Journal articles on the topic 'Babylon (Babel)'

This study aims to find out how much interest in saving people in the city of Palembang, especially saving in a sharia-based regional bank, namely the Babylon Sharia Bank. This research was conducted for three months, this study used primary data by distributing questionnaires, the literature used in the form of books and journals; related, the location of the study was in the city of Palembang, the sampling technique, using random sampling techniques with a total sample of 100 respondents, data analysis using multiple linear regression.The results of this study are: Advertisements have an effect on people's saving interest, Publicity has an influence on people's saving interest, Sales promotion does not affect the interest in saving people, Personal sales also have no effect on interest in saving.

This article gives an extensive, detailed historic overview of Baghdad's unique architectural heritage from its ancient Sumerian roots in design through the Islamic and modern periods by an Iraqi professor of architecture. The functionally and aesthetically integrated residential architecture of the ancient Sumerians, its labyrinthine network of abutting houses with open inner-courtyards, ingenious ventilation systems, and enclosed balconies (shanāshīl) that formed the warp and weft1 of the fabric of the urban society which it supported for millennia is disappearing. The ancient patterns which still survive in Baghdad are not only emblematic of Middle Eastern architecture but are the essential imprint of Babel (Babylon) – the mother of all cities. The author demonstrates how modernization and rapid changes brought on by economic growth and population explosions led to unregulated building projects that were often conceived and implemented by foreign firms in abject disregard of the unique and irreplaceable cultural heritage of Iraq. Landmarks of culture have already been lost, and there is much still to lose, but it is not too late if proper funds, urban planning and action at the level of the individual can be marshalled to preserve the living museum of Baghdad's eternal architecture that is the most conspicuous physical expression of its social, cultural and historic identity.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of modern information systems (software, networks, human resources) in achieving organizational justice (distributive, procedural, transactions). In addition to the detection of the existence of significant differences in the answers of workers in the Central Euphrates Electricity Department / Babylon Branch. The research community is one of the 1032 workers working in the Central Euphrates Electricity Department/ Babel electricity department. The research sample was selected by random stratified method (102). The research was based on analytical descriptive method. Field data collection was conducted through a questionnaire developed and developed to measure research objectives and hypothesis testing. It consisted of two parts, the first part of which was represented in modern information systems, the second part included organizational justice, and SPSS was used to analyze data using the statistical package program Social Sciences Foundation The researcher has reached a set of results, the most important of which is the impact of modern information systems on the achievement of organizational justice, and the researcher made many recommendations in the light of those results through the theoretical research we found The rational use of modern information systems leads to an effective role in the achievement of organizational justice, as well as work on training to keep pace with the internal and external modifications of the information systems used to accelerate data entry and reduce errors.

This study aims to find out "The Influence of Promotion, Against the Decision on the Use of Digital Services Mediated by Consumer Knowledge and Consumer Confidence in the Babylon Bank of South Sumatra Branch". Problem formulation is a problem that will be answered by the research objectives. This study uses a statistical analysis tool that is multiple linear regression. The results of the calculation, the influence of each construct on the construct; first, Promotion has a positive and significant effect on Consumer Trust. The results of data analysis obtained a t-value of 27,182 with a t-table value of 1,965973. Second, Promotion has a significant effect on Consumer Knowledge. The results of data analysis obtained a t-value of 25.218 with a t-table value of 1.965973. This means that the Promotion variable has a significant effect on the Consumer Knowledge variable. Third, Consumer Trust has a positive and significant effect on Decision of Use. The results of data analysis obtained a t-value of 4.169 with a t-table value of 1.965973. Fourth, Consumer Knowledge has a positive and significant effect on Decision of Use. The results of data analysis obtained a value of t-value of 3.561 with a t-table value of 1.965973. Fifth, Promotion has a positive and significant effect on the Decision of Use. The results of data analysis obtained a t-value of 3.342 with a t-table value of 1.965973. This means that the Promotion variable has a positive and significant effect on the Decision Use variable

This article has purpose to show the importance of giving stimulation from the lecturer of STT Torsina to enhance the quality of student’s living, either in intelectual, social and spiritual aspect. This research uses qualitative approach with exposition of text Daniel 1-6. Ini this biblical narrative Daniel gained the highest position after the king in Babylon kingdom. Daniel chosen was based on his self quality over anyone became candidates. The exposition of Daniel 6:1-4 giving some references made him been qualified, that is Daniel’s spiritual life quality. By this research finding giving a recommendation of stimulate spiritual living for enhance STT Torsina students’ academic quality according to Daniel. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan pentingnya stimulasi yang diberikan oleh para tenaga pengajar (dosen) di STT Torsina untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup mahasiswa, baik dalam aspek intelektual, sosial dan kerohanian. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menerapkan studi eksposisi kitab Daniel 1-6. Dalam narasi biblikal ini Daniel memperoleh posisi tertinggi setelah raja di negeri Babel. Pemilihan Daniel dilandaskan pada kualitas Daniel yang mengungguli siapa pun yang menjadi calon pemimpin saat itu. Kajian eksposisi Daniel 6:1-4 mereferensikan apa yang membuat Daniel berkualitas, yaitu: kualitas kehidupan rohani Daniel. Dengan temuan ini, maka penelitian recomendation sebuah stimulasi kehidupan rohani demi meningkatkan kualitas akademis mahasiswa STT Torsina sesuai dengan tokoh Daniel.

