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Journal articles on the topic 'Babbits'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Gapparov, K. G., H. J. Erkaboev, Yu N. Mansurov, and A. A. Aksenov. "Structural Analysis of Secondary Babbits." Metallurgist 65, no. 5-6 (September 2021): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01189-8.

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2

Gapparov, K. G., H. Zh Erkaboev, Yu N. Mansurov, and A. A. Aksenov. "STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY BABBITS." Metallurg, no. 5 (2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2021_05_60.

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3

Andersen, Erik Wainø, and Willy Hougs. "The Action of Mephenesin on Local Tetanus in Babbits." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 14, no. 4 (March 13, 2009): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1958.tb02974.x.

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4

Gapparov, K. G., B. T. Tozhiboev, and Yu N. Mansurov. "INDUSTRIAL TESTING OF TECHNOLOGY FOR PURIFICATION AND REMELTING OF SECONDARY BABBITS." Metallurg, no. 11 (2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2021_11_101.

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5

Hutchison, Janet. "Building for Babbitt: The State and the Suburban Home Ideal." Journal of Policy History 9, no. 2 (April 1997): 184–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600005923.

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In his 1922 novel Babbitt, Sinclair Lewis introduced his main character, George Follansbee Babbitt, a realtor and member of the local planning board, by describing Babbitt's suburban residence. Paraphrasing contemporary house-plan publications, Lewis characterized the Dutch Colonial dwelling as at once “competent and glossy.” Babbitt's yard, “was perfection … his bathroom … porcelain and glazed tile and metal sleek as silver … and his bedroom … right out of Cheerful Modern Homes for Medium Incomes.” Indeed, his house “had the best of taste, the best of inexpensive rugs, a simple and laudable architecture, and the latest conveniences.”

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6

ONO, Ichiro, Takehiko OHURA, Kenji AZAMI, Mitsutoshi HOSHI, Takashi HASEGAWA, and Masahiko TSUTSUMI. "The effect of the drugs which affect on the arachidonate cascade upon experimentally burned babbits." Blood & Vessel 17, no. 3 (1986): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2491/jjsth1970.17.260.

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7

Maconie, Robin. "CARE TO LISTEN: MILTON BABBITT AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN THE 1950S." Tempo 65, no. 258 (October 2011): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298211000362.

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Following Milton Babbitt's untimely death at the age of 94 (death at any age is untimely, since it unties the time dimension) in January 2011, I was interested in finding out more about his relationship, personal and music-theoretical, with the US information science community during and after the Eisenhower years. The musical avant-garde represented in parody by Babbitt and Cage as two poles of an antithesis sprang into life in the Cold War era at the same time as Scientology, MAD and Playboy magazine. Today the US doyen of priapism is ready to admit that even the best formula for a creative life has its natural limits. I wanted to ask Joseph Straus and Jerry Kohl what they thought of Babbitt's influence in the wider context of cognitive linguistics. In addition to positioning Babbitt as a significant influence on the Russian composer's serial music in the instructive Stravinsky's Late Music (Cambridge University Press, 2001), Joseph Straus is co-editor (with Stephen Dembski) of Babbitt's Words about Music. Jerome Kohl is a fellow Stockhausen enthusiast and distinguished former editor of Perspectives of New Music, a periodical set up in the 1960s to assert US authority in new musical theory and practice by an editorial board including Babbitt and graced by a logo in honour of serial music devised by Stravinsky himself.

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8

Cuciurean, John. "Self-Similarity and Compositional Strategies in the Music of Milton Babbitt." Canadian University Music Review 17, no. 2 (March 12, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1014783ar.

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The unfolding of a compact algebraic group into a larger structure which exhibits an isomorphic relationship with the smaller group is the essence of "self-similarity." Through the use of transformational networks which take advantage of the group properties of the forty-eight canonical operators and through the examination of the hexachordally combinatorial properties of Babbitt's row forms, this paper examines the manner in which Babbitt selects and combines rows to produce maximal diversity on the surface while optimizing internal coherence at the deeper structural levels. This study focuses on three works that cover straightforward serial structures, simple array structures and superarray structures respectively — Babbitt's three main compositional strategies.

