Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Babeuf'

Les origines des conceptions actuelles de la dictature se trouvent sous la Révolution française. C'est à partir des événements révolutionnaires que la dictature est assimilée à la tyrannie, et est considérée comme une autorité grâce à laquelle un régime autoritaire et arbitraire sera établi. Cependant, cette conception n'a pas été la seule exprimée dans les projets d'instauration de dictature exposés par les révolutionnaires, ou par les contre-révolutionnaires. Ces projets ont, d'abord, décrit la dictature comme une dictature de sauvegarde de l'Etat. Ils ont, ensuite, manifesté une conception nouvelle de la dictature, la dictature d'établissement. Selon cette dernière, le dictateur ne doit pas seulement sauver l'Etat de manière provisoire, mais également établir de nouvelles institutions. Grâce à celles-ci, au terme de la dictature, un nouveau régime politique sera consacré de manière durable. Cette nouvelle conception a, enfin, donné naissance à la dictature transitoire, système permettant l'avènement progressif et graduel d'une nouvelle organisation sociale chez les révolutionnaires, et de nouvelles institutions monarchiques chez les contre-révolutionnaires<br>The origins of current concepts of dictatorship are in the French Revolution. This is from the revolutionary events that dictatorship was assimilated to tyranny, and was considered as an authority thanks to which an authoritarian and arbitrary system can be established. However, this conception was not the only one expressed in the plans for the establishment of dictatorship imagined by revolutionaries, or by counter-revolutionaries. These plans first depicted dictatorship as a State protection system. Then they expressed a new conception of dictatorship, the dictatorship of establishment. According to this conception, the dictator doesn't only have to save the State on a temporary basis, but also, to establish new institutions. Thanks to these institutions, at the end of dictatorship, a new political system will be established on a lasting basis. This new conception has, at last, given birth to transitory dictatorship, a system that allows a progressive and gradual arrival of a new social organization of revolutionaries, and of new monarchic institutions of counter-revolutionaries

babel is a collection of nonfiction essays in which I explore a female twenty-something’s crossdimensional dilemma of spirituality, racism, art, and love in the wake of Bible-belt hipsterdom. I board the train that is human pride, that great metal snake by which we essayists craft our lives, and measure out my stories by cities and coffeespoons—dotted with dark roast, preferably. The train of my collection glides through the first ‘burg and its Godlike aspirations, Babel; travels a ways to Virginia, specifically Jerry Falwell’s Liberty University and Prince Edward County, which was the hotbed of the Civil Rights in Education Movement; says hello to Bowling Green; and emerges a world away, in a mosaic of people on cow-peppered Indian streets. This master’s thesis—as a tangible fixture of my own words in a realm where greater folks have preceded me and still fallen (far and hard as Icarus)—is prideful, exploratory, and ultimately human. The titular pun may be taken more or less seriously. Hear the train whistle. It is our attempts at the Divine, a nexus of journeys and somehow in itself too a destination.

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Edição de Texto<br>O relatório de estágio realizado na editora Babel tem por finalidade apresentar a história da editora, descrever todas as atividades realizadas no decorrer do estágio e apontar alguns problemas evidenciados durante o mesmo. Das tarefas executadas destacam-se: a revisão de texto, nomeadamente da obra Carta sobre o Humanismo de Martin Heidegger, e Caixa para pensar, de Manuel Carmo; e a transcrição e revisão de várias entrevistas do autor e professor Jorge de Sena; e por fim, o trabalho na livraria da editora, desde da sua organização até à venda de livros ao público.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.<br>Liturgical drama for vocal soloists (TBarB), chorus (SATB), children's chorus, and chamber orchestra. Text adapted from Thomas Merton's play The Tower of Babel : a morailty. Text printed as words: leaves 129-134. Includes vita and abstract. Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

This thesis deals with the simulation of a Babel routing protocol. The goal is to create implementation of simulation model for OMNeT++ simulator. The text includes a description of the protocol and basic principles of computer network simulation in OMNeT++ environment using an INET library. Furthermore, the text discussed existing implementations and submits a proposal of a simulation model, followed by description of its implementation. Finally, the correctness of created model is verified.

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Sistemas de software normalmente são descritos por sua arquitetura. Esta descrição fornece uma visão abstrata, demonstrando como o sistema é composto por módulos e interações entre estes módulos. Usando-se a arquitetura como uma especificação executável do sistema, consegue-se maior compromisso entre os requisitos do sistema e sua implementação. Tal compromisso simplifica o desenvolvimento e manutenção de sistemas complexos. Este trabalho define conceitos úteis para a construção, execução e gerenciamento de aplicações distribuídas, usando especificações arquiteturais. A metodologia apresentada distingue a construção de módulos através de programação, da efetiva construção da aplicação, através de configuração (ou especificação da arquitetura). Desta forma, pode-se adotar soluções específicas (e.g. linguagens e metodologias) para módulos particulares, mantendo-se o encapsulamento necessário para seu uso de forma transparente. Para validar os conceitos e permitir sua aplicação em um ambiente de execução real, foi criada uma Linguagem de Configuração chamada BABEL. No decorrer da dissertação, são apresentados os conceitos envolvidos e BABEL. Com o suporte do ambiente RIO, BABEL oferece simplicidade, transparência e flexibilidade para a construção de aplicações distribuídas complexas, possuindo conceitos básicos que viabilizam a elaboração de mecanismos avançados como contratos, herança e polimorfismo. Adicionalmente, são demonstradas experiências decorrentes da implementação de um Interpretador e um Servidor de Nomes para a linguagem. Finalmente, os conhecimentos obtidos com esta pesquisa são apresentados, sugerindo-se trabalhos futuros para continuidade do projeto BABEL.<br>Software systems are usually described from their architecture. This description provides an abstract vision showing how the system is composed with modules and module interactions. Consistency between the system requirements and implementation may be achieved by using the architecture as a system executable specification. This guarantee of consistency simplifies the development and maintenance of complex systems. This study defines concepts useful to distributed application contructions, execution and management. The presented methodology distinguishes the builiding of modules, throught programming, from the effective application buiding through configuration (or architectural specification). Thus, specific solutions (e.g languages and methodologies) may be adopted for particular modules, preserving the necessary encapsulation for transparent use. A Configuration Language called BABEL was developed to validate these the concepts and apply them in a real execution environment. In the dissertation BABEL ans its related concepts are presented. Along with RIO Environment support, BABEL offers simplicity, transparency and flexibility for complex distributed application construction. It has concepts that allow advanced mechanisms such as contracts, inheritance and polymorphism. Additionally, a language Interpreter and a Name Server implementation for BABEL are presented. Finally, the knowledge gained from this study is presented, along with recommendations for future directions for the BABEL project.

