indian] … to be accommodated in a block of flats” (Chua 55). Issues of race are important in Singapore where “the inscription of media imagery bears the cultural discourse and materiality of the social milieu” (Wong 120) perhaps nowhere more graphically illustrated than in the segregation of TV channels along linguistic / cultural lines. These 3 programs all featured on MediaCorp TV’s predominantly English-language Channel 5 and are, in the words of Roland Barthes, “anchored” by dint of their use of English. Home Will Eat Itself The consumption of home-based sitcoms by audiences in their own living-rooms creates a somewhat self-parodying environment. As John Ellis once noted, it is difficult to escape from the notion that “TV is a profoundly domestic phenomenon” (113) in that it constantly attempts to “include the audiences own conception of themselves into the texture of its programmes” (115). In each of the three Singaporean programs living-rooms are designed to seat characters in front of a centrally located TV set – at most all the audience sees is the back of the TV, and generally only when the TV is incorporated into a storyline, as in the case of PCK in Figure 4 (note the TV set in the foreground). Figure 4: PCK Even in this episode of PCK when the lead characters stumble across a pornographic video starring one of the other lead characters, the viewer only hears the program. Perhaps the most realistic (and acerbic) view of how TV reorganises our lives – both spatially in the physical layout of our homes, and temporally in the way we construct our viewing habits (eating dinner or doing the housework while watching the screen) – is the British “black comedy”, The Royle Family. David Morley (443) notes that “TV and other media have adapted themselves to the circumstances of domestic consumption while the domestic arena itself has been simultaneously redefined to accommodate their requirements”. Morley refers to The Royle Family’s narrative that rests on the idea that “for many people, family life and watching TV have become indistinguishable to the extent that, in this fictional household, it is almost entirely conducted from the sitting positions of the viewers clustered around the set” (436). While TV is a central fixture in most sitcoms, its use is mostly as a peripheral thematic device with characters having their viewing interrupted by the arrival of another character, or by a major (within the realms of the plot) event. There is little to suggest that “television schedules have instigated a significant restructuring of family routines” as shown in Livingstone’s audience-based study of UK viewers (104). In the world of the sitcom, the temporalities of characters’ lives do not need to accurately reflect that of “real life” – or if they do, things quickly descend to the bleakness exemplified by the sedentary Royles. As Scannell notes, “broadcast output, like daily life, is largely uneventful, and both are punctuated (predictably and unpredictably) by eventful occasions” (4). To show sitcom characters in this static, passive environment would be anathema to the “real” viewer, who would quickly lose interest. This is not to suggest that sitcoms are totally benign though as with all genres they are “the outcome of social practices, received procedures that become objectified in the narratives of television, then modified in the interpretive act of viewing” (Taylor 14). In other words, they feature a contextualisation that is readily identifiable to members of an established society. However, within episodes themselves, it as though time stands still – character development is almost non-existent, or extremely slow at best and we see each episode has “flattened past and future into an eternal present in which parents love and respect one another, and their children forever” (Taylor 16). It takes some six seasons before the character of PCK becomes a father, although in previous seasons he acts as a mentor to his nephew, Aloysius. Contained in each episode, in true sitcom style, are particular “narrative lines” in which “one-liners and little comic situations [are] strung on a minimal plot line” containing a minor problem “the solution to which will take 22 minutes and pull us gently through the sequence of events toward a conclusion” (Budd et al. 111). It is important to note that the sitcom genre does not work in every culture, as each locale renders the sitcom with “different cultural meanings” (Nielsen 95). Writing of the failure of the Danish series Three Whores and a Pickpocket (with a premise like that, how could it fail?), Nielsen (112) attributes its failure to the mixing of “kitchen sink realism” with “moments of absurdity” and “psychological drama with expressionistic