Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'B-Chromosom'

Orientador: Cesar Martins
Abstract: One of the biggest challenges in chromosome biology is to understand the occurrence and complex genetics of extra, non-essential karyotype elements, commonly known as supernumerary B chromosomes (Bs). Bs are present in diverse species of eukaryotes and their molecular characterization remains elusive for years. A distinguished feature that makes them different from the normal chromosomes (called A chromosomes) is their way of inheritance in irregular fashion. Over the last decades, their genetic composition, function and evolution have remained an unresolved query, although a few successful attempts have been made to address these phenomena. The non-Mendelian inheritance and unpairing/non-recombining abilities make the B chromosomes immensely interesting for genomics studies, thus arising different questions about their genetic composition, survival, maintenance and role inside the cell. This study aims to uncover these phenomena in different species. Here, we sequenced the genomes of three model organisms including fish species Astyanax mexicanus and Astyanax correntinus, and grasshopper Abracris flavolineata with (B+) and without Bs (B-) to identify the B-localized sequences, called B chromosome blocks (“B-blocks”). We established approaches for this analysis that comprised of steps such as comparative genomics analysis and annotation of B chromosomal genes and DNA repeat types. The next generation sequencing (NGS) analyses identified thousands of genes fragments as well as... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Nos últimos anos, alguns estudos de mapeamento cromossômico foram realizados em gafanhotos do grupo Acridomorpha, preferencialmente através do uso de sondas de sequências repetitivas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos aspectos cromossômicos evolutivos em gafanhotos acridomorfos e da diversidade genética de Ommexecha virens. Os genes de cópia única Hsp83, Hsp70, Hsp27, Ubi, Lys foram localizados nos cromossomos meióticos de Ommexecha virens, Xyleus discoideus angulatus, Tropidacris collaris e Stiphra robusta e Lys em Schistocerca pallens através de Hibridização in situ permanente (PISH). Sequências repetitivas de rDNA 45S, rDNA 5S e Histona H3 foram localizadas em O virens através de Hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH). Em O. virens também foi analisado o cromossomo B por técnicas convencionais, diferenciais e moleculares, bem como a estrutura genética de oito populações naturais (seis de Pernambuco, uma da Bahia e uma do Ceará) do Nordeste brasileiro com o marcador ISSR (regiões entre sequências de repetições simples). Os genes de cópia única apresentaram um padrão conservado de localização em pares cromossômicos grandes, preferencialmente o L1, exceto para Hsp70 e Ubi, localizados no L2. Sinais secundários foram observados em cromossomos médios. A conservação apresentada deve-se a ausência ou pequena ocorrência de rearranjos nos cromossomos destes cariótipos, o que reduz o risco de eventos deletérios, bem como pela localização coincidente com regiões ricas em heterocromatina constitutiva. A conservação da localização destes genes indicou os cromossomos portadores dos locus gênicos ancestrais para os genes mapeados. O estudo do cromossomo B em O. virens revelou similaridade de tamanho e marcação CMA3 positiva com o cromossomo 9, sugerindo a possível origem deste cromossomo. Contudo, a presença de sítios de rDNA 45S e Histona H3 no cromossomo 9 e ausência no B, provavelmente pela deleção dessas sequências neste cromossomo, não permitem descartar a possibilidade do B ter se originado de outro cromossomo. A análise genética populacional em O. virens mostrou três cluster, os quais exibiram relação com aspectos da biologia da espécie, a paisagem dos ambientes amostrados e com as modificações geológicas ocorridas no Nordeste brasileiro, em particular a formação do complexo da Borborema e a Chapada do Araripe.
In recent years, some chromosomal mapping studies were performed in Acridomorpha group grasshoppers, preferably through the use of repetitive sequence probes. In this work in order to contribute to a better understanding of evolutionary chromosomal aspects of acridomorphs and genetic diversity of Ommexecha virens. The single copy genes Hsp83, Hsp70, Hsp27, Ubi, Lys were located in meiotic chromosomes of Ommexecha virens, Xyleus discoideus angulatus, Tropidacris collaris and Stiphra robusta, and Lys in Schistocerca pallens through permanent situ hybridization (PISH). Repetitive sequences of 45S rDNA, 5S rDNA and H3 histone were located in the O. virens via fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In O. virens was also analyzed the B chromosome by conventional, differential and molecular techniques and genetic structure of eight natural populations (six of Pernambuco, one of Bahia and one of Ceará) of the Northeast of Brazil with ISSR marker (inter simple sequence repeat). Single copy genes showed a conserved pattern of location in large chromosomal pairs, preferably L1, except for Hsp70 and Ubi, located in L2. Secondary signals were observed on medium chromosomes. The presented conservation due to absence or occurrence of small rearrangements in these karyotypes, which reduces the risk of deleterious events as well as for matching location with regions rich in heterochromatin. The conservation of the location of these genes indicated the chromosomes carrying the genic locus ancestors to the mapped genes. The study of B chromosome of O. virens revealed similarity in size and CMA3 positive marking to chromosome 9, suggesting the possible origin of this chromosome. However, the presence of 45S rDNA sites and H3 histone on chromosome 9 and the absence on B, probably due to deletion of these sequences in this chromosome, do not allow to rule out the possibility of B have originated from another chromosome. Population genetic analysis O. virens showed three clusters, which exhibited relationship with aspects of the biology of the species, the landscape of the study sites and the geological changes occurred in northeastern of Brazil, in particular the formation of the Borborema and Araripe plateaus.

