Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'BA thesis'

Une prospection geologique systematique de ces terrains a conduit a la reconnaissance de quatre principaux types de mineralisations dans le socle, le devonien inferieur et le cretace : 1 - une mineralisation stratiforme a zn-pb-ba-f de type sedimentaire - exhalatif omnipresente au sommet de la barre calcaire emsienne (devonien inferieur). 2 - de nombreux filons de types b. P. G. C. A gangue de siderite avec, pour certains, presence importante de barytine ou de fluorine ; ces filons correspondent a une phase de mineralisation tardi-hercynienne, probablement en liaison avec une phase tectonique compressive impliquant un contexte decrochant a composante cisaillante senestre, evoluant progressivement vers une distension nord-sud. 3 - des amas metasomatiques a mg-fe dans la barre calcaire emsienne, pouvant representer le sommet du systeme hydrothermal responsable des filons tardi-hercyniens du socle. 4 - la dissemination de galene dans les calcaires du santonien et de petits amas decimetriques de barytine secants sur la dolomie greseuse du cenomanien ; ces indices traduisent la remobilisation de filons tardi-hercyniens principalement d'apres l'identite des compositions isotopiques du plomb.

Thesis (MAcc) --Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study explores the question as to whether income taxpayers are in a more disadvantaged position due to the deletion of section 11(bA) and the replacement thereof with section 11A of the Income Tax Act No.58 of 1962 specifically regarding pre-production raising fees incurred during the expansion of an existing industry. It was found in CSARS v South African Custodial Services (Pty) Ltd that raising fees can be read in under the phrase interest and related finance cost as found in section 11 (bA) and therefore deductible under this provision. Section 11 (bA) was however recently deleted from the South African Income Tax Act and replaced with section 11A. In terms of judicial precedent, stare decisis, it was proved that raising fees will also be deductible in terms of section 24J (section 24J regulates and determines the amount of pre-production raising fees that may be deducted for income tax purposes in terms of section 11A). It was found that pre-production raising fees incurred will be ring-fenced in terms of section 11A until such a time that sufficient taxable income is generated from that specific industry that is being expanded. Section 11 (bA) contains no such ring-fencing restrictions and thus an assessed loss may be created and used against other taxable income of the taxpayer. It was also found that the income tax position of raising fees incurred by the taxpayer is determined by the exact time that the entity starts with the carrying on of a trade in terms of section 11 (bA) and section 11A. To answer the question satisfactorily, four scenarios were examined all with different stages where pre-production raising fees will be deductible in terms of section 11 (bA) and section 11A. The present value of the pre-production raising fees deduction calculated in terms of section 11(bA) and section 11A are compared against each other to ascertain whether or not the income taxpayer is in a more disadvantaged position due to the deletion of section 11(bA) and the replacement thereof with section 11A. It was found that the deletion of section 11 (bA) and the replacement thereof with section 11A is in most cases more detrimental to the taxpayer.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om die vraagstuk te ondersoek of belastingpligtiges in ʼn meer nadelige posisie is as gevolg van die skrapping van artikel 11(bA) en vervanging daarvan met artikel 11A van die Inkomstebelastingwet No.58 van 1962 spesifiek in verband met voorproduksie-leningskommissie aangegaan tydens die uitbreiding van ʼn bestaande bedryf. Daar word in CSARS v South African Custodial Services (Pty) Ltd bevind dat leningskommissie ingelees kan word onder die frase rente en verwante finansieringskoste soos gevind in artikel 11(bA) en dus aftrekbaar is in terme van hierdie bepaling. Artikel 11(bA) is egter onlangs uit die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstebelastingwetgewing geskrap en met artikel 11A vervang. In terme van regspresedent, stare decisis, is daar bewys dat leningskommissie ook aftrekbaar is in terme van artikel 24J (wat die aftrekkingsbedrag in terme van artikel 11A reguleer en dus ook aftrekbaar in terme van artikel 11A is). Daar is bevind dat voorproduksie-leningskommissie aangegaan omhein sal word in terme van artikel 11A tot en met die tydstip dat daar genoegsame belasbare inkomste is uit die spesifieke bedryf wat uitgebrei word waarteen hierdie uitgawes afgespeel kan word. Artikel 11(bA) bevat egter geen omheiningsbeperking nie en dus kan ʼn aangeslane verlies geskep en aangewend word teen die belasbare inkomste van die bedrywe wat deur die belastingpligtige verdien word. Daar is verder ook bevind dat die inkomstebelastingposisie van die leningskommissie deur die belastingpligtige aangegaan, bepaal word deur die tydstip waarop die bedryf in aanvang geneem word in terme van artikel 11(bA) en artikel 11A. Ten einde die vraagstuk bevredigend te beantwoord, word vier scenario’s ondersoek wat die aftrekking van voorproduksie-leningskommissie vir inkomstebelastingdoeleindes op verskillende tye ondersoek en vergelyk in terme van artikel 11(bA) en artikel 11A. Die huidige waarde van die voorproduksie-leningskommissie-aftrekking in terme van bogenoemde artikels word met mekaar vergelyk om tot ʼn slotsom te kom rakende of die belastingpligtige in ʼn meer nadelige posisie is as gevolg van die skrapping van artikel 11(bA) en vervanging daarvan met artikel 11A. Daar word bevind dat die skrapping van artikel 11(bA) en vervanging daarvan met artikel 11A in meeste gevalle meer nadelig vir die belastingpligtige is.