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9

Mailman, Joshua Banks. "UPON THE OCCASION OF THE MILTON BABBITT (1916–2011) CENTENARY: AN INTERVIEW WITH BENJAMIN BORETZ." Tempo 70, no. 278 (September 28, 2016): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298216000322.

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AbstractThis edited transcript of a public pre-concert discussion with composer, theorist and critic Benjamin Boretz not only touches on early personal encounters with Babbitt but also ranges over issues of reception of his music, listening experiences, transformations of music's temporality, connections to Schoenberg, Webern, Cage, and postmodernism, stylistic changes over Babbitt's career and composerly poetics, as well as motivations and consequences for precompositional structures and systems. The discussion took place on 22 November 2015, at the first of three recitals during the 2015–16 concert season at Spectrum, in New York City, in which Augustus Arnone for the second time performed all of Milton Babbitt's solo piano works, this time in honour of the composer's centenary.

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10

Zernin, M. V., A. V. Matyuhin, and N. N. Rybkin. "Methods for calculation and experimental evaluation of nucleation and development of the fatigue damages in tin based babbitt and babbitt lining of plain bearings." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 87, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-11-43-54.

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Fatigue damage to babbitt layers of plain bearings is often manifested during operation. The goal of the study is to develop a model for accumulation of the fatigue damage and destruction of antifriction materials and layers of plain bearings. A generalized fatigue diagram of tin-based babbitts including the main stages of fatigue damage and a diagram of the fatigue damage development in the antifriction layer of plain bearings are presented. The generalized model of V. V. Bolotin for damage accumulation and destruction is modified with regard to antifriction materials containing rather large structural elements. An explicit (direct) modeling of damage processes appeared possible for such materials. The model describes dissipated accumulation of microcracks (interpreted as destruction of the elements of the material structure), initiation and development of a system of short cracks, initiation and development of macro-cracks up to the limit state of the object. The model suggests discretization of the volume into sections with constant levels of complex stress state and discretization of the time axis into the intervals (blocks of loading cycles). The problem of identifying the parameters of a multistage model of the fatigue damage accumulation in the alloy is solved proceeding from the analysis of the results of testing babbitt specimens. We used the simplest optimization procedure, i.e., the method of deformable polyhedron. The parameters of the power function in the dependence of the rate of microdamage accumulation on the level of stresses are obtained. The parameters of the initiation and development of the crack system in the babbitt layer are obtained from the analysis of experimental results of studying steel-babbitt samples. The problem of calculating the durability of antifriction babbitt layers required the development of a new software. The program is examined by comparing calculated and experimental values of the durability of fatigue-tested bearing specimens forced against a rotating shaft by varying cyclic load. The calculated values of the durability match the experimental which confirms the performance of the calculated model.

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11

Swartz, Anne, and Milton Babbitt. "Milton Babbitt on Milton Babbitt." American Music 3, no. 4 (1985): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3051833.

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12

Hrabia-Wiśnios, J., B. Leszczyńska-Madej, and R. Kowalik. "Investigations of corrosion behaviour of SnSb12Cu6Pb alloy in 0.1M H2SO4 and 0.5M NaCl solution." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 101 (July 1, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4086.

