Journal articles: 'B-patches'

1

Strøm, Kyrre. "Products of B-patches." Numerical Algorithms 4, no. 3 (1993): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02145751.

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Dahmen, Wolfgang, Charles A. Micchelli, and Hans-Peter Seidel. "Blossoming Begets B-Spline Bases Built Better by B-Patches." Mathematics of Computation 59, no. 199 (1992): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2152982.

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Dahmen, Wolfgang, Charles A. Micchelli, and Hans-Peter Seidel. "Blossoming begets $B$-spline bases built better by $B$-patches." Mathematics of Computation 59, no. 199 (1992): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0025-5718-1992-1134724-1.

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Pla-Garcia, N., M. Vigo-Anglada, and J. Cotrina-Navau. "N-sided patches with B-spline boundaries." Computers & Graphics 30, no. 6 (2006): 959–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2006.05.001.

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Bardis, Leonidas, and Nicholas M. Patrikalakis. "Approximate conversion of rational B-spline patches." Computer Aided Geometric Design 6, no. 3 (1989): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8396(89)90023-x.

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Schmidt, Timothy H., Oliver Bannard, Elizabeth E. Gray, and Jason G. Cyster. "CXCR4 promotes B cell egress from Peyer’s patches." Journal of Experimental Medicine 210, no. 6 (2013): 1099–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20122574.

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Peyer’s patches (PPs) play a central role in supporting B cell responses against intestinal antigens, yet the factors controlling B cell passage through these mucosal lymphoid tissues are incompletely understood. We report that, in mixed chimeras, CXCR4-deficient B cells accumulate in PPs compared with their representation in other lymphoid tissues. CXCR4-deficient B cells egress from PPs more slowly than wild-type cells, whereas CXCR5-deficient cells egress more rapidly. The CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12, is expressed by cells adjacent to lymphatic endothelial cells in a zone that abuts but minimally overlaps with the CXCL13+ follicle. CXCR4-deficient B cells show reduced localization to these CXCL12+ perilymphatic zones, whereas CXCR5-deficient B cells preferentially localize in these regions. By photoconverting KikGR-expressing cells within surgically exposed PPs, we provide evidence that naive B cells transit PPs with an approximate residency half-life of 10 h. When CXCR4 is lacking, KikGR+ B cells show a delay in PP egress. In summary, we identify a CXCL12hi perilymphatic zone in PPs that plays a role in overcoming CXCL13-mediated retention to promote B cell egress from these gut-associated lymphoid tissues.

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Kiciak, Przemysław. "Bicubic B-spline blending patches with optimized shape." Computer-Aided Design 43, no. 2 (2011): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2010.10.003.

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Li, Wei, Zhuoqi Wu, and Ichiro Hagiwara. "F0101(4) The Smooth B-spline Surface Reconstruction by B-spline Patches." Reference Collection of Annual Meeting 2009.9 (2009): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjsm.2009.9.0_119.

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Sharma, Ram, Udo Schumacher, and Elizabeth Adam. "Lectin Histochemistry Reveals the Appearance of M-cells in Peyer's Patches of scid Mice After Syngeneic Normal Bone Marrow Transplantation." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 2 (1998): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600202.

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Peyer's patches in the intestinal mucosa are characterized by the presence of several lymphatic follicles and interfollicular T-cell regions. Luminal antigens are transported across the intestinal epithelium to stimulate the Peyer's patch pre-B-cells in the follicles that proliferate and migrate to distant sites. Evidence suggests that antigen priming of B-lymphocytes is responsible for the number and location of Peyer's patches during postnatal life, but little is known about the histogenesis of Peyer's patches and their overlying membranous (M) cells. To examine whether T- and B-lymphocytes in Peyer's patches have an influence on M-cell generation, we studied the development of Peyer's patches and M-cells in severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from normal syngeneic mice. Our experiments demonstrate that the donor bone marrow cells in the host scid mice repopulate to form single (primary) follicles and aggregates of lymphoid nodules, the Peyer's patches. Use of the lectins Anguilla anguilla (AAA) and Ulex europaeus I (UEA-I) as positive markers of mouse Peyer's patch M-cells revealed that M-cells develop in the dome epithelium overlying the single primary follicles and Peyer's patches of reconstituted scid mice. This experimental system therefore allows the study of the histogenesis of Peyer's patches and M-cells.

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Liu, Yanan. "ICCM2016: Multi-Patch-Based B-Spline Method for Solid and Structure." International Journal of Computational Methods 17, no. 10 (2020): 2050005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021987622050005x.

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In this paper, the solution domain is divided into multi-patches on which B-spline basis functions are used for approximation. The different B-spline patches are connected by a transition region which is described by several elements. The basis functions in different B-spline patches are modified in the transition region to ensure the basic polynomial reconstruction condition and the compatibility of displacements and their gradients. This new method is applied to the stress analysis of 2D elasticity problems in order to investigate its performance. Numerical results show that the present method is accurate and stable.

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Bardis, L., and M. Vafiadou. "Ship-hull geometry representation with B-spline surface patches." Computer-Aided Design 24, no. 4 (1992): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(92)90058-i.

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12

Janes, Peter W., Steven C. Ley, and Anthony I. Magee. "Aggregation of Lipid Rafts Accompanies Signaling via the T Cell Antigen Receptor." Journal of Cell Biology 147, no. 2 (1999): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.2.447.