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An alternative measure of progress to GDP was evaluated in the Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela tribe (in total N = 119) using subjective wellbeing or happiness. The major dimensions of happiness were assumed to be physical, mental, social, spiritual, educational, environmental, occupational, and financial wellbeing or income and governance. Amongst the Bakgatla, correlation testing identified two clusters or core sub-sets of relationships, based on the strength of relationships, which appear to work in parallel to one another, with divergent outcomes of either increased happiness or income. The first cluster is related to traditional economic rationality and consists of Education Level, Income and Employment Security. The second cluster, more closely related to principles of sustainable development, consists of Social Wellbeing, Environmental Wellbeing and Happiness. An insignificant correlation between Income and Happiness exists. A multiple regression analysis was conducted with Happiness as the dependent variable and the major wellbeing dimensions as the independent variables (R² = .286). Statistically significant Standardized Beta’s calculated in the regression analysis are Social wellbeing (0.464), Educational level (-0.226), Governance (0.205) and Physical wellbeing (0.194). Although a cause-and-effect relationship can’t be assumed, the supposition is that ceteris paribus: • Happy people tend to have higher levels of social wellbeing or social capital; • The more educated people are, the less happy they are; • The more trust people have in public institutions and the state, the happier they are; and • Happy people tend to be healthier. Therefore, holding all other explanatory variables constant, it can be assumed that income has no bearing on subjective wellbeing. Therefore we reject the Null Hypothesis that the Bakgatla’s progress is purely determined by their annual per capita income. The relationship between income and subjective wellbeing for the Bakgatla follows global patterns - an initial increase in happiness as income increases is pronounced but ‘flattens’ somewhat as a higher level of income is reached and diminishes as very high levels of income are achieved. The critical turning point where income has a diminishing rate of return on satisfaction is around R20 000 per annum per person. This corroborates the human needs theories which proposes that a hierarchy of needs for human beings exist and until the basic needs are met, higher needs cannot be met. The present findings have implications for the Bakgatla: in order to increase happiness and promote development, the Bakgatla should focus on four key aspects: meeting basic needs; increasing social capital; increasing trust in the Tribal Authorities; and improving physical health. In addition, education and environmental wellbeing should also be focal points but changes need to be made to the education curriculum so that there is a strong focus on sustainable development. An important policy implication that the Bakgatla need to consider, is balancing the needs of the current generation with the needs of future generations. Economic growth or income may bring a certain amount of happiness; environmental destruction, crime and human health implications may outweigh these benefits and happiness in both the current and future generations.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is subjektiewe welstand of geluk as alternatief vir bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) as vooruitgangsmaatstaf by die Bakgatla-Ba-Kgafela-stam (altesaam N = 119) ondersoek. Die veronderstelde hoofaspekte van geluk wat in die studie getoets is, is fisiese welstand, geesteswelstand, maatskaplike welstand, spirituele welstand, opvoedkundige welstand, omgewingswelstand, beroepswelstand, finansiële welstand of inkomste, en bestuur. Korrelasietoetse onder die Bakgatla het twee beduidende groepe of kernsubstelle verwantskappe uitgewys, welke groepe oënskynlik gelyklopend funksioneer, met uiteenlopende dog nieverwante uitkomste van hetsy verhoogde geluk of verhoogde inkomste. Die eerste groep hou verband met tradisionele ekonomiese rasionaliteit, en bestaan uit onderrigvlak, inkomste en werksekerheid. Die tweede groep, wat eerder met beginsels van volhoubare ontwikkeling saamhang, bestaan uit maatskaplike welstand, omgewingswelstand en geluk. Die studie toon onbeduidende verband tussen inkomste en geluk. Meervoudige regressieontleding is met geluk as afhanklike veranderlike en die hoofwelstandsaspekte as onafhanklike veranderlikes uitgevoer (R² = 0,286). Statisties beduidende gestandaardiseerde betakoëffisiënte wat in die regressieontleding bereken is, is maatskaplike welstand (0,464), opvoedingsvlak (-0,226), bestuur (0,205) en fisiese welstand (0,194). Hoewel oorsaak-en-gevolg-verwantskap nie aanvaar kan word nie, word daar vermoed dat, met alle ander faktore gelyk: • gelukkige mense geneig is om hoër vlakke van maatskaplike welstand of maatskaplike kapitaal te geniet; • hoe meer opgevoed mense is, hoe ongelukkiger is hulle; • hoe meer vertroue mense in openbare instellings en die staat het, hoe gelukkiger is hulle; en • gelukkige mense geneig is om gesonder te wees. Indien alle ander verklarende veranderlikes konstant gehou word, word daar dus aanvaar dat inkomste geen verband met subjektiewe welstand toon nie. Daarom word die nulhipotese dat die Bakgatla se vooruitgang alleenlik deur hul jaarlikse inkomste per capita bepaal word, verwerp. Die verwantskap tussen inkomste en subjektiewe welstand vir die Bakgatla volg internasionale patrone: Aanvanklik neem geluk duidelik toe namate inkomste verhoog, plat dan effens af namate hoër inkomstevlak bereik word, en verminder aansienlik wanneer baie hoë inkomstevlakke bereik word. Die kritiese draaipunt waar inkomste verlaagde opbrengskoers op tevredenheid toon, is sowat R20 000 per jaar per persoon. Dít staaf die menslikebehoefte-teorie wat aan die hand doen dat mense oor hiërargie van behoeftes beskik en dat daar eers in basiese behoeftes voorsien moet word voordat behoeftes hoër op in die hiërargie aan die beurt kan kom. Hierdie bevindinge het bepaalde implikasies vir die Bakgatla: Ten einde geluk te verhoog en ontwikkeling aan te moedig, behoort die Bakgatla op vier kernaspekte te konsentreer, naamlik voorsiening in basiese behoeftes, die vermeerdering van maatskaplike kapitaal, die verhoging van vertroue in die stamowerhede, en verbetering van liggaamlike gesondheid. Voorts behoort opvoedkundige en omgewingswelstand ook fokuspunte te wees, maar moet die onderrigkurrikulum aangepas word om sterker klem op volhoubare ontwikkeling te plaas. Belangrike beleidsimplikasie wat die Bakgatla moet oorweeg, is om ewewig te vind tussen die behoeftes van die huidige geslag en die behoeftes van toekomstige geslagte. Ekonomiese groei of inkomste kan inderdaad sekere hoeveelheid geluk skep. Tog kan omgewingsvernietiging, misdaad en swak menslike gesondheid hierdie voordele en geluk in sowel die huidige as toekomstige geslagte oorskadu. Bykomende navorsing word vir die toekoms aanbeveel.