Estudos de citogenética comparativa são rotineiramente desenvolvidos a partir da comparação dos padrões de bandamentos cromossômicos. Contudo, quando se trata de espécies que apresentam genomas altamente rearranjados, como no caso das espécies de Akodon, ou que são muito divergentes, a comparação de cromossomos por padrões de bandas torna-se inadequada. Como consequência, a pintura cromossômica tem se tornado o método de escolha assertivo, já que permite comparação genômica no nível citogenético. Nessa tecnologia sondas de um cromossomo inteiro de uma determinada espécie são hibridadas in situ em cromossomos de outra espécie, detectando as regiões homólogas entre os genomas. No presente estudo comparamos os cariótipos altamente diferenciados de algumas espécies de Akodon por meio de pintura cromossômica recíproca com uso de sondas espécie-específicas, obtidas a partir de cromossomos separados por citometria de fluxo. Os resultados revelaram homologia completa entre os complementos de Akodon sp. n. (ASP), 2n=10, A. cursor (ACU), 2n=15, A. montensis (AMO), 2n=24 e A. paranaensis (APA), 2n=44 e evidenciaram com precisão muitos rearranjos cromossômicos entre os complementos das espécies. Rearranjos Robertsonianos e em tandem, inversões pericêntricas e/ou reposicionamento de centrômero, inversão paracêntrica, translocações, inserções e existência de sítios frágeis nos complementos foram observados. A pintura cromossômica empregando o conjunto de sondas de APA para 21 autossomos mais cromossomos X e Y evidenciou oito segmentos sintênicos compartilhados entre A. montensis, A. cursor e Akodon sp. n., cinco associações exclusivas para A. cursor e seis para Akodon sp. n. Foi também detectada homologia completa dos cromossomos X, com exceção da região heterocromática de ASP X, e até mesmo dos cromossomos Y que geralmente não apresenta sinal hibridação entre diferentes espécies de mamíferos. Esses dados indicam que essas espécies intimamente relacionadas passaram por um processo recente de intensa diferenciação autossômica, no qual se conservou a homologia total, por exceção de Akodon sp. n., entre os cromossomos sexuais. Pertencente a tribo Akodontini, Deltamys Thomas 1917 é um táxon pouco estudado e que é raramente capturado. Utilizando-se de caracteres morfológicos ou genéticos, alguns autores consideram Deltamys como um gênero pleno enquanto outros acreditaram que esse devesse ser referido como subgênero ou sinônimo de Akodon. A única espécie formalmente descrita é Deltamys kempi que apresenta cariótipo básico com 2n=37 nos machos e 2n=38 nas fêmeas, NF=38, com sistema de determinação de sexo do tipo X1X1X2X2: X1X2Y. Uma característica citogenética que distingue Deltamys de Akodon é a presença de um pequeno par metacêntrico marcador em Akodon. Um cariótipo com 2n=40 e NF=40; XX: XY foi relacionado ao gênero Akodon porém, como em Deltamys kempi , esse complemento não apresenta o pequeno par metacêntrico. As análises filogenéticas de máxima parcimônia e máxima verossimilhança baseadas em sequências do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b evidenciaram o monofiletismo dos espécimens de Akodon sp. 2n=40, e o monofiletismo de Deltamys kempi. Além disso, revelaram que Akodon sp. é grupo irmão de Deltamys kempi, estando mais relacionado a este último gênero do que às demais espécies de Akodon, sugerindo a inclusão dos espécimens portadores do cariótipo com 2n=40 em Deltamys. Dessa forma, o gênero Deltamys se mostrou mais diverso do que até então se tinha conhecimento, agrupando duas linhagens: Deltamys kempi , 2n=37-38 ; X1X1X2X2: X1X2Y e Deltamys sp. 2n=40, XX: XY, que apresentam entre sí uma marcante divergência genética que chega a 12, 1%. Um cariótipo com 2n=50, NF=48 foi descrito para espécimes de Thaptomys Thomas,1916, coletados em Una, estado da Bahia, Brasil, que são indistinguíveis morfologicamente dos Thaptomys nigrita que apresentam 2n=52, NF=52, encontrados em outras localidades brasileiras. Foi então proposto que esse novo cariótipo com 2n=50 pertencesse a uma espécie críptica de Thaptomys nigrita, uma vez que os rearranjos cromossômicos observados somados a distância geográfica pode representar uma barreira reprodutiva entre as duas formas. Com o intuito de se estabelecer as relações entre indivíduos de Thaptomys com os dois números diplóides, análises filogenéticas moleculares foram realizadas com o uso de dezoito sequências do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b provenientes de espécimes cariotipados coletados ao longo da distribuição geográfica do gênero. Dois clados principais, Nordeste (A) que agrupa espécimens com 2n=50 e Sudeste (B) que agrupa espécimes com 2n=52, foram recuperados por análises de máxima parcimônia e máxima verossimilhança. As relações filogenéticas intra-genéricas corroboram os distintos números diplóides, e mostram os cariótipos com 2n=50 e 2n=52 como clados irmãos entre si separados pela cladogênese basal de Thaptomys . No presente trabalho são apresentados estudos de filogenia molecular e citogenética para o gênero monotípico de roedor fossorial Blarinomys Thomas 1896. Foram realizadas análises de máxima parcimônia e máxima verossimilhança com base em sequências do gene mitocondrial citocromo b , para amostra de 11 exemplares de B. breviceps provenientes de nove localidades de quatro estados do território brasileiro. Todas as topologias recuperaram duas linhagens principais: um clado Nordeste (A) e outro Sudeste. O clado sudeste agrupou dois clados irmãos, B e C. A divergência de sequência entre os indivíduos variou de: 4,7- 8,0% entre os clados nordeste e sudeste; 4,3-5,7% entre os clados B e C; 6,1-8,0% entre os clados nordeste; e B, e 4,7-6,4% entres os clados nordeste e C. Dentro dos clados a divergência variou de 0- 4,2% no clado nordeste, foi de 0,7% no clado B, e variou de 0,1- 1,3% no clado C. Variação entre espécimes da mesma região geográfica foi de 0-1,3%. Os estudos de citogenética de cinco exemplares revelaram alta diversidade cariotípica com cinco números diplóides distintos: 2n=52 (48A+2Bs, XY), 2n=43 (37A+4Bs, XX), 2n=37 (34A+1B, XY), 2n=34 (32A, XX) e 2n=31 (27A+2Bs, XX) e mesmo número de braços autossômicos (NF=50), excluindo-se os cromossomos sexuais e os supernumerários. Foram observados polimorfismos decorrentes de rearranjos Robertsonianos, além de variação de 0 a 4 cromossomos Bs, que são heterogêneos quanto a morfologia, constituição de heterocromatina e presença de sinais teloméricos intersticiais (ITS). ITS também foram observados na região pericentromérica de alguns pares autossômicos com dois braços em três dos exemplares. Foi realizada pintura cromossômica com sonda do cromossomo X de Akodon cursor (ACU X). Nossos dados revelaram uma diversidade até então desconhecida para Blarinomys , mostrando duas linhagens distintas correspondentes a regiões na Mata Atlântica e um extraordinário polimorfismo cromossômico.
Traditionally comparative cytogenetic studies are based mainly on banding patterns. Nevertheless, when dealing with species with highly rearranged genomes, as in Akodon species, or with other highly divergent species, cytogenetic comparisons of banding patterns prove to be inadequate. Hence, comparative chromosome painting has become the method of choice for genome comparisons at the cytogenetic level, since it allows complete chromosome probes of a species to be hybridized in situ onto chromosomes of other species, detecting homologous genomic regions between them. In the present study, we have explored the highly rearranged complements of the Akodon species using reciprocal chromosome painting through species-specific chromosome probes obtained by chromosome sorting. The results revealed complete homology among the complements of Akodon sp. n. (ASP), 2n=10, A. cursor (ACU), 2n=15, A. montensis (AMO), 2n=24 and A. paranaensis (APA), 2n=44 and extensive chromosome rearrangements have been detected within the species with high precision. Robertsonian and tandem rearrangements, pericentric inversions and/or centromere repositioning, paracentric inversion, translocations, insertions and fragile sites were observed. The chromosome painting using the APA set of 21 autosomes plus X and Y exhibited eight syntenic segments that are shared with A. montensis, A. cursor and Akodon sp. n. plus five exclusive associations for A. cursor and six for Akodon sp. n. Chromosomes X, except for the heterochromatin region of ASP X, and even chromosome Y that often present no hybridization signal when hybridized between species of mammals, shared complete homology among the species. These data indicate that all those closely related species have experienced a recent intensive process of autosomic differentiation, in wich, there is still complete maintenance, except for chromosome X of Akodon sp. n., of the sex chromosomes homologies. Member of the tribe Akodontini, Deltamys Thomas 1917 is a poorly studied and rarely collected taxon. Based on morphological or genetic characters, some authors considered Deltamys as a full genus while others regarded it as subgenus or synonym of Akodon. The single described species, Deltamys kempi presents a basic karyotype with 2n=37 in males and 2n=38 in females, FN=38, and with sex determination system of the type X1X1X2X2: X1X2Y. A cytogenetic character that distinguishes Deltamys from Akodon is the presence of a small metacentric pair marker in Akodon. A karyotype with 2n=40 and FN=40; XX: XY was related to the genus Akodon, but as in Deltamys kempi, this complement does not present the small metacentric pair. Phylogenetic analyses of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood based on sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b evidenced the monophyly of a clade grouping specimens of Akodon sp. 2n=40 and monophyly of a clade containing specimens of Deltamys kempi. Besides that, the analyses showed that Akodon sp. is the sistergroup of Deltamys kempi, thus more related to this genus than to other species of Akodon and suggesting the placement of specimens with 2n=40 Deltamys. The genus Deltamys is, thus, more diverse than previously thought, grouping two lineages: Deltamys kempi, 2n=37-38 ; X1X1X2X2: X1X2Y and Deltamys sp. 2n=40, XX: XY, with a marked genetic divergence of 12,1% between them. A karyotype with 2n=50, FN=48 has been described for specimens of Thaptomys Thomas, 1916 collected at Una, State of Bahia, Brazil, which are morphologically indistinguishable from Thaptomys nigrita with 2n=52, FN=52 found in other Brazilian localities. It has been hence proposed that this new karyotype with 2n=50 could belong to a distinct species, cryptic of Thaptomys nigrita, once chromosome rearrangements observed along with the geographic distance could represent a reproductive barrier between both forms. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using the cytochrome b sequences of eighteen karyotyped specimens of Thaptomys were performed attempting to establish the relationships among the individuals along the geographic distribution of the genus. Two major clades, Northeastern (A) with specimens with 2n=50 and Southeastern (B) with specimens with 2n=52, were reconstructed by maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML). The intra-generic relationships recovered by phylogenetic analyses corroborated the distinct diploid numbers. The 2n=50 and 2n=52 karyotypes appeared as monophyletic separated by the basal cladogenesis of the genus, sister-group to each other. We present molecular phylogenetic and cytogenetic data on the monotypic fossorial rodent genus Blarinomys . Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood based on cytochrome b gene sequences were performed for a sample of 11 individuals from nine localities of four states of Eastern Brazil. All topologies recovered two main lineages: a Northeastern (A) and a Southeastern clade. The Southeastern grouped two sister-clades B and C. Sequence divergence between individuals ranged from 4.7-8.0% between northeastern and southeastern clades, from 4.3-5.7% between clades B and C, from 6.1-8.0% between clades northeastern and B, and from 4.7-6.4% between clades northeastern and C. Within the clades, divergence varied from 0- 4.2% in the northeastern clade, was 0.7% in the clade B, and varied from 0.1- 1.3% in clade C. Variation among specimens from the same geographic regions ranged from 0-1.3%. Cytogenetic studies of five individuals revealed high karyotypic diversity with five distinct diploid numbers: 2n=52 (48A+2Bs,XY) from state of Bahia, and 2n=43 (37A+4Bs,XX), 2n=37 (34A+1B,XY), 2n=34 (32A,XX), and 2n=31 (27A+2Bs,XX) from state of São Paulo; and same number of autosomic arms (FN=50) excluding sex chromosomes and supernumeraries. Polymorphisms are due to Robertsonian rearrangements, in addition to the variation from none to four B chromosomes, which are heterogeneous regarding morphology, heterochromatin constitution and presence of interstitial telomeric signals (ITS). ITSs were also observed in the pericentromeric regions of some biarmed autosomic pairs of three specimens. Our results revealed a high unknown diversity for Blarinomys , showing two distinct lineages corresponding to regions of the Atlantic Rainforest, besides an extraordinary chromosomal polymorphism.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998.
Title from title page screen, viewed July 5, 2006. Dissertation Committee: David F. Weber (chair), Marjorie A. Jones, Anthony Otsuka, Derek McCracken, Radheshyam Jayaswal. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-91) and abstract. Also available in print.