camera work”, moving it well beyond the strict mode of address required by the genre. In Australia, soap operas Home and Away and Neighbours have been infinitely more popular than our attempts at sitcoms – which had a brief heyday in the 1980s with Hey Dad..!, Kingswood Country and Mother and Son – although Kath and Kim (not studio-based) could almost be counted. Lichter et al. (11) state that “television entertainment can be ‘political’ even when it does not deal with the stuff of daily headlines or partisan controversy. Its latent politics lie in the unavoidable portrayal of individuals, groups, and institutions as a backdrop to any story that occupies the foreground”. They state that US television of the 1960s was dominated by the “idiot sitcom” and that “To appreciate these comedies you had to believe that social conventions were so ironclad they could not tolerate variations. The scripts assumed that any minute violation of social conventions would lead to a crisis that could be played for comic results” (15). Series like Happy Days “harked back to earlier days when problems were trivial and personal, isolated from the concerns of a larger world” (17). By the late 1980s, Roseanne and Married…With Children had “spawned an antifamily-sitcom format that used sarcasm, cynicism, and real life problems to create a type of in-your-face comedy heretofore unseen on prime time” (20). This is markedly different from the type of values presented in Singaporean sitcoms – where filial piety and an unrelenting faith in the family unit is sacrosanct. In this way, Singaporean sitcoms mirror the ideals of earlier US sitcoms which idealise the “egalitarian family in which parental wisdom lies in appeals to reason and fairness rather than demands for obedience” (Lichter et al. 406). Dahlgren notes that we are the products of “an ongoing process of the shaping and reshaping of identity, in response to the pluralised sets of social forces, cultural currents and personal contexts encountered by individuals” where we end up with “composite identities” (318). Such composite identities make the presentation (or re-presentation) of race problematic for producers of mainstream television. Wong argues that “Within the context of PAP hegemony, media presentation of racial differences are manufactured by invoking and resorting to traditional values, customs and practices serving as symbols and content” (118). All of this is bound within a classificatory system in which each citizen’s identity card is inscribed as Chinese, Malay, Indian or Other (often referred to as CMIO), and a broader social discourse in which “the Chinese are linked to familial values of filial piety and the practice of extended family, the Malays to Islam and rural agricultural activities, and the Indians to the caste system” (Wong 118). However, these sitcoms avoid directly addressing the issue of race, preferring to accentuate cultural differences instead. In UOR the tables are turned when a none-too-subtle dig at the crude nature of mainland Chinese (with gags about the state of public toilets), is soon turned into a more reverential view of Chinese culture and business acumen. Internal Visions of the Home This reverence for Chinese culture is also enacted visually. The loungeroom settings of these three sitcoms all provide examples of the fashioning of the nation through a “ubiquitous semi-visibility” (Noble 59). Not only are the central characters in each of these sitcoms constructed as ethnically Chinese, but the furnishings provide a visible nod to Chinese design in the lacquered screens, chairs and settees of LWL (see Figure 5.1), in the highly visible pair of black inlaid mother-of-pearl wall hangings of UOR (see Figure 5.2) and in the Chinese statuettes and wall-hangings found in the PCK home. Each of these items appears in the central view of the shows most used setting, the lounge/family room. There is often symmetry involved as well; the balanced pearl hangings of UOR are mirrored in a set of silk prints in LWL and the pair of ceramic Chinese lions in PCK. Figure 5.1: LWL Figure 5.2: UOR Thus, all three sitcoms feature design elements that reflect visible links to Chinese culture and sentiments, firmly locating the sitcoms “in Asia”, and providing a sense of the nation. The sets form an important role in constructing a realist environment, one in which “identification with realist narration involves a temporary merger of at least some of the viewer’s identity with the position offered by the text” (Budd et al. 110). These constant silent reminders of the Chinese-based hegemon – the cultural “majoritarianism” – anchors the sitcoms to a determined concept of the nation-state, and reinforces the “imaginative geographies