This thesis will examine intensively “The Tower of Babel: A Morality” a significant work of Thomas Merton, a major spiritual writer of the 20th Century, entitled. In order to explore this play three other works which impacted significantly on the development of the drama will also be examined. These three works are: A poem also called “Tower of Babel”; a second poem entitled “A Responsory” and a musical work titled “The Tower of Babel: An Oratorio”. Even though Victor Kramer, a Merton scholar, noted the significance of the Morality, the existing literature has all but ignored the impact of “The Oratorio” and the drama. Until this author requested a copy of “The Oratorio” from the Merton Centre in Louisville, Kentucky the work had been known by name only and had never been analysed. Yet this work was a major development from the poem “A Responsory” and led to the creation of the Morality Play. This work argues that “A Morality” was pivotal in contributing to personal and spiritual change in Merton as well as developing a greater depth of social understanding in him. It will also argue that the work contained the seeds of future Merton writings. Writing the drama moved Merton towards a contemplative maturity based on communion not simply community. While many studies have alluded to the play none of them have studied it with this particular focus. This new focus is the discovery of the ways Merton attempted to resolve the dilemma he experienced between the paths of monk and poet and how, in doing so, he created for spiritual seekers a fresh inner significance for the Babel story. This work is opening up new ground for an understanding of the importance of Merton’s insights in the contemporary world. The methods used in this thesis are: 1. Contextualising, that is establishing the historical, social, spiritual and literary framework in which the poems and plays were written, and 2. Literary analysis. Part A of the thesis examines the monastic, spiritual, social, literary and academic contexts which brought Merton to the moment of writing the Morality. Part B is organised chronologically and is an intensive analysis of the poems, the Oratorio and the Morality Play. Part C identifies the seeds of future growth contained within the Morality play and points to some of the directions in which these seeds developed in later Merton works.

Critical essay. Soon after the end of the Second World War, Samuel Beckett began producing French and English versions of each of his works. This raises interesting questions concerning the relationship between two languages and two texts within one literary work. Bilingualism is an essential dimension of Beckett's "oeuvre" which pushes the very limits of literature and explores essential aspects of language, identity and creation.<br>Creative writing. I was born in Montreal of a French mother and a father from Texas. My work in creative writing consists of six short stories set between the three geographical poles of my existence: Quebec, the United States and France. I also wrote a French and English version of my short story entitled The Ghost of Old Man Beck. These stories explore, on a more personal and creative level, the questions of bilingualism, identity and creativity raised in my critical essay.

Submitted by Aline Maria Magalhaes de Oliveira null (alinemmo@gmail.com) on 2018-01-04T11:28:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE_ALINEAVILA_REPOSITORIO-3 (1).pdf: 3565223 bytes, checksum: 930336ccc682bdeacb1bbe8e8d2af710 (MD5) TESE_ALINEAVILA_REPOSITORIO-3 (1).pdf: 3565223 bytes, checksum: 930336ccc682bdeacb1bbe8e8d2af710 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-01-04T12:27:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 avila_ammo_dr_arafcl.pdf: 3565223 bytes, checksum: 930336ccc682bdeacb1bbe8e8d2af710 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-04T12:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 avila_ammo_dr_arafcl.pdf: 3565223 bytes, checksum: 930336ccc682bdeacb1bbe8e8d2af710 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-23<br>O objetivo desta tese é investigar em narrativas de Guimarães Rosa como se relacionam as personagens nativas e estrangeiras, ou seja, verificar se há receptividade ou rejeição do diferente, a empatia ou a recusa do outro. O corpus é constituído por textos rosianos em que surgem ou se destacam personagens alemãs – o romance Grande sertão: veredas, a novela “O recado do morro” de Corpo de Baile, o conto “O mau humor de Wotan”, de Ave, palavra – e ciganas: os contos “Faraó e a água do rio”, “O outro ou o outro” e “Zingaresca”, de Tutameia. O procedimento para se atingir a meta é a apuração, por meio da análise, da construção desse tema pelas categorias narrativas, tendo como centro as personagens e sua relação com a história, o narrador, a focalização, o espaço e, como não poderia deixar de ser, a linguagem. Neste caso, salienta-se a exploração de hibridismos. Os resultados da análise de cada narrativa levaram à possibilidade de comparação entre elas no que diz respeito à constituição do tema. A investigação tem como suporte estudos sócio-históricos e estudos culturais relativos ao estrangeiro e ao imigrante, a relações de alteridade e identidade. Os autores e obras principais são: “Os processos de transculturação na narrativa latino-americana” (2001), de Angél Rama; Culturas híbridas (2000) de Néstor Garcia Canclini; Hibridismo (2003), de Peter Burke; O local da cultura (2007), de Homi K. Bhabha; Introdução aos estudos culturais (2004) de Armand Mattelart; Sobrados e mucambos (2013) de Gilberto Freyre. Baseamo-nos também, para a análise da personagem, nas propostas teóricas de Antonio Candido em “A personagem de ficção” (2000) e em Discurso da narrativa (1972) de Gérard Genette para o estudo das categorias narrativas. Intenciona-se demonstrar que o tema do estrangeiro pode ser uma nova chave de leitura para a obra rosiana, visto que se entende sua abordagem como um projeto de universalização do sertão mineiro fazendo desse espaço literário uma babel em que se cruzam os mais diversos idiomas, culturas e alteridades.<br>The aim of this thesis is to investigate in Guimarães Rosa’s narrative how the native and foreign characters relate, that is, verify if there is receptivity or rejection of the different, other’s empathy or refusal. The corpus consists of Rosiano’s texts in which German characters appear or stand out- the novel “Grande sertão: veredas”, the novel “O recado do morro” from “Corpo de baile”, the story “O mau humor de Wotan”, from “Ave, palavra- e ciganas”: the tales “Faraó e a água do rio”, “O outro ou o outro” and “Zingaresca”, from “Tutameia”. The procedure to reach the objective is to analyze the construction of this theme by narrative categories, centered on the characters and their relation to the story, the narrator, the focus, the space and, of course, the language. In this case, the exploitation of hybrids is emphasized. The results of the analysis of each narrative led to the possibility of comparing them with the constitution of the theme. The research is supported by socio-historical studies and cultural studies related to the foreigner and the immigrant, to the relations of alterity and identity. The authors and main works are: “Os processos de transculturação na narrativa latino-americana” (2001), by Peter Burke; “O local da cultura (2007), by Homi K. Bhabha; “Introdução aos estudos culturais” (2004) by Armand Matterlart; “Sobrados e mucambos” (2013) by Gilberto Freyre. We also based ourselves, for the character analysis, on the theoretical proposals of Antonio Candido in “A personagem de ficção” (2000) and in “Discurso da narrativa” (1972) by Gérard Ganette for the study of narrative categories. It is intended to demonstrate that the theme of the foreigner can be a new key for reading the Rosiana’s work, since its approach is understood as a project of universalization of the “Sertão of Minas Gerais”, making this literary space a Babel in which we can find the most diverse languages, cultures and alterities