Zusammenfassung Die Asteraceae Brachycome dichromosomatica ist eine besonders geeignete Spezies, um B-Chromosomen zu analysieren. Die auf den B-Chromosomen-lokalisierte 45S rDNA wurde auf Ursprung und Funktion untersucht. Die Mikrodissektion von B-Chromosomen und PCR-Amplifikation ermöglichte es, B-Chromosomen-spezifische ITS2-Sequenzen der 45S rDNA zu erhalten. Auffallend bei dieser Analyse waren zwei beständige Differenzen zwischen den Sequenzen von A- und B-Chromosomen. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen identifizierten keine Spezies, die eine ITS2-Sequenz hatte, die ähnlicher zu der B-Chromosomen-ITS2-Sequenz war als die A-Chromosomen-ITS2-Sequenz von B. dichromosomatica. Es wurde ein Ursprung der B-Chromosomen in der Zeit vor der Ausbildung der vier Cytodeme von B. dichromosomatica postuliert. Die Analyse der Assoziationen von Mikro-B-Chromosomen mit dem Nukleolus ergab, dass 70% der Mikro-B-Chromosomen nicht mit dem Nukleolus assoziierten. Die hohe Frequenz von nichtassoziierten Mikro-B-Chromosomen weist auf eine Inaktivität der Mikro-B-Chromosomen-lokalisierten 45S rDNA hin. Die Immunfluoreszenzmarkierung zeigte, dass sich das Chromatin der A- und B-Chromosomen deutlich in der euchromatischen Histon-H3-Methylierung unterscheidet. Während die A-Chromosomen deutliche Immunfluoreszenzsignale aufwiesen, zeigten die Mikro-B- und Standard-B-Chromosomen nur eine schwache Markierung mit Antikörpern gegen Histon H3K4me1,2,3, H3K9me3 und H3K27me2,3. Die heteropygnotischen, mit Tandem-Repeats angereicherten Mikro-B-Chromosomen waren dabei noch weniger mit diesen euchromatischen Markierungen gekennzeichnet als die Standard-B-Chromosomen. Keine Unterschiede zwischen den A- und B-Chromosomen wurden für die heterochromatischen Markierungen Histon H3K9me1,2 und H3K27me1 gefunden, was darauf hinweist, dass die B-Chromosomen nicht spezifisch durch zusätzliche heterochromatische Histonmarkierungen gekennzeichnet sind.
Summary The Asteraceae Brachycome dichromosomatica is a suitable species for the analysis of B chromosomes (Bs). The origin and activity of micro B-located 45S rDNA of was analysed. Microisolation of Bs and PCR with internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)-specific primers succeeded in the isolation of B-specific ITS2-sequences. ITS2 was sequenced for micro B, large B and A chromosomes, and conserved differences were identified between sequences originating from A and both types of Bs. Phylogenetic analysis did not identify a species that contained an ITS2 sequence that was more similar to either of the B’s sequences than that of the B. dichromosomatica A chromosomes (As). Thus, an origin of the Bs from As at a time prior to the divergence of the four cytodemes of B. dichromosomatica is suggested. Because 70% of micro Bs did not co-localize with the nucleolus I conclude that micro B-located 45S rDNA is not constitutively transcribed. Immunofluorescence demonstrates that the chromatin in A and both types of Bs differs markedly in euchromatic histone H3 methylation marks. While A chromosomes are labelled brightly, the micro B and large Bs are faintly labelled with antibodies against H3K4me2/3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me2/3. The heteropycnotic, tandem-repeat enriched micro Bs were even less labelled with euchromatic histone H3 methylation marks than large Bs. No differences between A and Bs were found as to the heterochromatic marks H3K9me1/2 and H3K27me1, indicating that Bs are not additionally labelled by heterochromatin typical histone H3 modifications. 1

B lymphocytes produce a wide array of antibodies to recognize a countless number of antigens. This highly diverse repertoire is produced during B cell development in the bone marrow from the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) and light chain (Igk and Igl) loci. The mouse Igh is a large (~3Mb) multigene locus that contains 195 variable (V), 10 diversity (D) and 4 joining (J) genes that undergo developmentally regulated V(D)J recombination to produce the variable region of the antibody. Gene expression depends on spatial organisation of chromatin. To ensure that all V genes have a chance to recombine, they are brought into physical proximity to the D-J region by locus contraction and DNA looping. Not all V genes recombine with equal frequencies and we aim to investigate how dynamic changes in 3D structure of the Igh locus facilitate V(D)J recombination. Chromosome conformation capture techniques have revolutionised studies of genome conformation. I have applied a novel form of enriched Hi-C to study both intra-locus (cis) and genome-wide (trans) interactions of the immunoglobulin loci in pro-B and pre-B cells. This method provides a higher resolution than Hi-C and is less biased than 4C and 5C. I have mapped all cis interactions within the Igh locus to produce a comprehensive view of the structure of the locus prior to recombination. This approach has shown that the 3’ superanchor (3’CBEs) and the Intergenic Control Region 1 (IGCR1) containing CTCF sites are the two most interacting regions in the locus making long-range contacts with all V genes. A second major conformational feature is that the distal V genes form a large tightly looped domain forming the centre of mass of the locus to which the 3’CBEs and IGCR1 loop. Thanks to a collaboration on polymer modelling, 5000 single conformations were simulated based on the ensemble Hi-C data. This showed that every structure is different, supporting a model of dynamic and flexible organisation of the locus rather than hierarchical subdomains therein. Moreover, there is only a slight trend for V genes interacting more often with the D-J region to have higher recombination scores, supporting an ‘equal opportunity for all’ model in which participation of V genes in V(D)J recombination is not constrained by linear genomic distance from the DJ region. Nevertheless, CTCF binding level does contribute to V gene recombination frequency. I have also discovered that Igh and Igk loci participate in a highly specialised network of genome-wide (trans) interactions involving genes encoding B cell-specific factors essential for activation and maintenance of B cell identity, including Pax5, Foxo1, Ebf1, and Runx1. I have validated these by 3D DNA FISH and found that at the pro-B cell stage the Igh is involved in many trans interactions, whereas Igk does not make any contacts. In contrast, Igk gains numerous trans interactions at the pre-B cell stage, many of which overlap with the interactions Igh participates in at both developmental stages. Together, these findings reveal a complex developmentally regulated orchestration of genome conformation changes that underpins B cell development.

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The cytogenetic characteristics and CMA / DAPI band patterns in seven species of Zephyranthes and a Habranthus were studied in this paper to evaluate the karyotypic differences between these species. All individuals presented reticulated or semi-reticulated interphased nuclei and karyotype formed by a set of metacentric chromosomes, in addition to submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes. Zephyranthes robusta, with 2n = 12 and karyotypic formula 4M +2 SM presented more symmetrical karyotype. Z. sylvatica showed chromosome complement composed of 2n = 12 being 1M+5SM, 2n = 13 being 1M+5SM + (B) SM and 2n = 18 formed by cracks, one with metacentric and five with only submetacentric (1M+5SM). For the cultivated species Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. presented karyotype with 2n = 24 and karyotypic formula 4M+7SM +1A. Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. presented the same chromosome count of the previous species, being observed 2M +5 SM +5 A. Zephyranthes aff. rosea Lindl. presented 2n = 25, being 3M + (1M "crack") +7 SM +1 A. Furthermore, it was observed the presence of trisomy in fourth metacentric pair. Zephyranthes brachyandra Herb. presented karyotype with 2n = 24 +1 B and formula 4M +3 SM +5 A +1 B. In Zephyranthes candida Herb. 2n = 38 was observed with 9M +5 SM +5 A. For H. itaobinus Ravenna, a numeric variation in the counts was observed, where in most populations the additional chromosomes were formed by 2n = 45 or 5M +12 SM +5 A + (B) M and in a single population the species showed presented karyotype with 2n = 44, 6M +12 SM +5 A +3 (B)M. Interstitial and subterminal DAPI bands were observed only in Z. robusta and Z. brachyandra. The remaining species showed no AT-rich heterochromatin. In species with 2n = 12 was found a CMA+ block in a chromosome pair of Z. robust and Zephyranthes sp., while in Z. sylvatica was observed a small additional terminal block. Z. rosea and Z. grandiflora had four CMA+ bands, while there were eight interstitial pinpoint bands, apart from the heterochromatic RON and a bigger block in the terminal of the short arm of B chromosome in Z. brachyandra. In Z. candida, there were 14 subterminal CMA bands and in H. itaobinus, seven bands with strong differentiated amplification in the heterochromatic RON. Taxonomic implications and the karyotypic evolution are discussed for the species studied.
No presente trabalho foram estudados a caracterização citogenética e os padrões de banda CMA/DAPI em sete espécies de Zephyranthes e uma de Habranthus com o objetivo de avaliar as diferenças cariotípicas entre essas espécies. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram núcleo interfásico reticulado ou semi-reticulado e cariótipo formado por um conjunto de cromossomos metacêntricos, além de cromossomos submetacêntricos e acrocêntricos. Zephyranthes robusta, com 2n=12 e fórmula cariotípica 4M+2SM, apresentou cariótipo mais simétrico. Z. sylvatica apresentou complemento cromossômico formado por 2n=12 sendo 1M+5SM, 2n=13 sendo 1M+5SM+(B)SM e 2n=18 formadas por trincas, uma com metacêntricos e cinco apenas com submetacêntricos (1M+5SM). Para as espécies cultivadas, Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Apresentou cariótipo com 2n=24 e fórmula cariotípica 4M+7SM+1A. Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl. apresentou a mesma contagem cromossômica da espécie anterior, sendo que foram observados 2M+5SM+5A. Zephyranthes aff. rosea Lindl., apresentou 2n=25, sendo 3M+(1M“trinca”) +7SM+1A. Além disso, pôde-se observar a presença de trissomia no par quatro metacêntrico. Zephyranthes brachyandra Herb. apresentou cariótipo com 2n=24+1B e fórmula 4M+3SM+5A+1B. Para Zephyranthes candida Herb. observou-se 2n=38, sendo 9M+5SM+5A. Em H. itaobinus Ravena observou-se variação numérica nas contagens onde na maioria das populações os complementos cromossômicos foram formados por 2n=45 ou 5M+12SM+5A+(B)M e em uma única população a espécie apresentou cariótipo com 2n=44, 6M+12SM+5A+3(B)M. Foram observadas bandas DAPI subterminais e intersticiais apenas em Z. robusta e em Z. brachyandra. As demais espécies não apresentaram heterocromatina rica em AT. Nas espécies com 2n=12 foi observado um bloco CMA+ em um par cromossômico de Z. robusta e Zephyranthes sp., enquanto em Z. sylvatica foi observado um pequeno bloco terminal adicional. Z. rosea e Z. grandiflora, tiveram quatro bandas CMA+, enquanto em Z. brachyandra, ocorreram oito bandas intersticiais puntiformes, além da RON heterocromática e de um bloco maior no terminal do braço curto do cromossomo B. Em Z. candida, observouse 14 bandas CMA subterminais e em H. itaobinus, sete bandas, com forte amplificação diferenciada na RON heterocromática. São discutidas as implicações taxonômicas e a evolução cariotípica para as espécies estudadas.