of home” (Blunt and Dowling 247). The Foolish “Father” Figure in a Patriarchal Society But notions of a dominant Chinese culture are dealt with in a variety of ways in these sitcoms – not the least in a playful attitude toward patriarchal figures. In UOR, the Tan family “patriarch” is played by Moses Lim, in PCK, Gurmit Singh plays Phua and in LWL Samuel Chong plays Billy B. Ong (or, as Lydia mistakenly refers to him Billy Bong). Erica Sharrer makes the claim that class is a factor in presenting the father figure as buffoon, and that US sitcoms feature working class families in which “the father is made to look inept, silly, or incompetent have become more frequent” partly in response to changing societal structures where “women are shouldering increasing amounts of financial responsibility in the home” (27). Certainly in the three series looked at here, PCK (the tradesman) is presented as the most derided character in his role as head of the household. Moses Lim’s avuncular Tan Ah Teck is presented mostly as lovably foolish, even when reciting his long-winded moral tales at the conclusion of each episode, and Billy B. Ong, as a middle-class businessman, is presented more as a victim of circumstance than as a fool. Sharrer ponders whether “sharing the burden of bread-winning may be associated with fathers perceiving they are losing advantages to which they were traditionally entitled” (35). But is this really a case of males losing the upper hand? Hanke argues that men are commonly portrayed as the target of humour in sitcoms, but only when they “are represented as absurdly incongruous” to the point that “this discursive strategy recuperates patriarchal notions” (90). The other side of the coin is that while the “dominant discursive code of patriarchy might be undone” (but isn’t), “the sitcom’s strategy for containing women as ‘wives’ and ‘mothers’ is always contradictory and open to alternative readings” (Hanke 77). In Singapore’s case though, we often return to images of the women in the kitchen, folding the washing or agonising over the work/family dilemma, part of what Blunt and Dowling refer to as the “reproduction of patriarchal and heterosexist relations” often found in representations of “the ideal’ suburban home” (29). Eradicating Singlish One final aspect of these sitcoms is the use of language. PM Lee Hsien Loong once said that he had no interest in “micromanaging” the lives of Singaporeans (2004). Yet his two predecessors (PM Goh and PM Lee Senior) both reflected desires to do so by openly criticising the influence of Phua Chu Kang’s liberal use of colloquial phrases and phrasing. While the use of Singlish (or Singapore Colloquial English / SCE) in these sitcoms is partly a reflection of everyday life in Singapore, by taking steps to eradicate it through the Speak Good English movement, the government offers an intrusion into the private home-space of Singaporeans (Ho 17). Authorities fear that increased use of Singlish will damage the nation’s ability to communicate on a global basis, withdrawing to a locally circumscribed “pidgin English” (Rubdy 345). Indeed, the use of Singlish in UOR is deliberately underplayed in order to capitalise on overseas sales of the show (which aired, for example, on Australia’s SBS television) (Srilal). While many others have debated the Singlish issue, my concern is with its use in the home environment as representative of Singaporean lifestyles. As novelist Hwee Hwee Tan (2000) notes: Singlish is crude precisely because it’s rooted in Singapore’s unglamorous past. This is a nation built from the sweat of uncultured immigrants who arrived 100 years ago to bust their asses in the boisterous port. Our language grew out of the hardships of these ancestors. Singlish thus offers users the opportunity to “show solidarity, comradeship and intimacy (despite differences in background)” and against the state’s determined efforts to adopt the language of its colonizer (Ho 19-20). For this reason, PCK’s use of Singlish iterates a “common man” theme in much the same way as Paul Hogan’s “Ocker” image of previous decades was seen as a unifying feature of mainstream Australian values. That the fictional PCK character was eventually “forced” to take “English” lessons (a storyline rapidly written into the program after the direct criticisms from the various Prime Ministers), is a sign that the state has other ideas about the development of Singaporean society, and what is broadcast en masse into Singaporean homes. Conclusion So what do these home-based sitcoms tell us about Singaporean nationalism? Firstly, within the realms of a multiethnic society, mainstream representations reflect the hegemony present in the social and economic structures of