Journal articles: 'Babylonian Arms and armor'

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Pyhrr, Stuart W., and Donald J. LaRocca. "Arms and Armor." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 49, no. 2 (1991): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3258930.

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Pyhrr, Stuart W., and Leonid Tarassuk. "Arms and Armor." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 48, no. 2 (1990): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3258950.

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Nickel, Helmut, and Stuart W. Pyhrr. "Arms and Armor." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 47, no. 2 (1989): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3259894.

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LaRocca, Donald J. "Arms and Armor." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 59, no. 1 (2001): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3269171.

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Nickel, Helmut, and Stuart W. Pyhrr. "Arms and Armor." Recent Acquisitions, no. 1987/1988 (1987): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1513723.

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Balter, Stephen. "Arms and armor." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.23488.

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Martin, Michel Louis, and Christopher Spring. "African Arms and Armor." International Journal of African Historical Studies 27, no. 3 (1994): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220794.

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Witkowski, Terrence H. "Arms and armor collecting in America: history, community and cultural meaning." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 12, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 421–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-12-2019-0050.

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Purpose This study aims to present a history and critical analysis of arms and armor collecting in America from the late 19th century until the present day. Design/methodology/approach The research draws from the literature on arms and armor, from primary written, visual and material evidence, and from the author’s long experience as an antique gun and sword collector. Findings American arms and armor collectors have included men of great wealth, museums and their curators and many enthusiasts of more modest means. Collectors, dealers and curators have created a substantial arms literature. Collectors have organized around various types of artifacts, historical periods and company brands. Dealers, auction houses and manufacturers have provisioned the market with period pieces and reproductions. Originality/value The history of antique arms and armor collecting is regarded as a social activity where enthusiasts have pursued “serious leisure” through consumption and brand communities. This history is further analyzed as a cultural practice wherein generations of collectors have interpreted the meaning of antique arms and armor.

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Black, Jeremy, Stephen Bull, and Tony North. "An Historical Guide to Arms and Armor." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, no. 1 (1993): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2541820.

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Coupland, Simon. "Carolingian Arms and Armor in the Ninth Century." Viator 21 (January 1990): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.viator.2.301331.

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Toichkin, Denis, and Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani. "First International Research Conference on Weaponology in Kyiv, Ukraine: A ground-breaking start." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2014): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v9i1.1267.

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The present report provides a short description of a conference entitled "First International Research Conference on Weaponology in Kyiv, Ukraine". It was the first scientific conference dedicated to the study of historical arms and armor in Ukraine. A number of international experts in the field of historical arms and armor were invited to the conference. Each researcher had been asked to provide a short and a long article on a specific research subject. The short articles were published as a short essay in a peer-review booklet that was handed out before the start of the conference. The long articles will be published together as a large book in future.

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Toichkin, Denys. "Second International Research Conference on the History of Arms and Armor in Kyiv, Ukraine." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 11, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v11i2.4727.

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The present report provides a short description of a conference titled “Second International Research Conference on the History of Arms and Armor in Kyiv, Ukraine”. It was the second scientific conference dedicated to the study of historical weapons in Ukraine. A number of international experts in the field of historical arms and armor were invited to the conference. Each researcher had been asked to provide a short and a long article on a specific research subject. The short articles had already been published in a peer-review booklet that was handed out before the start of the conference. The long articles will be published together as a large collection of paper in future.

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Grindley, Carl James. "Arms and the Man: The Curious Inaccuracy of Medieval Arms and Armor in Contemporary Film." Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies 36, no. 1 (2006): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/flm.2006.0009.

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Dwyer, Bede. "Persian Archery and Swordsmandship: Historical Martial Arts of Iran, by Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v9i1.1310.