Natural asphalt (or bitumen) deposits, oil seepage and liquid oil shows are widespread in the Middle East, especially in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Ancient people from northern Iraq, south–west Iran and the Dead Sea area extensively used this ubiquitous natural resource until the Neolithic period (7000 to 6000 BC). Evidence of earlier use has been recently documented in the Syrian desert near (Boëda et al. 1996) near El Kown, where bitumen–coated flint implements, dated to 40,000 BC (Mousterian period), have been unearthed. This discovery at least proves that bitumen was used by Neanderthal populations as hafting material to fix handles to their flint tools. Numerous testimonies, proving the importance of this petroleum–based material in Ancient civilizations, were brought to light by the excavations conducted in the Near East as of the beginning of the century. Bitumen remains show a wide range of uses that can be classified under several headings. First of all, bitumen was largely used in Mesopotamia and Elam as mortar in the construction of palaces (e.g. the Darius Palace in Susa), temples, ziggurats (e.g. the so–called ‘Tower of Babel’ in Babylon), terraces (e.g. the famous ‘Hanging Gardens of Babylon’) and exceptionally for roadway coating (e.g. the processional way of Babylon). Since the Neolithic, bitumen served to waterproof containers (baskets, earthenware jars, storage pits), wooden posts, palace grounds (e.g. in Mari and Haradum), reserves of lustral waters, bathrooms, palm roofs, etc. Mats, sarcophagi, coffins and jars, used for funeral practices, were often covered and sealed with bitumen. Reed and wood boats were also caulked with bitumen. Abundant lumps of bituminous mixtures used for that particular purpose have been found in storage rooms of houses at Ra's al–Junayz in Oman. Bitumen was also a widespread adhesive in antiquity and served to repair broken ceramics, fix eyes and horns on statues (e.g. at Tell al–Ubaid around 2500 BC). Beautiful decorations with stones, shells, mother of pearl, on palm trees, cups, ostrich eggs, musical instruments (e.g. the Queen's lyre) and other items, such as rings, jewellery and games, have been excavated from the Royal tombs in Ur. They are on view in the British Museum. With a special enigmatic material, commonly referred to as ‘bitumen mastic’, the inhabitants of Susa sculpted masterpieces of art which are today exhibited in the Louvre Museum in Paris. This unique collection is presented in a book by Connan and Deschesne (1996). Last, bitumen was also considered as a powerful remedy in medical practice, especially as a disinfectant and insecticide, and was used by the ancient Egyptians to prepare mixtures to embalm the corpses of their dead. Modern analytical techniques, currently applied in the field of petroleum geochemistry, have been adapted to the study of numerous archaeological bituminous mixtures found in excavations. More than 700 bituminous samples have been analysed during the last decade, using gas chromatography alone and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and isotopic chemistry (carbon and hydrogen mainly). These powerful tools, focused on the detailed analysis of biomarkers in hydrocarbon fractions, were calibrated on various well–known natural sources of bitumen in Iraq, Syria, Iran, Bahrain and Kuwait. These reference studies have made it possible to establish the origins of bitumen from numerous archaeological sites and to document the bitumen trade routes in the Middle East and the Arabo–Persian Gulf. Using a well–documented case history, Tell el ‘Oueili (5800 to 3500 BC) in South Mesopotamia, we will illustrate in this paper how these new molecular and isotopic tools can help us to recognize different sources of bitumen and to trace the ancient trade routes through time. These import routes were found to vary with major cultural and political changes in the area under study. A second example, referring to the prehistoric period, describes bitumen traces on flint implements, dated from Mousterian times. This discovery, from the Umm El Tlel excavations near El Kown in Syria, was reported in 1996 in Boëda et al . At that time, the origin of the bitumen had not been elucidated due to contamination problems. Last year, a ball of natural oil–stained sands, unearthed from the same archaeological layer, allowed us to determine the source of the bitumen used. This source is regional and located in the Jebel Bichri, nearly 40 km from the archaeological site. The last case history was selected to illustrate another aspect of the investigations carried out. Recent geochemical studies on more than 20 balms from Egyptian mummies from the Intermediate, Ptolemaic and Roman periods have revealed that these balms are composed of various mixtures of bitumen, conifer resins, grease and beeswax. Bitumen occurs with the other ingredients and the balms studied show a great variety of molecular compositions. Bitumen from the Dead Sea area is the most common source but some other sources (Hit in Iraq?) are also revealed by different molecular patterns. The absolute amount of bitumen in balms varies from almost zero to 30% per weight.

This article presents a few issues in the making of our film A Long History of Madness that pertain to the ‘Babylonic’. Spoken in 12 languages, ranging across six centuries, and shot in five countries, the film possesses an inherent Babylonism. It makes a case for a multilingual mode of communicating. Yet, beyond the obvious need for verbal communication, for which subtitles are necessary but insufficient, the film presents other reasons for extending the concept of translation. The knot of potential confusion and the need for ‘translation’ are the ontological uncertainties surrounding ‘madness’ itself. The key questions are: are people mad? Do they perform madness, or do others perceive them as mad because they are too dissimilar from them to be accepted as ‘normal’? This fundamental uncertainty affects all forms of alterity. Translation becomes, then, a tool to negotiate alterity under the terms of the acceptance of this ontological uncertainty.

No conto “Super Flumina Babylonis”, constante da obra Antigas e novas andanças do demónio (1981), Jorge de Sena recria, pela voz de um narrador heterodiegético, o processo de composição das redondilhas “Sobre os rios que vão”, também conhecidas como “Babel e Sião”, de Luís Vaz de Camões. Observamos que o conto é constituído por dois grandes blocos: o do “diálogo” entre Camões e a mãe e o da narração propriamente dita, o qual, por seu turno, divide-se em dois planos – o exterior, correspondente ao mundo concreto, da realidade física, e o interior, correspondente ao mundo psicológico da personagem. Tendo isso em vista, neste trabalho, objetivamos analisar como se estruturam esses dois planos, a fim de estabelecer relação entre o conto de Sena e o poema de Camões.

We reported 21 infections with Thelazia gulosa, in Buffalo, slaughtered at Al-Diwaniya, Najaf and Babyl abattoirs, from John to September 2012. Eyes were examined carefully after uprooted 2 eyes from 328 buffalos for searching about the parasite. By gently manipulating, the eyes checking in the conjunctival sacs and corneal surface.6.4% of examined eyes were have eyeworms. Al-Diwaniyah province showed higher infections rate, than Najaf and Babyl 10.22 %, 6.42% and 3% respectively. The worm burden arranged from 1-3 per eye, with mean number 1.8 parasite\ eye. According to months, September showed highly infections rate compared with June, July and August 18%, 2.38%, 2.22% and 0% respectively. In 12 buffalos we found 1 eye infect with eyeworm, and 9 with 2 eyes.