Singapore. Chinese culture is dominant (albeit in an English-speaking environment) and Indian, Malay and Other cultures are secondary. Secondly, the home is a place of ontological security, and partial adornment with cultural ornaments signifying Chinese culture are ever-present as a reminder of the Asianness of the sitcom home, ostensibly reflecting the everyday home of the audience. The concept of home extends beyond the plywood-prop walls of the soundstage though. As Noble points out, “homes articulate domestic spaces to national experience” (54) through the banal nationalism exhibited in “the furniture of everyday life” (55). In a Singaporean context, Velayutham (extending the work of Morley) explores the comforting notion of Singapore as “home” to its citizens and concludes that the “experience of home and belonging amongst Singaporeans is largely framed in the materiality and social modernity of everyday life” (4). Through the use of sitcoms, the state is complicit in creating and recreating the family home as a site for national identities, adhering to dominant modes of culture and language. References Blunt, Alison, and Robyn Dowling. Home. London: Routledge, 2006. Budd, Mike, Steve Craig, and Clay Steinman. Consuming Environments: Television and Commercial Culture. New Jersey: Rutgers UP, 1999. Chang, Sishir. “A High-Rise Vernacular in Singapore’s Housing Development Board Housing.” Berkeley Planning Journal 14 (2000): 97-116. Chua, Beng Huat. “Public Housing Residents as Clients of the State.” Housing Studies 15.1 (2000). Dahlgren, Peter. “Media, Citizenship and Civic Culture”. Mass Media and Society. 3rd ed. Eds. James Curran and Michael Gurevitch. London: Arnold, 2000. 310-328. Ellis, John. Visible Fictions: Cinema, Television, Video. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982. Hanke, Robert. “The ‘Mock-Macho’ Situation Comedy: Hegemonic Masculinity and its Reiteration.” Western Journal of Communication 62.1 (1998). Ho, Debbie G.E. “‘I’m Not West. I’m Not East. So How Leh?’” English Today 87 22.3 (2006). Lee, Hsien Loong. “Our Future of Opportunity and Promise.” National Day Rally 2004 Speech. 29 Apr. 2007 http://www.gov.sg/nd/ND04.htm>. Lichter, S. Robert, Linda S. Lichter, and Stanley Rothman. Prime Time: How TV Portrays American Culture. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1994. Livingstone, Sonia. Young People and New Media: Childhood and the Changing Media Environment. London: Sage, 2002 Morley, David. “What’s ‘Home’ Got to Do with It? Contradictory Dynamics in the Domestication of Technology and the Dislocation of Domesticity.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 6 (2003). Noble, Greg. “Comfortable and Relaxed: Furnishing the Home and Nation.” Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 16.1 (2002). Rubdy, Rani. “Creative Destruction: Singapore’s Speak Good English Movement.” World Englishes 20.3 (2001). Scannell, Paddy. “For a Phenomenology of Radio and Television.” Journal of Communication 45.3 (1995). Scharrer, Erica. “From Wise to Foolish: The Portrayal of the Sitcom Father, 1950s-1990s.” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 45.1 (2001). Srilal, Mohan. “Quick Quick: ‘Singlish’ Is Out in Re-education Campaign.” Asia Times Online (28 Aug. 1999). Tan, Hwee Hwee. “A War of Words over ‘Singlish’: Singapore’s Government Wants Its Citizens to Speak Good English, But They Would Rather Be ‘Talking Cock’.” Time International 160.3 (29 July 2002). Taylor, Ella. “From the Nelsons to the Huxtables: Genre and Family Imagery in American Network Television.” Qualitative Sociology 12.1 (1989). Velayutham, Selvaraj. “Affect, Materiality, and the Gift of Social Life in Singapore.” SOJOURN 19.1 (2004). Wong, Kokkeong. Media and Culture in Singapore: A Theory of Controlled Commodification. New Jersey: Hampton Press, 2001. Images Under One Roof: The Special Appearances. Singapore: Television Corporation of Singapore. VCD. 2000. Living with Lydia (Season 1, Volume 1). Singapore: MediaCorp Studios, Blue Max Enterprise. VCD. 2001. Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd (Season 5, Episode 10). Kuala Lumpur: MediaCorp Studios, Speedy Video Distributors. VCD. 2003. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Pugsley, Peter. "At Home in Singaporean Sitcoms: Under One Roof, Living with Lydia and Phua Chu Kang." M/C Journal 10.4 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0708/09-pugsley.php>. APA Style Pugsley, P. (Aug. 2007) "At Home in Singaporean Sitcoms: Under One Roof, Living with Lydia and Phua Chu Kang," M/C Journal, 10(4). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0708/09-pugsley.php>.