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The role of lipid rafts in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling was investigated using fluorescence microscopy. Lipid rafts labeled with cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) and cross-linked into patches displayed characteristics of rafts isolated biochemically, including detergent resistance and colocalization with raft-associated proteins. LCK, LAT, and the TCR all colocalized with lipid patches, although TCR association was sensitive to nonionic detergent. Aggregation of the TCR by anti-CD3 mAb cross-linking also caused coaggregation of raft-associated proteins. However, the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 did not colocalize to either CT-B or CD3 patches. Cross-linking of either CD3 or CT-B strongly induced tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of a ZAP-70(SH2)2–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein to the lipid patches. Also, CT-B patching induced signaling events analagous to TCR stimulation, with the same dependence on expression of key TCR signaling molecules. Targeting of LCK to rafts was necessary for these events, as a nonraft- associated transmembrane LCK chimera, which did not colocalize with TCR patches, could not reconstitute CT-B–induced signaling. Thus, our results indicate a mechanism whereby TCR engagement promotes aggregation of lipid rafts, which facilitates colocalization of LCK, LAT, and the TCR whilst excluding CD45, thereby triggering protein tyrosine phosphorylation.

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13

Abella, Scott R., Lindsay P. Chiquoine, Jeremy M. Moss, Eric D. Lassance, and Charles D. Schelz. "Developing minimal-input techniques for invasive plant management: perimeter treatments enlarge native grass patches." Invasive Plant Science and Management 13, no. 2 (2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2020.9.

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AbstractThere is a continual need for invasive plant science to develop approaches for cost-effectively benefiting native over nonnative species in dynamic management and biophysical contexts, including within predominantly nonnative plant landscapes containing only small patches of native plants. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of a minimal-input strategy for enlarging native species patches within a nonnative plant matrix. In Pecos National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA, we identified 40 native perennial grass patches within a matrix of the nonnative annual forb kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott]. We mechanically cut B. scoparia in a 2-m-wide ring surrounding the perimeters of half the native grass patches (with the other half as uncut controls) and measured change in native grass patch size (relative to pretreatment) for 3 yr. Native grass patches around which B. scoparia was cut grew quickly the first posttreatment year and by the third year had increased in size four times more than control patches. Treated native grass patches expanded by an average of 25 m2, from 4 m2 in October 2015 before treatment to 29 m2 in October 2018. The experiment occurred during a dry period, conditions that should favor B. scoparia and contraction of the native grasses, suggesting that the observed increase in native grasses occurred despite suboptimal climatic conditions. Strategically treating around native patches to enlarge them over time showed promise as a minimal-input technique for increasing the proportion of the landscape dominated by native plants.

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Okada, Takaharu, Vu N. Ngo, Eric H. Ekland, et al. "Chemokine Requirements for B Cell Entry to Lymph Nodes and Peyer's Patches." Journal of Experimental Medicine 196, no. 1 (2002): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020201.

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B cell entry to lymph nodes and Peyer's patches depends on chemokine receptor signaling, but the principal chemokine involved has not been defined. Here we show that the homing of CXCR4−/− B cells is suppressed in CCL19 (ELC)- and CCL21 (SLC)-deficient paucity of lymph node T cells mice, but not in wild-type mice. We also find that CXCR4 can contribute to T cell homing. Using intravital microscopy, we find that B cell adhesion to high endothelial venules (HEVs) is disrupted when CCR7 and CXCR4 are predesensitized. In Peyer's patches, B cell entry is dependent on CXCR5 in addition to CCR7/CXCR4. CXCL12 (SDF1) is displayed broadly on HEVs, whereas CXCL13 (BLC) is found selectively on Peyer's patch follicular HEVs. These findings establish the principal chemokine and chemokine receptor requirements for B cell entry to lymph nodes and Peyer's patches.

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15

Patrikalakis, N. M., L. Bardis, and G. A. Kriezis. "Approximation of B-Spline Geometries With Lower Degree Representations." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 112, no. 3 (1990): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919856.

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Exchange of data between geometric modeling systems of different inherent capabilities frequently requires approximate conversion of high degree, piecewise, polynomial curves and surface patches to lower degree representations. The objective of this work is to provide reliable methods for the approximation of high-order B-spline curves and surface patches by low-order B-spline representations. Our method guarantees a prespecified accuracy at all isoparametric points of the curve and patch, a critical feature for accurate exchange of data.

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16

Reboldi, Andrea, and Jason G. Cyster. "Peyer's patches: organizing B-cell responses at the intestinal frontier." Immunological Reviews 271, no. 1 (2016): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imr.12400.

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17

Griebel, Philip J., Birgit Kugelberg, and Giorgio Ferrari. "Two Distinct Pathways of B-Cell Development in Peyer’s Patches." Developmental Immunology 4, no. 4 (1995): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/46974.