On 14 February 1608, William Crashaw, who three years earlier had been vicar of St John’s Church in Beverley, preached a sermon at St Paul’s Cross. He took as his text a verse from Jeremiah—‘We would have cured Babel but she would not be healed; let us forsake her, and go every one to his own country.’ Yet Crashaw was no schismatic. His own career, beginning with his fellowship at St John’s College, Cambridge, had always been within the mainstream of the Established Church. In his will he set out the positions he had held as ‘the unworthy and unprofitable servant of God’. He had been ‘Preacher of God’s word first at Bridlington then at Beverley in Yorkshire. Afterwards at the Temple since then pastor of the Church at Agnes Burton in the diocese of York, now Pastor of that too great parish of White Chapel in the suburbs of London.’ There was much else besides; he had been one of the official editors of William Perkins, a writer of numerous works, whose sermons and catechisms were much sought after, one of the founders and shareholders in the New Virginia Company, with good connections at Court. At Paul’s Cross Crashaw condemned Brownists ‘who forsake our Church, and cut off themselves and separate themselves to a faction, and fashion, or as they call it, into a covenant or communion of their own devising’, just as much as those who ‘be such as refuse public places in the Church, and commonwealth, and retire themselves into private and discontented courses and will not be employed for the public’. In common with mainstream puritans he deeply disapproved of schismatics and was not above attacking them with the same vehemence he normally reserved for papists. It is ‘unthankful’ he wrote, to desert our Church. ‘There is indeed a true ministry of the word amongst us… We have the word truly preached.’ When Crashaw referred to the forsaking of Babel he had something very different in mind, for the solution this early seventeenth-century cleric offered concerned the Church’s ministry.

The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In order to understand the level and distribution of 222Rn concentrations in soil-gas in Babil province, we have measured the radon gas concentration in soil samples of different areas in Babylon (Al-werdeiaa, Al-seiahy, Al-Thewrae, Al-muhendisen, Al-keliss, Nadeer) by using alpha-emitters registrations which are emitted from radon gas in nuclear track detector (CR-39). The obtained results have shown that the highest average radon gas concentration in soil sample was found in Al-muhendisen and Al-werdeiaa samples, which was (32.75 Bq/m3), while the lowest average radon gas concentration in soil samples was found in Nadeer sample, which was (25.85 Bq/m3). The present results show that the radon gas concentration in all soil samples is below the allowed limit from (International Commission of Radiation Protection) (ICRP) agency.

A hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding in premature and low birth weight infants. The study included 200 infants in Hillah city Babylon Province, whose ages were less than six months. Catchments of these infants was in the neonatal /special care baby units and the general wards in both Hillah General Teaching Hospital and Babil Maternity Teaching Hospital in Babylon Governorate during the period from the first of January 2018 till the end of March 2018. The infants’ mothers came from mixed urban and rural backgrounds. Socio –demographic variables related to infants and their mothers’ obstetric data were recorded. Neonatal data was extracted from the medical records of the labor and neonatal care wards. The study included mothers of all ages, one in six of whom (16%) were teenagers marrying at a young age.52% of the older respondents reported being married during their teenage years. Since all the babies included in the study were either preterm or low birth weight, the mean birth weight was (1894.00±464.15) gm (LBW) and the mean gestational age was (34.42±2.84) weeks (preterm).The study outlined three main groups of reasons in order of frequency for quitting exclusive breast feeding, the first group involved the following reasons (milk was of poor quality, breast milk causes jaundice or diarrhea or a previous child didn't thrive on breast feeding) (53.7%), the second group covered reasons related to (advice from doctor/medical staff, or non-medically qualified person) (22%)and the third group was because of (LBW and prematurity per se)(14.6%).

La Bible déjà donne l’image double de la ville qui traverse toute la littérature et qui la varie en fonction du temps. D’un coté le lieu de toutes les débauches, de toutes les corruptions à l’image de Sodome et Gomorrhe, de Babel et de Babylone et de l’autre, Jérusalem céleste, lieu de rencontre de l’homme et de son Dieu. Le XVIIIe siècle reprend cette dualité et la développe en conflit entre la ville et la campagne, entre la civilisation et la rusticité pour les uns, ou entre le lieu de corruption et le lieu de pureté et de sincérité pour les autres. Les romantiques français, tout en rejetant la ville et opposant sa laideur à la beauté de la nature, restent fascinés par sa force et son élan vital et développent le thème de la modernité urbaine à travers l’évocation récurrente de Paris. La place tenue par la ville dans le discours social d’une époque et la manière dont la littérature en rend compte offre la possibilité de marquer la relation à la ville comme le propre d’une esthétique et d’un courant littéraire. L’exemple type en est Le Père Goriot, le fameux roman de 1835.

Heavy metals concentration in the soils and sediments has increased worldwide during the last century as a result of the rapid increase in population which combined by an increase in human activity as agriculture, industrial and many other activities. Ten soil and three river sediment samples were collected from 10 main sampling stations at Shatt Al-Hilla River from Sada area to Dora Bridge in Babylon province. The chemical analysis of the sedimentation sample in the laboratory included pH calculation, electrical conductivity (EC) (Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), and heavy metals as (Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, Cd, As and Fe). Indirect geochemical background (IGB) of heavy metal was calculated by the iterative 2 standard deviations (SD) method. The results of enrichment factor for heavy metals of the soil and sediment show that the all heavy metals in the studied samples were within Ef<2 indicate to depletion to minimal enrichment (i.e. no or minimal pollution). While Cd in the sample (5), Co in the sample (7), Cr in the sample (8) and Mn in the sample (1S) are within 2 ≤ EF < 5 indicate to Moderate enrichment. Contamination factor (Cf) for heavy metals of soil and sediment show that the all heavy metals in the studied samples were within Cf < 1 -Low contamination. While Sample "2" (Cd, Fe), sample "3" (Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd), sample "4" (Mn, Fe) and sample "8" (Cr) are within 1 ≤ Cf < 3 moderate contamination. Pollution load index result of all the soil and sediment samples are less than one indicate that "no pollution" are present, except sample 3 where the PLI value higher than 1 indicates the samples have been "polluted ". The modified degree of contamination (mCd) data indicate nil to a low degree of contamination for all of the soil and sediments samples.