L’objet de ce travail est une étude épistémologique et didactique sur les liens entre mathématiques et physique à propos des concepts de vecteur et de translation d’une part et de grandeurs physiques vectorielles et de mouvement de translation d’autre part, en France et au Sénégal. En nous situant dans le cadre de la théorie de l’anthropologie didactique des savoirs de Chevallard, nous examinons les points suivants : Etude de l’histoire de ces concepts et de leur enseignement (Analyse écologique) ; Analyse des conditions actuelles de leur enseignement à travers une analyse des programmes et de manuels de mathématiques et de physique (Analyse institutionnelle) ; Étude des rapports personnels des enseignants des deux disciplines et des élèves aux objets de savoir en jeu et aux liens éventuels entre les deux disciplines. Dans notre conclusion, nous présenterons des perspectives sur une expérimentation d’un cours à deux voix sur les mouvements de translation<br>In this work, we present an epistemological and didactical study of the relation between mathematics and physics about the concepts of vector and translation on one side and forces and velocity and movement of translation on another side, in France and Senegal. From the theoretical perspective of the didactic anthropology developed by Chevallard, we analyse the following points : Historical study of the concepts and their teaching (ecological analysis) ; Analysis of the present conditions of the teaching, through curriculum and textbooks in mathematics and physics (institutional analysis). Study of personal relations of teachers of both subjects and also students regarding the concepts at stake and the links thy make between mathematics and physics. In our conclusion, we present perspectives about experimentation with teachers from disciplines on the movement of translation

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a G-protein coupled receptor that controls mammalian extracellular calcium (Ca2+o) homeostasis. CaR downstream signalling involves intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) mobilisation which can be negatively modulated by protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of CaR residue Thr-888 (CaRT888). The nature of this regulation was investigated here using siRNA-based knockdown of individual PKC isotypes. Knocking down PKCα expression increased CaR-induced Ca2+i mobilisation in CaR-HEK cells, significantly lowering the EC50 for Ca2+o relative to control siRNA-transfected cells. In accordance, PKCα knockdown also decreased CaRT888 phosphorylation which also permitted the triggering of Ca2+i mobilisation in CaR-HEK cells at sub-threshold Ca2+o concentrations. Interestingly, PKCε knockdown attenuated CaR-induced Ca2+i mobilisation in CaR-HEK cells, significantly increasing the EC50 for Ca2+o. However, this knockdown was also also found to inhibit CaRT888 phosphorylation and this is the first time that CaRT888 phosphorylation has been shown to be dissociate from Ca2+i mobilisation. The results show the complexity of the interactions that potentially underlie the CaR’s pleiotropic signalling and provides novel targets for examining signal bias. Classically an increase in cAMP is known to trigger PTH seceretion. The observation in this study shows that raising intracellular cAMP levels with forskolin also decreased CaRT888 phosphorylation permitting increased Ca2+i mobilisation. This suggests that cAMP may stimulate the phosphatase (most likely protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)). Nevertheless, knocking down Gα12, which has been shown to activate PP2A, resulted in increased CaRT888 phosphorylation and lower Ca2+i mobilisation (increased EC50 for Ca2+o). This suggests the possibility of CaR as a cAMP sensor that can detect an increase in intracellular cAMP in order to stop PTH serection. Three novel CaR effectors, P70 ribosamal protein S6 kinase, insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, were identified in CaR-HEK cells. It was shown that a) high Ca2+o stimulated the activation of these effectors and b) each effector was inhibited by knockdown of PKCα and Gα12, which further confirmed the association of these signals with CaR. These data show that CaR also plays an important role outside Ca2+o homeostasis, such as growth and inflammation. Finally, five CaR mutations associated with autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH) were found to increase Ca2+o-induced Ca2+i mobilisation, as well as ERK and p38MAPK activation, when transfected stably in HEK-293 cells. Cotreatment with the calcilytic NPSP795 inhibited ERK and p38MAPK phosphorylation in all 5 gain-of-function mutants and in the wild type CaR cells, with IC50s for the compound in the nanomolar range. These data highlight the potential utility of CaR negative allosteric modulators in the treatment of gain-of-function CaR mutations. Together these data enhance our understanding of CaRT888 phosphorylation and CaR signalling.

The aim of this qualitative interpretive research was to explore the experiences of HIV counsellors and how these experiences influence the counsellors' psychological wellbeing. The complexities of the context within which HIV pre and post test counselling occurs form the day-to-day real ity of barely trained volunteer counsellors whose task it is to counsel, inform and educate people at grass roots concerning HIV. The guiding question of the current research pertained to the experience of HIV counselors regarding the influence of their work on their own well-being. A case study design was used. In depth interviews were conducted with nine Sotho speaking HIV counselors working in primary healthcare clinics in the Sedibeng region of Gauteng. Additional data was collected through observation. Data was initially coded, using axial coding; this was followed by thematic analysis. The focus was .on the psychological well-being of the volunteer HIV counsellors. The data indicated that the participants were not overwhelmed by the many stressors of their challenging occupations. They succeeded in developing their own ways of stress relief especially through practising their spiritual beliefs and other means like participating in community activities and meaningful relationships of significant other. They experienced personal growth and empowerment in general, but especially in the field of health and sexuality. The female participants were increasingly able to negotiate safer sex. Participants' lives were enriched through amongst others the regard they received from their communities, and being in a position to give information and advice that they gained from the training and exposure to information. The participants experienced feelings of self-worth in that they were able to contribute to their communities and thereby adding meaning to their own existence. It became clear that their character strengths such as wisdom, courage, humanity, justice and transcendence enabled them to function and grow in their difficult situation. The research highlighted that the inner strengths and virtues of the volunteer counsellors enable them to persist, in challenging work conditions and socio-economic circumstances. Difficulties facing volunteer HIV counsellors that became clear are the lack of support and recognition they have to contend with. It is therefore recommended that more attention should be given by the relevant stakeholders to strengthen the support and to make more resources available to them.<br>Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

Thesis (MPhil (Ancient Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.<br>A particular motif in Egyptian art is that of avians. This is frequently depicted in a significant number and variety of visual sources from the tomb of Tutankhamun (KV 62) (1336-1327 BC) and other find contexts throughout Egyptian history from c. 3000 BC, but is little understood. The motif mostly depicts an avian creature with wings outstretched, talons grasping the Egyptian hieroglyph symbol for eternity (shen). In some instances the avian’s falcon or vulture body or parts of the body is/are replaced with parts of another creature, namely that of a snake, cobra, ram, human, duck, or a hieroglyph sign. A study was undertaken to assess how and why this avian motif was composed and what the function in Egyptian culture was. A manual search of published material for relevant visual sources depicting specific versions of the avian motif was undertaken and selected sources were indexed into a representative graphical database including one hundred and ninety-one items. Textual sources (academic literature and literature from ancient Egypt) were then consulted to support and/or expand on the iconographic, symbolic, and functional aspects of the motif: - At the iconographic level, the historical development and ‘structural dynamics’ of the motif are investigated to deduce the artistic rules that applied to its creation. - At the symbolic level, the symbolic meaning of the artwork is ascertained by theorizing on the meaning of the motif and its parts in an Egyptian context. - At the functional level, the function of the artwork is ascertained by investigating how the motif’s symbolism was intended to be applied to benefit the individual. The results of this research is that the avian motif developed over time according to strict artistic rules; that it symbolized the king, eternity and protection; and that its function was to protect the king in all phases of his existence in a political and mythological context in order to ensure that the he would attain an eternal life in the afterlife. In the mind of the ancient Egyptian this was achieved through the transference of the avian motif’s magical qualities to the user. The intended outcome of this study is to highlight the avian motif’s importance in the context of the ancient Egyptian culture.