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Purpose: The results presented the microstructure and corrosive behavior of SnSb12Cu6Pb alloy (B82) in H2SO4 aqueous solution and NaCl aqueous solution. Design/methodology/approach: The electrochemical corrosion has been investigated in two different aqueous solutions: 0.1M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 0.5M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution measuring of potential changes relative to immersion time and conducting mass loss test. Microscopic investigations before and after corrosion tests were made using scanning electron microscopy. Findings: The obtained results indicate very good corrosion resistance of the alloy tested in NaCl solution. Corrosion progresses faster in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution compared to sodium chloride aqueous solution. Also, it was found that the dominant mechanism of corrosion degradation in both solutions is selective corrosion which is a particularly undesirable type of corrosion because it involves the loss of one alloying component and the formation of porous structure on the alloy surface. Research limitations/implications: The aqueous solutions used in this study are not a natural working environment of the bearing. However, a comparison of acidic and neutral solutions allows explaining the corrosion behavior of tin babbitts due to contaminants of oil lubricants. Further research should be conducted in more aggressive environments characteristic of industrial conditions. Practical implications: One of the important properties of bearing alloys are corrosion resistance. Corrosion properties are extremely important for the transport and storage of metallic components before they are used. Also, the working environment can have a destructive effect on the properties of the materials used. Industry environment, aging stagnant oil, and some acids may lead to selective corrosion of the tin, copper, lead, or antimony components and leaving a rough and weakened the babbitt surface. Electrochemical corrosion can contribute to the acceleration of bearing wear and consequent to bearing damage. Originality/value: Studies of the corrosion of tin-babbitt bearings are not extensive in the literature due to rare tin corrosion. This study could be an important complement to knowledge about the corrosion behavior of tin-based bearing alloys.

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13

Ipatov, Aleksey G., and Sergey N. Shmykov. "Performance characteristics of modified antifriction coatings based on the metal composition." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-1-186-194.

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This paper proposes the technology for obtaining antifriction coatings by short-pulse laser treatment of powder compositions. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in synthesizing thin anti-friction coatings on the surface of steel substrates by short-pulse laser treatment of metal powder compositions and analyze their physical and mechanical properties. (Materials and methods) A solid-state pulsed laser generator was used to synthesize antifriction coatings. B83 babbit powder has been used as an additive material. The powder composition was additionally doped with PMS-1 copper and molybdenum disulfide in order to increase the friction properties and load-bearing capacity of the coatings. Laboratory samples were subjected to wear tests under boundary friction conditions using the SMT-2070 friction machine in comparison with standard surfaces of B83 babbite coating, steel surface, and Molykote d-321R clad surface. X-ray diffractometer DRON-6 was used for x-ray diffractometry. (Results and discussion) It was found that the porosity of the modified coating does not exceed 5 percent, and there are no traces of detachment and destruction in the experimental samples. It was found that the coefficient of friction of the analyzed coating under conditions of boundary friction was 0.12-0.13, which corresponds to the coefficient of friction of a standard babbit alloy. The modified coating have a more efficient workability and a stable coefficient of friction over a large range of loads. It was found that the wear intensity of the analyzed coating is significantly lower than one of the compared surfaces. The increase in friction characteristics is due to the features of the coating structure, which is characterized by a large number of solid intermetallic compounds Cu3Sn having a hexagonal structure, which determines the low friction coefficient. (Conclusions) The results shows the high practical potential of modified antifriction coatings that can be used in mechanical engineering and repair production in the design and restoration of bearing assemblies.

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14

Hadi Mukhammad, Alaya Fadllu, and Bambang Setyoko. "PENGARUH KECEPATAN CETAKAN HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL CASTING TERHADAP KEKERASAN DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA RADIAL SLIDING BEARING BABBITT-BAJA KARBON." T R A K SI 18, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/traksi.18.2.2018.61-68.

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Kecepatan Cetakan meruakan salah satu parameter utama dalam pembuatan Radial Sliding Bearing (RSB)menggunakan metode horizontal centrifugal casting. Kecepatan cetakan akan mempengaruhi kualitas hasil pengecoran yang ditunjukkan dengansedikitnya cacat pengecoran yang dihasilkan. Selain cacat pengecoran kualitas RSBjuga dipengaruhi properties dari babbitt yang dihasilkan dari pengecoran berupakekerasan, ketahanan aus dan ikatan interface babbitt-shell. Penelitian ini bertujuanmengetahui pengaruh kecepatan putaran cetakan (shell) dengan variasi 500, dan 1000rpm terhadap kekerasan dan struktur mikro pada babbitt dan shell. Bahan yangdigunakan adalah pipa steam (baja karbon) dan babbitt (Tin). Hasil pengujian kekerasandan struktur mikro menunjukkan kecepatan putaran cetakan tidak berpengaruh secarasignifikan dan proses tinning shell, pemanasan awal dan pengecoran babbitt tidakmemberikan perubahan struktur mikro pada logam shell.