La mitose assure la répartition égale du génome. La kinase mitotique Aurora B y joue un rôle majeur en contrôlant la fidélité de la ségrégation des chromosomes de par sa localisation aux centromères et aux microtubules, qui nécessite son ubiquitination par CUL3. Cependant, le mécanisme conduisant la forme ubiquitinée d’Aurora B sur ces structures mitotiques reste à déterminer. Dans ce contexte, j’ai pu identifier la protéine UBASH3B, qui contient un domaine de liaison à l’ubiquitine (UBD) comme un régulateur essentiel de la ségrégation chromosomique, agissant comme un récepteur de l’ubiquitine pour Aurora B. UBASH3B interagit directement avec Aurora B et cette interaction est dépendante de la modification d’Aurora B par l’ubiquitine ainsi que de CUL3. UBASH3B ne régule pas le niveau d’expression d’Aurora B. En revanche, UBASH3B se localise aux fuseaux mitotiques et est à la fois nécessaire et suffisant pour transférer Aurora B aux microtubules. De plus, la redistribution d’Aurora B des centromères vers les microtubules contrôle le déroulement et la fidélité de la ségrégation des chromosomes et donc le contenu correct du matériel génétique des cellules. Ainsi, mes résultats expliquent comment la modification par l’ubiquitine régule la localisation et la fonction d’Aurora B, reliant une voie de signalisation impliquant un récepteur à l’ubiquitine à la mitose
Mitosis ensures equal segregation of the genome. The major mitotic kinase Aurora B controls fidelity of chromosome segregation by its localization to centromeres and microtubules, which requires CUL3-mediated ubiquitylation. However, it remains unknown how ubiquitylated Aurora B is targeted to mitotic structures. Here, I identify ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) protein UBASH3B that critically regulates chromosome segregation, acting as ubiquitin receptor for Aurora B. UBASH3B directly binds Aurora B, and this interaction is dependent on CUL3 and on ubiquitin recognition. UBASH3B does not regulate protein levels of Aurora B. Instead, UBASH3B localizes to the mitotic spindle and is both required and sufficient to transfer Aurora B to microtubules. Moreover, redistribution of Aurora B from centromeres to microtubules controls timing and fidelity of chromosome segregation and thereby euploidy of cells. Thus, my findings explain how ubiquitin attachment regulates localization and function of Aurora B, linking receptor-mediated ubiquitin signaling to mitosis

Genomes usually work together to promote the fitness of the organism, but sometimes parts of the genome cause intragenomic conflict, and act selfishly in order to promote their transmission. An example of this conflict is a selfish B chromosome known as paternal sex ratio (PSR) in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Transmitted solely to new progeny with the sperms hereditary material, PSR completely destroys the paternal genome during the first mitotic division of the newly fertilized embryo. This effect enhances transmission of the PSR chromosome because of the unique haplodiploid reproductive mode of Nasonia and other members of the hymenopteran insect group. Through transcriptomic analyses, our group recently discovered that the PSR chromosome expresses eleven transcripts in the wasp testis. A plausible hypothesis is that one or more of these transcripts play some role in paternal genome elimination. In this study I have begun to test this hypothesis by screening through a set of previously produced truncated versions of the PSR chromosome. Specifically, I used PCR in order to screen these truncated chromosomes for the presence of each of these PSR-specific transcripts. I could then correlate the level of genome elimination induced by each truncated PSR chromosome with the presence or absence of the expressed transcripts. My work has established that (i) three of the eleven transcripts are likely not involved in genome elimination; (ii) no single transcript alone causes genome elimination; (iii) the remaining eight of eleven transcripts are viable candidates for causing genome elimination; and (iv) it is likely that a sub-group of these transcripts may operate together to induce this effect. I discuss several models in which PSR-expressed RNA molecules could operate to cause genome elimination.

Les habitats sur le substrat de serpentine représentent un environnement hostile pour le développement des plantes. Ils sont caractérisés par un faible nombre d'espèces mais un haut niveau d'endémisme. Cette étude présente pour la première fois une série des données sur la taille du génome, du nombre chromosomique, du niveau de ploïdie, de l'affinité pour le substrat, du cycle de vie, du type et de la forme de croissance des serpentinophytes dans l'extrême nord-ouest de la zone de serpentine dans les Balkans. Les 308 taxons des plantes étudiées comprennent appartenant à 213 genres, dont la taille du génome est donnée pour la première fois pour 28 genres et 99 espèces. En utilisant les critères de Leitch, plus de la moitié des taxons (55.63%) appartiennent au groupe des très petits génomes, 22.19% aux petits, 18.75% aux moyens, 3.13% aux grands, et seulement 0.31% aux très grands génomes. Concernant l'affinité au substrat, la majorité d'espèces (171) sont indifférentes ou des serpentinophytes facultatives (103). Selon le type de cycle de vie, ~ 4% des espèces sont annuelles, 88.31% pérennes, dont 57% possèdent de très petits génomes. Les hémicryptophytes représentent une forme de vie dominante (48.38%), tandis que les phanérophytes représentent 17%, les chaméphytes 15%, les thérophyte 9% et les géophytes 9%. Il est évident que le stress hydrique, les températures élevées et la présence de métaux lourds dans les habitats sur la serpentine jouent une haute pression sélective et favorisent des espèces pérennes à très petits génomes.Le Narcissus poeticus (Amaryllidaceae), serpentinophyte facultative, est l'ancêtre des narcisses cultivés. C'est la première étude de N. poeticus et de sa rhizosphère dans les populations naturelles. Il montre une tolérance au pH du sol qui varie du 4.64 à 7.85. Les concentrations totales de nickel, de cobalt et de magnésium sont plus élevées dans les sols sur serpentine que dans ceux sur calcaires. Narcissus poeticus est caractérisé par une plus grande accumulation de manganèse, de nickel et de magnésium dans ses parties aériennes. Le cobalt, par contre, a une concentration totale uniforme dans toutes les parties de la plante. Une autre caractéristique inhabituelle de N. poeticus est son plus grand rapport molaire Ca/Mg dans les parties souterraines, probablement dû à sa forme de vie (géophytes) et une dormance estivale. Il est évident que, même si N. poeticus accumule certaines quantités de métaux lourds estimés (Mn, Ni, Co, Fe), il n'est pas pour autant un hyperaccumulateur.Une partie importante de ce travail concerne la variabilité de la structure chromosomique, la taille du génome, le niveau de ploïdie et la présence de chromosomes B dans 13 populations naturelles de N. poeticus poussant sur différents substrats géologiques et dans différentes conditions environnementales. La technique de la cytométrie en flux a été utilisée pour estimer la taille du génome, l'hybridation in situ fluorescente (FISH) pour la cartographie physique de l'ADNr, le fluorochrome banding pour l'organisation de l'hétérochromatine et la coloration au nitrate d'argent pour estimer l'activité des gènes ribosomiques. L'organisation des gènes ribosomiques et l'existence des triploïdes naturels ont été rapportés ici pour la première fois. Présence des individus portant de chromosomes B (dans 9 populations sur 13) et de translocations chromosomiques a été détectée. Un système particulier de chromosomes B présente trois différents morphotypes. Le submétacentrique type, le plus fréquent, possède quatre paternes différents dans l'organisation de l'hétérochromatine et de l'ADNr. La coloration à l'AgNO3 a montré que le nombre de nucléoles formés augmente en présence des chromosomes B portant des gènes ribosomiques, dont l'activité est ainsi prouvée. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que N. poeticus possède un génome dynamique avec la quantité d'ADN variable en raison de la présence de polyploïdie, de chromosomes B et de réarrangements chromosomiques. Il semble que les modifications observées reflètent la réponse du génome à différentes conditions environnementales où les individus portant les chromosomes B pourraient avoir des avantages sélectifs.

La délétion du chromosome 7q est l'anomalie cytogénétique la plus caractéristique du lymphome de la zone marginale splénique (LZMS). Une étude par hybridation génomique comparative de haute résolution a été conduite sur une série de 27 échantillons de LZMS afin de détecter des micro-remaniements du chromosome 7q. Une région commune de délétion (RCD) de 10,6 Mb a été délimitée sur le chromosome 7q. De plus, une microdélétion somatique du gène AHCYL2 (S-adenosyl-homocystéine hydrolase-like 2) a été détectée au sein de la RCD, définissant la plus petite RCD connue sur le chromosome 7q32 dans le SMZL et l'anomalie la plus fréquente de notre série (10/27, 37%). Bien que le séquençage du gène AHCYL2 n'a pas mis en évidence de mutation somatique, la délétion monoallélique du gène AHCYL2 est corrélée à la sous-expression de transcrits du gène AHCYL2 indiquant une haplo-insuffisance. La fonction précise de AHCYL2 reste inconnue, mais certaines données suggèrent que les protéines de type AHCYL peuvent réguler l'activité de l'enzyme AHCY (Sadénosyl- homocystéine hydrolase) et par conséquent affecter les mécanismes de transméthylation. En outre, nous avons identifié, pour la première fois dans le LZMS, une mutation R882H du gène DNMT3A (1/27, 3,7%) impliqué également dans les processus de méthylation. Ces résultats suggèrent que la dérégulation des voies métaboliques impliquées dans la méthylation peut jouer un rôle crucial dans la pathogenèse du LZMS
The chromosome 7q deletion is the most characteristic alteration in splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL). High-resolution genome-focused approach was performed on 27 SMZL samples to identify submicroscopic genetic alterations on chromosome 7q. A 10.6 Mb-length common deleted region (CDR) of chromosome 7q was precisely delineated and a somatic microdeletion of the S-adenosyl-homocysteine hydrolase-like 2 (AHCYL2) gene was further detected within the CDR, defining the most frequent finding in this series (10/27, 37%) and the smallest CDR on chromosome 7q32. Although the sequencing of AHCYL2 gene did not show any evidence of somatic mutation, the monoallelic AHCYL2 gene deletion was directly correlated with underexpression of AHCYL2 transcripts, indicating a typical pattern of haploinsufficiency. The precise role of AHCYL2 remains unknown, but some data suggest that the AHCY-like proteins may regulate the activity of AHCY (S adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase) and consequently may affect the methylation metabolism. In addition, we report on a DNMT3A-R882H mutation (1/27, 3.7%) for the first time in SMZL. These findings suggest that methylation pathway dysfunction may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SMZL