On 19 January 1975, Australia’s first youth station 2JJ (Double Jay) launched itself onto the nation’s airwaves with a NASA-style countdown and You Only Like Me ‘Cause I’m Good in Bed by Australian band Skyhooks. Refused airtime by the commercial stations because of its explicit sexual content, this song was a clear signifier of the new station’s intent—to occupy a more radical territory on Australian radio. Indeed, Double Jay’s musical entrée into the highly restrictive local broadcasting environment of the time has gone on to symbolise both the station’s role in its early days as an enfant terrible of radio (Inglis 376), and its near 40 years as a voice for youth culture in Australia (Milesago, Double Jay). In this paper we explore the proposition that Double Jay functioned as an outlet for youth counterculture in Australia, and that it achieved this even with (and arguably because of) its credentials as a state-generated entity. This proposition is considered via brief analysis of the political and musical context leading to the establishment of Double Jay. We intend to demonstrate that although the station was deeply embedded in “the system” in material and cultural terms, it simultaneously existed in an “uneasy symbiosis” (Martin and Siehl 54) with this system because it consciously railed against the mainstream cultures from which it drew, providing a public and active vehicle for youth counterculture in Australia. The origins of Double Jay thus provide one example of the complicated relationship between culture and counterculture, and the multiple ways in which the two are inextricably linked. As a publicly-funded broadcasting station Double Jay was liberated from the industrial imperatives of Australia’s commercial stations which arguably drove their predisposition for formula. The absence of profit motive gave Double Jay’s organisers greater room to experiment with format and content, and thus the potential to create a genuine alternative in Australia broadcasting. As a youth station Double Jay was created to provide a minority with its own outlet. The Labor government committed to wrenching airspace from the very restrictive Australian broadcasting “system” (Wiltshire and Stokes 2) to provide minority voices with room to speak and to be heard. Youth was identified by the government as one such minority. The Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) contributed to this process by enabling young staffers to establish the semi-independent Contemporary Radio Unit (CRU) (Webb) and within this a youth station. Not only did this provide a focal point around which a youth collective could coalesce, but the distinct place and identity of Double Jay within the ABC offered its organisers the opportunity to ignore or indeed subvert some of the perceived strictures of the “mothership” that was the ABC, whether in organisational, content and/or stylistic terms. For these and other reasons Double Jay was arguably well positioned to counter the broadcasting cultures that existed alongside this station. It did so stylistically, and also in more fundamental ways, At the same time, however, it “pillaged the host body at random” (Webb) co-opting certain aspects of these cultures (people, scheduling, content, administration) which in turn implicated Double Jay in the material and cultural practices of those mainstream cultures against which it railed. Counterculture on the Airwaves: Space for Youth to Play? Before exploring these themes further, we should make clear that Double Jay’s legitimacy as a “counterculture” organisation is observably tenuous against the more extreme renderings of the concept. Theodore Roszak, for example, requires of counterculture something “so radically disaffiliated from the mainstream assumptions of our society that it scarcely looks to many as a culture at all” (5). Double Jay was a brainchild of the state: an outcome of the Whitlam Government’s efforts to open up the nation’s airwaves (Davis, Government; McClelland). Further, the supervision of this station was given to the publicly funded Australian national broadcaster, the ABC (Inglis). Any claim Double Jay has to counterculture status then is arguably located in less radical invocations of the term. Some definitions, for example, hold that counterculture contains value systems that run counter to culture, but these values are relational rather than divorced from each other. Kenneth Leech, for example, states that counterculture is "a way of life and philosophy which at central points is in conflict with the mainstream society” (Desmond et al. 245, our emphasis); E.D. Batzell defines counterculture as "a minority culture marked by a set of values, norms and behaviour patterns which contradict those of the dominant society" (116, our emphasis). Both definitions imply that