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15

Ni, Yuquan, Guangneng Dong, Qi Liu, Wei Wang, and Yihong Li. "Tribological properties of soft/hard hybrid surface of Babbitt alloy/steel." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2019-0262.

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Purpose Babbitt bush is easy to cause severe adhesive wear due to unexpected journal fall. This paper aims to improve wear resistance of Babbitt bush. Design/methodology/approach A soft/hard hybrid surface mircoprofile of Babbitt alloy/steel was fabricated by a technology of laser texture combined with hot-pressing. The friction and wear performances of bare steel (steel-h), Babbitt bush on steel (steel-s) and Babbitt filled in dimples of steel (steel-hs) were conducted on a ball-on-disc tester under dry and lubricated conditions. Findings The results showed that wettability of steel-hs was enhanced by forming soft/hard hybrid surface. Compared with steel-s, the stability of friction coefficient curve of steel-hs was improved without increasing coefficient friction. The wear resistance of steel-hs was remarkably enhanced under dry and lubricated conditions. Originality/value The originality of this paper is as following: to improve the tribological properties and to prolong service life of steel-s, soft/hard hybrid surface of Babbitt filled in dimples of steel substrate was successfully fabricated by laser texturing combined with hot-pressing. This paper showed that the lipophilicity of steel-hs was best among those of steel-s and steel-h. Babbitt alloy as a soft filler on dimples of steel substrate improved anti-wear of steel-s remarkably. It provides a new way to fabricate Babbitt as bushing on steel substrate.

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16

Lister, Rodney. "Milton Babbitt." Tempo 58, no. 229 (July 2004): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298204240220.

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BABBITT: String Quartet No. 61; Occasional Variations for synthesizer; String Quartet No. 22; Composition for Guitar3. 1The Sherry Quartet; 2The Composers Quartet; 3William Anderson (gtr). Tzadik TZ7088.BABBITT: Quatrains1; Manifold Music2, My Ends Are My Beginnings3; Soli e Duettini4; Swan Song No. 15. 1Tony Arnold (sop), Charles Neidich, Ayako Oshima (cls); 2Gregory D'Agostino (org); 3Allen Blustine (cl); 4William Anderson, Oren Fader (gtrs); 5Cygnus Ensemble c. Jeffrey Milarsky. Bridge 9135.

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17

Lewin, David. "Babbitt-Introduction." Perspectives of New Music 35, no. 2 (1997): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/833646.

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18

Abrahams, Edward, Stephen C. Brennan, and Stephen R. Yarbrough. "Irving Babbitt." Journal of American History 75, no. 3 (December 1988): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1901668.

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19

Northcott, Bayan, Stephen Dembski, and Joseph N. Straus. "Babbitt Explains?" Musical Times 129, no. 1742 (April 1988): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/965318.

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20

Зернин, Михаил, and Mikhail Zernin. "Tests for equivalence of the stress state and the generalized stress-strain diagram babbitt Tin-based." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2014, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23196.

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Describes the methodologies and results of experimental investigations on the basis of tin babbitt in different types of stress. Specification of parameters of the criterion of equivalence of states of stress and strain diagram obtained single babbitt.

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21

Wang, Peng Xiao, Xin Li Tian, Bao Guo Zhang, and Long Wang. "A Study on Tribological Behavior of Engineering Ceramics - Representative Metals." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.379.

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In order to obtain the optimal engineering ceramics-metals pair with the best tribological performance, the tribological orthogonal tests for engineering ceramics such as Si3N4, SiC, ZrO2 and representative metals such as 45steel, CCr15 bearing steel, tin bronze QSn4-3 and tin-based babbit ZChSnSb8-4 with oil-less lubrication were carried out by using UMT-3 wear machine and SEM. Single factor analysis of load on friction and wear properties of Si3N4- babbit pair was performed. The results indicate that ceramic-metal pairs possess excellent tribological performance. Si3N4- babbit pair has the lowest friction coefficient and SiC-babbit pair is best in attrition. The friction coefficient varies sharply on low loads and the wear rate monotonous rises with the increase of load.