Tel Abu Antiq is located in an area that has borders with three governorates, which are Bebel from Altaleea Side, Alnajaf Alashraf nearby Alhurriya sub district and Alqadisiya Al mhannawiya sub district. It is around 50 km away to the south of the historic city of Babel. It is located western to the archeological city of Mard 15km away nearly. . The location is famous of agriculture like the date palms and rice in particular. The hill is penetrated by drainage 20m wide known as Al haffar or the Eastern Drainage. The Drainage located to the west of it is called Alqawsi. It was dug to dry up the marshes waters in 1994. The highest point in the hill reaches 20m above sea level. The lands surrounding the hill were plain, fertile and suitable for agriculture. Many decades ago the lands were immersed by waters of Ibn Najim Marsh; one of Alshamiya and Almishkhab marshes. This immersion led to disapearance of its features. It was forgotten by the Archeological inspectors who surveyed the agricultural lands within the farms especially those were subject to settlement of the land rights in the thirties of the last century. The state organization for archeology and heritage marked in their records and maps at that time two archeological hills connected by an old irrigation canal, they are at close distance from Abu Antiq hill. The 1st is known as (Zghaitan), it is to the south west of Abu Antiq. The second is known as (Jeghaiman) to the North West. Total area of both hills with Abu Antiq is 9 square kilometers. They all make mostly a settlement. The surface areas of Zghaitan hill indicates that it belongs to the aancient babylonic era.

Zusammenfassung:Zahlreiche Diskussionen widmeten sich der Etymologie des Namens Babylon vom Ende der Turmbauerzähling in Gen 11. Viele lesen dies als eine polemische Etymologie gerichtet gegen die babylonische Deutung des Namens als »das Tor des Gottes«. Diese Deutung erfasst jedoch nur die erste Hälfte des Abschnitts, mit der Deutung Babylons als Ort der Verwirrung der Sprachen. Die zweite Hälfte des Abschnitts bezieht sich auf die Zerstreuung der Nationen: »Von dort verstreute der Herr sie hinaus über das ganze Erdreich.« Dieser Teil scheint nichts mit dem Namen Babylon zu tun zu haben. Der Beitrag schlägt eine Deutung im Sinne zweier Etymologien vor, die beide in Enûma Eliš ihren Ursprung haben.

The study was aimed to design the landscape on the sides of Baghdad-Babel road and landscaping the aspects of this section of the road length of 1 km, which represents the main entrance of the province of Babel, which is the municipality of Alexandria to achieve the strategy of beautiful roads through the appropriate selection of types of vegetation and emphasis on local species and adapted to environment and soil, which is one of the main factors in the conservation of vegetation on the sides of the roads, as well as the preparation of a design proposal for a rest area on the right side of the section of the road under study to an area of ​​270,14.108 m2 is not intended for any future use, its currently used by drivers of heavy and medium vehicles and the regular vehicles and passengers while waiting at the entrance to the province of Babylon and provide an opportunity to reduce stress and fatigue on the driver and management of travel requirements and improve traffic safety by reducing traffic accident rates as a result of traffic density in this way.

Hubertus Siegert’s impressionistic documentary, Berlin Babylon, illuminates the demolition and urban renewal of Berlin during the mid-late 1990s. This was a critical phase in the city’s history, as it prepared, amidst a flurry of excitement and anticipation, to become the united Germany's seat of power. Siegert's film seeks to give pause for thought, but deliberately eschews a “voice of god” voiceover, opting instead for a poetic audiovisual montage. This includes shots of the cityscape (and its lacunae), archival footage documenting the wartime devastation and subsequent dynamiting of buildings, observational cinema of the city’s busy building sites, and of verbal snippets from various architects, developers and politicians––following the film title’s cue, the agents in a rerun of the construction of the Tower of Babel––as well as epigraphs from the Bible and Walter Benjamin, and a prominent soundscape and musical score. As this article will demonstrate, the film’s (mostly) sombre soundtrack plays a critical role here, commenting on the footage, and beyond that on the whole project of the new ‘Berlin Republic’ and its attitude to architectural heritage and twentieth century history. Re-figuring the theme of this volume, Berlin Babylon’s music is a form of writing about (collapsing, old) architecture and history. And yet, the soundtrack is not as unambiguous as a voiceover might have been, and thereby allows creative space for the audience’s interpretation, a matter that was very important to the film’s director. This article will focus, in particular, on three elements: the use (and treatment) of historical recordings in the film; the use of silence; and finally the way in which tracks from the Berlin band Einstürzende Neubauten use music, noise and text to comment on the project of the new Berlin.

The exile of some Judeans under the Babylonian Empire from 597 to 582 BCE is perceived to have left the land of Judah without residents, according to some biblical passages. Historically and biblically, the land of Judah was not left empty, but some peasants remained behind when the important and legitimate elite was deported to Babylon. Some Judeans fled to Egypt and other neighbouring countries. Some of the elite were executed around 587–586 BCE. The legitimate monarchs of Judah were either murdered or deported to Babylon and Egypt. Gedaliah, of non-royal lineage, was appointed as a governor of Judah by Babylon, but he was assassinated. Subsequently, Judah was left without leadership or was probably incorporated into the Samaria provincial governance. The second rebellion of Zedekiah in 588 BCE resulted in the fall of Jerusalem (586 BCE), the capital city of Judah. The deported, murdered and dispersed elite left a legitimate leadership void, which translates into the exile of Judah. The cultic and civil services performed by the elite like festal ceremonies, daily sacrifices, trade, public administration, military and judiciary were halted by the Babylonian exile.Thus, Judah was exiled by Babylon at the termination of necessary services done in Jerusalem.Die leegheid van ballingskap en die vroeë Persiese periode: ‘n Historiese studie. Sommige Skrifgedeeltes dra daartoe by dat die indruk geskep word dat Juda sonder inwoners gelaat is na die ballingskap van die Judeërs in die tyd van die Neo-Babiloniese Ryk (597–582 v.C.). Histories beskou en op grond van inligting in die Ou Testament, was die land egter nie leeg nie. Sommige van die gewone mense het agtergebly toe die vernaamste mense en die leiers na Babel weggevoer is. Sommige Judeërs het na Egipte en ander lande gevlug. Sommige van hierdie vernames is in 587–586 v.C. tereggestel. Die wettige regeerders van Juda is óf tereggestel óf na Babilon en Egipte weggevoer. Gedalia, wat nie uit die koninklike geslag was nie, is as goewerneur aangestel, maar hy is vermoor. Gevolglik is Juda leierloos gelaat, of waarskynlik deur die Babiloniese owerheid by die Samaritaanse gebied ingelyf. Die tweede opstand van Sedekia in 588 v.C. het tot die val van Jerusalem, die hoofstad van Juda, in 586 v.C. gelei. Die verbanning en verstrooing van, asook die moord op die leiers en vernames het ’n leemte in regmatige leierskap gelaat wat Juda se ballingskap verklaar. Die kultiese en siviele dienste soos feestelike seremonies, daaglikse offers, handel en openbare administrasie wat deur die leiers verrig is sowel as die regstelsel en militêre eenheid is ook deur die Babiloniese ballingskap beëindig. Die ballingskap het dus eerder die beëindiging van noodsaaklike dienste geïmpliseer as die wegvoering van die totale bevolking .