Orientador(a): Maria Célia de Moraes Leonel<br>Banca: Sylvia Helena Telarolli de Almeida Leite<br>Banca: Sergio Vicente Motta<br>Banca: Vanessa Chiconeli Liporaci de Castro<br>Banca: Gilca Machado Seidinger<br>Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é investigar em narrativas de Guimarães Rosa como se relacionam as personagens nativas e estrangeiras, ou seja, verificar se há receptividade ou rejeição do diferente, a empatia ou a recusa do outro. O corpus é constituído por textos rosianos em que surgem ou se destacam personagens alemãs - o romance Grande sertão: veredas, a novela "O recado do morro" de Corpo de Baile, o conto "O mau humor de Wotan", de Ave, palavra - e ciganas: os contos "Faraó e a água do rio", "O outro ou o outro" e "Zingaresca", de Tutameia. O procedimento para se atingir a meta é a apuração, por meio da análise, da construção desse tema pelas categorias narrativas, tendo como centro as personagens e sua relação com a história, o narrador, a focalização, o espaço e, como não poderia deixar de ser, a linguagem. Neste caso, salienta-se a exploração de hibridismos. Os resultados da análise de cada narrativa levaram à possibilidade de comparação entre elas no que diz respeito à constituição do tema. A investigação tem como suporte estudos sócio-históricos e estudos culturais relativos ao estrangeiro e ao imigrante, a relações de alteridade e identidade. Os autores e obras principais são: "Os processos de transculturação na narrativa latino-americana" (2001), de Angél Rama; Culturas híbridas (2000) de Néstor Garcia Canclini; Hibridismo (2003), de Peter Burke; O local da cultura (2007), de Homi K. Bhabha; Introdução aos estudos culturais (2004) de Armand Mattelart; Sobrados e mucambos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to investigate in Guimarães Rosa's narrative how the native and foreign characters relate, that is, verify if there is receptivity or rejection of the different, other's empathy or refusal. The corpus consists of Rosiano's texts in which German characters appear or stand out- the novel "Grande sertão: veredas", the novel "O recado do morro" from "Corpo de baile", the story "O mau humor de Wotan", from "Ave, palavra- e ciganas": the tales "Faraó e a água do rio", "O outro ou o outro" and "Zingaresca", from "Tutameia". The procedure to reach the objective is to analyze the construction of this theme by narrative categories, centered on the characters and their relation to the story, the narrator, the focus, the space and, of course, the language. In this case, the exploitation of hybrids is emphasized. The results of the analysis of each narrative led to the possibility of comparing them with the constitution of the theme. The research is supported by socio-historical studies and cultural studies related to the foreigner and the immigrant, to the relations of alterity and identity. The authors and main works are: "Os processos de transculturação na narrativa latino-americana" (2001), by Peter Burke; "O local da cultura (2007), by Homi K. Bhabha; "Introdução aos estudos culturais" (2004) by Armand Matterlart; "Sobrados e mucambos" (2013) by Gilberto Freyre. We also based ourselves, for the character analysis, on the theoretical proposals of Antonio Cand... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutora

This thesis will examine intensively 'The Tower of Babel: A Morality' a significant work of Thomas Merton, a major spiritual writer of the 20th Century, entitled. In order to explore this play three other works which impacted significantly on the development of the drama will also be examined. These three works are: A poem also called 'Tower of Babel'; a second poem entitled 'A Responsory' and a musical work titled 'The Tower of Babel: An Oratorio'. Even though Victor Kramer, a Merton scholar, noted the significance of the Morality, the existing literature has all but ignored the impact of 'The Oratorio' and the drama. Until this author requested a copy of 'The Oratorio' from the Merton Centre in Louisville, Kentucky the work had been known by name only and had never been analysed. Yet this work was a major development from the poem 'A Responsory' and led to the creation of the Morality Play. This work argues that 'A Morality' was pivotal in contributing to personal and spiritual change in Merton as well as developing a greater depth of social understanding in him. It will also argue that the work contained the seeds of future Merton writings. Writing the drama moved Merton towards a contemplative maturity based on communion not simply community. While many studies have alluded to the play none of them have studied it with this particular focus. This new focus is the discovery of the ways Merton attempted to resolve the dilemma he experienced between the paths of monk and poet and how, in doing so, he created for spiritual seekers a fresh inner significance for the Babel story. This work is opening up new ground for an understanding of the importance of Merton's insights in the contemporary world. The methods used in this thesis are: 1. Contextualising, that is establishing the historical, social, spiritual and literary framework in which the poems and plays were written, and 2. Literary analysis.;Part A of the thesis examines the monastic, spiritual, social, literary and academic contexts which brought Merton to the moment of writing the Morality. Part B is organised chronologically and is an intensive analysis of the poems, the Oratorio and the Morality Play. Part C identifies the seeds of future growth contained within the Morality play and points to some of the directions in which these seeds developed in later Merton works.