This research studies ten archaeological sites, being nine of them of graphic records (eight painting sites and one of engraving) and one of lytic material (fixed bases of pestle and surface fragments), associated with the previous ones and closely connected to Rio do Peixe, whichcrosses the whole unit of study. Due to the intimate connection of the sites with the direct area across the river, it was considered viable to define the site as Archaeological Complex of Rio do Peixe. The sites studied are located in a geomorphological formation of the Inserberg type, characterized and described as a Monadnocks formation, which presents a residual form and varied features such as ridges and slopes,creating a flattening top surface that stands out in the landscape. The study area is located in the rural area of Coronel João Sá City, Northeast of Bahia. It stands out due to its relationship and environmental location: micro and macro scales; in the search for elements that allow to construct and to insert the graphic registers in temporal and spatial scale for the archaeological reality. The choice of this area as a work proposal was conditioned by the total absence of systematic studies on this material and its environmental dynamics. The need to identify cultural elements and their relation with the group(s) fixed in place in past periods has led us to elaborate this study and the propositions derived therefrom. This work consists, above all, of a documentation of traces exposed to a diversity of degrading factors which are subject to gradual and linear disappearance. The research problem is built on the assumption that the choice of places for fixation, graphic practice, reappropriation or use forpassage areas is not something done by chance, quite the contrary, they are detailed choices, inspected areas because they present the possibility of group interaction, and also because they show conditions so that the choices and the culture can be developed or expanded in a constant dynamic with the environment and with the most varied and diverse ecological contexts. This leads us to think about the choice of these landmarks in the landscape. We emphasize as general objective of research to reach data that contribute to the identification of the identity of pre-colonial groups that inhabited the northeast region of Bahia. The hypothesis proposes that the rock paintings of Rio do Peixe Complex, located in the high, middle and low slope, belongs to the Tradition of São Francisco. This is due to the geographic proximity where the characteristic elements have already been defined, because of the type of pigmentation used, the of cognosity pattern or the mental map of clothing, the type of themes found, the emblematic graphics of the tradition, and the type of features and supports chosen for general graphic practice. It is also suggested that the whole region, composed not only of the geomorphological complex mentioned above, may have been used as a zone of passage for different groups and for significant periods of time and that they may be attested by the material evidences, identified in the direct area of the sites and surroundings. Therefore, all intentional cultural variety or not, as well as the natural and landscape elements, gain relevance and base the reflections coming from the analyzes.<br>La recherche a consisté à étudier dix (10) sites archéologiques, et 09 documents iconographiques (08 [huit] sites de peinture et 01 [un] de l'image) et l’un (01) de matériel lithique (base fixe pylône plusieurs fragments sur la surface ), associéaux site préc´dents et étroitement lié ausite « Rio do Peixe », qui traverse l'ensemble de l'unité d'étude. En raison de la connexion intime des sites avec la zone directe de la rivière, il a été jugé possible de définir le Complexe Archéologique de « Rio do Peixe ». Les sites sont placés dans formation géomorphologique du type Inserberg, caractérisée comme Monadnocks, ayant une forme résiduelle et diverses caractéristiques telles que les crêtes et les pentes dominants aplatis sur le paysage. La zone d'étude est située dans la ville rurale de Coronel João Sá, nord-est de Bahia.Il met l'accent sur leur relation et l'emplacement de l'environnement sur les sites de échelles micro et macro dans la recherche de preuves pour construire et insérer les enregistrements graphiques à l'échelle spatiale et temporelle de la réalité archéologique. Le choix de la région, notamment une proposition de travail a été conditionnée par l'absence totale d'études systématiques sur ce matériel et sa culture de la dynamique de l'environnement. Le bésoin d'identifier les éléments culturels et leur relation à des groupes installés dans le région au passé nous a conduit à développer cette étude et les propositions concernant. Ce travail est surtout une documentation des vestiges archéologiques exposés à une variété de facteurs dégradants lesquels sont soumis à une disparition progressive et linéaire. Le problème de la recherche repose sur l'hypothèse que le choix des sites pour la fixation, la pratique graphique, ré-appropriation ou l'utilisation en tant que zones depassage, n'est pas fait au hasard, para contre, ce sont des choix détaillés, leszones inspectées pour la présentation de la possibilité d'interaction des groupes et les conditions de développement des cultures dans une dynamique constante avec l'environnement et les contextes écologiques les plus divers et variés. Cela nous mène à nous demander la raison du choix de ces points de repère dans le paysage.Nous mettons en évidence l'objectif général de la recherche, les données d'accès qui aident à identifier l'identité des groupes pré-coloniaux qui habitaient le nord-est de Bahia. Le cadre hypothétique propose que les peintures rupestres du Complexe Rio do Peixe situés en haute, moyenne et faible inclinaison, appartiennent à la tradition de San Francisco. Nous nous basons sur ce point en raison de la proximité géographique où les éléments caractéristiques ont déjà été définies par le type de pigment utilisé, le modèle de cognition ou d’une représentation mentale d’elaboration,le type des thèmes trouvés, le graphisme emblématique de la tradition, la caractéristique et les supports sur roche choisis pour l'impression. Onsuggère également que la région est composée non seulement par le complexe géomorphologique ci-dessus pourtant il peut avoir été utilisé comme une zone de passage par différents groupes, pour de longues périodes, ce qui peut être démontrée par des preuves physiques, identifiées dans la zone directe des sites et de l’environnement. A cet égard, toute la diversité culturelle intentionnelle ou non, ainsi que les éléments naturels et les paysages gagnent en importance et sous-tendent les réflexions concernant l'analyse.