Environmental policy represents one of the important administrative issues for organizations that seek to have a bright future. They are required to make great and real efforts to diagnose the environmental dimension, evaluate environmental efforts, and think about effective means, mechanisms and ways to protect the environment in the future and to correct past mistakes. The aim of this research is to show the impact that the environmental policy can play in achieving the requirements of sustainability. The research relied on the independent variable represented by the environmental policy, and the dependent variable 17 السياسة البيإية ودور ا ف تحقيق متطلبا االستدامة Millennium Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2(4): (2021) on sustainability and its requirements represented by (rationalization of resource consumption, reducing pollution, reducing the impact on human health, and using renewable energy). The descriptive analytical approach was adopted in the completion of this research, and it included answering the questions related to the research problem by testing two main hypotheses, with regard to correlation and influence relations. The General Battery Industry / Babel 1 Factory in Baghdad, and the statistical program (SPSS.V.23) was used to extract the results. This research reached a set of conclusions regarding environmental policy, the most prominent of which is that it has a continuous and effective positive impact that occurs due to internal and external environmental factors in achieving sustainability, which was represented by the validity of the two hypotheses of the research with the existence of a link and impact of environmental policy on sustainability. Keywords: Environment, environmental policy, sustainability

Brick factories distributed within the study area use fuel oil to complete the burning of the bricks, were high amounts of gases and suspended particles with different concentrations of heavy elements are produced and cause air and soil pollution. It is noted that the workers suffer from respiratory diseases and other health problems. This study is an attempt to detect the sources and concentrations of pollutants and to propose modalities for their treatment and reduction. Air and soil samples were collected from different sites in Abu Smeache brick factory in Al-Kifl area to the south of Babel city, Iraq, during two seasons (summer and winter). The process also included collecting and modelling of dust and soil samples from two depth, surface and sub-surface, to detect pollution and the mobility of heavy elements across the different depths. Heavy elements (Pb, Ni, Co), along with gases (CO, CO2, NO2, SO2) and total suspended particles (TSP) in the air, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The air results showed high pollution with all the studied heavy elements, while the levels of TSP and SO2 were higher than global and Iraqi limits in most of the studied stations, especially in the winter. The results also showed significant pollution in the soil with lead along with slight contamination with nickel and cobalt. Soil contamination was evaluated using several contamination indices; the values of contamination factors (CF) for the lead were very high, while CF values for nickel and copper indicated low to moderate pollution. Also, the high values of PLI ˃1 in the soil indicated high pollution with heavy elements, which provides clear evidence of the impact of industrial human activities on the environment of the region. In addition, low values of i-geo indicated a moderate contamination with lead and an unpolluted status for both nickel and copper. These results indicate a great need to develop strategies to prevent and reduce pollution by heavy metals in the areas under rapid industrial and urban development.

The book of Revelation’s attitude towards its political, religious and social environment is aradical one: Revelation 18:4 asks the readers to leave the city of Babylon, less so they do not become victims of God’s punishment, but so that they do not share the sins of this city. Such a narrative program is a counter-cultural access that leads its adherents into isolation at the edge of ancient society. On the other hand, the narrative incorporates pictures and ideas from different ancient milieus. By this, the narrative shows a profound understanding of political, religious and cultural streams. It shows a creative reception and a reworking of motifs or themes into a new literary entity, in terms of producing something new instead of ignorance or simple negation of reality. The rhetoric of good and evil and the subversive power of the autobiographic narrative make the usage of ancient culture a dangerous rhetorical weapon compared to the more dialogical approach to ancient culture used in other Christian groups. John’s narrative is witness of an approach that integrates and selects insights from different religious streams, from 1st century Judaism and 1st century Christianity into a selective and limited model of Christian attitude towards society and culture. The narrative is not simply conservative but integrative in developing new revelation on old ground, whose counter-cultural access is based on the transformation of different cultural means. Therefore, the article describes the apocalyptic and antagonistic strategy of the book of Revelation as acomplex technique of exchange and transformation of religious or cultural ideas and motifs.Die boek Openbaring – ’n vroeëre Christensoeke na betekenis in kritiese gesprek met sy Joodse herkoms en Grieks-Romeinse gemeenskap. Die boek Openbaring se benadering tot sy politieke, religieuse en sosiale omgewing is ingrypend: Openbaring 18:4 versoek die lesers om die stad Babel te verlaat – nie so seer om God se straf vry te spring nie, maar veral om nie in die stad se sondes te deel nie. Sodanige narratiewe program is ’n kontra-kulturele benadering wat die volgelinge daarvan tot die rand van die antieke gemeenskap marginaliseer. Aan die ander kant inkorporeer hierdie narratief ook beelde en idees uit verskillende antieke milieus. Hierdeur demonstreer die narratief ook ’n diepgaande begrip van politieke, religieuse en kulturele strominge. Dit toon ’n kreatiewe resepsie en ’n verwerking van motiewe of temas tot ’n nuwe literêre entiteit in terme van die voortbring van iets nuuts in plaas van die ignorering of blote ontkenning van die realiteit. Die retoriek van goed en kwaad en die subversiewe mag van die outobiografiese narratief maak die gebruik van die antieke kultuur ’n gevaarlike retoriese wapen in vergelyking met die meer dialogiese benadering tot die antieke kultuur soos dié van ander Christengroepe. Johannes se narratief getuig van ’n benadering wat verskillendereligieuse denkrigtings van die eerste eeuse Judaïsme en Christendom integreer en selekteertot ’n selektiewe en beperkte model van die Christelike gesindheid teenoor samelewing en kultuur. Hierdie narratief is nie alleen konserwatief nie, maar ook geïntegreerd met die ontwikkeling van nuwe openbaring op ou gronde – openbaring met kontra-kulturele toegang gebaseer op die transformasie van verskillende kulturele middele. Hierdie artikel beskryf dus die apokaliptiese en antagonistiese strategie van die boek Openbaring as ’n komplekse tegniek van wisselwerking en transformasie van religieuse of kulturele idees en motiewe.