En 1924-1925, en Russie, de nombreux écrivains s'engagent dans le cinéma, deviennent scénaristes, membres appointés des studios, trouvent là un second métier. Certains cherchent à créer un genre nouveau : le kinoroman. Babel est de ceux-là et son scénario "l'Ascension de Benia Krik", commandé en 1925 par les studios de Moscou, est l'illustration de cette tentative. Inspirée des "Contes d'Odessa", l'œuvre est écrite pour Eisenstein. Le "cinéroman" reprend les thèmes majeurs de l'univers babélien : conflit père/fils, homme/femme, tradition/novation, révolte individuelle/organisée. . . Il présente également les qualités formelles qui imposèrent la prose de l'auteur de "Cavalerie rouge" comme l'une des premières de son temps et firent dire à Eisenstein qu'"un récit de Babel, c'est déjà 75% du matériau dont un cinéaste a besoin". Des similitudes frappantes avec l'écriture du réalisateur de "La Grève" et du "Cuirassé Potemkine" - montage des attractions, images choc, construction parodique des personnages - font de ce scénario un terrain d'observation privilégié des affinités souvent constatées mais peu étudiées entre Babel et Eisenstein. En intégrant délibérément à son cinétexte les procédés techniques du 7e art (angles de vision insolites, gros plans, intertitres) l'auteur achève de donner au genre hybride du kinoroman un véritable statut. Les difficultés de la genèse et du tournage du scénario reflètent les contraintes du partzakaz sous la NEP. Ce sont elles qui, en dernière analyse, sont responsables de la faillite du projet de Babel et d'Eisenstein, faillite qui préfigure celle du "Pré de Béjine" dans les années trente, sous Staline<br>In 1924-1925, in Russia, a large number of writers began working for the cinema, became script-writers, appointed members of movie studios, and thus found a second occupation. Some of them tried to start a new genre : kinoroman. Babel is one of these and his screenplay "The Career of Benia Krik", commissioned in 1925 by the Moscow studios, illustrated this attempt. Inspired by the "Odessa Tales", the work is written for Eisenstein, director at the same studios. Kinoroman uses the main themes of Babel's universe : conflict between father/son, man/woman, tradition/innovation, individual revolt/collective one. . . It also has the formal features - fragmented plot, prominence of the rhythm, of the pictures - that impressed the prose of the writer of the "Red Cavalry" as one of the best of its time and led Eisenstein to comment that "a story by Babel, it is already 75% of the material a film maker needs ". Striking similitude with the writing of the film-director of "The Strike" and "The Battleship Potemkin" - montage of attractions, shock-images, parodical characters - make this film script a particularly useful field of observation of the affinities, often established but rarely studied, between Babel and Eisenstein. By deliberately integrating in his cinetext the technical methods of the 7e Art (including unwonted angles of shots, close-ups, intertitles), the author finishes to give the kinoroman hybrid genre a genuine status. The difficulties during the genesis and the shooting of the scenario reflect the constraints of the partzakaz during the NEP. It is those, finally, which are responsible for the failure of Babel's and Eisenstein's project, failure which prefigures that of "Bezhin Meadow" in the thirties, under Stalin

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T02:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 260276.pdf: 1028999 bytes, checksum: 3b2b82cc833ad0d95ca660a0d2fe1995 (MD5)<br>O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o direito contemporâneo brasileiro, mediante reflexão das decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Pretende-se, portanto, compreender e problematizar a perspectiva dos Ministros a respeito da sua prática decisória. Para tanto, é realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa a partir dos acórdãos do STF, entre os anos de 1990 a 2007. A partir dos documentos analisados é possível apreender as principais características do direito contemporâneo, bem como descrever o paradigma atual. A análise e descrição dos dados demonstraram o surgimento de um direito "hipermoderno", ou seja, um direito líquido, flexível e efêmero. Nesse sentido, as principais características encontradas nos acórdãos são: a dificuldade em catalogá-los de forma restrita em algum paradigma do direito, a superficialidade em que os conceitos são abordados pelos Ministros e a percepção de que para o Tribunal ele é o "Guarda da Constituição", demonstrando assim a flexibilização de forma velada na Constituição Federal.

Internal communication is an important factor in organisations today. For many system development teams it’s critical that the communication works well. Without communication, success would be impossible. This study aims to highlight the effect communication has on the members of agile project teams. The theoretical data is gathered from a literature study in the fields of relevance. The empirical data in this study is gathered from interviews and observations at three different companies, all working with agile development methods. The results from the interviews and observations presents that all respondents were affected by the internal communication in their work. Our analysis show a clear resemblance between the empirical data and the data gathered in our theoretical study. Our conclusion show that internal communication has an effect on the agile project teams. A factor that became very clear is that the project teams feel more effective because of the communication. But our conclusion also shows that the internal communication improved relations, work became more fun, and the atmosphere in the project teams got more familiar. Communication helped the project teams spread their knowledge between each other in the project teams. The communication also created a common language for the system developers which meant they could understand the requirements better and easier, which leads to more effective communication.

Significant research has been conducted on the physics of ball and bat collisions in an effort to model and understand real-world conditions. This thesis expands upon previous research to determine the maximum distance a ball can travel under ideal circumstances. Bat mass, bat speed, pitch speed and pitch spin were controlled values. These values were selected based on the highest recorded MLB values for their respective category. Specifically these are: Babe Ruth’s largest bat, Giancarlo Stanton’s recorded swing speed and Aroldis Chapman’s fastest fastball. A model was developed for a planar collision between a bat and ball using conservation laws in order to achieve the maximum exit velocity of the ball during a head-on collision. However, this thesis is focused on home runs and long fly-balls that occur from oblique collisions rather than the line drives produced by head-on collisions. The planar collision model results were adjusted to oblique collisions based on data from previous experimental research. The ball and bat were assumed to be moving in opposite directions parallel to one another at the point of impact with the ball slightly elevated above the bat. The post-collision results for the launch angle, spin and final exit velocity of the ball were calculated as functions of the perpendicular distance from the centerline of the bat to the centerline of the ball. Trajectories of the ball were calculated using a flight model that measured the final distance of the ball based on lift and drag forces. The results indicate that the optimum pre-collision parameters described above will maximize the distance traveled by the ball well beyond the farthest recorded home run distance. Experimentally determined factors such as the drag coefficient and coefficient of restitution have a significant impact on the flight of the ball. Implications of the results are discussed.