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This review covers the book, Persian Archery and Swordsmanship: Historical Martial Arts of Iran by Dr Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani. He is the author of several books in this field (Arms and Armor from Iran The Bronze Age to the End of the Qajar Period, 2006; Lexicon of Arms and Armor from Iran: A Study of Symbols and Terminology, 2010) and many important articles. The review looks at the nature of the book, its structure and layout. It discusses the problems inherent in presenting a complex account such as of the martial arts traditions of a region as extensive as the Iranian culture area. The potential audience is explored. A large selection of illustrations relevant to the text is included in the text while an extensive full color catalog is included as section 10.

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Macaraeg, Ruel A. "Dressed to Kill: Toward a Theory of Fashion in Arms and Armor." Fashion Theory 11, no. 1 (March 2007): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/136270407779934579.

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Kolmakov, A. G., I. O. Bannykh, V. I. Antipov, L. V. Vinogradov, and M. A. Sevostyanov. "Materials for bullet core." Deformation and Fracture of Materials 2020, no. 10 (October 2020): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1814-4632-2020-10-8-21.

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he basic ideas about the process of introducing cores into protective barriers and the most common core patterns and their location in conventional and sub-caliber small arms bullets are discussed. The materials used for manufacture of cores are analyzed. It is concluded that for mass bullets of increased armor penetration the most rational choice can be considered the use of high-carbon low-alloy steels of a new generation with a natural composite structure and hardness of up to 70 HRC. For specialized armor-piercing bullets, cores made from promising economically-alloyed high-speed steels characterized by a high complex of «hardness—bending strength» are better alternative than ones made of hard alloys or tungsten alloys.

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Nayak, Rajkishore, Ian Crouch, Sinnappoo Kanesalingam, Jie Ding, Ping Tan, Bin Lee, Menghe Miao, Deepak Ganga, and Lijing Wang. "Body armor for stab and spike protection, Part 1: Scientific literature review." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 7 (February 15, 2017): 812–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517690623.

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Since the invention of small arms ammunition, the human torso has required protection from hand-gun bullets, and today’s civil and military personnel are regularly clad in soft body armor systems to cope with these threats. However, increasingly, the threat spectrum has widened to include a plethora of both edged and pointed weapons. Over the past two decades in particular, this has required development of either specific soft armors to defeat that particular threat, or the development of multi-threat vests that can resist both hand-gun bullets and knife and spike attacks. In this review, we provide more details about the various material combinations that are used to defeat a knife or spike, since these armor materials are a lot different from the conventional aramid fabrics, and numerous, widely-different solutions are being pursued. The penetration mechanisms associated with the various forms of attack—stabbing and slashing—are discussed, as well as the use of new fibers, shear thickening fluids, and nano-materials in developing these body armor systems.

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Kryukov, Dmitriy, Aleksey Krivenkov, and Sergey Chugunov. "CIRCUITRY , STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2021, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2021-9-29-35.

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Currently, heterogeneous materials based on titanium and aluminum alloys are widely used as promising armor materials. When a ballistic object is exposed to the armor material, brittle cracks that occur at the contact point spread in such a way that composite material is in state of decay both deep into and along the interlayer boundaries of the joint, while there is a violation of the composite structure and loss of the mechanical strength of the armor element. In this regard, the task of developing new reinforcement schemes for composite armor is urgent. One of the most promising technologies in the field of creating and developing new composite non-metallic armor materials is explosion bonding. The authors of the work proposed a new scheme for reinforcing a heterogeneous metal material by means of explosion bonding, which uses internal perforated reinforcing layers that serve as elements preventing the development of brittle fracture at the point of ballistic contact. To increase the efficiency of the destruction of a ballistic object in the composite structure, the authors proposed the formation of highly solid intermetallic compounds at the boundary between the metal of the base of a viscous metal matrix and the reinforcing element by subsequent heat treatment of the material. The conducted micro-X-ray spectral analysis of intermetallic compounds showed their correspondence to the chemical compound α-titanium (TiAl3). Comparison of the obtained level of physical and mechanical properties of the developed heterogeneous armored material with analogues suggests that the expected level of the composite protection class against small arms is in the range from Br4 to Br5 according to GOST R 50963-96 with an armor thickness of 40 to 60 mm, which makes it possible to reduce the weight of armored vehicles significantly and, as a result, increase its tactical and technical characteristics.