counterculture requires the mainstream to make sense of what it is doing and why. In simple terms then, counterculture as the ‘other’ does not exist without its mainstream counterpoint. The particular values with which counterculture is in conflict are generated by “the system” (Heath and Potter 6)—a system that imbues “manufactured needs and mass-produced desires” (Frank 15) in the masses to encourage order, conformity and consumption. Counterculture seeks to challenge this “system” via individualist, expression-oriented values such as difference, diversity, change, egalitarianism, and spontaneity (Davis On Youth; Leary; Thompson and Coskuner‐Balli). It is these kinds of counterculture values that we demonstrate were embedded in the content, style and management practices within Double Jay. The Whitlam Years and the Birth of Double Jay Double Jay was borne of the Whitlam government’s brief but impactful period in office from 1972 to 1975, after 23 years of conservative government in Australia. Key to the Labor Party’s election platform was the principle of participatory democracy, the purpose of which was “breaking down apathy and maximising active citizen engagement” (Cunningham 123). Within this framework, the Labor Party committed to opening the airwaves, and reconfiguring the rhetoric of communication and media as a space of and for the people (Department of the Media 3). Labor planned to honour this commitment via sweeping reforms that would counter the heavily concentrated Australian media landscape through “the encouragement of diversification of ownership of commercial radio and television”—and in doing so enable “the expression of a plurality of viewpoints and cultures throughout the media” (Department of the Media 3). Minority groups in particular were to be privileged, while some in the Party even argued for voices that would actively agitate. Senator Jim McClelland, for one, declared, “We say that somewhere in the system there must be broadcasting which not only must not be afraid to be controversial but has a duty to be controversial” (Senate Standing Committee 4). One clear voice of controversy to emerge in the 1960s and resonate throughout the 1970s was the voice of youth (Gerster and Bassett; Langley). Indeed, counterculture is considered by some as synonymous with a particular strain of youth culture during this time (Roszak; Leech). The Labor Government acknowledged this hitherto unrecognised voice in its 1972 platform, with Minister for the Media Senator Doug McClelland claiming that his party would encourage the “whetting of the appetite” for “life and experimentation” of Australia’s youth – in particular through support for the arts (160). McClelland secured licenses for two “experimental-type” stations under the auspices of the ABC, with the youth station destined for Sydney via the ABC’s standby transmitter in Gore Hill (ABCB, 2). Just as the political context in early 1970s Australia provided the necessary conditions for the appearance of Double Jay, so too did the cultural context. Counterculture emerged in the UK, USA and Europe as a clear and potent force in the late 1960s (Roszak; Leech; Frank; Braunstein and Doyle). In Australia this manifested in the 1960s and 1970s in various ways, including political protest (Langley; Horne); battles for the liberalisation of censorship (Hope and Dickerson, Liberalisation; Chipp and Larkin); sex and drugs (Dawson); and the art film scene (Hope and Dickerson, Happiness; Thoms). Of particular interest here is the “lifestyle” aspect of counterculture, within which the value-expressions against the dominant culture manifest in cultural products and practices (Bloodworth 304; Leary ix), and more specifically, music. Many authors have suggested that music was pivotal to counterculture (Bloodworth 309; Leech 8), a key “social force” through which the values of counterculture were articulated (Whiteley 1). The youth music broadcasting scene in Australia was extremely narrow prior to Double Jay, monopolised by a handful of media proprietors who maintained a stranglehold over the youth music scene from the mid-50s. This dominance was in part fuelled by the rising profitability of pop music, driven by “the dreamy teenage market”, whose spending was purely discretionary (Doherty 52) and whose underdeveloped tastes made them “immune to any sophisticated disdain of run-of-the-mill” cultural products (Doherty 230-231). Over the course of the 1950s the commercial stations pursued this market by “skewing” their programs toward the youth demographic (Griffen-Foley 264). The growing popularity of pop music saw radio shift from a “multidimensional” to “mono-dimensional” medium according to rock journalist Bruce Elder, in which the “lowest-common-denominator formula of pop song-chat-commercial-pop-song” dominated the commercial music stations (12). Emblematic of this mono-dimensionalism was the appearance of the Top 40 Playlist in 1958 (Griffin-Foley 265), which might see as few as 10–15 songs in rotation in peak shifts. Elder claims that this trend became more pronounced over the course of the 1960s and peaked in 1970, with playlists that were controlled with almost mechanical precision [and] compiled according to American-devised market research methods which tended to reinforce repetition and familiarity at the expense of novelty and diversity. (12) Colin Vercoe, whose job was to sell the music catalogues of Festival Records to stations like 2UE, 2SER and SUW, says it was “an incredibly frustrating affair” to market new releases because of the rigid attachment by commercials to the “Top 40 of endless repeats” (Vercoe). While some air time was given to youth music beyond the Top 40, this happened mostly in non-peak shifts and on weekends. Bill Drake at 2SM (who was poached by Double Jay and allowed to reclaim his real name, Holger Brockmann) played non-Top 40 music in his Sunday afternoon programme The Album Show (Brockmann). A more notable exception was Chris Winter’s Room to Move on the ABC, considered by many as the predecessor of Double Jay. Introduced in 1971, Room to Move played all forms of contemporary music not represented by the commercial broadcasters, including whole albums and B sides. Rock music’s isolation to the fringes was exacerbated by the lack of musical sales outlets for rock and other forms of non-pop music, with much music sourced through catalogues, music magazines and word of mouth (Winter; Walker). In this context a small number of independent record stores, like Anthem Records in Sydney and Archie and Jugheads in Melbourne, appear in the early 1970s. Vercoe claims that the commercial record companies relentlessly pursued the closure of these independents on the grounds they were illegal entities: The record companies hated them and they did everything they could do close them down. When (the companies) bought the catalogue to overseas music, they bought the rights. And they thought these record stores were impinging on their rights. It was clear that a niche market existed for rock and alternative forms of music. Keith Glass and David Pepperell from Archie and Jugheads realised this when stock sold out in the first week of trade. Pepperell notes, “We had some feeling we were doing something new relating to people our own age but little idea of the forces we were about to unleash”. Challenging the “System” from the Inside At the same time as interested individuals clamoured to buy from independent record stores, the nation’s first youth radio station was being instituted within the ABC. In October 1974, three young staffers—Marius Webb, Ron Moss and Chris Winter— with the requisite youth credentials were briefed by ABC executives to build a youth-style station for launch in January 1975. According to Winter “All they said was 'We want you to set up a station for young people' and that was it!”, leaving the three with a conceptual carte blanche–although assumedly within the working parameters of the ABC (Webb). A Contemporary Radio Unit (CRU) was formed in order to meet the requirements of the ABC while also creating a clear distinction between the youth station and the ABC. According to Webb “the CRU gave us a lot of latitude […] we didn’t have to go to other ABC Departments to do things”. The CRU was conscious from the outset of positioning itself against the mainstream practices of both the commercial stations and the ABC. The publicly funded status of Double Jay freed it from the shackles of profit motive that enslaved the commercial stations, in turn liberating its turntables from baser capitalist imperatives. The two coordinators Ron Moss and Marius Webb also bypassed the conventions of typecasting the announcer line-up (as was practice in both commercial and ABC radio), seeking instead people with charisma, individual style and youth appeal. Webb told the Sydney Morning Herald that Double Jay’s announcers were “not required to have a frontal lobotomy before they go on air.” In line with the individual- and expression-oriented character of the counterculture lifestyle, it was made clear that “real people” with “individuality and personality” would fill the airwaves of Double Jay (Nicklin 9). The only formula to which the station held was to avoid (almost) all formula – a mantra enhanced by the purchase in the station’s early days of thousands of albums and singles from 10 or so years of back catalogues (Robinson). This library provided presenters with the capacity to circumvent