<br>A pesquisa em questão estuda 10 (dez) sítios arqueológicos, sendo 09 de registros gráficos (08 [oito] sítios de pintura e 01 [um] de gravura) e 01 (um) de material lítico (bases fixas de pilão mais fragmentos em superfície), associado aos anteriores e intimamente ligado ao Rio do Peixe que corta toda a unidade de estudo. Devido a intima ligação dos sítios com a área direta do rio, considerou-se viável definirmos como Complexo Arqueológico do Rio do Peixe. Os sítios trabalhados estão localizados numa formação geomorfológica do tipo Inserberg, caracterizado e descrito como uma formação do tipo Monadnocks que apresenta uma forma residual e feições variadas tais como cristas e declives dominando uma superfície de aplanamento superior que se destaca na paisagem. A área de estudo localiza-se na zona rural da cidade de Coronel João Sá, Nordeste da Bahia. Enfatiza-se sua relação e localização ambiental em escalas micro e macro sítios, na busca por elementos que permitam construir e inserir os registros gráficos em escala temporal e espacial para a realidade arqueológica. A escolha da área em particular como proposta de trabalho teve condicionada pela total ausência de estudos sistemáticos sobre essa cultura material e sua dinâmica ambiental. A necessidade de identificação de elementos culturais e sua relação com grupo(s) fixado(s) no local em períodos pretéritos, nos levou a elaborar esse estudo e as proposições nele decorrente. Esse trabalho consiste, acima de tudo, numa documentação de vestígios expostos a uma diversidade de fatores degradantes e que estão sujeitos ao desaparecimento gradual e linear. A problemática de pesquisa é construída a partir do pressuposto de que a escolha de locais para fixação, prática gráfica, reapropriação ou utilização como áreas de passagem, não é algo feito ao acaso, muito pelo contrário, são escolhas detalhadas, áreas vistoriadas por apresentarem possibilidade de interação grupal, e por permitirem condições para que as escolhas e a cultura possa ser desenvolvida ou ampliada em uma constante dinâmica com o ambiente e com os mais variados e diversificados contextos ecológicos. Isso nos leva a pensar o porquê da escolha desses marcos na paisagem. Destacamos como objetivo geral de pesquisa, alcançar dados que contribuam na identificação da identidade de grupos pré-coloniais que habitaram a região nordeste da Bahia. O quadro hipotético propõe que as pinturas rupestres do Complexo Rio do Peixe, localizados na alta, média e baixa vertente, pertence à Tradição São Francisco. Fundamenta-se isso, pela proximidade geográfica onde os elementos característicos já foram definidos, pelo tipo de pigmentação utilizada, pelo padrão de cognoscibilidade ou mapa mental de confecção, pelo tipo de temáticas encontradas, pelos grafismos emblemáticos da tradição, e pelo tipo de feição e suportes escolhidos para a prática gráfica em geral. Se sugere ainda que, toda essa região, composta não apenas pelo complexo geomorfológico acima mencionado, pode ter sido utilizada como zona de passagem de diferentes grupos e por expressivos períodos de tempo e que podem ser atestadas pelas evidências materiais, identificadas na área direta dos sítios e entorno. Nesse aspecto, toda a variedade cultural intencional ou não, bem como, os elementos naturais e paisagísticos, ganham relevância e fundamentam as reflexões advindas das análises<br>Laranjeiras, SE

The requirement for a written element in the B.A (Hons) Arts degree has been in place since the Coldstream Report of 1960. Since that time, there have been discussions, scholarly articles and further government committees addressing the way that this component is delivered by universities and colleges. These discussions centre on the content, the assessment of the content and its relationship to students' own practice. There are many divergent views about how the subject, variously called contextual, critical or complementary studies, should be presented by the students in a way that has academic rigour and enhances studio practice. However, I have identified a gap in that literature: there also is a rich history of artists and, more recently, designers writing about their own and others' practice. I sought to establish whether or not the writing of established practitioners could be useful in improving students' own efforts and encouraging a synthesis between the written work in their final year journals, (an alternative to the traditional dissertation) and their studio practice. The methodology that seemed most appropriate was an instrumental case study, with data from interviews (transcriptions), text analysis and analytic induction of the writings by established practitioners and the students' writings about their own work and the work of others. Experience and by now conventional practice suggests that all students refer to the work of established practitioners, not always from their own chosen discipline. Although the students are not necessarily asked to research and write about other established practitioners, inevitably they will do so to engage with, identify and contextualise theory and history. There was a general lack of understanding about the complexities of the intended learning outcomes and, importantly, the sub-assessment criteria that was realised to be more difficult to explain and understand than the more traditional, essay method of the dissertation. This difficulty was mainly owing to the students' lack of experience in critical thinking and poor research skills when writing about their own work. The task for third year students was burdensome for some, but easier for those students who had critical studies embedded in their studio practice. In only one discipline were the tutors optimistic about the abilities of their students to understand the criteria and therefore likely to be successful in the assessment of the journal. This finding was mirrored in their students' responses. The lack of interest and wide knowledge of some tutors in comparison with other colleagues lead to a tension between what is currently learnt in the studio and what is learnt from non-studio teaching. I explored the relevant writings using the three themes of production, content and consumption. A comparison between students' and established practitioners' writing, using the criteria for the intended learning outcomes for the critical studies module, found that there were both some similarities and some important differences. On the basis of the evidence, the journal could provide the students with a more insightful understanding of their studio practice if there is: • A revision of the assessment criteria, using the saturation points of established practitioners writing in my analysis tables; • Much greater fostering of interest into the reading of established practitioners' writing; and• A team of tutors who are able and willing to teach critical studies/research alongside the studio work. These findings have implications for the training of the staff as well as the structure of the degree courses in art and design.