This is a new study of Salman Rushdie's fiction, reading his texts through translation theory. Going beyond previous studies of Rushdie's writing, the majority of which have been postcolonial critiques, or have aimed to illuminate obscure references, my study engages with those images which are interesting to postcolonial studies and reads them through their relevance to the theory of translation. Engaging with texts on translation including those by Walter Benjamin, George Steiner, Lawrence Venuti, Andre Lefevere, Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi, as well as other theoretical perspectives (including postcolonial, postmodern, and linguistic theory), my study equally interrogates Rushdie's fiction and related aspects of translation theory. My thesis begins by examining images of the harem and the veil and suggests that these images denote the untranslatable. Further chapters suggest that the figure of the translator is a transgressor, and that transgression is necessary in order to translate. Ideas of linguistic creativity, clumsiness, slang, and bad language in the novels are opposed with the translator's goal of textual perfection. I examine the prophetic angel figure as an example of miscommunication, suggesting the relationship between translation and prophecy. Other disruptions to communication include those caused by the temptations of food, and the madness which Babel causes, and which may be dispelled with the advent of a post-translation, unilingual, utopian future. The final chapter suggests that the short story form (a less studied part of Rushdie's bibliography) provides a solution to problematic translations because of the nature of the narrator's voice in the short story which employs direct communication with the reader.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Florianópolis, 2014.<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T20:29:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 328979.pdf: 3827480 bytes, checksum: 610011e3f16f6d1841e7f86752d0ca6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>A presente pesquisa tem como tema o fenômeno do letramento na esfera acadêmica, apresentando como delimitação temática a participação de graduandos do Curso de Letras Português da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em eventos de letramento característicos da mencionada esfera e desafios concernentes ao ato de dizer, via modalidade escrita, nesses mesmos eventos. Sob tal enfoque, este estudo estruturou-se para responder à seguinte questão central de pesquisa: Como se caracteriza a participação de graduandos de Letras Português em eventos de letramento na esfera acadêmica nos quais lhes é requerido o ato de dizer, via modalidade escrita, em gêneros do discurso cujos textos se vinculam aos letramentos dominantes? A partir de tal questão, considerados seus desdobramentos, visa-se interpretar analiticamente a caracterização da participação desses mesmos graduandos nos supracitados eventos de letramento nos quais lhes é requerido o ato de dizer, buscando a) identificar implicações da constituição subjetiva dos participantes deste estudo quanto a esse recorte; b) depreender possíveis ressignificações das práticas de letramento decorrentes da participação nos mencionados eventos; c) identificar desafios e/ou dificuldades no que respeita a especificidades do ato de dizer; d) e caracterizar as demandas acadêmicas em escrita, depreendendo influências da configuração praxiológica das ações de ensino sobre a condição de participação desses mesmos graduandos. Para tal propósito, este estudo ancora-se no que se está chamando de simpósio conceitual, que tem como base os estudos do letramento, com foco no pensamento de Brian Street, Angela Kleiman e teóricos afins, convidando para o diálogo o construto do Círculo de Bakhtin, tanto quanto o olhar fundamentalmente bakhtiniano de Augusto Ponzio, cuja compreensão de língua se funda na noção de interação (VOLÓSHINOV, 2009 [1929]) nomeada como encontro. Em atenção a tais objeto e base teórica, esta dissertação constitui-se como um estudo de caso (YIN, 2001) do tipo etnográfico (ANDRÉ, 1995) com abordagem qualitativa de base interpretativista (MASON, 1996); realiza-se com oito participantes de pesquisa, matriculados nas fases iniciais do curso de Letras Português da Universidade campo de estudo. Os dados foram gerados a partir de instrumentos como observação participante, notas em diário de campo, entrevistas e pesquisa documental. A construção de inteligibilidades aponta para movimentos de tensão e de conflitos na constituição dos sujeitos em se tratando de sua participação nos eventos de letramento que têm lugar na esfera acadêmica, considerando experiências de escolarização; inserção em outras esferas nas quais os usos da escrita sejam tomados como fundamentais no que se refere aos encontros tematizados; bem como convergências e divergências entre práticas de letramento que os sujeitos carreiam consigo e práticas concernentes à esfera em questão, materializadas nas demandas acadêmicas objeto de estudo. Entende-se, ainda, que, a partir das configurações do encontro, como mais monológicos ou mais dialógicos, e de uma escrita tomada como prática social e como ato responsivo, os sujeitos tendem a vivenciar ressignificações de suas práticas de letramento de maneira mais efetiva deslocando-se, nessas condições, no continuum em direção ao polo ser/estar mais insider. Tais ressignificações desencadeiam-se ainda em decorrência de relações estabelecidas por meio de atos de dizer na esfera acadêmica que visam ao desvelamento e à desmistificação das práticas institucionais do mistério (LILLIS, 2001).<br><br>Abstract: The present research has as theme the phenomenon of literacy in the academic sphere, presenting as thematic delimitation the participation of graduating students of Portuguese Letters Course of Federal University of Santa Catarina in literacy events characteristics of the mentioned sphere and the concerning challenges to the act of telling, via writing mode, in these same events. Under this approach, this study was structured to answer the following central research question: How is characterized the participation of graduating students in Portuguese Letters Course in literacy events in the academic sphere in which it is required from them the act of telling, via written mode, in speech genres whose texts are linked to dominant literacies? From this question, considered its unfolding, it is aimed to analytically interpret the characterization of the participation of those graduating students in the mentioned literacy events in which it is required from them the act of telling, seeking a) to identify implications of the subjective constitution of the study participants; b) to infer possible redefinition of the literacy practices arising from the participation in the mentioned events; c) to identify challenges and / or difficulties in what respects the specific act of telling; d) and to characterize the academic demands, deducing influences of the praxeological setting of the teaching actions about the condition of participation of those graduation students. For this purpose, this study is based in what is being called conceptual symposium, which is based on the literacy studies, focusing on the thought of Brian Street, Angela Kleiman and others theorists, inviting for dialogue the construct of the Bakhtin Circle, as far as the look fundamentally Bakhtinian of Augusto Ponzio, whose comprehension of language is founded on the notion of interaction (VOLOSHINOV, 2009 [1929]) named encounter. Considering such object and theoretical basis, this dissertation is constituted as a case study (YIN, 2001) of ethnographic type (ANDRÉ, 1995) with a qualitative approach of interpretative base (MASON, 1996); it is realized with eight research participants enrolled in the early stages of the Portuguese Letters Course of the University field study. The data were generated from instruments such as participant observation, notes in field diary, interviews and documentary research. The construction of intelligibilities points to movements of tension and conflicts in the constitution of the subjects when it comes to their participation in literacy events that take place in the academic sphere, considering experiences of schooling; insertion in other spheres in which the use of writing are taken as fundamental inwhat it refers to the encounters thematized; as well as the similarities and differences between the literacy practices that the subjects carry and the practices concerning to the sphere in question, materialized in the academic demands objects of study. It is also understood that from the settings of the encounter, as more monological or more dialogical, and from a written taken as social practice and as responsive act, the subjects tend to experience redefinition of their literacy practices in a more effectively way moving, in these conditions, in the continuum towards the pole to be more insider. Such redefinitions still happen deriving from relations established through acts of telling in the academic sphere that aim the unveiling and the demystification of the institutional practices of the mystery (LILLIS, 2001).

Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.<br>Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0414103-215012. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Ottoni<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T10:18:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FranciscodeFatimada_D.pdf: 765309 bytes, checksum: 13860ee23eb6c404f7c312470711b502 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: Nosso objetivo foi caracterizar um tipo de tradução observada nos textos de Derrida. O foco de nosso empreendimento foi o ensaio de intitulado ¿Des tours de Babel¿ (¿Às voltas com Babel¿) que teve sua publicação em livro numa situação de tradução, traduzido para o inglês, em Difference in translation (Ed. Graham), traz como apêndice sua versão em francês que seria republicada dois anos mais tarde em Psyché: inventions de l¿autre I. Além dessa tradução, foi ainda vertido para o espanhol, por Olmedo e Peñalver, para o italiano, por Rosso e para o português brasileiro, por Barreto. Mesmo com a existência de sua tradução em português, a decisão de retraduzi-lo foi possibilitar uma leitura crítica fundamental para o nosso trabalho de análise. Para tanto, tomamos de empréstimo as figuras da retórica, em especial, a catacrese para falar da tradução em Derrida. O interesse pelo tema geral da tradução em Derrida se justifica por seu caráter praticamente inédito no âmbito das reflexões realizadas no Brasil, não fosse o empenho do grupo de pesquisa, intitulado Traduzir Derrida: políticas e desconstruções, que procura preencher essa lacuna, na qual se insere a presente pesquisa. Após ter justificado a escolha do tema, passamos a esboçar a problemática que guiou essa pesquisa. Derrida lança mão de mecanismos retóricos, tais como os tropos, com o intuito de refletir sobre a tradução, sempre dentro de uma linguagem filosófica, tendo como pando de fundo, o texto de Benjamin, ¿A tarefa do tradutor¿, procurando suplementar Benjamin de várias formas. Explorando, principalmente as antinomias do discurso benjaminiano sobre a tradução, Derrida constrói um discurso no qual surge a questão do nome próprio, sua quase intraduzibilidade, problematizando definições de tradução como a de Jakobson; discorre sobre a questão da dívida a que se submete o tradutor e interpreta as metáforas benjaminianas, por meio das quais comenta noções como direito de autoria, verdade, código religioso e assinatura. A dificuldade maior de nossa tese está em construir um discurso sobre a tradução, em Derrida, que leve, em conta seus múltiplos aspectos, suas muitas metáforas, bem como lidar com a impossibilidade de reduzir um texto como tal a seus efeitos de sentidos, de conteúdo, de tese ou de tema. A hipótese diretiva de nossa pesquisa é a de que a boa tradução deve abusar, como num efeito de torção do sentido. O ato tradutório se encontra sempre em uma situação aporética, num interminável doublé bind. A tese se estrutura em partes assim denominadas: ¿Observações introdutivas¿ procura refletir de forma geral sobre a tradução do ensaio, discutindo ainda a questão do método, questionando se haveria um método da desconstrução, e por conseqüência, da tese que trata da desconstrução em tradução. ¿A este título intraduzível: observações sobre a homofonia em Des tours de Babel¿ trata da intraduzibilidade e as conseqüências de se traduzir o título do ensaio de Derrida. Partindo de uma discussão sobre a homofonia, fala-se sobre o jogo de palavras que se perde ou se ganha na tradução para remeter finalmente à questão do abuso na e da tradução. A análise se concentra principalmente nas notas das traduções do ensaio que procuram justificar a tradução ou a não tradução do título. ¿Da tradução catacréstica em Derrida: a retórica da invenção¿, destaca-se uma postura freqüente nos textos de Derrida: o recurso à aposição de notas e a inserção de palavras na língua de origem do texto analisado. Um tipo de tradução que denominamos de catacréstica. Trata-se ainda da questão da fetichização, da metáfora no ato tradutório e da conceituação no interior do discurso da tradução em especial em Derrida. ¿Os nós do intraduzível: indecidibilidade¿ focaliza a indecibilidade do sentido, da significação. Partindo da noção de que há uma produção de sentido, desconstroi-se o argumento que haja um significado intrínseco. propõe ainda o questionamento sobre a crença geral dos críticos na possibilidade da existência de um significado imanente ao dito original, fazendo-nos refletir sobre ¿essência do significado¿ e suas implicações para a tradução. O que nos interessa particularmente aqui é a hipótese de Derrida sobre a instabilidade do significado de qualquer texto, um pressuposto que se revela nos posicionamentos em relação à tradução que serão abordadas nessa tese.¿Desconstruções ou Retórica do Canibalismo?¿ teve como objetivo provocar o leitor em relação ao que seria mais típico em termos de desconstrução no Brasil, fazendo uma possível relação com o canibalismo. A denominação ¿tradução catacréstica¿ surge de uma catacrese, a torre de Babel, que Derrida utiliza para pensar e traduzir a própria tradução, que neste caso, caracterizar-se-ia pela questão do comentário, da aposição de notas e da propensão ao uso de palavras estrangeiras, sempre em situação parentética. Se não é um caráter exclusivo, são essas características que a definem, conquanto que ela esteja dissolvida dentro de um comentário mais geral, de caráter mais filosófico, como se quer demonstrar neste trabalho<br>Abstract: Our aim was to characterize a kind of translation seen into the Derrida¿s texts. The focus of our task was the essay titled ¿Des tours de Babel¿ (¿Às voltas com Babel¿). The Derrida¿s essay had its edition in a translation situation, translated into the English, in Difference in translation (Ed. Graham), it brings as appendix its French version reedited two years later in Psyché: inventions de l¿autre I. Besides that translation, it has been translated into the Spanish, by Olmedo and Peñalver, into the Italian, by Rosso and into the Brazilian portuguese, by Barreto. Even with the existence of the translation into the Portuguese language of this essay, the decision of translating it again is due to the possibility of a critical reading very important to our analysis work. What we dare to do has been to borrow the rhetoric figures, specially, the catachresis to speak of translation in Derrida. The interesting by the general theme of translation in Derrida justifies itself through the practically unpublished character into the domain of the reflections made in Brazil, exception made to the research group called Traduzir Derrida: políticas e desconstruções, which looks for to fulfill this gap, into which the present research comes into. After we have justified the choice of our theme, we begin to expose our problematic issue that guided this research. Derrida makes uses of the rhetorical devices, such as the tropes, with the aim to reflect about the translation, always into a philosophical language, with the Benjamin¿ text, ¿The task of translator¿, as background, searching for supplementing Benjamin in many ways. Exploring, mainly the antinomies of his discourse about the translation, Derrida builds a discourse into which the question of the proper name, its almost untranslatability, arises. It also rises questions about the translation definitions as the Jakobson¿s ones; he discourses about the question of the debt to which the translator submit himself and interprets the benjaminian metaphors, through which he comments notions as author right, truth, religious code, and signature. The greatest difficulty of our thesis is to build a discourse about translation in Derrida that consider its multiples aspects, its many metaphors. The difficulty is also to handle with the impossibility of reducing a text as such to its effects of senses, of contents, of thesis or theme. The directional hypothesis of our research is that the good translation should abuse, like in a torsion effect of the sense. The translatory act is always in an aporetical situation, in an endless double bind situation. The thesis is structured in parts called as: ¿Observações introdutivas¿ looks for to reflect in a general way about the essay translation, discussing still the method question, questioning if there would be a deconstruction method, and consequently, of the thesis that treats the deconstruction in translation. ¿A este título intraduzível: observações sobre a homofonia em Des tours de Babel¿ treats the untranslatability and the consequences of translating the essay title of the Derrida¿s essay. From a discussion about the homophony, one speaks about words play that one loses or wins into the translation to refer finally to the question of abuse into and of the translation. The analysis concentrates mainly into the translation notes of the essay that search to justify the translation or not of the title. ¿Da tradução catacréstica em Derrida: a retórica da invenção¿, one shows a usual posture into the Derrida¿s text: the resource to the apposition of notes and the insertion of words in the source language of analyzed text. A kind of translation one calls catachrestical. It treats also of the question of fetishism, of metaphor into the translatory act and the conceptualization into the discourse of translation especially in Derrida. ¿Os nós do intraduzível: indecidibilidade¿ focalizes the indecibility of sense, of signification. From the notion that there is a production of sense, one deconstructs the argument that there is an intrinsecal signified. It proposes the questioning about the general belief of the critics in the possibility of the existence of an immanent signified to the called original, making us to reflect about the ¿essence of signified¿ and its implications to the translation. What interests us particularly here is the Derrida¿s hypothesis about the instability of the signified of any text, a presupposition that reveals into the positions in relation to the translation that are written in this thesis. ¿Desconstruções ou Retórica do Canibalismo?¿ has as objectif to provoque the reader concerning to what would be more tipical in terms of deconstruction in Brazil, making a possible relation to the canibalism. The denomination ¿catachrestical translation¿ rises from a catachresis, the Babel tower, that Derrida utilizes to think and translate the translation itself, that in this case, characterizes through the commentaries question, the notes apposition and the tendency to the use of foreign words, always in parenthetical situation. If it is not an exclusive character, theses characteristics define it, even it is dissolved inside a more general commentary of a more philosophical character, as one intends to demonstrate in this work<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