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22

Wang, Yao, Shujun Li, Dan Xiang, and Wenjun Meng. "Experimental and theoretical analyses of the contact-impact behavior of Babbitt ZChSnSb11-6." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 7 (November 2, 2017): 1267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717739334.

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Contact-impact between Babbitt and steel surfaces is an ubiquitous phenomenon during the operation of oil-film bearing. To study this phenomenon, a contact-impact method of Babbitt ZChSnSb11-6 was designed and the contact-impact test was performed. For the purpose of getting a more complete understanding of the contact-impact mechanical properties of Babbitt ZChSnSb11-6, the relationships of coefficient of restitution, permanent deformation, and drop height (i.e. the initial impact velocity) were analyzed; and, the constitutive behavior between the contact force and the contact deflection was studied. Then, based on the empirical formulation developed by Brake, an indentation contact-impact model during impact events was established, which theoretically explained the contact-impact behavior of Babbitt ZChSnSb11-6. Meanwhile, the experimental results were compared with the numerical solutions solved by using MATLAB. Results revealed the established model shows a good agreement with the experimental results. The mean absolute error of coefficient of restitution was less than 0.025, and the difference for the permanent deformation after impact was less than 1%. For the contact-impact tests with different size parameters, the length and the diameter of 20 steel rods were the two significant influencing factors on the permanent deformation and coefficient of restitution of Babbitt flat surface; and, the relationship of contact force and contact deflection appeared to display the similar trend. It was concluded that the established contact-impact model has the effectiveness and applicablility on describing its contact-impact behaviors, and which can provide theoretical and experimental supports for the prediction of contact deflection and contact force of the Babbitt ZChSnSb11-6 of oil-film bearing.

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23

Manifold, Gay, and Ron Hutchinson. "Babbitt: A Marriage." Theatre Journal 40, no. 2 (May 1988): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3207665.

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24

Straus, Joseph N. "Babbitt the Analyst." Music Theory Spectrum 34, no. 1 (April 2012): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mts.2012.34.1.26.

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25

De Kenessey, Stefania. "Babbitt and Tonality." Music Theory Spectrum 34, no. 1 (April 2012): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mts.2012.34.1.5.

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26

Rolv Yttrehus. "Laudate Milton Babbitt." Perspectives of New Music 49, no. 2S (2012): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.7757/persnewmusi.49.2s.0336.

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27

Parini, Jay, Irving Babbitt, and Thomas R. Nevin. "Irving Babbitt Revisited." Hudson Review 39, no. 2 (1986): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3856831.

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Rolv Yttrehus. "Laudate Milton Babbitt." Perspectives of New Music 49, no. 2S (2012): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pnm.2012.0066.

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29

Straus, Joseph N. "Listening to Babbitt." Perspectives of New Music 24, no. 2 (1986): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/833208.

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30

Jenkins, L. M. "Lawrence and Babbit." Notes and Queries 60, no. 2 (April 18, 2013): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjt056.

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31

Sürül, Kenan, Paul Beiss, and Okan Akin. "Innovative bond strength testing of tin-based alloys for sliding bearings on steel supports." Materials Testing 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0083.

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Abstract Since the bonding strength of Babbit alloys to their steel support cannot be measured with Chalmers specimens according to DIN ISO 4386, part 2, if the layer is too thin, an alternative specimen constellation was developed which enables the measurement of the bonding strength of layers as thin as 0.5 mm. The new specimen geometry consists of two coaxially aligned steel cylinders of equal diameter which leave a gap between opposite faces. After pretreatment in a metallic immersion bath of tin or an alloy of tin with 50 wt.-% zinc, the Babbit alloy is poured into the gap. Then the bonded steel cylinders are tensile tested. The force at fracture is divided by the cylinder cross-section yielding the bonding strength. This configuration is termed the face tensile specimen and was successfully tested on three different Babbit alloys. Up to a layer thickness of 1.5 mm the face tensile specimen delivers bonding strength quite comparable to those achieved with Chalmers specimens. Face tensile specimens require less Babbit alloy and are less costly to manufacture.