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The developmental biology of sheep ileal and jejunal Peyer’s patches (PP) was investigated using corticosteroids to deplete immature B lymphocytes. During a 7-day treatment with dexamethasone, ileal PP follicular (iPf)B-cell proliferation was arrested and most iPfB-cells died. This resulted in follicular involution with the survival of mesenchymal cells. No iPfB-cell proliferation was detected in follicular remnants for 4 weeks postdexamethasone treatment, and during a subsequent 3-month period, there was limited iPfB-cell proliferation that resulted in a partial regeneration of follicles. Ileal PP involution was also associated with a severe B lymphopenia that persisted for over 14 weeks and was characterized by the survival of primarily isotype-switched and CD5+sIgM+B-cells in blood. In contrast, the size of jejunal PP follicles was reduced following dexamethasone treatment, but intrafollicular B-cell proliferation was not arrested. Furthermore, within 4 weeks, the jejunal PP follicles had recovered in size and cellularity and there was no disruption in IgA plasma-cell production. Thus, dexamethasone selectively depleted iPfB-cells and revealed that the ileal and jejunal PPs contain functionally distinct B-cell populations. The partial regeneration of the iPfB-cell population indicated that either an intrafollicular, corticosteroid-resistant B-stem cell existed or that ileal PP follicles can be repopulated by circulating B-cells. Finally, the association between ileal PP involution and the absence of circulating, CD5-B-cells confirmed that this lymphoid tissue provides an essential environment for conventional sIgM+B-cell development.

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18

IKE, FUMIO, TOSHIYUKI NAGASAWA, TAKEO MIZUTANI, and TOMIO TADA. "Detection of CD5 B Cells in Peyer's Patches of Mice." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 651, no. 1 (1992): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24609.x.

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19

Griebel, Philip J., and Wayne R. Hein. "Expanding the role of Peyer's patches in B-cell ontogeny." Immunology Today 17, no. 1 (1996): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(96)80566-4.

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20

Milroy, MJ, C. Bradley, GW Vickers, and DJ Weir. "G1 continuity of B-spline surface patches in reverse engineering." Computer-Aided Design 27, no. 6 (1995): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(95)00020-r.

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21

Heidegger, Simon, David Anz, Nicolas Stephan, et al. "Virus-associated activation of innate immunity induces rapid disruption of Peyer’s patches in mice." Blood 122, no. 15 (2013): 2591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-01-479311.

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Key Points Systemic virus infection leads to rapid disruption of the Peyer’s patches but not of peripheral lymph nodes. Virus-associated innate immune activation and type I IFN release blocks trafficking of B cells to Peyer’s patches.

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22

Liu, Yuanjie, and Hongbo Li. "B-spline patches and transfinite interpolation method for PDE controlled simulation." Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 25, no. 2 (2012): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11424-012-1148-4.

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23

Wang, W. H., A. Cassola, and G. Giebisch. "Involvement of actin cytoskeleton in modulation of apical K channel activity in rat collecting duct." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 267, no. 4 (1994): F592—F598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1994.267.4.f592.

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We have employed the patch-clamp technique to investigate the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the modulation of the low-conductance K+ channel in the apical membrane of the rat cortical collecting duct (CCD). This K+ channel is inactivated by application of cytochalasin B or D, both compounds known to disrupt actin filaments. The effect of both cytochalasins, B and D, was fully reversible in cell-attached patches, but channel activity could not be fully restored in excised membrane patches. The effect of cytochalasins on channel activity was specific and resulted from depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, since application of 10 microM chaetoglobosin C, a cytochalasin analogue that does not depolymerize the actin filaments, had no effect on channel activity in inside-out patches. Addition of either actin monomers or of the polymerizing actin filaments in inside-out patches to the cytosolic medium had no effect on channel activity. This suggests that cytochalasin B- or D-induced inactivation of apical K+ channels is not caused by obstruction of the channel pore by actin. We also observed that channel inhibition by cytochalasin B or D could be blocked by pretreatment with 5 microM phalloidin, a compound that stabilizes actin filaments. We conclude that apical K+ channel activity depends critically on the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton.

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Rai, Kavita, Amitha M. Hegde, Mary Jacob, and R. Narayana Charyulu. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF LIGNOCAINE AND BENZOCAINE PATCHES FOR VARIOUS DENTAL TREATMENTS IN CHILDREN." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 04, no. 01 (2014): 028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703727.

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Abstract:This study was done to evaluate the clinical efficacy of lidocaine and benzocaine patches in various dental treatment in children. A total of 120 patients were divided into two groups, i.e Group A and Group B. Group A, consisted of 60 children where lignocaine patches were placed and Group B where Benzocaine patches were placed. For each group, the onset of action was recorded after checking for symptoms of anesthesia, subjective and objective pain assessment was evaluated by the VAS and the SEM scale. There was an earlier onset of action which was seen for Lignocaine compared to Benzocaine. But when each of the treatments were compared the anesthetic effect from patches kept the patient comfortable for minimally invasive procedures like band adaptation and was statistically significant. The VAS(Visual analogue scale) scores recorded were statistically significant for the pulpectomy procedure for Benzocaine group compared to Lignocaine. SEM (Sound eyes motor scale) scores were suggestive that the children were more comfortable with the Lignocaine patches when compared to Benzocaine patches.(p <0.0001).The extraction procedures of only grade 3 mobile teeth, pulp therapy for non-vital teeth and band adaptation were clinically successful for both the groups. Our study concluded that, bioadhesive patches can be an alternative over infiltration anesthesia in minimally invasive dental procedures and also could be used successfully for reducing the pain of nerve blocks for children as well as adults which has to be administered in the case of more invasive procedures like pulp therapy.

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Zorom, Malicki, Pascal Zongo, Bruno Barbier, and Blaise Somé. "Optimal Control of a Spatio-Temporal Model for Malaria: Synergy Treatment and Prevention." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/854723.