Mestrado em Línguas e Relações Empresariais<br>O presente trabalho tenta abordar a evolução da compreensão das línguas no que diz respeito à sua utilidade concreta nas actividades empresariais portuguesas no seu dia-a-dia. O estudo começa por fazer uma síntese do pensamento actual sobre a linguagem e a cultura em geral, antes de se focalizar na análise de um estudo de caso do uso das línguas estrangeiras numa empresa local. ABSTRACT: This work attempts to discuss improvements in the understanding of languages with respect to the usefulness of the latter in the day-to-day activities of businesses in Portugal. The study summarises current thinking about language and culture in general, before focusing upon a case study of the part of foreign languages in a local company.

Abstract The city is a complex space, comprised of a multitude of cultures, languages, and influences that interact, clash, and communicate, resulting in a space of dynamic violence. It is through this violent interaction of different forces that the city attains its potential as a space offering hope and opportunity. Such fragmentary and rapidly changing influences do, however, present problems for the investigation and interpretation of the city, in that conclusions seem only fleeting and provisional. For this reason, it is important to write towards a universal hope for the city; a hope that can never truly apply in practice, but nonetheless extends an inextinguishable hermeneutical possibility to all cities. In the Western, Judeo-Christian framework, the intersection of universalism, hermeneutics, and the city begins with the collapse of the Tower of Babel. Through violent rupture, humanity’s differences are revealed and thus a Fall into a schema of translation occurs, where humanity must exist side-by-side with each other in the absence of divine presence. Subsequently, cities are necessarily diverse and violent, for it is alterity that allows for cities to contain hope for something other than what is. To prevent the city from becoming totalitarian and without hope, alterity must be consciously maintained in both the physical environments of the suburb and the city-centre, and in the idea of the city: what the city could be. Achieving alterity in the suburb and city-centre requires hospitality toward the other, an openness to the other that coincides with a schema of justice. The maintenance of alterity in the idea of the city requires a messianic conception of hope that cannot be called forth, and remains perpetually as a possibility that is no possibility, violently rupturing all claims of completion in the present. With the extension of hospitality and justice, combined with the conscious maintenance of alterity, the violence inherent in the interaction of different forces in the city is put to its most positive and regenerative applications.

Among the vast assembly of Biblical mythology, the tower of Babel stands as an exclusive representation of the limits of human endeavor. As a paradigmatic extremity, it circumscribes the field of civic artifice. Babel is the absolute limit, and in that regard, its presence is enduring and timeless. The legacy of exegetic readings are textual shades, emanating from the point source of the paradigm. Athanasius Kircher's Turris Babel is an appropriate and intentional unfolding of this condition.<br>Firstly, that in the awakening of the Baroque scholar to history, origin materializes as the sole legitimate chronological reference.<br>Secondly, that the paradigmatic extremities collapse into the empirical standard of the theoretical discourse.<br>This thesis is a speculative study of architecture, drawn through Turris Babel, in the shadow of the paradigmatic limits of Babel. Written in three parts, each dealing with the implications of artifice in confrontation with the post-Babel adversaries of dispersion, tyranny, and decay.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>O presente trabalho visa investigar o lugar social dos candomblés na belle époque carioca, a partir das crônicas de Paulo Barreto (João do Rio) acerca dos candomblés no Rio de Janeiro publicadas na Gazeta de Notícias e na Kosmos, propondo a construção de uma percepção do candomblé para a sociedade carioca na virada do século XIX para o XX e a realização de um esboço de mapa da religiosidade carioca na belle époque.<br>The present work intends to investigate the social place of the candomblés in belle époque of Rio de Janeiro, from the chronicles of Paulo Barreto (João do Rio) about the candomblés in the Rio de Janeiro published in the Gazeta de Notícias and in the Kosmos, proposing the construction of a perception of the candomblé for the society of Rio de Janeiro in the turning of the century XIX for the XX and the realization of a sketch of map of the religiosity of Rio de Janeiro in belle époque.