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32

Tillmann, Wolfgang, Leif Hagen, Mohamed Abdulgader, Mark Dennis Kensy, and Michael Paulus. "Microstructural Characteristics in Babbitt Coatings Deposited by LPCS." Coatings 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070689.

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Studies have already established that the mechanical properties of Babbitt coatings significantly depend on the microstructural characteristics, such as the amount and distribution of intermetallic compounds dispersed in a soft solid solution matrix. For Sn–Sb–Cu-based Babbitt coatings, the formation of SbSn- and CuSn-based precipitates has a substantial influence on the resulting microhardness and thus determines the maximum load carrying capacity. Thermal spraying of Sn-based Babbitt coatings results in a relatively more refined structure of these precipitates than in common manufacturing processes, such as casting, due to the thermal processing conditions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the temperature of the propellant gas and substrate temperature on the microstructural characteristics of Sn–Sb–Cu-based Babbitt coatings deposited by low pressure cold spraying (LPCS). The deposits were examined for their phase composition, microhardness and mesoscopic structure. It was found that the coatings were mainly composed of Sb2Sn23, Sb0.49Sn0.51 and Sorosite (CuSn or CuSb0.115Sn0.835), regardless of the substrate temperature or temperature of the propellant gas to be investigated. For a gas temperature above 300 °C, an increased microhardness was observed, which correlates with the appearance of a more homogenous distribution of Sb0.49Sn0.51 dispersed in a soft Sn-rich solid solution matrix.

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33

Wang, Xinbo, Zhongwei Yin, and Yonghong Chen. "Study on fatigue strength of SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal sliding bearing material prepared by MIG brazing." Mechanics & Industry 21, no. 1 (2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019075.

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The babbitt-steel bimetal sliding bearing material prepared by the MIG brazing has been applied in many fields. In the application, usually only the bonding force is tested, and the fatigue strength is not evaluated. For this reason, this study referred to the test method for the fatigue strength of bearing materials of internal combustion engines, used the sapphire test machine (Dana Glacier Vandervell Bearings, UK) to inspect the SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal material prepared by MIG brazing, and analyzed the test results in depth. The test results show that, the fatigue strength of the bimetal material is more than 40 MPa. In comparison, according to the same test method and conditions on the same sapphire test machine, the fatigue strength of the SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal bearing material obtained by the centrifugal casting method after optimizing process was usually around 35 MPa. Therefore, the MIG brazing could produce higher fatigue strength for SnSb11Cu6 babbitt-steel bimetal bearing material. In addition, in this study, the process of fatigue failure was usually that after the microcracks were generated on the surface, they expanded to the inside of the lining, thereby resulting in spalling. This study has guiding significance for engineering practice and scientific research.

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34

Зернин, Михаил, and Mikhail Zernin. "CRACK RESISTANCE OF BABBIT B83." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2017, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24899.

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Babbit 83 crack resistance test in accordance with SSR 25-506-85 was carried out. By finite element method there were defined values of stress intensity factors in flat samples with a grown crack. The fracture viscosity characteristics of babbit are obtained. On the basis of a macro-fractographic analysis of wear fractures of a babbit sample and a finite element procedure for the definition of values of stress intensity factors the cha-racteristics of cyclic crack resistance are obtained. It is shown that a final fracture is realized at 3 МПа , and a transition from an elastic stage to the stage elastoplastic development of a crack is realized at 2,0…2,8 МПа .

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35

M. Vijaya Sekhar Babu, A. Rama Krishna, and K. N. S. Suman. "Improvement of Tensile Behaviour of Tin Babbitt by Reinforcing with Nano Ilmenite and its Optimisation by using Response Surface Methodology." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2017010103.