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We propose a metapopulation model for malaria with two control variables, treatment and prevention, distributed between different patches (localities). Malaria spreads between these localities through human travel. We used the theory of optimal control and applied a mathematical model for three connected patches. From previous studies with the same data, two patches were identified as reservoirs of malaria infection, namely, the patches that sustain malaria epidemic in the other patches. We argue that to reduce the number of infections and semi-immunes (i.e., asymptomatic carriers of parasites) in overall population, two considerations are needed, (a) For the reservoir patches, we need to apply both treatment and prevention to reduce the number of infections and to reduce the number of semi-immunes; neither the treatment nor prevention were specified at the beginning of the control application, except prevention that seems to be effective at the end. (b) For unreservoir patches, we should apply the treatment to reduce the number of infections, and the same strategy should be applied to semi-immune as in (a).

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Barreira, Ana S., Dario A. Lijtmaer, Stephen C. Lougheed, and Pablo L. Tubaro. "Subspecific and Temporal Variation in the Structurally Based Coloration of the Ultramarine Grosbeak." Condor 109, no. 1 (2007): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.1.187.

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Abstract Abstract Ultramarine Grosbeaks (Cyanocompsa brissonii) possess a striking sexual dichromatism, with males dark blue and females brown. There are two subspecies in Argentina: the larger-bodied C. b. argentina, which is common in shrubs and semiopen areas, and the smaller C. b. sterea that inhabits forests. We measured reflectance spectra of six plumage patches from study skins to evaluate the possibility of color differences between males of each subspecies and temporal variation in plumage coloration. We found differences between subspecies in color brightness, hue, saturation, and UV chroma in the plumage patches of more conspicuous coloration, which could be related to ambient light differences between the environments that each subspecies inhabits. We also documented temporal color variation in some plumage patches, in particular a gradual decrease of UV reflectance and a gradual increase in hue after molting, possibly attributable to feather wear.

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Grono, Eric, and Eric Donovan. "Differentiating diffuse auroras based on phenomenology." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 3 (2018): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-891-2018.

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Abstract. There is mounting evidence which suggests that pulsating auroral patches often move with convection. This study is an initial step at identifying the differences between patches that move with convection and those that do not. While many properties of pulsating patches vary, here we outline criteria for separating pulsating auroral patches into three categories based on two properties: their structural stability and the spatial extent of their pulsations. Patchy aurora is characterized by stable structures whose pulsations are limited to small regions. Patchy pulsating aurora consists of stable patches whose pulsations are far less subtle and occur throughout much of their area. Amorphous pulsating auroral structures are unstable – very rapidly evolving – and can pulsate over their entire area. The speed with which amorphous pulsating aurora evolves makes their motion difficult to ascertain and seems unrelated to the E×B drifting of cold, equatorial plasma.

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Murakami, M., T. Tsubata, R. Shinkura, et al. "Oral administration of lipopolysaccharides activates B-1 cells in the peritoneal cavity and lamina propria of the gut and induces autoimmune symptoms in an autoantibody transgenic mouse." Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, no. 1 (1994): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.1.111.

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About a half of the antierythrocyte autoantibody transgenic (autoAb Tg) mice, in which almost all B cells are detected in the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, but not in the peritoneal cavity, suffer from autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The occurrence of this disease is strongly linked to production of autoAb by activated peritoneal B-1 cells in the Tg mice. In this study, we have shown that oral administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activated B-1 cells in the lamina propria of the gut as well as the peritoneal cavity in the healthy Tg mice and induced the autoimmune symptoms in all the Tg mice. The activation of peritoneal and lamina propria B-1 cells by enteric LPS is found not only in the anti-RBC autoAb Tg mice and normal mice but also in the aly mice which congenitally lack lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. These results suggest that B-1 cells in the two locations may form a common pool independent of Peyer's patches and lymph nodes, and can be activated by enteric thymus-independent antigens or polyclonal activators such as LPS. The induction of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the Tg mice by enteric LPS through the activation of B-1 cells in the lamina propria of gut and in the peritoneal cavity suggests that B-1 cells and bacterial infection may play a pathogenic role in the onset of autoimmune diseases.

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Gopi, M. S., and S. Manohar. "A Parallel Architecture for the Computation of Uniform Rational B-Spline Patches." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 30, no. 1 (1995): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jpdc.1995.1129.

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Shi, Kan-Le, Jun-Hai Yong, Jia-Guang Sun, Jean-Claude Paul, and He-Jin Gu. "Filling n-sided regions with G 1 triangular Coons B-spline patches." Visual Computer 26, no. 6-8 (2010): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-010-0468-4.

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Khomych, Volodymyr, and Olha Fedorenko. "IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF LYMPHOID POPULATIONS IN RABBIT JEJUNAL PEYER’S PATCH." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 5 (September 30, 2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2020.001402.