Les femmes développent une réponse immunitaire plus forte que celle des hommes. Ceci les protège vis-à-vis des infections virales ou bactériennes, mais augmente également leur risque de développer une pathologie auto-immune. Le lupus érythemateux systémique (LES) est une pathologie auto-immune prototypique à fort dimorphisme sexuel, avec 9 femmes affectées pour 1 homme. TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7) est un TLR endosomal spécifique de l'ARN simple brin. Ce récepteur joue un rôle crucial dans la réponse antivirale mais aussi dans la rupture de tolérance à la base de la pathologie lupique. Sa surexpression dans un modèle murin suffit à induire le développement spontané d'un lupus. Au contraire, son invalidation dans des souches de souris développant un lupus spontané, est protectrice. Chez l'Homme, TLR7 est exprimé dans les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC), les monocytes, ainsi que dans les lymphocytes B (LB). Son engagement induit la production de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires par les pDC et les monocytes, et la maturation et la production d'anticorps par les LB. Le gène TLR7 est porté sur le bras court du chromosome X. Un mécanisme compensatoire du dosage des gènes portés sur les gonosomes intervient dans les cellules des mammifères, où un des deux chromosomes X est aléatoirement inactivé pendant le développement embryonnaire. Or ce mécanisme est imparfait et, chez les femmes, au minimum 15% des gènes portés sur l'X sont susceptibles d'échapper à son inactivation. Vu l'effet du dosage de Tlr7 dans les modèles murins du lupus, et de la localisation de TLR7 sur le chromosome X humain, nous avons cherché à déterminer si TLR7 serait sujet à l'échappement à l'inactivation de l'X chez les femmes. Pour cela nous avons développé une approche basée sur l'analyse sur cellule unique de l'expression d'un marqueur allélique au niveau des transcrits de TLR7. Nos résultats démontrent que ce gène échappe à l'inactivation du chromosome X dans 30% environ des LB, monocytes et pDC de femmes saines. De plus, nous avons observé par une technique d'hybridation in situ la transcription simultanée des deux allèles. L'expression bi-allélique de TLR7 est associée à une augmentation significative de l'ARNm de TLR7 dans les LB naïfs. Enfin, nos résultats démontrent que les LB naïfs exprimant les deux allèles de TLR7 sont préférentiellement enrichis dans les cellules différentiées dont la commutation de classe a été induite par un ligand de TLR7. De la même façon, les cellules plasmocytaires où TLR7 échappe à l'inactivation de l'X sont enrichies parmi les cellules prolifératrices en réponse à l'engagement de TLR7. En conclusion, ce travail démontre que le gène TLR7 échappe à l'inactivation de l'X chez plusieurs types de cellules immunitaires, que le dosage des transcrits du gène s'en trouve augmenté chez les lymphocytes B, et que la réponse biologique à l'engagement TLR7 est plus importante chez les lymphocytes B à expression bi-allélique. Par ailleurs, de premiers résultats mettent en évidence l'échappement de TLR7 à l'inactivation de l'X chez des hommes atteints du syndrome de Klinefelter (47, XXY). Ceci pourrait expliquer leur susceptibilité équivalente à celle des femmes au développement du lupus
Women develop stronger immune responses than men, with positive effects on the resistance to viral or bacterial infections but magnifying also the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which affects 9 women per 1 man. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an endosomal single-stranded RNA sensor that plays a key role in the initiation of the antiviral response. TLR7 dosage, however, is also a crucial determinant in SLE, and Tlr7 overexpression suffices to induce spontaneous lupus-like disease. Conversely, Tlr7 knock-out abolishes SLE development in lupus-prone mice. In humans, TLR7 is expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), monocytes and B lymphocytes. TLR7 engagement increases B cell maturation and production of antibodies, but also the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by pDCs and monocytes. Human TLR7 is encoded on the short arm of the X chromosome. The cells of female mammals randomly inactivate one X chromosome in the course of embryonic development to equalize gene dosage between the sexes. However, 15% of X-linked human genes consistently escape inactivation so that both alleles are expressed in individual cells. Because increased dosage of TLR7 expression due to non-inactivation could contribute to autoimmunity, we investigated allelic expression of TLR7 in individual immune cells from women using a TLR7 allelic marker observable on mRNA molecules. Our results show that TLR7 escapes X chromosome inactivation in about 30% of B cells, pDCs and monocytes. TLR7 bi-allelic expression was observed also in situ by RNA-FISH. Naive B cell TLR7 bi-allelic expression is accompanied by higher TLR7 mRNA expression. Our results demonstrate that TLR7 escape from X-inactivation is associated with an enhanced plasma cell proliferative response to TLR7 ligands, and promotes immunoglobulin class switch induced by T cell help and TLR7 engagement. Our study provides proof of principle that TLR7 escapes from X chromosome inactivation in several types of immune cells of women and results in greater transcriptional expression, and shows also that cellular function in bi-allelic B cells is augmented in a TLR7-specific manner. Bi-allelic expression of TLR7 in women is thus a potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of SLE. Our initial results show also that TLR7 escapes from X inactivation in the immune cells of men with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), which may explain a risk of SLE equivalent to women's

Orientador: Cesar Martins
Resumo: B chromosomes (Bs) are additional to the standard regular chromosome set (As), and present in all groups of eukaryotes. A reference genome is key to understand genomics aspects of an organism. Here, we present the de novo genome assembly of the cichlid fish A. latifasciata: a well known model to study Bs. The assembly of A. latifasciata genome has not been performed so far. The main focus of this study is to analyze and assemble the A. latifasciata genome with no B (B-) and with B (B+) chromosomes. The assembled draft B- and B+ genomes comprised of 774 Mb and 781 Mb with 1.8 Mb and 2.5Mb of N50 value of scaffolds respectively, and spanning 23,391 number of genes. High coverage data with Illumina sequencing was obtained for males and females with 0B, 1B and 2B chromosomes to provide information regarding the population polymorphism of these genomes. We observed a high scale genomic diversity in all analyzed genomes showing a high rate/frequency of population polymorphism with no evident effect of B chromosome presence. However, the B specific single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in the sequences that were located on B chromosome. While, the whole-genome rearrangements (inter chromosomal translocations) were detected in B+ genome, and structural variations including insertions, deletions, inversions and duplications were predicted in a representative genomic region of B chromosome. These results bring an evidence that existence of Bs in a genome should favour the accumu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

The chromosome passenger complex (CPC) is an essential mitotic regulator with key roles in mitotic processes such as chromosome condensation, spindle dynamics, chromosome bi-orientation, the spindle checkpoint and cytokinesis. The Aurora B kinase is the CPC’s catalytic subunit. Its targeting and activation are dependent on interactions with the other components of the complex: inner centromere protein (INCENP), survivin and borealin/Dasra B. INCENP serves both as a scaffolding subunit for the CPC as a whole and as an activator of Aurora B via its highly conserved INbox domain. Aurora B is a putative anti‐cancer target; several inhibitors of the kinase are currently in clinical trials. All these are ATP-analogues targeting the kinase active site. The protein-­protein interaction between Aurora B and the INCENP INbox is also essential for CPC function. Earlier studies have demonstrated that INCENP INbox mutants unable to bind and/or activate Aurora B cannot rescue lethality in the absence of endogenous INCENP. The first goal of this study was to test the in vivo effects of disrupting the interaction between endogenous wild type INCENP and Aurora B. For this, a cell-based CPC function assay was developed in HeLa cells. Using this assay, I show that expression of soluble INbox in HeLa cells produces a significant increase in multinucleated and micronucleated cells: both effects consistent with Aurora B loss of function. Expression of soluble INbox bearing the mutations W845G and/or F881A does not elicit this effect suggesting that those mutants cannot bind to Aurora B and occlude INCENP binding. The result concerning the F881A mutant contrasts with earlier reports that equivalent mutants could bind, but not activate, Aurora B. Expression of an INbox mutant lacking the C-­terminal TSS motif reported to be involved in Aurora B activation but not binding has effects similar to those of the wild type INbox. Using the INbox/Aurora B interaction as a model, a secondary goal of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel approach to identify small peptides capable of dissociating intracellular protein‐protein interactions. For this, a library of small (5-­9 residues long) circular peptides (CPs) mimicking the INbox was generated using the split intein circular ligation of proteins and peptides (SICLOPPS) methodology and assayed using the cell-­based CPC function assay. Over two successive rounds of screening, a small number of CPs were identified that caused a significant increase in rates of multinucleated and micronucleated cells. Although statistically significant, these increases were very modest. Furthermore, due to high heterogeneity in SICLOPPS processing efficiencies, it was not practicable to compare the effects of different peptides side-­by-side by transfection. The level of variation in processing efficiency – thus, CP production – was unexpectedly high and puts into question the functional complexity of more commonly used combinatorial cyclic peptide libraries derived using current SICLOPPS methodology. The results of this study are divided into three sections. The first is a methods section concerning the testing of SICLOPPS in HeLa cells and the development of a cell­‐based CPC function assay. In the second, the effects of expressing soluble INbox and mutants thereof in HeLa cells are presented. The final results section presents the results of the feasibility study of the rationally-­designed genetically encoded library approach.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
B chromosomes, called supernumerary or accessory too, has been founded in fungi, plants and animals. This chromosomes have a rate of no mendelian segregation and he can occurs, since one to many copies by individual. In the gender Partamona, of six citogenetic characterazed species nowadays, only P. helleri owned B chromosome. RAPD mark has been identified as associated to this chromosome in a colony from Viçosa City-MG. After this, it has been cloned, sequenciated and transformated in a SCAR mark. This same mark has been identified in P. cupira, P. criptica and P. rustica, what suggested this species have B chromosome, too. Moreover, this same mark has been identified in a colony of Salvador City-BA. whose individuals have a big heterochromatic B chromosome. How it's possible that there is a association between the presence of B chromosomes, this work had as aim detect the presence of B chromosome in P. cupira and verified a possible association between them and the presence of SCAR mark described above. Another object was the sequenciation of SCAR fragment from P. cupira, P. criptica, P. rustica and P. helleri (Salvador City-BA), with the aim of comparer the level of identity between the SCAR sequences. As resulted, the four colony at all from P. cupira analised, only two ownied the chromosomic number 2n=34, otherwise the other two colonies ownied same individuals that demonstrated have the presence of a great B chromosome (GUI 1 E GUI 11). Another observation was CMA3 mark in the short arm of this supernumerary chromosomes, what suggest that them may have owned ribossomal DNA sequeces. Moreover, it has been verified a clear association between the presence of SCAR mark and B chromosomes in the individuals from colonies GUI 1 E GUI 11. It's considered that sequences compared at all, have been only same gaps and almost none variable site, between them, what suggests that the level of identity between sequences is extremely high. It's suggests some kind of importance in relation to the adaptation of chromosome B, nowadays unknown, or the born of B, throw interspecific mating no detected yet. Future studies will analyze the different hypothesis about the origin of B chromosomes in the genera Partamona and the association between fragments from SCAR primers with the presence of Bs in P. criptica, P. rustica e P. helleri (Salvador City-BA).
Cromossomos B, também chamados de cromossomos extra- numerários ou acessórios ocorrem em fungos, plantas e animais. Estes cromossomos possuem um padrão de segregação não mendeliano, podendo existir de uma a várias cópias por indivíduo. No gênero Partamona, de seis espécies caracterizadas citogeneticamente até então, somente P. helleri apresentou cromossomo B. Um marcador RAPD foi identificado como associado a esse cromossomo em uma colônia oriunda de Viçosa-MG, sendo posteriormente clonado, sequenciado e transformado em marcador SCAR. Este mesmo marcador foi identificado em P. cupira, P. criptica e P. rustica, o que sugere que estas espécies também possuem cromossomos B. Além disso, esse mesmo marcador foi detectado em indivíduos de um ninho de P. helleri de Salvador - BA, cujos indivíduos possuíam um grande cromossomo B heterocromático. Podendo haver uma ligação entre a presença do marcador SCAR nestas espécies e a presença de cromossomos Bs, este trabalho teve como objetivo detectar a presença de cromossomos B em P. cupira e verificar se existe uma associação entre ele e a presença do marcador SCAR descrito acima. Um outro objetivo foi o sequenciamento dos fragmentos SCARs de P. cupira, P. criptica, P. rustica e P. helleri de Salvador-BA, com o propósito de comparar o nível de identidade entre as sequencias de SCAR. Como resultado, das 4 colônias de P. cupira analisadas, duas apresentaram o número de 2n=34, ao passo que as outras duas apresentaram em alguns indivíduos um cromossomo B de grande tamanho (colônias GUI 1 e GUI 11). Observou-se ainda, uma marcação de CMA3 no braço curto destes cromossomos extranumerários, o que sugere que o mesmo pode conter sequencias de genes de DNA ribossomal nesta espécie. Verificou-se também uma clara associação entre a presença do marcador SCAR e a de cromossomos B, nos indivíduos das colônias GUI 1 e GUI 11. Levando em conta que as sequências, comparadas em conjunto possuíam apenas alguns gaps e quase nenhum sítio variável entre elas, pode-se dizer que o nível de identidade entre elas é extremamente alto, o que sugere algum tipo importância adaptativa em relação ao cromossomo B, ainda desconhecida, ou o surgimento deste último, através de cruzamentos interespecíficos, ainda não detectados entre as espécies do gênero. Estudos futuros deverão analisar as diferentes hipóteses levantadas sobre a origem dos cromossomos B no gênero Partamona, bem como a associação dos fragmentos oriundos dos primers SCAR de P. helleri com a presença destes cromossomos em P. criptica, P. rustica e P. helleri de Salvador BA.