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Metal Matrix Nanocomposites are made from conventional materials and alloys as matrix materials and had become prominent in improving the mechanical behaviour. In this paper, the authors have fabricated a Tin Babbitt particulate metal matrix nanocomposite reinforced with Ilmenite (FeTiO3). For systematic understanding or effect of processing parameters on the tensile behaviour, the central composite design of response surface methodology was used. Metal matrix nanocomposite was fabricated by using ultrasonic assisted stir casting technique. Stirring time, ultrasonic processing time, Wt.% of nanoparticles were taken as processing parameters. The objective of the work is to improve the tensile behaviour of Tin Babbitt and understand the effect of processing parameters on the tensile strength of the Tin Babbitt metal matrix nanocomposite and then optimise it for maximum tensile strength. It was found that tensile strength was improved due to the nano reinforcement.

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36

S.K. Mallik, K., and Dr K.V. Ramana. "An Experimental Investigation on Nano Coast as Bearing Liners." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.7 (September 27, 2018): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.7.20566.

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Liners which are integral part of journal bearings, have a significant role on the life of a bearing. These are typically in the form of a bush, sleeve or a loop. Enhanced performance of a bearing liner with less cost is always acceptable. Coatings are the most preferable alternate for the existing bearing liners. Babbitt alloy is the one which is commonly used as bearing bush material. Tin, which is the significant material in the Babbitt is costly. In this work an experimental investigation has been taken-up by replacing Tin with Cadmium having similar mechanical and thermal properties as that of Tin but at the same time very less in cost. A nano coat of the alloy consisting of Antimony, Copper, Lead and Cadmium has been given on a mild steel specimen and experimented for Surface roughness and Hardness. The results are compared with Babbitt.

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37

Morris, Robert. "What Milton Babbitt Enabled." Music Theory Spectrum 34, no. 1 (April 2012): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mts.2012.34.1.19.

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38

Martin Boykan. "Milton Babbitt in Memoriam." Perspectives of New Music 49, no. 2S (2012): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7757/persnewmusi.49.2s.0096.

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Martin Boykan. "Milton Babbitt in Memoriam." Perspectives of New Music 49, no. 2S (2012): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pnm.2012.0076.

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40

Johnston, T. J. "BABBITT AND ITS APPLICATION." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 26, no. 4 (March 18, 2009): 1360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1914.tb00358.x.

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41

Babbitt, Milton. "Babbitt-Introduction: A Response." Perspectives of New Music 35, no. 2 (1997): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/833647.

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42

Leszczyńska-Madej, B., and M. Madej. "The Properties of Babbitt Bushes in Steam Turbine Sliding Bearings." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0089-6.

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The Properties of Babbitt Bushes in Steam Turbine Sliding BearingsThe analysis of the properties of babbitt bushes is presented in this article. Materials intended for examinations were charged from the TK-120 steam turbine of TG-8 turbosystem from the Power Station Stalowa Wola. The specimens were subsequently tested for Brinell hardness, microhardness, bending strength and wear resistance. The wear tests were carried out using the block-on-ring tester. The samples were also investigated by means of both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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43

Zhou, F. M., Q. Y. Zhang, M. X. Shi, H. Li, and J. W. Guo. "Structural design and wear properties of TIG arc brazing tin-based babbit to mild steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 8 (August 28, 2018): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0240.

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AbstractThe tin-based babbit with different layer thickness was bonded to mild steel via TIG arc brazing. The microstructure, microhardness, wear properties and phase formation mechanism near the interface of the arc brazed layer were investigated by the optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high temperature friction and wear testing machine (HTFWT), laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersion spectrum (EDS). It can be found that in the arc brazing seam region, the thinner layer made it possible to form larger size SbSn monotectic phase that connected together and some Fe-Sn IMCs were formed near the interface. So that when the layer thickness was 0.5 mm, the microhardness of arc brazing tin-based babbit layer was the largest and the antifriction property was the best. Moreover, on the brazing tin-based babbit interface, Fe elements were transited and diffused from mild steel into the brazing seam region. Element concentration of Fe was high near the steel interface and formed concentration gradient in the liquid metal layer, which was helpful to promote the metallurgical reaction. Phase constituents of the brazed joint interface were Fe, Fe3Sn, FeSn and FeSn2, formed in the metallurgy of Fe from mild steel and the Sn from tin-based babbit.