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LaRocca, Donald J. "Carl Otto Kretzschmar von Kienbusch and the Collecting of Arms and Armor in America." Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin 81, no. 345 (1985): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3795448.

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Cianciolo, Anna T., and William R. Sanders. "A Task Analysis of U.S. Army War-Gaming: Implications for Assessing the Performance of Combined Arms Task Force Battle Staffs." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 25 (September 2005): 2154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504902508.

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To inform ongoing efforts to assess war-gaming performance, we sought to identify, develop, and validate techniques for assessing the war-gaming effectiveness of U.S. Army National Guard officers in training. Through extensive literature review, consultation with subject matter experts, and observation, we have achieved a more in-depth understanding of the war-gaming process than has previously been accomplished. We have identified what individual and team competencies should be targeted to assess student war-gaming and to diagnose performance deficits in a variety of instructional settings. We have developed assessments to capture a subset of these competencies and have administered these assessments to National Guard officers enrolled in the distance-learning version of the Armor Captains' Career Course, taught through the U.S. Army Armor School. Qualitative analysis of the data collected tentatively suggests that our assessments are valid and that the competencies we measured may be those used to make intuitive, expert judgments of student performance.

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Estes, Kenneth W., and Romain Cansière. "The U.S. Marine Corps’ Tank Doctrine, 1920–50." Marine Corps History 6, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35318/mch.2020060203.

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Major Joseph DiDomenico’s study of U.S. Army influence on U.S. Marine Corps tank doctrine appeared in the Summer 2018 issue of this journal, titled “The U.S. Army’s Influence on Marine Corps Tank Doctrine.” Mobilizing an impressive array of primary and secondary sources, DiDomenico laid considerable credit for the Corps’ improvements to its nascent World War II tank and amphibious tractor doctrine on the Army’s Armor School at Fort Knox as well as the improved Army doctrinal publications that had emerged by 1944. Major DiDomenico excoriated the Marine Corps’ neglect of “critical vulnerabilities for armor supporting amphibious operations.” The benchmark for Marine Corps tank doctrine’s failures to “synthesize” Army tank doctrine for Marine Corps missions is unsurprisingly the Battle of Tarawa. According to DiDomenico, the failures registered at Tarawa “indicated an institutional ignorance in the operational art of combined arms.” This article presents some common misconceptions of Marine Corps tank policy and doctrine and aims to correct those misconceptions.

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Macaraeg, Ruel A. "Piratas de las Filipinas: un ejercicio de pensamiento crítico." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 4, no. 4 (July 14, 2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v4i4.150.

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Piracy had a formative impact on Filipino history, yet modern practitioners of Filipino Martial Arts generally do not acknowledge its influence. This brief study reconstructs the pirates’ martial practices through comparative historical analysis of their weapons, costume, and organization in order to draw conclusions about their relationship to martial cultures in the Philippines and across the region. Using analogous historical studies on piracy worldwide and examination of traditional arms and armor, this article restores the Iranun pirates to their rightful place as primary contributors to Filipino fighting arts and their influence in shaping Filipino national historiography as a whole.

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Brown, Alan S. "Viking vs. Samurai." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 03 (March 1, 2010): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-mar-5.

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This article discusses the application of mechanical engineering concepts in a day-to-day TV serial world. Instrumenting weapons and armor showed that Viking chain mail could withstand the slashing attack of a Samurai katana in the TV series named Deadliest Warrior. The show pits fighters with different styles of fighting who never met—Spartan vs. Ninja or Apache vs. Gladiator —against one another. The show’s experts include a doctor, a computer programmer, and Desmoulin, the go-to guy for figuring out the impact of ancient arms. They feed their findings into a Monte Carlo simulation that runs hundreds of simulations and picks the most likely winner.

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WILLIAMS, ALAN. "WARRIORS OF THE HIMALAYAS REDISCOVERING THE ARMS AND ARMOR OF TIBET BY DONALD J LAROCCA ET AL." Art Book 13, no. 4 (November 2006): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8357.2006.00722_2.x.