The research aims at recognizing the reality of government activities in field of farmer management for the reclaimed lands and maintaining their sustainability in Babylon Province, by the following:- (Agricultural extension activities, Agricultural outfits activities, the activity of Bien Al-Nahreen Company for seeds products, Government loan activity, Water resources activity) and determine the level of framers application recommendation from applying the agricultural developments to the reclaimed lands, represented by (Irrigation treatment , fertilization treatment , Soil Conservation) and to maintain problems that farmers face in the operation of reclaimed land and sustainability in Babil province. The sub-district of Abu Gharaq in Babil Province had been chosen to conduct the research due to it has great area of reclaimed lands fully reclamation . The data were collected by survey and personal interview of haphazard class sample, proportionality of rate 12% of research population ,that comprise 1000 farmers with in fact of 120 of them To achieve the research targets a triple standard was prepared for the level description of the type of governments services provided to the farmers in this area, which is comprising of (66)items distributed into (5) aspects: (Agricultural extension activities, Agricultural outfits activities, the activity of Bien Al-Nahreen Company for seeds products, Government loan activity, Water resources activity). The grades of the standard ranges from (66-179) with average amounting at (124.81) grade, with standard deviation amounted at (23.55) grade, research sample were divided into three categories (low, Middle, high), the weights are (1, 2, 3) which were used respectively. A triple scale of the level of the farmers application and sustainability to recent technology was developed in the field of the reclaimed lands, consisting of (35) items, with grades ranging from (77-105)grade. Average of application recent technology is amounted at (48.3)grade, with deviation standard amounted at (8.5)grade. The results of the researcher reveal that the level of farmers' application for the recommended agricultural recent technology in the field of management and sustainability for the reclaimed lands in Babil Province, generally, described as weak, while the level of farmers' application for the recommended agricultural recent technology for each axis of management of reclaimed lands was as follows: Irrigation management described as middle, fertilization management and axis of soil conservation described as few. As for difficulties that face beneficiary peasant of reclaimed lands, the results showed variation of difficulties that researched faced, it related to productivity, extensional problems, and appliances difficulties, the researcher recommends the exigency of edification for the beneficiary farmers of reclaimed lands through prepare extensional and training specialized programs and activities under the supervision of extension staff of the province and the center.

This study aimed to highlight the prevalence of the seasonal influenza in the different Iraqi provinces during 2018 year to study the epidemiological aspects, and their effect on the frequency of disease and death cases caused by influenza virus. A total of 1359 throat and nasal swabs was collected from individuals suffering from influenza like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) for testing influenza virus type A (H1N1 and H3N2) and type B. RNA extracted and amplification with specific primers and probes. Results showed the incidence rate of flu A 16.7 (227/1359) and 4.7 of flu B per 100000 people-year that included 14.9 for H1N1, 1.5 for H3N2 and the remaining value for mixed infection of H1N1 and H3N2. Regarding, the mortality rate 1.6 (21/227) with influenza A and 0.15 (2/64) with influenza B infections per 100000 person-year. The prevalence of flu A between the months showed significant differences, especially in the first two months of the year. The distribution of influenza infections in Baghdad province, which appeared the highest peak, then followed by Babyl, Waist and Salahaddin provinces. In conclusion, more surveillance studies are needed each year to provide database more important for WHO Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) of influenza surveillance.