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44

Saleh Abd, Adil. "Satire and Social Reform in Sinclair Lewis's Novels Main Street and Babbitt." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 14 (June 1, 2018): 389–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss14.390.

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45

Ramadan, Mohamed, Abdulaziz S. Alghamdi, Tayyab Subhani, and K. S. Abdel Halim. "Fabrication and Characterization of Sn-Based Babbitt Alloy Nanocomposite Reinforced with Al2O3 Nanoparticles/Carbon Steel Bimetallic Material." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122759.

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Sn-based Babbitt alloy was reinforced with alumina nanoparticles to prepare a novel class of nanocomposites. The route of liquid metallurgy in combination with stirring mechanism was chosen to prepare nanocomposites with three different loadings of alumina nanoparticles, i.e., 0.25 wt%, 0.50 wt% and 1.0 wt%. The molten mixture of metallic matrix and nanoparticles was poured over carbon steel substrate for solidification to manufacture a bimetallic material for bearing applications. The underlying aim was to understand the effect of nanoparticle addition on microstructural variation of Sn-based Babbitt alloy as well as bimetallic microstructural interface. The addition of 0.25 wt% and 0.50 wt% alumina nanoparticles significantly affected both the morphology and distribution of Cu6Sn5 hard phase in solid solution, which changed from needle and asterisk shape to spherical morphology. Nanocomposites containing up to 0.50 wt% nanoparticles showed more improvement in tensile strength than the one containing 1.0 wt% nanoparticles, due to nanoparticle-agglomeration and micro-cracks at the interface. The addition of 0.5 wt% nanoparticles significantly improved the wear resistance of Sn-based Babbitt alloy.

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Яковлев, Александр, Aleksandr Yakovlev, Михаил Зернин, and Mikhail Zernin. "INFLUENCE OF BABBIT RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY UPON STRESSES IN ANTIFRICTION LAYER OF SLIDER BEARING." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23166.

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The procedure for tests of contact creep in ring bearing-samples is developed and also a generalized diagram of residual stresses formation after babbitting and machining a babbit layer in bearings is obtained. It is shown that the existence of a cyclic deformation of an antifriction layer results in a complete relaxation of the sum of all constant constituents of residual stresses. It is concluded that the main reason of the dissi-pation of strength characteristics in babbit samples consists in rheological properties of this material.

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Massocchi, Davide, Giacomo Riboni, Nora Lecis, Steven Chatterton, and Paolo Pennacchi. "Tribological Characterization of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) Polymers Produced by Additive Manufacturing for Hydrodynamic Bearing Application." Lubricants 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110112.

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The coating materials commonly used in hydrodynamic bearings are the so-called “Babbitt metals” or “white metals”, as defined by ASTM B23-00. Their low Young’s modulus and yield point have encouraged researchers to find new coatings to overcome these limitations. In this paper, the friction and wear of PEEK are studied in a dry sliding environment (without lubrication) using a ball-on-disk tribometer and compared to those of Babbitt metal. Furthermore, the bond strength tests between PEEK and metals/alloys are evaluated. PEEK polymer samples were obtained from cylindrical rods, manufactured by an innovative process for polymer bonding on bearing surfaces, using additive manufacturing technology. The morphologies of the degraded surfaces were examined using a high-resolution metallurgical optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The coefficients of friction (CoF) were obtained under the alternating ball-on-disk dry tribometer. The results of the experimental activity show that PEEK polymers have CoFs of about 0.22 and 0.16 under the 1 and 5 N applied load, respectively. The CoF and wear volume loss results are reported and compared to the reference Babbitt coating.

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Whittall, Arnold. "Uneasy Evaluatives: Perspectives on Babbitt." Musical Times 145, no. 1887 (2004): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4149149.

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Nemoianu, Virgil, George Panichas, Claes Ryn, and Claes Ryn. "Irving Babbitt in our Time." MLN 102, no. 5 (December 1987): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2905326.

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Hawkins, Hugh, and Thomas R. Nevin. "Irving Babbitt: An Intellectual Study." American Literature 57, no. 4 (December 1985): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2926382.

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