any need for repetition. According to Winter the DJs “just played whatever we wanted”, from B sides to whole albums of music, most of which had never made it onto Australian radio. The station also adapted the ABC tradition of recording live classical music, but instead recorded open-air rock concerts and pub gigs. A recording van built from second-hand ABC equipment captured the grit of Sydney’s live music scene for Double Jay, and in so doing undercut the polished sounds of its commercial counterparts (Walker). Double Jay’s counterculture tendencies further extended to its management style. The station’s more political agitators, led by Webb, sought to subvert the traditional top-down organisational model in favour of a more egalitarian one, including a battle with the ABC to remove the bureaucratic distinction between technical staff and presenters and replace this with the single category “producer/presenter” (Cheney, Webb, Davis 41). The coordinators also actively subverted their own positions as coordinators by holding leaderless meetings open to all Double Jay employees – meetings that were infamously long and fraught, but also remembered as symbolic of the station’s vibe at that time (Frolows, Matchett). While Double Jay assumed the ABC’s focus on music, news and comedy, at times it politicised the content contra to the ABC’s non-partisan policy, ignored ABC policy and practice, and more frequently pushed its contents over the edges of what was considered propriety and taste. These trends were already present in pockets of the ABC prior to Double Jay: in current affairs programmes like This Day Tonight and Four Corners (Harding 49); and in overtly leftist figures like Alan Ashbolt (Bowman), who it should be noted had a profound influence over Webb and other Double Jay staff (Webb). However, such an approach to radio still remained on the edges of the ABC. As one example of Double Jay’s singularity, Webb made clear that the ABC’s “gentleman’s agreement” with the Federation of Australian Commercial Broadcasters to ban certain content from airplay would not apply to Double Jay because the station would not “impose any censorship on our people” – a fact demonstrated by the station’s launch song (Nicklin 9). The station’s “people” in turn made the most of this freedom with the production of programmes like Gayle Austin’s Horny Radio Porn Show, the Naked Vicar Show, the adventures of Colonel Chuck Chunder of the Space Patrol, and the Sunday afternoon comic improvisations of Nude Radio from the team that made Aunty Jack. This openness also made its way into the news team, most famously in its second month on air with the production of The Ins and Outs of Love, a candid documentary of the sexual proclivities and encounters of Sydney’s youth. Conservative ABC staffer Clement Semmler described the programme as containing such “disgustingly explicit accounts of the sexual behaviour of young teenagers” that it “aroused almost universal obloquy from listeners and the press” (35). The playlist, announcers, comedy sketches, news reporting and management style of Double Jay represented direct challenges to the entrenched media culture of Australia in the mid 1970s. The Australian National Commission for UNESCO noted at the time that Double Jay was “variously described as political, subversive, offensive, pornographic, radical, revolutionary and obscene” (7). While these terms were understandable given the station’s commitment to experiment and innovation, the “vital point” about Double Jay was that it “transmitted an electronic reflection of change”: What the station did was to zero in on the kind of questioning of traditional values now inherent in a significant section of the under 30s population. It played their music, talked in their jargon, pandered to their whims, tastes, prejudices and societal conflicts both intrinsic and extrinsic. (48) Conclusion From the outset, Double Jay was locked in an “uneasy symbiosis” with mainstream culture. On the one hand, the station was established by federal government and its infrastructure was provided by state funds. It also drew on elements of mainstream broadcasting in multiple ways. However, at the same time, it was a voice for and active agent of counterculture, representing through its content, form and style those values that were considered to challenge the ‘system,’ in turn creating an outlet for the expression of hitherto un-broadcast “ways of thinking and being” (Leary). As Henry Rosenbloom, press secretary to then Labor Minister Dr Moss Cass wrote, Double Jay had the potential to free its audience “from an automatic acceptance of the artificial rhythms of urban and suburban life. 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