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I. Happy Endings Chaplin’s Modern Times features one of the most subtly strange endings in Hollywood history. It concludes with the Tramp (Chaplin) and the Gamin (Paulette Goddard) walking away from the camera, down the road, toward the sunrise. (Figure 1.) They leave behind the city, their hopes for employment, and, it seems, civilization itself. The iconography deployed is clear: it is 1936, millions are unemployed, and to walk penniless into the Great Depression means destitution if not death. Chaplin invokes a familiar trope of 1930s texts, the “marginal men,” for whom “life on the road is not romanticized” and who “do not participate in any culture,” as Warren Susman puts it (171). The Tramp and the Gamin seem destined for this non-existence. For the duration of the film they have tried to live and work within society, but now they are outcasts. This is supposed to be a happy ending, though. Before marching off into poverty, the Tramp whistles a tune and tells the Gamin to “buck up” and smile; the string section swells around them. (Little-known [or discussed] fact: Chaplin later added lyrics to this music, resulting in the song “Smile,” now part of the repertoire of countless torch singers and jazz musicians. Standout recordings include those by Nat King Cole and Elvis Costello.) It seems like a great day to be alive. Why is that? In this narrative of despair, what is there to “buck up” about? The answer lies outside of the narrative. There is another iconography at work here: the rear-view silhouette of the Tramp strolling down the road, foregrounded against a wide vista, complete with bowler hat, baggy pants, and pigeon-toed walk, recalls previous Chaplin films. By invoking similar moments in his oeuvre, Chaplin signals that the Tramp, more than a mere movie character, is the mass-reproduced trademark image of Charlie Chaplin, multimillionaire entertainer and worldwide celebrity. The film doubles Chaplin with the Tramp. This double exposure, figuratively speaking, reconciles the contradictions between the cheerful atmosphere and the grim story. The celebrity’s presence alleviates the suspicion that the protagonists are doomed. Rather than being reduced to one of the “marginal men,” the Tramp is heading for the Hollywood hills, where Chaplin participates in quite a bit of culture, making hit movies for huge audiences. Nice work if you can get it, indeed. Chaplin resolves the plot by supplanting narrative logic with celebrity logic. Chaplin’s celebrity diverges somewhat from the way Hollywood celebrity functions generally. Miriam Hansen provides a popular understanding of celebrity: “The star’s presence in a particular film blurs the boundary between diegesis and discourse, between an address relying on the identification with fictional characters and an activation of the viewer’s familiarity with the star on the basis of production and publicity” (246). That is, celebrity images alter films by enlisting what Hansen terms “intertexts,” which include journalism and studio publicity. According to Hansen, celebrity invites these intertexts to inform and multiply the meaning of the narrative. By contrast, Modern Times disregards the diegesis altogether, switching focus to the celebrity. Meaning is not multiplied. It is replaced. Filmic resolution depends not only on recognizing Chaplin’s image, but also on abandoning plot and leaving the Tramp and the Gamin to their fates. This explicit use of celebrity culminates Chaplin’s reworking of early twentieth-century celebrity, his negotiations with fame that continue to reverberate today. In what follows, I will argue that Chaplin weds visual celebrity with strategies of author-production often attributed to modernist literature, strategies that parallel Michel Foucault’s theory of the “author function.” Like his modernist contemporaries, Chaplin deploys narrative techniques that gesture toward the text’s creator, not as a person who is visible in a so-called real world, but as an idealized consciousness who resides in the film and controls its meaning. While Chaplin’s Hollywood counterparts rely on images to connote individual personalities, Chaplin resists locating his self within a body, instead using the Tramp as a sign, rather than an embodiment, of his celebrity, and turning his filmmaking into an aesthetic space to contain his subjectivity. Creating himself as author, Chaplin reckons with the fact that his image remains on display. Chaplin recuperates the Tramp image, mobilizing it as a signifier of his mass audience. The Tramp’s universal recognizability, Chaplin suggests, authorizes the image to represent an entire historical moment. II. An Author Is Born Chaplin produces himself as an author residing in his texts, rather than a celebrity on display. He injects himself into Modern Times to resolve the narrative (and by extension assuage the social unrest the film portrays). This gesture insists that the presence of the author generates and controls signification. Chaplin thus echoes Foucault’s account of the author function: “The author is . . . the principle of a certain unity of writing – all differences having to be resolved” by reference to the author’s subjectivity (215). By reconciling narrative contradictions through the author, Chaplin proposes himself as the key to his films’ coherence of meaning. Foucault reminds us, however, that such positioning of the author is illusory: “We are used to thinking that the author is so different from all other men, and so transcendent . . . that, as soon as he speaks, meaning begins to proliferate, to proliferate indefinitely. The truth is quite the contrary: the author does not precede the works. The text contains a number of signs referring to the author” (221). In this formulation, authors do not create meaning. Rather, texts exercise formal attributes to produce their authors. So Modern Times, by enlisting Chaplin’s celebrity to provide closure, produces a controlling consciousness, a special class of being who “proliferates” meaning. Chaplin’s films in general contain signs of the author such as displays of cinematic tricks. These strategies, claiming affinity with objects of high culture, inevitably evoke the author. Chaplin’s author is not a physical entity. Authorship, Foucault writes, “does not refer purely and simply to a real individual,” meaning that the author is composed of text, not flesh and blood (216). Chaplin resists imbuing the image of the Tramp with the sort of subjectivity reserved for the author. In this way Chaplin again departs from usual accounts of Hollywood stars. In Chaplin’s time, according to Richard Dyer, “The roles and/or the performance of a star in a film were taken as revealing the personality of the star” (20). (Moreover, Chaplin achieves all that fame without relying on close-ups. Critics typically cite the close-up as the device most instrumental to Hollywood celebrity. Scott J. Juengel writes of the close-up as “a fetishization of the face” that creates “an intense manifestation of subjectivity” [353; also see Dyer, 14-15, and Susman, 282]. The one true close-up I have found in Chaplin’s early films occurs in “A Woman” [1915], when Chaplin goes in drag. It shows Chaplin’s face minus the trademark fake mustache, as if to de-familiarize his recognizability.) Dyer represents the standard view: Hollywood movies propose that stars’ public images directly reflect their private personalities. Chaplin’s celebrity contradicts that model. Chaplin’s initial fame stems from his 1914 performances in Mack Sennett’s Keystone productions, consummate examples of the slapstick genre, in which the Tramp and his trademark regalia first become recognizable trademarks. Far from offering roles that reveal “personality,” slapstick treats both people and things as objects, equally at the mercy of apparently unpredictable physical laws. Within this genre the Tramp remains an object, subject to the chaos of slapstick just like the other bodies on the screen. Chaplin’s celebrity emerges without the suggestion that his image contains a unique subject or stands out among other slapstick objects. The disinclination to treat the image as container of the subject – shared with literary modernism – sets up the Tramp as a sign that connotes Chaplin’s presence elsewhere. Gradually, Chaplin turns his image into an emblem that metonymically refers to the author. When he begins to direct, Chaplin manipulates the generic features of slapstick to reconstruct his image, establishing the Tramp in a central position. For example, in “The Vagabond” (1916), the Tramp becomes embroiled in a barroom brawl and runs toward the saloon’s swinging doors, neatly sidestepping before reaching them. The pursuer’s momentum, naturally, carries him through the doorway. Other characters exist