Das Subjektorientierte Prozessmanagement (Subject-oriented Process Management, S-PM) ermöglicht eine übersichtliche graphische Modellierung von nebenläufigen Systemen, insbesondere von technischen Prozessen und von Geschäftsprozessen (dort: Subject-oriented Business Process Management, S-BPM) [1]. Damit bei der Prozessmodellierung, -validierung bis hin zur -ausführung ein gemeinsames Verständnis über die Bedeutung der verwendeten S-PM Sprachelemente besteht wird eine eindeutige Ausführungssemantik benötigt. Eine solche Ausführungssemantik kann mit dem Formalismus der Abstrakten Zustandsmaschinen (Abstract State Machines, ASM) [2] spezifiziert und mit dem CoreASM Framework [3] ausgeführt werden. Eine ausführbare Spezifikation der S-PM Sprachelemente ermöglicht eine abstrakte Ausführung von Prozessmodellen und damit eine wechselseitige Validierung der Ausführungssemantik und der Prozessmodelle. Bestehende Arbeiten zum Subjektorientierten Prozessmanagement basieren entweder nicht auf einer formalen Spezifikation [4, 5, 6, 7, 8], sind rein theoretische Arbeiten ohne Implementierung [9, 10, 11, 12, 13] oder bilden nur einen begrenzten Sprachumfang ab [14]. In dieser Arbeit wurden bestehende Ansätze zur formalen Spezifikation vom Subjektorientierten Prozessmanagement mit dem Ziel weiterentwickelt, eine ausführbare ASM Spezifikation mit vollem Sprachumfang zu erhalten. Dazu wurde ein Strukturmodell aus vorhandenen S-PM Sprachelementen entwickelt und um zusätzliche benötigte Sprachelemente erweitert. Die Spezifikationen von Sprachelementen aus bestehenden Arbeiten wurden nach CoreASM übertragen, an das Strukturmodell angepasst und um die weiteren Sprachelemente ergänzt. Dabei wurde die Spezifikation der Ausführungseinheit so erweitert, dass eine abstrakte Ausführung von Prozessmodellen ermöglicht wurde. Zur interaktiven Prozessvalidierung wurde eine Konsolenanwendung entwickelt, die mit dem CoreASM Framework verbunden ist und die abstrakte Ausführung steuern kann. Analog zu Testverfahren der Softwareentwicklung konnte durch Komponenten-, Integrations- und Systemtests die Fehlerfreiheit der erarbeiteten Spezifikation sichergestellt und damit der Machbarkeitsnachweis erbracht werden. Durch Komponententests wurde dabei die korrekte Ausführung einzelner Spezifikationsabschnitte kontrolliert und mit Integrationstests wurde der Ablauf in Testprozessen derart vorgeben, dass gezielt die Einhaltung gewünschter Merkmale auf Erfüllung getestet wurde. Für die Systemtests wurde neben praktisch erprobten Prozessmodellen der S-BPM Community auf Prozessmodelle des PolyEnergyNet Forschungsprojekts [15] zurückgegriffen, da diese technischen Modelle wegen ihres hohen Umfangs und hoher Komplexität für einen umfassenden Machbarkeitsnachweis besonders geeignet waren. Durch die Nutzung der Konsolenanwendung konnten diese Prozesse durch eine abstrakte Ausführung validiert und dadurch gleichzeitig die Systemtests durchgeführt werden.

Appendices removed due to copyright restrictions Appendix 1: Beausoleil, N J, Stafford, KJ, Mellor, DJ. 2005. Sheep show more aversion to a dog than to a human in an arena test. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 91 : 2 1 9-232. Appendix 2: Beausoleil, NJ, Stafford, KJ, MelIor, DJ. Does direct human eye contact function as a warning cue for domestic sheep, Ovis aries? Journal of Comparative Psychology, J 20 (3) : 269-279. Appendix 3:Beausoleil, NJ, Stafford, KJ, MelIor, DJ. 2004. Can we use change in core body temperature to evaluate stress in sheep? Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 64: 72-76. Appendix 4: Beausoleil, N.J, Mellor, DJ, Stafford, KJ 2004. Methods for marking New Zealand wildlife: amphibians, reptiles and marine mammals. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand 147p. ISBN 0-478-2263 1-4. Appendix 5: Mellor, DJ, Beausoleil, NJ, Stafford, KJ 2004. Marking amphibians, reptiles and marine mammals: Animal welfare, practicalities and public perceptions in New Zealand. Miscellaneous Publication, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand 55p. ISBN 0-478-22563-6.<br>Both humans and dogs are integral in sheep production systems; however, which is more aversive to sheep, or indeed, whether either causes significant stress, has not been shown experimentally. The aim of this thesis was to examine some behavioural and physiological responses of domestic sheep to the presence of humans or dogs. An arena test was used to measure the relative aversion of sheep to the presence of a human or dog, as well as to elucidate differences in the responses of flocks at the University of Western Australia (UWA) which were putatively selected for differences in fearfulness. A Y maze preference test was used to 'ask' sheep whether they preferred a human shaking a rattle or a barking dog. In both tests, adrenocortical responses were measured concurrently to support the interpretation of behaviour. The presence of a human or dog in the arena elicited significantly more avoidance and vigilance behaviour and less exploration than did the presence of a control object. However, the dog elicited significantly more of this fear-related behaviour, and significantly larger adrenocortical responses than did the human. Sheep also expressed a clear preference for a human shaking a rattle over a barking dog in the Y maze test and exhibited larger adrenocortical responses to the dog than to the human in the Y maze facility. The UWA flocks differed in their expression of locomotor and vocal activity; MA sheep were more active/vocal than the other flocks, not only in the presence of the human but also with the box or dog. MA sheep expressed less avoidance and vigilance and more exploration than the other flocks in the presence of the human and exhibited significantly lower plasma cortisol concentrations than LA sheep after exposure to the human (10-min sample). However, there were no inter-flock differences in fear-related behaviour or adrenocortical responses when the flocks were presented with the box or dog. The results do not support the notion that the UWA flocks have been selected for differences in a consistent predisposition to react fearfully. The adrenocortical responses measured in these studies were only moderate in magnitude and duration, with peak plasma cortisol concentrations 2-3 times higher than pre-treatment values, and all concentrations returning to pre-treatment levels within one hour of the start of treatment. If these observations are confirmed in practical situations, the presence of humans and dogs during routine handling should cause little concern on the basis of animal welfare. However, limiting the presence of dogs in certain situations (e.g. before slaughter) may reduce stress in domestic sheep. Significant methodological developments in this research include the use of multivariate statistical techniques to analyze arena behaviour, the concurrent measurement of adrenocortical and behavioural responses in the arena and Y maze tests, and the explicit testing of the effects of individual lateral biases on choice behaviour in a Y maze test. Future studies should measure sheep stress responses to the presence of humans and dogs in practical situations.