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Rabbits are an important livestock animal species, which are used for their meat and fur. Nowadays they are also becoming more popular as pets. Furthermore, rabbits are commonly used in research, inter alia in immunological studies and for studying pathogenesis of human and animal diseases. The lymphoid tissue is abundant in the rabbit intestine and a lot of it is concentrated in Peyer's patches, the majority of which is located in the jejunum. Understanding of the rabbit Peyer's patches functions is essential for the prevention and treatment of their diseases. In order to enhance it, accurate knowledge of its lymphocyte population composition is needed. At present, the cellular composition of the rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissue remains insufficiently studied. Therefore, the aim of our study was to establish the content and localization of lymphoid populations in the domestic rabbit jejunal Peyer’s patches.  We performed immunohistochemical studies using monoclonal antibodies CD3, CD10 and CD20 (DAKO, Denmark) to identify the distribution of lymphoid populations in jejunal Peyer's patches of a mature domestic rabbit. The results, obtained in our study, complement the existing data and determine the main lymphoid populations in the rabbit jejunal Peyer's patches. The presented data are fundamental for further studies of the rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissue. We found that lymphoid nodules of jejunal Peyer's patches contains a predominant CD20+ cell population (B cells). It also contains many CD10+ cells (precursors of T cells and B cells), which are mostly concentrated in the germinal centers of lymphoid nodules. In the diffuse form of the lymphoid tissue the vast majority of cells are CD3+ cells (T cells)

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Liu, Yanan, and Keqin Din. "A Numerical Method Based on Daubechies Wavelet Basis and B-Spline Patches for Elasticity Problems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2549213.

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The Daubechies (DB) wavelets are used for solving 2D plane elasticity problems. In order to improve the accuracy and stability in computation, the DB wavelet scaling functions in0,+∞)comprising boundary scaling functions are chosen as basis functions for approximation. The B-spline patches used in isogeometry analysis method are constructed to describe the problem domain. Through the isoparametric analysis approach, the function approximation and relevant computation based on DB wavelet functions are implemented on B-spline patches. This work makes an attempt to break the limitation that problems only can be discretized on uniform grids in the traditional wavelet numerical method. Numerical examples of 2D elasticity problems illustrate that this kind of analysis method is effective and stable.

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Rustenbeck, I., C. Dickel, C. Herrmann, and T. Grimmsmann. "Mitochondria Present in Excised Patches From Pancreatic B-cells May Form Microcompartments With ATP-Dependent Potassium Channels." Bioscience Reports 19, no. 2 (1999): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020106409700.

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Experiments with inside-out patches excised from pancreatic B-cells have yielded evidence that mitochondria are often contained in the cytoplasmic plug protruding into the tip of patch pipette. When intact B-cells were loaded with the fluorescent mitochondrial stain, rhodamine 123, and membrane patches excised from these cells, a green fluorescence could be observed in the lumen at the tip of the patch pipette. The same result was obtained with the mitochondrial stain, MitoTracker Green FM, which is only fluorescent in a membrane-bound state. Furthermore, the open probability of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels in inside-out patches was influenced by mitochondrial fuels and inhibitors. Respiratory substrates like tetramethyl phenylene diamine (2 mM) plus ascorbate (5 mM) or α-ketoisocaproic acid (10 mM) reduced the open probability of KATP channels in inside-out patches significantly (down to 57% or 65% of control, respectively). This effect was antagonized by the inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase, sodium azide (5 mM). Likewise, the inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, malonate (5 mM), increased the open probability of KATP channels in the presence of succinate (1 mM). However, oligomycin in combination with antimycin and rotenone did not increase open probability. Although it cannot be excluded that these effects result from a direct interaction with the KATP channels, the presence of mitochondria in the close vicinity permits the hypothesis that changes in mitochondrial metabolism are involved, mitochondria and KATP channels thus forming functional microcompartments.

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Kwiatkowska-Falińska, Anna J., Dorota Panufnik-Mędrzycka, Maciej Wódkiewicz, Izabela Sondej, and Bogdan Jaroszewicz. "The effects of different types of woodstand disturbance on the persistence of soil seed banks." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 80, no. 2 (2011): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2011.025.

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The research was conducted on four patches of thermophilous oak wood in Białowieża Primeval Forest: A – with a woodstand: oak + approx. 30-year-old hornbeam + hornbeam brushwood; B – with a hornbeam stand formed by natural seed fall after logging (ca. 1920) oaks; C – after logging oaks and replanted (ca. 1965) with pine and oak; D – with a natural low-density oak stand. Species composition and seed bank density were estimated using the seedling emergence method. Seedling emergence was observed over two vegetation seasons. Research demonstrated that: 1) the species abundance of the seed banks depends on canopy cover (A, B approx. 50 species; C, D approx. 70 species); 2) the floristical similarity (Sørensen's index) of the seed bank and ground vegetation is higher in the undisturbed patch D (0.50) than in disturbed patches (0.30-0.35); 3) species diversity in plots A, B, C, D (H'=12.5; 13.4; 15.5; 16.9) and seed bank density per m<sup>2</sup> (432.5; 958.0; 1486.5; 2268.0) are negatively correlated with the degree of patch shading; 4) the average weight of diaspores in the seed banks of shady plots is lower (A, B approx. 0.003 g) than that of sunny plots (C, D approx. 0.08 g); 5) the share of long-lived diaspores increases in patches after logging.

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Tumanov, Alexei V., Sergei I. Grivennikov, Andrei A. Kruglov, et al. "Cellular source and molecular form of TNF specify its distinct functions in organization of secondary lymphoid organs." Blood 116, no. 18 (2010): 3456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-10-249177.