in a slapstick dimension that turns bodies into objects, but not the Tramp. He exploits his liberation from slapstick by exacerbating the other characters’ lack of control. Such moments grant the Tramp a degree of physical control that enhances his value in relation to the other images. The Tramp, bearing the celebrity image and referring to authorial control, becomes a signifier of Chaplin’s combination of authorship and celebrity. Chaplin devises a metonymic relationship between author and image; the Tramp cannot encompass the author, only refer to him. Maintaining his subjectivity separate from the image, Chaplin imagines his films as an aesthetic space where signification is contingent on the author. He attempts to delimit what he, his name and image, signify – in opposition to intertexts that might mobilize meanings drawn from outside the text. Writing of celebrity intertexts, P. David Marshall notes that “the descriptions of the connections between celebrities’ ‘real’ lives and their working lives . . . are what configure the celebrity status” (58). For Chaplin, to situate the subject in a celebrity body would be to allow other influences – uses of his name or image in other texts – to determine the meaning of the celebrity sign. His separation of image and author reveals an anxiety about identifying one specific body or image as location of the subject, about putting the actual subject on display and in circulation. The opening moment of “Shoulder Arms” (1920) illustrates Chaplin’s uneasy alliance of celebrity, author, and image. The title card displays a cartoon sketch of the Tramp in doughboy garb. Alongside, print lettering conveys the film title and the words, “written and produced by” above a blank area. A real hand appears, points to the drawing, and elaborately signs “Charles Chaplin” in the blank space. It then pantomimes shooting a gun at the Tramp. The film announces itself as a product of one author, represented by a giant, disembodied hand. The hand provides an inimitable signature of the author, while the Tramp, disfigured by the uniform but still identifiable, provides an inimitable signature of the celebrity. The relationship between the image and the “writer” is co-dependent but antagonistic; the same hand signs Chaplin’s name and mimes shooting the Tramp. Author-production merges with resistance to the image as representation of the subject. III. The Image Is History “Shoulder Arms” reminds us that despite Chaplin’s conception of himself as an incorporeal author, the Tramp remains present, and not quite accounted for. Here Foucault’s author function finds its limitations, failing to explain author-production that relies on the image even as it situates the author in the text. The Tramp remains visible in Modern Times while the film has made it clear that the author is present to engender significance. To Slavoj Zizek the Tramp is “the remainder” of the text, existing on a separate plane from the diegesis (6). Zizek watches City Lights (1931) and finds that the Tramp, who is continually shifting between classes and characters, acts as “an intercessor, middleman, purveyor.” He is continually mistaken for something he is not, and when the mistake is recognized, “he turns into a disturbing stain one tries to get rid of as quickly as possible” (4). Zizek points out that the Tramp is often positioned outside of social institutions, set slightly apart from the diegesis. Modern Times follows this pattern as well. For example, throughout the film the Tramp continually shifts from one side of the law to the other. He endures two prison sentences, prevents a jailbreak, and becomes a security guard. The film doesn’t quite know what to do with him. Chaplin takes up this remainder and transforms it into an emblem of his mass popularity. The Tramp has always floated somewhat above the narrative; in Modern Times that narrative occurs against a backdrop of historical turmoil. Chaplin, therefore, superimposes the Tramp on to scenes of historical change. The film actually withholds the tramp image during the first section of the movie, as the character is working in a factory and does not appear in his trademark regalia until he emerges from a stay in the “hospital.” His appearance engenders a montage of filmmaking techniques: abrupt cross-cutting between shots at tilted angles, superimpositions, and crowds of people and cars moving rapidly through the city, all set to (Chaplin’s) jarring, brass-wind music. The Tramp passes before a closed factory and accidentally marches at the head of a left-wing demonstration. The sequence combines signs of social upheaval, technological advancement, and Chaplin’s own technical achievements, to indicate that the film has entered “modern times” – all spurred by the appearance of the Tramp in his trademark attire, thus implicating the Tramp in the narration of historical change. By casting his image as a universally identifiable sign of Chaplin’s mass popularity, Chaplin authorizes it to function as a sign of the historical moment. The logic behind Chaplin’s treating the Tramp as an emblem of history is articulated by Walter Benjamin’s concept of the dialectical image. Benjamin explains how culture identifies itself through images, writing that “Every present day is determined by the images that are synchronic with it: each “now” is of a particular recognizability”(462-3). Benjamin proposes that the image, achieving a “particular recognizability,” puts temporality in stasis. This illuminates the dynamic by which Chaplin elevates the mass-reproduced icon to transcendent historical symbol. The Tramp image crystallizes that passing of time into a static unit. Indeed, Chaplin instigates the way the twentieth century, according to Richard Schickel, registers its history. Schickel writes that “In the 1920s, the media, newly abustle, had discovered techniques whereby anyone could be wrested out of whatever context had originally nurtured him and turned into images . . . for no previous era is it possible to make a history out of images . . . for no subsequent era is it possible to avoid doing so. For most of us, now, this is history” (70-1). From Schickel, Benjamin, and Chaplin, a picture of the far-reaching implications of Chaplin’s celebrity emerges. By gesturing beyond the boundary of the text, toward Chaplin’s audience, the Tramp image makes legible that significant portion of the masses unified in recognition of Chaplin’s celebrity, affirming that the celebrity sign depends on its wide circulation to attain significance. As Marshall writes, “The celebrity’s power is derived from the collective configuration of its meaning.” The image’s connotative function requires collaboration with the audience. The collective configuration Chaplin mobilizes is the Tramp’s recognizability as it moves through scenes of historical change, whatever other discourses may attach to it. Chaplin thrusts the image into this role because of its status as remainder, which stems from Chaplin’s rejection of the body as a location of the subject. Chaplin has incorporated the modernist desire to situate subjectivity in the text rather than the body. Paradoxically, this impulse expands the role of visuality, turning the celebrity image into a principal figure by which our culture understands itself. References Benjamin, Walter. The Arcades Project. Trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1999. Chaplin, Charles, dir. City Lights. RBC Films, 1931. –––. Modern Times. Perf. Chaplin and Paulette Goddard, United Artists, 1936. –––. “Shoulder Arms.” First National, 1918. –––. “The Vagabond.” Mutual, 1916. Dyer, Richard. Stars. London: BFI, 1998. Foucault, Michel. Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology. Ed. James D. Faubion. New York: The New Press, 1998. Hansen, Miriam. Babel and Babylon. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991. Marshall, P. David. Celebrity and Power. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1998. Juengel, Scott J. “Face, Figure and Physiognomics: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Moving Image.” Novel 33.3 (Summer 2000): 353-67. Schickel. Intimate Strangers. New York: Fromm International Publishing Company, 1986. Susman, Warren I. Culture as History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1973. Zizek, Slavoj. Enjoy Your Symptom! Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and Out. New York: Routledge, 1992. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Goldman, Jonathan. "Double Exposure: Charlie Chaplin as Author and Celebrity." M/C Journal 7.5 (2004). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/05-goldman.php>. APA Style Goldman, J. (Nov. 2004) "Double Exposure: Charlie Chaplin as Author and Celebrity," M/C Journal, 7(5). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/05-goldman.php>.