La mitose est précisément contrôlée par la signalisation via l'ubiquitine et est essentielle au maintien de l'intégrité du génome. Dans ce travail, j'ai étudié la fonction de l'enzyme de dé-ubiquitination, UCHL3 et de la ligase E3-ubiquitine, TRIM15. J'ai observé que TRIM15 régule l'adhésion et la mobilité des cellules. UCHL3 a été identifié par un criblage à haut contenu, en tant que facteur critique contrôlant l'alignement et la ségrégation des chromosomes. Fait intéressant, il a déjà été rapporté que les niveaux d’expression d’UCHL3 sont altérés dans divers types de cancer. En utilisant une approche protéomique, nous avons identifié la kinase Aurora B comme un médiateur potentiel de ces phénotypes. Comme l'aneuploïdie est la marque de nombreux cancers et que l'adhésion cellulaire joue un rôle important dans l'invasion des tumeurs et les métastases, mes résultats suggèrent que ces deux protéines pourraient jouer un rôle dans la carcinogenèse
Mitosis is tightly controlled by ubiquitin signaling and is crucial to maintain genome integrity. In this work, I investigated the function of the deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL3 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM15. I observed that TRIM15 regulates cell adhesion and motility. UCHL3 was identified in a high-content screen, as a critical factor controlling the chromosome alignment and segregation. Interestingly, it has been previously reported that UCHL3 levels are altered in various cancer types. Using a proteomic approach, we identified Aurora B kinase as a potential mediator of these phenotypes. Since aneuploidy is a hallmark of many cancers, and cell adhesion plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis, my results suggest that both proteins could play a role in carcinogenesis

Nous nous sommes interesses, au cours de ce travail, a la caracterisation de deux types de remaniements de la bande q13 du chromosome 11 : les amplifications genomiques et les translocations, lorsqu'elles sont associees respectivement a des cancers du sein et a des hemopathies b. Notre but ultime est d'identifier le ou les gene(s) localise(s) dans les segments chromosomiques rearranges et dont le dysfonctionnement serait implique dans une des etapes de ces processus cancereux. La premiere partie de nos travaux a concerne l'etude des remaniements de la bande q13 du chromosome 11, et en particulier a la translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32), associes a des hemopathies b malignes. Nous avons selectionne apres analyse cytogenetique 24 echantillons de tumeurs lymphoproliferatives b presentant un remaniement en 11q13. Nous avons cartographie 18 points de translocation par southern blot ou par hybridation in situ sur chromosomes metaphasiques (fish). Puis, nous avons etudie l'expression du gene de la cycline d1 (ccnd1) situe dans le locus concerne par les remaniements. L'augmentation de la concentration des transcrits ccnd1 est un marqueur specifique qui permet de distinguer les lymphomes du manteau des autres lymphomes non hodgkinien. La deregulation de l'expression du gene ccnd1 est associee de facon non aleatoire a un autre groupe de pathologies : les myelomes multiples. La deuxieme partie de nos travaux a concerne la caracterisation d'une unite d'amplification en 11q13 associee aux cancers du sein. Quatre unites d'amplification independantes ont ete identifiees dans la region 11q13. Les marqueurs dont la frequence d'amplification a permis de caracteriser ces unites sont, du centromere vers le telomere, d11s97/d11s146, ccnd1, ems1 et garp. Nous nous sommes interesses a l'unite d'amplification la plus distale dite amplicon garp. Afin d'identifier le gene cible de cet amplicon, nous avons entrepris la construction d'une carte physique detaillee de la region d'interet. Pour cela nous avons, dans un premier temps, collecte et/ou clone des marqueurs de la region, puis nous avons utilise quatre approches cartographiques independantes et complementaires : 1- le fish, 2- l'analyse des hybrides somatiques contenant la partie distale du chromosome 11 humain, 3- l'alignement de yac en continuum par analyse de leurs contenus en marqueurs, 4- l'analyse de fragments de restriction de grande taille par pfge. Cette etude a donc conduit a l'etablissement d'une carte physique integree hautement resolutive couvrant 5,5 mb entre les genes krn1 et omp. Nous avons etudie le statut d'amplification des marqueurs de la region sur une serie d'adn de tumeurs de sein afin de definir la zone minimale amplifiee dans cette region. Ainsi, nous avons pu cerner les bornes de cet amplicon (350 kb) et nous avons commence a ordonner des clones cosmidiques de cette zone afin de disposer de sequences clonees adaptees a la recherche de gene(s) cible(s) de cette unite d'amplification. Mots-cles : 11q13, translocation, amplification genomique, cartographie physique.

Les réarrangements chromosomiques affectant la région d'hétérochromatine constitutive du chromosome 1 humain (bande cytogénétique 1q12) sont remarquablement fréquents dans les lymphomes, les myélomes, les leucémies aiguês et dans certaines tumeurs solides. Ceci suggère fortement l'existence de mécanismes oncogéniques dépendant de l'hétérochromatine constitutive dans ces maladies. Mes travaux de thèse montrent que ces réarrangements induisent des altérations profondes de l'organisation et de la fonction de la chromatine dans des cellules de lymphome B. Les conséquences majeures sont la formation de foyers hétérochromatiques aberrants résultant d'appariements intra-chromosomiques 'longue distance' entre le domaine d'hétérochromatine 1q12 réarrangé et le domaine centromérique. Ces foyers sont associés à un enrichissement de l'euchromatine adjacente en marques épigénétiques répressives, et à la répression de l'expression de gènes, parmi lesquels GMCL 1 et MXD1 qui codent pour des protéines impliquées dans le contrôle de la signalisation P53 et MYC, respectivement. D'autre part, l'étude pilote de profiling transcriptionnel par puces Affymetrix dans des cas de lymphome avec ou sans anomalie de l'hétérochromatine 1q12 confirme et identifie de nouvelles cibles de dérégulation liées à l'hétérochromatine dans les lymphomes B non-Hodgkiniens. La compréhension du rôle de ces foyers hétérochromatiques aberrants présenterait un intérêt majeur pour les tumeurs hématologiques ou solides, puisque ces anomalies sont observées de manière fréquente et non-aléatoire dans un large spectre de tumeurs humaines, et sont associées à la progression tumorale et à un mauvais pronostic
Chromosomal rearrangements targeting human chromosome 1 constitutive heterochromatin region (cytogenetic band 1q12) are remarkably frequent in Iymphoma, myeloma, acute leukaemia and in some solid tumours. This highly suggests existence of constitutive heterochromatin-dependent oncogenic mechanisms in these diseases. My PhD works show that these rearrangements induce profound alterations of chromatin organisation and function in Iymphoma B-cells. Major consequences are the formation of aberrant heterochromatic foci resulting from long range intra-chromosomal 'matching' between the rearranged 1q12 and centromeric regions. These foci are associated with an enrictfment of adjacent euchromatic sequences in repressive epigenetic marks, and with deregulated expression of genes such as GMCL 1 and MXD1 which encodes proteins involved in the control of P53 and MYC pathways, respectively. Ln the other hand, a pilot study of transcriptional profiling by Affymetrix arrays in cases of human Iymphoma with or without 1 q12 heterochromatin rearrangement confirms and identifies new targets for deregulation linked to heterochromatin in non-Hodgkin B-ceillymphoma. Understanding the role of these aberrant heterochromatic foci would be of major interest for haematological and solid tumours, since these anomalies are frequent and non-random in a large panel of human tumours, and are associated to tumour progression and poor prognosis

Bibliography: leaves 127-166. This study describes the isolation, sequencing and characterization of two cDNAs encoding barley (1-4)-B-xylanase isoenzymes X-I and X-II and the gene corresponding to isoenzyme X. The results of genomic Southern blot analyses indicate that the barley (1-4)-B-xylanase gene family consists of at least 3 genes which are mapped to a single locus on the long arm of chromosome 7(5H). The cDNA is used to monitor tissue-specific expression, developmental regulation and hormonal control of the (1-4)-B-xylanase genes.