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Abstract Secondary lymphoid organs provide a unique microenvironment for generation of immune responses. Using a cell type–specific conditional knockout approach, we have dissected contributions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produced by B cells (B-TNF) or T cells (T-TNF) to the genesis and homeostatic organization of secondary lymphoid organs. In spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer patches, the cellular source of TNF, and its molecular form (soluble versus membrane-bound) appeared distinct. In spleen, in addition to major B-TNF signal, a complementary T-TNF signal contributed to the microstructure. In contrast, B-TNF predominantly controlled the development of follicular dendritic cells and B-cell follicles in Peyer patches. In lymph nodes, cooperation between TNF expressed by B and T cells was necessary for the maintenance of microarchitecture and for generation of an efficient humoral immune response. Unexpectedly, soluble but not membrane TNF expressed by B cells was essential for the organization of the secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, the maintenance of each type of secondary lymphoid organ is orchestrated by distinct contributions of membrane-bound and soluble TNF produced by B and T lymphocytes.

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Wu, ChiaHo, Sureshraju Vegiraju, Ming-Chou Chen, Shakil N. Afraj, Bo-Yuan Huang, and Shuehlin Yau. "Potential-selective fate of 2D chiral crystallization on an electrode surface." Chemical Communications 55, no. 68 (2019): 10116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc04410h.

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Molecular resolution STM is used to study the spatial structure and chirality of adsorbed Δ4,4-dicyclopenta[2,1 b:3,4-b]-dithiophene on an Au(111) electrode, revealing an ordered, racemate adlayer made of homogeneously mixed R- and S-TTE and patches of R- or S-only TTE.

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Menshikova, G., and E. Lunyakova. "An Illuminated Surface May be Perceived as a Shining Surface." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (1997): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970314.

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The relationship between the whiteness of a surface ( W) and its perceived illumination ( E) has been described by the equation: W + kE = Y, where Y is brightness and k is a constant. When brightness remains constant and perceived illumination decreases, whiteness increases from black to white. If, starting from a pair of values W = W0, E = E0 (where E0 is a low value of perceived illumination) at which the surface is seen as white (state A), E is further decreased while brightness remains constant, the surface may be perceived as shining (state B). We investigated the conditions under which the perceptual transition from state A to state B occurred. The subject looked at an illuminated white paper screen on which objects cast shadows. Two test patches were presented: one on a well-illuminated area, the other on a shaded area. The scene and the patches were illuminated by two separate light sources. The brightness of the patches was held constant. The subject was instructed to set the ‘scene’ illumination so that a test patch was perceived as shining, separately for each patch. The results showed that the ‘scene’ illumination where the transition occurred was different for the shaded and the well-illuminated patches. We conclude that the perception of a surface as shining depends on local illumination.

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Neumann, B., A. Luz, K. Pfeffer, and B. Holzmann. "Defective Peyer's patch organogenesis in mice lacking the 55-kD receptor for tumor necrosis factor." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, no. 1 (1996): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.1.259.

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Lymphotoxin alpha (LT-alpha) may form secreted homotrimers binding to p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors or cell surface-bound heterotrimers with LT-beta that interact with the LT-beta receptor. Genetic ablation of LT-alpha revealed that mutant mice have no detectable lymph nodes or Peyer's patches and that the organization of the splenic white pulp in T and B cell areas is disturbed. In this report we describe a novel function for the p55 TNF receptor during ontogeny and demonstrate that mice deficient for p55 completely lack organized Peyer's patches. In contrast, lymph nodes and spleen are present in p55-deficient mice and lymphocytes segregate normally into B and T cell areas in these organs. Lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes of the small intestine were detected in normal number and distribution in p55 mutant mice. Lymphocytes and endothelial cells from p55-deficient mice express normal levels of adhesion molecules considered important for lymphocyte migration to mucosal organs; this indicates that the lack of Peyer's patches does not result from a defect in lymphocyte homing. In summary, the p55 receptor for TNF selectively mediates organogenesis of Peyer's patches throughout ontogeny, suggesting that the effects of LT-alpha on the development of lymphoid organs may be mediated by distinct receptors, each functioning in an organ-specific context.

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Coppi, G., V. Iannuccelli, N. Sala, and M. Bondi. "Alginate microparticles for Polymyxin B Peyer's patches uptake: microparticles for antibiotic oral administration." Journal of Microencapsulation 21, no. 8 (2004): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652040400015437.

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Reboldi, A., T. I. Arnon, L. B. Rodda, A. Atakilit, D. Sheppard, and J. G. Cyster. "IgA production requires B cell interaction with subepithelial dendritic cells in Peyers patches." Science 352, no. 6287 (2016): aaf4822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4822.

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Chiba, Sayuri, Takeshi Nagai, Toshiyuki Hayashi, Yukiko Baba, Shigenori Nagai, and Shigeo Koyasu. "Listerial invasion protein internalin B promotes entry into ileal Peyer's patches in vivo." Microbiology and Immunology 55, no. 2 (2011): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00292.x.

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Velin, Dominique, Grigorios Fotopoulos, Jean-Pierre Kraehenbuhl, and Hans Acha-Orbea. "Systemic Antibodies Can Inhibit Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Driven Superantigen Response in Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues." Journal of Virology 73, no. 2 (1999): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.2.1729-1733.1999.