La littérature du vingtième siècle renouvelle l'image de la tour de Babel. Alors que Kafka propose une relecture très originale de l'épisode, Borges enrichit profondément le mythe en créant la célèbre tour-bibliothèque en 1941 métaphore de l'univers, Babel devient espace à arpenter et à interroger : les enjeux herméneutiques et téléologiques du mythe sont soulignés, et la "fiction" donne naissance à une tradition littéraire (Umberto Eco, Eloi Recoing). En 1951, Pierre Emmanuel écrit un long poème épique, Babel lieu de l'asservissement, la tour est un monde totalitaire qui évoque la Seconde Guerre mondiale et souligne les enjeux politiques du mythe. Deux topoi donnent lieu à de constantes réécritures. Babylone, ville maudite, est le lieu du crime. Maints auteurs, Doblin, Pierre Emmanuel et surtout René Crevel évoquent l'image de la « grande prostituée » en des réécritures qui mêlent fascination et anathème. Mais à cause de la "langue unique" évoquée au premier verset du texte biblique, Babel est surtout un mythe du langage. Si bien des auteurs continuent de déplorer le drame linguistique de la tour - impossibilité à communiquer, imperfection de la langue - d'autres en revanche (Queneau, Joyce) jouent avec la et les langue(s), et choisissent d'envisager la diversité comme une bénédiction. Car au vingtième siècle, Babel n'est plus nécessairement un "mythe de la chute". Les auteurs littéraires, mais aussi les exégètes du texte biblique, opèrent une relecture de l'épisode. La diversité, expression d'une altérité nécessaire et fondatrice, serait venue mettre fin, non à un âge d'or, mais à un désir régressif d'uniformisation, voire à un monde totalitaire. D'autres enjeux sont alors soulignes. Avec Borges et Butor, l'errance en ce monde absurde est cheminement babélien qui conduit à placer la lecture, acte herméneutique par excellence, comme l'écriture, acte créateur assimilé à l'édification de la tour, au cœur du mythe<br>In the twentieth century, the myth of babel is revisited by many writers. In 1920 already, Kafka proposed a new vision of a subterranean tower, whereas Borges, in 1941, created his famous "library of babel", where babel is a metaphor for the cosmos. From this image of a babelian collection of books and shelves is born a new literary tradition. Pierre Emmanuel, in his own way, proposed, just after the tragedy of the Second World War, a vision of the myth of babel as a metaphor for an authoritarian government. More common is the parallel between babel and Babylon, a vision of the progress and decadence of humanity. In Doblin’s novels, or in René Crevel's Babylone, the great prostitute is an object of fascination and repulsion. But beyond all of this, babel is a myth associated with the language and some writers saw babel as a joyful opportunity for creation, mixing several idioms in a lone creation (Joyce, Queneau). Many writers want to see babel as a benediction, and cease to deplore the biblical episode. In Butor's novel, as well as in the works of Borges, Babel is a labyrinth, and the myth is associated with the act of writing, and with the act of reading. More than ever, literature is concerned by the myth

The study, as explained in the Prologue, was begun with the aim of compiling and analysing the problems of translating Malay verse into English. However, because the tradition is little known outside its birthplace. Chapters I and II trace the birth and perpetuation of the Malayo-English tradition of verse translation, giving examples of the translations carried out. and drawing attention to the problems encountered. These chapters also seek to identify the reasons for translating. The anomalous practice of translating into a language which is not the translator's native language-- which is rampant in the tradition studied-as well as the variety of modes encountered, necessitate a search for a theoretical framework which would accomodate such facts of the tradition. Chapter III elaborates on the theoretical considerations made out and the methodology adopted. The theoretical considerations show that such a framework could be provided by a working definition, if it is rigorous enough to differentiate translation from its kindred activities, such as parody, yet flexible enough to accomodate the various acceptable modes of translation. A pro-tern working definition of the translation process is proposed in Chapter IV. The practical implications of this definition are discussed in Chapters V and VI. Chapter V discusses the effects of the independent variables on the actual translating process; i.e., how each of the independent variables identified in the definition of the process could give rise to a spectrum of translation pathways, and thereby to a variety of translation products. It is realised at this juncture that to enable a descriptive analysis of the translation process/products, these modes have not only to be identified but also to be systematically named. Chapter VI describes the translation spectrum and proposes a system of labelling the components of the translation spectrum. Chapter VII attempts an objective reviewal of the study, assessing its contribution to knowledge, whilst making clear its limitations and its dependence on earlier works. The study closes with an Epilogue.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to shed light upon the construction of identity within the Swedish- Canadian immigrant group during the first half of the 20th century. The most important sources of ethnic and nationalistic influences this study scrutinizes are the homeland Sweden, Swedish-America, Scandinavian-Canada and the Canadian host society. It also examines the interaction with other social identities, such as gender and religion. Theoretically, this dissertation takes its point of departure in Fredrik Barth’s assumptions on cultural boundaries and ethnic grouping, which emphasizes the meeting and confrontation with other groups as a trigger in the development of a new ethnic identity. The study is carried out on three partly interacting levels: the individual, the organizational and the official/ rhetorical level.</p><p>On the individual level, the first generation Swedes in Canada was probably as Swedish as they could be concerning identity, culture and social networks. But as it turned out, the shattered Swedish immigration, the vast and often hardly passable Canadian landscape, together with indirect help from the Canadian government, would prevent an extensive establishment of ethnic organizations. The surplus of single Swedish-Canadian men also affected the transference of Swedishness negatively in the change of generations.</p><p>The intense dialogue with Swedish America, mostly conducted through the Augustana Synod and the Vasa Order, contributed to a new sense of Swedishness. Both these Swedish- American organizations had “Diaspora ambitions” and they relatively soon established a certain cooperation with the pan-Swedish movement in Sweden. Women played an important social, economical as well practical role in both secular and religious organizational life. Many Swedish-Canadians congregations and organizations would have had no future, if not for the women’s commitment.</p><p>Swedish rhetoric on the official level was carried out by men, to men, in a male language and imaginary. In this context the term Swede thus became synonymous with Swedish man. Both outspoken desires from the Swedish homeland and its actual internal development were considered and reformulated in Swedish-Canadian rhetoric. When the nationalistic discourse changed in Sweden, the Swedish-Canadian rhetoric changed in the same direction. Swedes in Canada also responded to ethnic competition, especially from Norwegians, by trying to define how the two related groups differed. Of certain importance was the signals given from the host society. With a general suspicion of foreign elements together with a demand for assimilation, the Canadian government seems to have hastened the integration process of Swedish-Canadians.</p>