Sixteen native shrub species with various breeding systems and pollination syndromes were investigated in geographically separated populations to determine breeding systems, reproductive success, population structure, and habitat characteristics. Of the sixteen species, seven are hermaphroditic, seven dioecious, and two gynodioecious. Two of the dioecious species are cryptically dioecious, producing what appear to be perfect, hermaphroditic flowers, but that function as either male or female. One of the study species, Raukaua anomalus, was thought to be dioecious, but proved to be hermaphroditic. Teucridium parvifolium, was thought to be hermaphroditic, but some populations are gynodioecious. There was variation in self-compatibility among the four Alseuosmia species; two are self-compatible and two are self-incompatible. Self-incompatibility was consistent amongst individuals only in A. quercifolia at both study sites, whereas individuals in A. macrophylla ranged from highly self-incompatible to self-compatible amongst four study sites. The remainder of the hermaphroditic study species are self-compatible. Five of the species appear to have dual pollination syndromes, e.g., bird-moth, wind-insect, wind-animal. High levels of pollen limitation were identified in three species at four of the 34 study sites. Moderate to high levels of pollen limitation were evident in 50% of the gender dimorphic populations compared with 31% of hermaphroditic populations. Melicope simplex populations were female-biased in 14 study plots and successful fruit set was influenced by combinations of male plant density, male flower numbers and distance to the nearest pollen. Natural fruit set in wind-pollinated species was generally higher than in animal-pollinated taxa. Populations of Coprosma spathulata were mostly malebiased, and male plant density and proximity influenced natural fruit set, with a correlation between low fruit set and low male density. Population recruitment was evident in 32 of the 34 sites. In Pimelea arenaria, recruitment failure was widespread in populations throughout the North Island despite high seed set. Gender ratios showed variation from north to south, with a lower proportion of females with increasing latitude. Many of the sixteen shrubs in this study show remarkable resilience to the effects of fragmentation of natural ecosystems, and many of the species have benefited from the creation of new edge habitat after perturbation - it may be that edges are important refugia for some native taxa, especially shrubs.

Indigenous knowledge use in identifying artisanal fishing zones is the core issue in this dissertation. It seeks, on one hand, to show the potentially of this knowledge and to establish the relationships between indigenous and scientific knowledge in fishing zones identification and, on other the hand, it is also a trend for alleviating those fishing zones surrounding beaches, estuaries and bays highly exploited by artisanal fishermen. Pushing artisanal fishermen upward offshore and/or into the open sea, they will fish more quality and high economic value fish contributing to enhance their income. By so doing, artisanal fishermen will uplift their living standard and, at the same time, they will contribute to sustainable artisanal fisheries management. Angoche District in Nampula province, north of Mozambique is the study area. The study was carried out to describe the logical sequence underlying on the process of identifying artisanal fishing zones using indigenous knowledge. The relationship between indigenous and scientific knowledge is treated with particular attention. The nature of the study is descriptive and analytical based on qualitative and quantitative data. The method used for data collection was face-to-face interviews using structured and semi-structured open-ended questions. Data on socioeconomic, traditional and cultural practices, technological and climate characteristics were collected, analyzed and discussed. Factors underlying artisanal fishing zones were studied. Spatial and non-spatial information for artisanal fishing zones identification was recorded applying Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and, later, processed and analyzed employing Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Finally, a map showing the localization and distribution of the identified fishing zones in the study area was produced. Results from the research show that identification of fishing zones offshore or open sea can be done simply based on local indigenous knowledge. The GIS technology employment facilitates the inclusion of indigenous knowledge into other knowledge which can be used for local decision making. Sustainable fisheries management can only be achieved by developing a science based on the priorities of local people, and creating a technological base that includes both traditional and modern approaches to problem-solving.<br>Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Traditional approaches to policy analysis focus on the outcomes of environmental policy making and the relationship between the state and general public in the policy process. These approaches often overlook the policy process itself and the role of professionals, such as environmental consultants, as they are appointed by government to undertake work on behalf of the state. Environmental consultants are commissioned to work on projects, such as a Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs), in South Africa because of the complexity of the policy process and lack of capacity in government, especially at the local level. Although the local level is seen as the platform for reconstruction and development, service delivery, and economic growth in South Africa, local government faces several challenges in terms of individual, institutional, and environmental capacity constraints. These challenges create a situation in which there is not sufficient capacity to develop effective environmental policies. In the context of these capacity constraints, the state relies on the skills and experience of environmental consultants to manage the environmental policy process. The aim of this research is to use a discourse analysis of the KwaDukuza and Rustenburg SEAs to understand the role of environmental consultants in the policy processes which inform municipal environmental decision making. The focus of this research is to interpret the role of environmental consultants and to understand the environmental policy process within the context of the challenges facing local government. In order to achieve this aim, the research focuses on two dimensions of environmental policy making. The first dimension of policy making examines the discursive concepts actors use within the new discursive spaces emerging at the local government level. The second dimension of policy making analyses the discursive spaces in which the environmental policy process plays out. The empirical analysis of the KwaDukuza and Rustenburg SEA policy processes are used to understand the environmental policy process and examine the role of consultants within emerging deliberative policy making processes. Evidence collected from the interpretation of the KwaDukuza and Rustenburg SEAs show that several discursive concepts emerged during the SEA policy processes. The concepts included an ‘ecological modernization’ discourse, story lines such as ‘balance brown and green issues’, and policy vocabularies such as an ‘environmental’ policy vocabulary. The concepts were found to be instrumental in the way actors define, interpret, and determine legitimate solutions to particular environmental problems. The three SEAs were also interpreted as a performance using four concepts; scripting, staging, setting, and performances. The evidence shows that these concepts can be used to understand the way actors position themselves and exert power in the policy process. The key finding of this research is that environmental consultants play an influential role in the policy process due to a lack of capacity in local government on complex projects, i.e. a SEA. The role of environmental consultants in these policy processes to manage the process and produce the policy document. The consultants are responsible integrating existing data, specialists’ reports and issues from the public participation process into the policy. Environmental consultants therefore strongly influence the discourses which frame the policies that ultimately inform and guide municipal environmental decision making. Although the evidence indicates that environmental consultants are appointed to undertake the majority of the work, the public officials play an important role in steering the project and ensuring that the policy includes government issues, aligns with existing policies and plans, and is what the municipality needs. The public officials are therefore not only influenced by the discourses of the environmental consultants, but the imperatives, such as economic growth, of the local, provincial, and national spheres of government.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2008.