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ABSTRACT Many mucosal pathogens invade the host by initially infecting the organized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (o-MALT) such as Peyer’s patches or nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) before spreading systemically. There is no clear demonstration that serum antibodies can prevent infections in o-MALT. We have tested this possibility by using the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) as a model system. In peripheral lymph nodes or in Peyer’s patches or NALT, MMTV initially infects B lymphocytes, which as a consequence express a superantigen (SAg) activity. The SAg molecule induces the local activation of a subset of T cells within 6 days after MMTV infection. We report that similar levels of anti-SAg antibody (immunoglobulin G) in serum were potent inhibitors of the SAg-induced T-cell response both in peripheral lymph nodes and in Peyer’s patches or NALT. This result clearly demonstrates that systemic antibodies can gain access to Peyer’s patches or NALT.

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Shook, K., D. M. Gray, and J. W. Pomeroy. "Temporal Variation in Snowcover Area During Melt in Prairie and Alpine Environments." Hydrology Research 24, no. 2-3 (1993): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1993.0021.

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Information on the temporal variation in snow-covered area of watershed during melt is requisite for accurate predictions of runoff. The amount of the gross watershed area that is snow-covered affects runoff primarily in two ways: a) it influences the melt rate, because patches of bare ground affect the energy balance of the snow field, and b) it governs the contributing area of runoff. This paper examines the area-frequency and perimeter-area characteristics of soil and snow patches that form during ablation of seasonal snowcovers in Prairie and Alpine environments. It uses fractal geometry as a basis for quantifying these properties. Image analyses are applied to aerial photographs taken during snowmelt on two small watersheds: one in the West-central part of the Province of Saskatchewan in the Canadian Prairies, the other in the alpine region of the Austrian Alps. The results of the study suggest that the soil and melting snow patches behave as fractals, that is their perimeter-area and area-frequency characteristics can be described by simple power equations with patch area. The perimeter-area ratio of the soil and snow patches decreases with increasing size of patch, but at a smaller rate than for Euclidean objects. The area-frequency characteristics of snow patches follow a hyperbolic distribution with relatively few large patches and numerous small patches. It is suggested that the soil and snow patches have the same fractal dimension. It is concluded that snow patches are not random and their size distribution is predictable. The variation in the edge length of a snow field per unit basin area during ablation is demonstrated. A maximum value of the ratio is reached when a basin has 45-65 % snowcover. With snow coverage in this range the potential for local advection increasing melt under a specific set of climatic conditions is greatest.

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Sun, Bang Yong, Shi Sheng Zhou, Cong Jun Cao, and Yuan Lin Zheng. "A Method of Obtaining Gray Balance Data Based on Polynomial Regression." Advanced Materials Research 213 (February 2011): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.213.643.

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As gray balance is very important for color separation and printing quality control, a method based on polynomial regression is proposed to determining the gray balance data in printing process. Firstly the patches on GrayFinder target of GRACoL proof are measured and the L*a*b* values are obtained, then the relationship between L*a*b* and CMY is determined by using the polynomial regression method, at last the different lightness’ corresponding CMY values are found which constitute the gray balance data by using the relationship obtained above. In the experiment, 8 gray patches are used to test the algorithm, and the result shows the average error is 0.969 with the maximal error 2.047 which indicates that the method can be used to find gray balance data.

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Schuhmann, Klaus, Christoph Romanin, Werner Baumgartner, and Klaus Groschner. "Intracellular Ca2+ Inhibits Smooth Muscle L-Type Ca2+ Channels by Activation of Protein Phosphatase Type 2B and by Direct Interaction with the Channel." Journal of General Physiology 110, no. 5 (1997): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.110.5.503.

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Modulation of L-type Ca2+ channels by tonic elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ was investigated in intact cells and inside-out patches from human umbilical vein smooth muscle. Ba2+ was used as charge carrier, and run down of Ca2+ channel activity in inside-out patches was prevented with calpastatin plus ATP. Increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ in intact cells by elevation of extracellular Ca2+ in the presence of the ionophore A23187 inhibited the activity of L-type Ca2+ channels in cell-attached patches. Measurement of the actual level of intracellular free Ca2+ with fura-2 revealed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 260 nM and a Hill coefficient close to 4 for Ca2+- dependent inhibition. Ca2+-induced inhibition of Ca2+ channel activity in intact cells was due to a reduction of channel open probability and availability. Ca2+-induced inhibition was not affected by the protein kinase inhibitor H-7 (10 μM) or the cytoskeleton disruptive agent cytochalasin B (20 μM), but prevented by cyclosporin A (1 μg/ ml), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin). Elevation of Ca2+ at the cytoplasmic side of inside-out patches inhibited Ca2+ channels with an IC50 of 2 μM and a Hill coefficient close to unity. Direct Ca2+-dependent inhibition in cell-free patches was due to a reduction of open probability, whereas availability was barely affected. Application of purified protein phosphatase 2B (12 U/ml) to the cytoplasmic side of inside-out patches at a free Ca2+ concentration of 1 μM inhibited Ca2+ channel open probability and availability. Elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in the presence of PP2B, suppressed channel activity in inside-out patches with an IC50 of ∼380 nM and a Hill coefficient of ∼3; i.e., characteristics reminiscent of the Ca2+ sensitivity of Ca2+ channels in intact cells. Our results suggest that L-type Ca2+ channels of smooth muscle are controlled by two Ca2+-dependent negative feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms are based on (a) a protein phosphatase 2B-mediated dephosphorylation process, and (b) the interaction of intracellular Ca2+ with a single membrane-associated site that may reside on the channel protein itself.