Orientador: Fausto Foresti
Resumo: Characidium é um grupo de peixes amplamente distribuídos pela região Neotropical, embora seja considerado o mais especioso dentro de Crenuchidae, do ponto de vista citogenético o número de espécies investigadas ainda é baixo, o que dificulta a caracterização quanto a organização cromossômica do gênero. Em relação ao número diploide, as espécies de Characidium conservaram um cariótipo com 2n = 50 cromossomos, do tipo metacêntricos e submetacêntricos (com exceções), o que resulta em uma macroestrutura homogênea para o grupo. Porém, investigações utilizando sequências repetitivas têm contribuído para ilustrar que a organização microestrutural cromossômica pode diferir entre as espécies, refletindo o hábito destes peixes constituírem populações pequenas e isoladas em cabeceiras de riachos. Adicionalmente, algumas espécies de Characidium também foram descritas portando cromossomos B em seus cariótipos, e a utilização de ferramentas citomoleculares têm contribuído para explorar quanto a origem e evolução destes componentes cariotípicos. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi agregar técnicas citomoleculares com resultados de sequenciamento massivo, para tentar compreender a ocorrência de cromossomos B no genoma de Characidium sp. aff. C. vidali. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que i) o mapeamento físico de diferentes sondas de DNA repetitivo contribuíram não apenas para caracterizar o cariótipo da espécie em estudo, como também adicionaram mais informações quanto a organi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Characidium is a group of fish widely distributed in the Neotropical region, although it is considered the most specious within Crenuchidae, from the cytogenetic point of view the number of species investigated is still low, which makes it difficult to characterize the chromosomal organization of the genus. In relation to the diploid number, Characidium species retained a karyotype with 2n = 50 chromosomes, metacentric and submetacentric (with exceptions), resulting in a homogeneous macrostructure for the group. However, investigations using repetitive sequences have contributed to illustrate that the chromosomal microstructural organization may differ between species, reflecting the habit of these fish constituting small and isolated populations in headwaters of streams. In addition, some species of Characidium have also been described carrying B chromosomes in their karyotypes, and the use of cyto-molecular tools has contributed to explore the origin and evolution of these karyotype components. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to aggregate cyto-molecular techniques with massive sequencing results to try to understand the occurrence of B chromosomes in the genome of Characidium sp. aff. C. vidali. The results showed that i) the physical mapping of different repetitive DNA probes contributed not only to characterize the karyotype of the species under study, but also added more information about the organization and evolution of the chromosomal microstruct... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

The endemic New Zealand frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri, is characterized by variable numbers of mitotically-stable B chromosomes. In order to assess whether the B chromosomes had been derived from the autosome complement, B DNA was isolated and amplified by micromanipulation in conjunction with degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR. Southern hybridization patterns of B DNA probes to genomic DNA from males and females characterized by differing numbers of B's demonstrated that the B chromosomes were derived from the univalent W chromosome which is specific to females. The presence of homologous B specific sequences in B chromosomes from geographically-distinct populations show that only a single univalent W to B event had occurred. Furthermore, a plesiomorphic homology shows that the B chromosomes originated soon after the univalent W had been derived from the ancestral WZ/ZZ karyotype, which is still present in frogs from Great Barrier Island. Finally, sequence analysis of the probes reveals that B DNA is composed of repeat sequences, and has the ability to form stable hairpin structures in vivo. The molecular dynamics of these structures may reflect the inherent propensity to undergo rapid change in nucleotide sequence and chromosome structure.

Les chromosomes surnuméraires de type B observés au sein de certaines populations nigériennes de Pennisetum violaceum (Burm. ) Stapf et Hubb. (Une des formes spontanées du mil) sont morphologiquement stables et leur longueur est d’environ la moitié de celle du plus petit des chromosomes A du complément ; ils sont subtélocentriques, le petit bras étant réduit à un bloc d’hétérochromatine. Ils présentent une instabilité mitotique extrême qui aboutit à un important mosaïcisme intra et intertissulaire ; leur nombre varie de 0 à 13 d’une cellule à l’autre ; au niveau des méristèmes racinaux, leur nombre évolue également avec l’âge de la plante et les variations observées varient en fonction du nombre de chromosomes B présents dans le zygote. Les chromosomes B s’apparient très facilement entre eux, ce qui permet le réalisation d’associations multivalentes diverses (bivalents à heptavalents), il n’y a pas d’effet de groupe quand le nombre de chromosomes B augmente dans la cellule. 8,28 % des chromosomes B présents subissent une ségrégation précoce au cours de l’anaphase I ; la réalisation de ce phénomène dépend de leur positionnement par rapport à la plaque équatoriale ; lorsqu’un chromosome B, univalent ou intégré dans une association multivalente, se place en position amphitélique sur celle-ci, il subit une ségrégation précoce. Les chromosomes B sont transmissibles par le pollen et par l’ovule ; dans la descendance du croisement étudié (deuxième croisement de retour sur la lignée cultivée J lo4), ils peuvent se perdre par la voie pollinique. La présence des chromosomes B induit une variabilité phénotypique intrapopulation mais celle-ci ne peut être mise en évidence que si l’on considère l’aspect global de la plante décrite par les 28 caractères étudiés, si on ne fait aucune distinction entre eux. Il y a également une corrélation entre le nombre de chromosomes B et quelques caractères individuels : les individus porteurs de chromosomes B ont des feuilles en moyenne plus larges, plus nombreuses et un nombre de talles basales plus important au début de leur développement, mais par contre une feuille-drapeau moins longue et moins large. Par ailleurs, en fin de cycle, la floraison des talles basales excédentaires est plus ou moins inhibée. L’hypothèse suivante peut donc être proposée : les plantes possédant des chromosomes B présentent une croissance plus active au début de leur développement ce qui les rendrait plus compétitives que celles qui n’en n’ont pas ; mais par la suite, lors de la floraison, elles accuseraient un léger fléchissement compensatoire. Cette variation du comportement en fonction de l’âge de la plante pourrait être à l’origine des divergences constatées dans la bibliographie sur les chromosomes B
The B-chromosomes of some Nigerian populations of a pearl-millet spontaneous form: Pennisetum violaceum (BURM. ) Stapf and Hubb have been studied cytogenetically in relationship with the agronomic characteristics. They look morphologically stable and are very rich in heterochromatin; they show a very important mitotical instability (from 0 to 13 B-chromosomes per cell) which gives rise to an intra- and inter-tissulaire mosaicism, which depends on the number of B-chromosomes in the zygote and on the age of the plant; the chromosome pairing is very easy; they can make an early segregation in anaphase I (8,28 % independently of the number of B-chromosomes in the cell); they are transmitted by the pollen and the ovule and are lost by the pollinic transmission in the studied family. The presence of B-chromosomes (the number and the type of mosaicism) creates a phenotypical variability of general aspect of the plant, which can lead the hypothesis of an adaptive role of the B-chromosome, variable with the age of the plant. This variability could be at the basis of contradictory results and interpretations in the literature about the B-chromosomes