Bibliography: leaves105-117<br>Summaries followed the Bibliography<br>The study investigates the abuse of husbands’ property by widows in the two selected isiZulu novels Ifa ngukufa and Ifa lenkululeko, which is found to have a huge impact on children and family members. The study presents the causes of the abuse of husbands’ property, the course of action of abusing husbands’ property and the consequences thereof. The content analytical approach has been used to analyse the two novels. The analysis reveals that some of the causes of the abuse of husbands’ property by widows are the widows’ carelessness, weakness, lack of respect, stress and laziness. In both literary texts, widows abuse their husbands’ property with their new lovers. As persons living in modern times, they do not respect the African cultural practices. They refuse to wear mourning clothes for their late husbands, as required by the African culture. Instead, they find new lovers within a few days of their husbands’ death, and invite them to stay in their husbands’ houses. The study highlights how easily some people, including widows, can be influenced by other peoples’ cultures. They do not respect their parents, children and the in-laws; and do not pay attention to the wellbeing of their children. When the money is depleted, the new lovers go back to their families. The study further reveals that, after the departure of the new lovers, the widows realise that they (new lovers) were not in love with them, but were after their properties. The presence of the new lovers in the widows’ lives has a negative effect on family members. Consequently, the relationship between the widows and the in-laws, parents and children suffers. The investigation is concluded by presenting recommendations that will help widows to avoid tricksters from robbing them of their property. The study is of great value to children who become the victims of circumstance.<br>Ucwaningo luphenya ngokuhlukunyezwa kwempahla yabayeni ngabafelokazi kumanoveli amabili akhethiwe esiZulu ethi Ifa ngukufa nethi Ifa lenkululeko, okutholakala ukuthi kunomthelela omkhulu ezinganeni nakumalungu omndeni. Ucwaningo luveza izimbangela zokuhlukunyezwa kwempahla yabayeni, isenzo sokwenza kabi impahla yabayeni nemiphumela yakhona. Indlela yokuhlaziya okuqukethwe isetshenziselwe ukuhlaziya lamanoveli amabili. Ukuhlaziywa kuveza ukuthi ezinye zezimbangela zokuhlukunyezwa kwempahla yabayeni ngabafelokazi ukunganaki kwabafelokazi, ubuthakathaka, ukungabi nenhlonipho, ingcindezi nobuvila. Kuyo yomibili imibhalo ebhaliwe, abafelokazi bahlukumeza impahla yabayeni babo namashende abo amasha. Njengabantu abaphila ezikhathini zanamuhla, abayihloniphi imikhuba yamasiko ase-Afrika. Bayenqaba ukugqoka izingubo zokuzila zabayeni babo abangasekho, njengoba kudingeka ngokwesiko lase-Afrika. Esikhundleni salokho, bathola amashende amasha ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva nje kokushona kwabayeni babo, futhi bagcine behlala nabo ezindlini zabayeni babo. Ucwaningo luqhakambisa ukuthi kulula kanjani ukuthi abanye abantu, kufaka phakathi nabafelokazi, bathonywe ngamasiko abanye abantu. Abahloniphi abazali babo, izingane kanye nabasemzini lapho bendele khona; futhi abanaki ngisho nenhlalakahle yezingane zabo. Lapho imali isiphelile, amashende abo amasha abuyela emindenini yabo. Ucwaningo luqhubeka ngokuveza ukuthi, ngemuva kokuhamba kwamashende abo amasha, abafelokazi bayabona ukuthi wona (amashende amasha) abengabathandi, kepha babelandela impahla yabo. Ukuba khona kwamashende amasha ezimpilweni zabafelokazi kunomthelela omubi kumalungu omndeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabafelokazi nabasemzini, abazali nezingane buyaphazamiseka. Uphenyo luphethwa ngokwethula izincomo ezizosiza abafelokazi ukuthi bagweme abakhohlisi ekubaphuceni impahla yabo. Ucwaningo lubaluleke kakhulu ezinganeni eziba yizisulu zalezi zezimo.<br>Phuputso e batlisisa tshebediso e mpe ya thepa ya banna ke bahlolohadi dibukeng tse pedi tsa dipale tse kgethilweng tsa Sezulu Ifa ngukufa le Ifa lenkululeko, e eleng taba e fumanwang e na le tshusumetso e kgolo ho bana le ditho tsa malapa. Phuputso e hlahisa disosa tsa tshebediso e mpe ya thepa ya banna, mokgwa wa ho sebedisa ka tsela e mpe thepa ya banna le ditlamorao tsa teng. Mokgwa wa katamelo ya manollo ya dikateng o sebedisitswe ho manolla dipale tse pedi. Manollo e senola hore tse ding tsa disosa tsa tshebediso e mpe ya thepa ya banna ke bahlolohadi ke ho se tsotelle, bofokodi, ho hloka tlhompho, kgatello ya maikutlo le botswa. Ditemaneng tsa bongodi ka bobedi, bahlolohadi ba hlekefetsa thepa ya banna ba bona le baratuwa ba bona ba batjha. Jwalo ka batho ba phelang mehleng ya kajeno, ha ba hlomphe ditlwaelo tsa setso sa Maafrika. Ba hana ho apara diaparo tsa bofifi bakeng sa banna ba bona ba seng ba hlokahetse, jwalo ka ha moetlo wa Maafrika o hloka hore ho be jwalo. Ho ena le moo, ba fumana baratuwa ba batjha matsatsi a mmalwa kamora lefu la banna ba bona, ebe ba ba memela ho dula ka matlung a banna ba bona. Phuputso e bontsha hore na batho ba bang, ho kenyeletswa le bahlolohadi, ba ka susumetswa habonolo jwang ke ditso tsa batho ba bang. Ha ba hlomphe batswadi ba bona, bana le ba bohading; mme ha ba tsotelle boiketlo ba bana ba bona. Ha tjhelete e fedile, baratuwa ba batjha ba kgutlela malapeng a bona. Phuputso e tswela pele ho senola hore, kamora hore baratuwa ba batjha ba tsamaye, bahlolohadi ba hlokomela hore (baratuwa ba batjha) ba ne ba sa ba rate, empa ba ne ba le kamora thepa ya bona. Boteng ba baratuwa ba batjha bophelong ba bahlolohadi bo na le phello e mpe ho ditho tsa lelapa. Ka hona, kamano dipakeng tsa bahlolohadi le ba bohading, batswadi le bana e ya senyeha. Phuputso e phethelwa ka ho hlahisa dikgothaletso tse tla thusa bahlolohadi ho qoba hore baqhekelli ba ba utswetse thepa ya bona. Phuputso ena e bohlokwa haholo ho bana ba fetohang diphofu tsa maemo a tjena.<br>African Languages<br>M.A. (African Languages)