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SÁNCHEZ-CORDERO, VICTOR, and ROBERTO MARTÍNEZ-GALLARDO. "Postdispersal fruit and seed removal by forest-dwelling rodents in a lowland rainforest in Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 2 (1998): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000121.

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This study examined whether postdispersal fruit and seed removal by terrestrial mammals of common plant species was affected by the type of item, item density (low, medium, high), and habitat (gap, mid-succession, mature). Fruits of Brosimum alicastrum and Ficus yoponensi (Moraceae), Astrocaryum mexicanum (Palmae), and Nectandra ambigens (Lauraceae), and seeds of Omphalea oleifera (Euphorbiaceae) and Cymbopetalum baillonii (Annonaceae) were tested at the Los Tuxtlas rainforest in Mexico. Item removal from 108 experimental patches (N = 2340 fruits or seeds for each plant species tested) after 5 d was lower for F. yoponensis (6.6%) than for N. ambigens (68.8%), B. alicastrum (67.8%), C. baillonii (64.0%) and A. mexicanum (60.0%). No seeds of O. oleifera were removed. A higher fruit or seed removal was observed from high density than low density food patches in A. mexicanum, C. baillonii and N. ambigens, but not in B. alicastrum and F. yoponensis. A higher fruit or seed removal was observed from food patches in mature forest than in gaps in all plant species tested. Similar removal values between open (open to all terrestrial mammals) and caged (open to small rodents) fruit and seed patches, abundant rodent live-trapping, and a scarcity of large terrestrial mammals, indicated that forest-dwelling small rodents were the main postdispersal removal agents. Differences in plant species seedling recruitment resulting from small rodent food choices can partially determine long-term forest floristic composition at the Los Tuxtlas rainforest.

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APOLINÁRIO, M. "Temporal variations in community structure in and around intertidal barnacle (Chthamalus challengeri Hoek) patches on a plebby shore in Japan." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 1 (1999): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000100006.

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The community structure in and around two barnacle (Chthamalus challengeri Hoek) patches (sites A and B) which extended from the middle to the upper intertidal zone on a pebbly shore in Magarisaki (Amakusa, Kyushu, Japan), was studied during summer and winter of 1995 and 1996. The results show a significant decrease in the proportion of substrate covered by barnacles from January 1995 to July 1996. The number of species, number of individuals, and biomass also decreased in the patch areas through time. There were significant differences between inside and outside the patches for percentage of substrate covered by barnacles, number of individuals, number of species, and biomass during the first year. Numbers of some gastropods were significantly higher in the barnacle patches, suggesting that the presence of barnacles create favorable microhabitat for the other taxa.

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MYLLYS, Leena, Saara VELMALA, Raquel PINO-BODAS, and Trevor GOWARD. "New species in Bryoria (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) from north-west North America." Lichenologist 48, no. 5 (2016): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282916000268.

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AbstractTwo new species of Bryoria are described based on morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny (ITS and Mcm7). Both species belong in section Bryoria, which was resolved as a polyphyletic group in the ITS+Mcm7 phylogeny. Bryoria alaskana belongs to a clade restricted to South-East Asia and north-west North America, and is so far known from south-east Alaska and the Sino-Himalayan Mountains. This highly variable species is most reliably recognized by its pendent, esorediate thallus, its production of fumarprotocetraric acid, and the combination of isotomic branching, abundant, whitish, predominantly fusiform pseudocyphellae, and sparse, short perpendicular side branches. Black emorient patches are lacking. Bryoria irwinii is endemic to north-west North America and is closely related to B. araucana from South America, B. poeltii from South-East Asia, as well as B. nadvornikiana and B. trichodes, both widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a subpendent, esorediate species recognized by its predominantly anisotomic branching, olivaceous hue, black emorient patches, conspicuous pale brownish, fusiform pseudocyphellae, and numerous perpendicular, more or less basally constricted, side branches.

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Sheng, Dao Qing, Guo Yue Chen, Kazuki Saruta, and Yuki Terata. "3D Face Recognition Based on Local Curvature Feature Matching." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.609.

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In this paper, an approach based on local curvature feature matching for 3D face recognition is proposed. K-L transformation is employed to adjust coordinate system and coarsely align 3D point cloud. Based on B-splines approximation, 3D facial surface reconstruction is implemented. Through analyzing curvature features of the fitted surface, local rigid facial patches are extracted. According to the extracted local patches, feature vectors are constructed to execute final recognition. Experimental results demonstrate high performance of the presented method and also show that the method is fairly effective for 3D face recognition.

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Heiden, Gustavo, and José Rubens Pirani. "Baccharis nebularis (Asteraceae, Astereae): a new species of B. subgen. Tarchonanthoides sect. Curitybenses from the mountains of Southern Brazil." Phytotaxa 177, no. 2 (2014): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.177.2.4.

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Baccharis nebularis, a new species belonging to B. subgen. Tarchonanthoides sect. Curitybenses, is described, illustrated, and compared to B. chionolaenoides and B. curitybensis. A key for its identification is provided. The new species occurs in patches of cloud forest thickets mixed with high altitude tropical grasslands in the southern Brazilian mountains. Data on distribution and habitat, phenology, conservation status, as well as a list of specimens examined are also presented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'B-patches'

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