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Kim, Seung Shin. "A Study on the Types and Development of Arms Excavated from Daegaya Tumuli." Yeongnam Archaeological Society, no. 81 (May 30, 2018): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2018.81.5.

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In this study, we will review the armament excavated from the ancient tombs of the opposition camp to see the process of making weapons and changing the aspect of the armor found in the central and neighboring communities. The weapons excavated from the ancient tombs of the main opposition camp were identified as having undergone four major phase changes, and the types of armament were divided into A-F types, which are based on common weapons and harnesses. Based on this, each region has the following aspects of the shift in armament. In step 1, arms started to be adopted in the region of Daegaya, and Okjeon group was the first. In the territory of Okjeon group, decorative cavalry arms (types A1 and A2), heavy cavalry (type B1), and light cavalry (type D) have been found unexpectedly. The types of cavalry recruited first in the regions of Gimhae and Busan show that these types were introduced in Okjeon region earlier than other territories of Daegaya. Step 2 is the period of the development of cavalry and infantry arms mainly by the central group of Daegaya region. Cavalry arms that were first introduced in Okjeon group started to be spread from the central group of Daegaya with infantry. It was found that decorative harness and heavy cavalry arms (types A and B) were used mainly by supreme rulers in Daegaya. In step 3, the decorative harness and light cavalry arms popular in the central area of Daegaya were spread to the upstream of Hwanggang River which was under the direct control of Daegaya and the middle/upstream of Gyeonghogang River. As in step 2, the central area of Daegaya remained focused on light cavalry and helmets although there were some old tomb tumuli and decorative harness as well while the surrounding areas showed somewhat different conditions.

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Salgirli, Saygin. "Polished History: The Arms and Armor Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Glamorization of Violence." International Journal of the Arts in Society: Annual Review 1, no. 2 (2006): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v01i02/35564.

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Roberts, Gary K., and Michael E. Bullian. "Protective Ability of the Standard U.S. Military Personal Armor System, Ground Troops (PASGT) Fragmentation Vest Against Common Small Arms Projectiles." Military Medicine 158, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/158.8.560.

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Pchelov, Evgeniy V. "Sources on the Title Heraldry of the Tsardom of Muscovy of the 16th – the First Half of the 17th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2018): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-971-983.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of sources containing information on the land heraldry of the Tsardom of Moscovy, which reflected territorial title of the Russian rulers. The historiography usually mentions 5–6 artefacts and pictorial sources with images of such coats of arms. In fact, the complex of these sources can be significantly expanded. The author has managed to collect information about ten artefacts, two visual and four written sources, which allow to follow the evolution of the title heraldry in pre-Petrine Russia starting from the 16th century. Furthermore, two seals descriptions containing information about land coats of arms remain unpublished. The analysis of sources leads to the following conclusions. The beginning of the Russian title heraldry dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It was probably connected with refining of his territorial titles after the Livonian War. The Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible (late 1570s) has a set of title seals with images, most of them quite simple. These emblems reflect mainly natural or economic features of specific lands. Some emblems are purely symbolic, some borrow directly from Western European heraldry. These title emblems (called seals prior to the 18th century) continued up to the Romanovs’ reign. For instance, the front of the seal of Ivan the Terrible became a source for title emblems reproduced on the armor of Pseudo-Demetrius I, which was made by Western European masters. They probably took their cue from an imprint of the front side of the seal sent with the order. Emblems from the reverse side of the seal were not reproduced on the armor. Under Mikhail Fyodorovich (apparently, in late 1620s) the complex of title emblems underwent its first significant transformation. Some emblems continued to the end of the 16th century, some were formed anew. The new system of title emblems translated into a description of seals made after the Moscow fire of 1626. This document is also yet unpublished. The reform of the title seals may have been associated with making of a new complex of royal regalia in late 1620s. The new seals appeared in the composition of the cover for tsar’s saadak (quiver), which, apparently, was made at the same time.