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The most part of the eukaryote genomes is constituted for repetitive DNA or multiple copies DNA, which has already been considered as “junk”, may be associated to the heterochromatin. In this study three Astyanax scabripinnis populations from Pindamonhangaba and Guaratinguetá (SP, Brazil) rivers and stream and one population from Maringá (PR, Brazil) were analyzed about the nucleolar organizing region (NORs), As51 satellite DNA, 18S and 5S rDNA location. Moreover, repetitive sequences were isolated and mapped through Cot-1 technique, which showed homology with UnaL2, a LINE type retrotransposon. The fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), with the isolated built retrotransposon probe, evidenced disperse labeled and stronger in centromeric and telomeric chromosomes regions, co-located and interspersed with the 18S DNAr and As51, proven by the fiber-FISH technique. The B chromosome of those populations showed very conspicuous labeled with the LINE probe, also co-located with the As51 sequences. The NORs were actives in a single site of a homologue pair in all three populations, with no evidence that the transposable elements and repetitive DNA have influence in its regulation at the performed analyzes level.
A maior parte do genoma dos eucariotos é constituída por DNA repetitivo ou DNA de múltiplas cópias, o qual já foi considerado “lixo”, podendo estar associado à heterocromatina. Neste estudo foram analisadas três populações de Astyanax scabripinnis provenientes de rios e córregos de Pindamonhangaba e Guaratinguetá (SP, Brasil) e uma população da cidade de Maringá (PR, Brasil) quanto a localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs), DNA satélite As51, DNA ribossomal (DNAr) 18S e DNAr 5S. Ainda, foram isoladas e mapeadas sequências repetitivas por meio da técnica de Cot-1, que mostrou homologia com UnaL2, retrotransposon do tipo LINE. A hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH), com sonda construída para o retrotransposon isolado, evidenciou marcações dispersas e mais concentradas em regiões centroméricas e teloméricas dos cromossomos, co-localizadas e interespaçadas com DNAr 18S e As51, comprovada pela técnica de fiber-FISH. O cromossomo B das populações mostrou marcações bastante conspícuas com a sonda LINE, também co-localizada com sequências As51. As RONs apresentaram-se ativas em sítios únicos de um par homólogo nas três populações, não havendo indícios de que elementos transponíveis e DNA repetitivo tenham influência na sua regulação ao nível das análises realizadas.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Mazama gouazoubira (2n=70; NF=70), popularmente chamado de veado-catingueiro, é conhecido por apresentar fragilidade cromossômica, responsável pela variação cromossômica intraespecífica, caracterizada pela presença de translocações Robertsonianas e cromossomos B. Não existem dados sobre a localização das regiões cromossômicas envolvidas com os rearranjos em M. gouazoubira e com a possível existência de sítios frágeis (SFs) nos pontos em que ocorrem esses rearranjos. Assim, torna-se necessário avaliar o polimorfismo cromossômico apresentado pela espécie e identificar os SFs, investigando sua relação com o polimorfismo. Dos 135 animais analisados, 68 (50,37%) são individuos variantes, 47 animais (69,12%) apresentaram cromossomos B, seis animais (8,82%) são heterozigotos para uma translocação Robertsoniana, um indivíduo (1,47%) é homozigoto para uma translocação Robertsoniana, 14 animais (20,59%) são portadores de cromossomos B e heterozigotos para uma translocação Robertsoniana. Foram identificados sete tipos distintos de translocações (X;16, X;21, 7;21, 8;21, 4;16, 20;26, 14;16), envolvendo nove cromossomos diferentes. As translocações X-autossômicas foram confirmadas pelas técnicas de banda C, coloração Ag-RON, hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) com sondas teloméricas e pintura cromossômica com a sonda específica do cromossomo X. Foi observada uma grande variabilidade de cromossomos B entre os indivíduos analisados, sendo esses cromossomos altamente heterogêneos em relação aos padrões de distribuição de heterocromatina, presença e quantidade de rDNA nas regiões organizadores de nucléolos (RON), localização de sequências teloméricas e homologias entre lotes A e B. A afidicolina foi um eficiente indutor de sítios frágeis comuns (SFCs), revelando a ocorrência de SFCs na forma de “gaps” e quebras, tanto cromatídicas como cromossômicas. A técnica de banda G localizou 531 SFCs distribuídos em 18 pares cromossômicos (X, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22 e 34), sendo que a maioria está localizada em pontos de transição entre as bandas claras e as bandas escuras. As diferentes taxas de SFCs apresentada por cada cromossomo mostrou que alguns pares cromossômicos são mais frágeis do que outros. Dos 18 pares cromossômicos com SFCs, sete estão relacionados com as translocações Robertsonianas observadas no veado-catingueiro e somente um cromossomo envolvido no polimorfismo não possui SFCs. Assim, o polimorfismo cromossômico apresentado pelo M. gouazoubira pode estar relacionado com a fragilidade cromossômica. É necessário aprofundar os estudos para entender qual o impacto desse polimorfismo na população brasileira do veado-catingueiro.
Mazama gouazoubira (2n = 70; FN = 70), popylarly known as brown brocket deer, is known to have chromosomal fragility, which is responsible for intraspecific chromosome variation, characterized by the presence of Robertsonian translocations and B chromosomes. There are no data of the location of the chromosome regions involved in rearrangements of M. gouazoubira and the possible existence of fragile sites (FSs) in points where breaks occur. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the chromosomal polymorphism presented by this species and to identify the FSs, investigating the relationship between FSs and polymorphism. Were analyzed 135 animals, of which 68 (50.37%) were variant individuals, 47 animals (69.12%) had B chromosomes, six animals (8.82%) were heterozygous for a Robertsonian translocation, one individual (1.47%) was homozygous for a Robertsonian translocation, 14 animals (20.59%) presented both B chromosomes and heterozygotes for a Robertsonian translocation. Were identified seven different types of translocations (X;16, X;21, 4;16, 14;16, 7;21, 20;26, 8;21) involving nine different chromosomes. X-autosomal translocations were confirmed by C-banding, Ag-NOR staining, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric probes and chromosome painting with X chromosome-specific probe. A large variability of B chromosomes was observed among the analyzed individuals. These chromosomes were highly heterogeneous in relation to pattern of heterochromatin distribution, presence and amount of rDNA in nucleolar organizer region (NOR), lozalization of telomeric sequences and homologies between chromosome complements A and B. Aphidicolin was an efficient inducer of common fragile sites (CFSs), showing the occurrence of CFSs in gaps and breaks, both chromatid and chromosomal. The G-banding located 531 CFSs distributed in 18 chromosome pairs (X, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22 and 34). It was found that the most CFSs are localized at the boundaries between the bright bands and dark bands. The different rates of CFSs presented by each chromosome showed that some chromosome pairs are more fragile than others. Of the 18 chromosomes pais with CFSs, seven are related to the Robertsonian translocations observed in brown brocket deer, and only one chromosome involved with polymorphism does not have CFSs. Thus, the chromosomal polymorphism presented by M. gouazoubira may be related to chromosomal fragility. It is necessary to deepen the studies to understand the impact of this polymorphism on the Brazilian population of brown brocket deer.
FAPESP: 2013/06100-7

Des anomalies dans la ségrégation des chromosomes pendant la mitose entraînent une aneuploïdie ou une polyploïdie. La protéine UBASH3B, une protéine de liaison à l’ubiquitine, joue un rôle crucial dans la transmission de l’Aurora B aux microtubules avant l’apparition de l’anaphase pour une ségrégation chromosomique appropriée. Nous avons effectué un dépistage à haut débit pour cribler un nouvel inhibiteur de l’UBASH3B à petite molécule, le FD-E09, à l’aide de la protéine recombinante UBASH3. Le traitement par l’inhibiteur de l’UBASH3B a entraîné la propagation d’Aurora B sur les chromosomes pendant la prométaphase, affectant ainsi le moment et la fidélité de la mitose. Il affecte également le complexe UBASH3B-Aurora B-Mklp2. Mes données décrit également que le domaine 2 Histidine phosphoesterase dans UBASH3B entre le domaine UBA et SH3 joue un rôle dans la localisation correcte d’Aurora B, la progression mitotique, ainsi que l’interaction avec Aurora B et Mklp2. Nous avons également criblé les lignées cellulaires cancéreuses qui réagissent à l’inhibition de l’UBASH3B. Par conséquent, nos résultats découvrent l’inhibiteur de la petite molécule UBASH3B qui pourrait cibler l’UBASH3B pour traiter des cellules cancéreuses spécifiques et également découvrir le domaine de la phosphoésterase 2H nouvellement identifié dans UBASH3B qui régule la localisation d’Aurora B en mitose
Defects in proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis result in aneuploidy or polyploidy. UBASH3B protein, a ubiquitin-binding protein, plays a crucial role in driving Aurora B to microtubules before anaphase onset for proper chromosome segregation. We here performed a high-throughput screening to screen out a novel small-molecule UBASH3B inhibitor, FD-E09 using recombinant UBASH3 protein. Treatment with UBASH3B inhibitor led to the spreading of Aurora B to chromosomal arms during prometaphase, thus affecting the timing and fidelity of mitosis. It also affects the UBASH3B-Aurora B-MKlp2 complex. My data also unfold the 2 Histidine phosphoesterase domain in UBASH3B between UBA and SH3 domain that plays a role in proper localization of Aurora B, mitotic progression, as well as interaction with Aurora B and MKlp2. We also screened out the cancer cell lines that are responsive to the UBASH3B inhibition. Hence, our findings uncover the small-molecule UBASH3B inhibitor that could target UBASH3B to treat specific cancer cells and also uncover newly identified 2H phosphoesterase domain in UBASH3B that regulates Aurora B localization in mitosis

Cell proliferation is a process that is strictly regulated by a large number of proteins. An alteration in one of the encoding genes inserts an error into the regulative protein, which may result in uncontrolled cell growth and eventually tumor formation. Lymphoma is a cancer type originating in the lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune defence. In the present thesis, Znfn1a1, Notch1 and Bcl11b were studied; all involved in the differentiation of T lymphocytes. The three genes are located in chromosomal regions that have previously shown frequent loss of heterozygosity in tumor DNA. Ikaros is a protein involved in the early differentiation of T lymphocytes. In this thesis, mutation analysis of the Znfn1a1 gene in chemically induced murine lymphomas revealed point mutations and homozygous deletions in 13 % of the tumors. All of the detected deletions lead to amino acid substitutions or abrogation of the functional domains in the Ikaros protein. Our results support the role of Ikaros as a potential tumor suppressor in a subset of tumors. Notch1 is a protein involved in many differentiation processes in the body. In lymphocytes, Notch1 drives the differentiation towards a T-cell fate and activating alterations in the Notch1 gene have been suggested to be involved in T-cell lymphoma. We identified activating mutations in Notch1 in 39 % of the chemically induced murine lymphomas, supporting the involvement of activating Notch1 mutations in the development of T-cell lymphoma. Bcl11b has been suggested to be involved in the early T-cell specification, and mutations in the Bcl11b gene has been identified in T-cell lymphoma. In this thesis, point mutations and deletions were detected in the DNA-binding zinc finger regions of Bcl11b in 15 % of the chemically induced lymphomas in C57Bl/6×C3H/HeJ F1 mice. A mutational hotspot was identified, where four of the tumors carried the same mutation. Three of the identified alterations, including the hotspot mutation in Bcl11b, increased cell proliferation when introduced in a cell without endogenous Bcl11b, whereas cell proliferation was suppressed by wild-type Bcl11b in the same cell line. Mutations in Bcl11b may therefore be an important contributing factor to lymphomagenesis in a subset of tumors. A germ line point mutation was identified in BCL11B in one of 33 human B-cell lymphoma patients. Expression of BCL11B in infiltrating T cells was significantly lower in aggressive compared to indolent lymphomas, suggesting that the infiltrating T cells may affect the B-cell lymphomas.