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Meyer, David L. "Evolutionary implications of predation on Recent comatulid crinoids from the Great Barrier Reef." Paleobiology 11, no. 2 (1985): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011477.

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Diving investigations of Recent comatulid crinoids at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, indicate that, contrary to long-held notions, crinoids are subject to predation, principally by fishes of several families. Predation usually occurs as sublethal damage to the visceral mass and arms, from which the crinoids usually recover by regeneration. Aspects of the life habits, morphology, biochemistry, and physiology of comatulids are postulated to be adaptations that enable comatulid crinoids to resist predation. Comatulid versatility in coping with predation may account in large measure for their evolutionary success in the face of the late Mesozoic teleost radiation. Frequency of damage and repair in fossil crinoids can be used as a measure of predation pressure in order to assess the impact of predation during the Phanerozoic evolution of crinoids. Paleozoic stalked crinoids made a heavy investment in skeletal armor, while in contrast, comatulids reduced the calyx and became mobile. The relationship between these phyletic trends and predation pressure can now be critically examined.

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Collinet, Annabelle. "Performance Objects of Muḥarram in Iran: A Story through Steel." Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 1, no. 1-2 (February 9, 2021): 226–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26666286-12340010.

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Abstract Some Muḥarram ceremonies in Iran today, such as taziyeh (ritual theatre) and dasteh (procession), often involve metal artifacts. They are commonly made of steel (mainly armor elements, arms, sculptures, and vessels). Many objects of similar types, generally without any historical data on their original contexts, are preserved in Islamic art collections. The present research proposes to identify these objects as Muḥarram performance objects. Based on two large collections (Paris, Musée du Louvre and Musée des Arts Décoratifs), this article aims to relocate them in their likely ritual contexts, especially those developed in the late Qajar period (from 1850 onward), and to look further into the past of their Safavid (1501–1722) models. Made of forged steel and inlaid with precious metals, these productions from the late Safavid period to the present day suggest the durability of some models with a strong visual identity and highlight the recurring use of this metal in Shiʿ⁠a devotional art in Iran.

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Łopatecki, Karol, and Aleksander Boldyrew. "Meanders of the Polish Military Revolution — Standardization of Cavalry Units." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 464–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.209.

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The objective of the article is to show the phenomenon of the internal standardization of the units of the Polish cavalry in the 16th century. The references to this process, during which the diversisty of arms and equipment of soldiers was abandoned, are scarce in descriptive sources and are only reflected in normative acts. The only type of sources which enables to reconstruct the combat potential of units is inspection (rejestry popisowe). Consequently, the process of specialization of units and of formation of different types of cavalry was basically marginalized. In the Crown, as late as the 1530s, cavalry rotas were very diverse. They consisted of lancers, Polish winged hussars (later: hussars) and light cavalry combined in various proportions. This state of affairs is connected with three factors. Firstly, the units of Permanent Defense (obrona potoczna) in their structure referred to Mass Mobilization (pospolite ruszenie). Secondly, provisions of law were not used for standardizing the arms and armor; on the contrary, at least by the 1530s they stimulated the internal diversification. Thirdly, the Crown professional units were internally divided into towarzyszes and pocztowys, which prompted the diversification of armament inside a unit. The text shows the changes which occurred in the 1540s and 1550s, and brought about a situation in 1557, when the rate of standardization was as high as 82.93 %. The transformations were dynamic but were not top-down planned reforms, representing instead a bottom-up initiative of rotmistrzes.

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Dew, Spencer. "Deering Family Galleries of Medieval and Renaissance Art, Arms, and Armor. Visual art exhibition. Chicago, IL: The Art Institute of Chicago, 2017." Religious Studies Review 43, no. 4 (December 2017): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rsr.13221.

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Carrara, Elena. "“Mon cher ami et frère d’armes”: Letters from Costantino Ressman to William Riggs, Collectors of Arms and Armor in Nineteenth-Century Paris." Metropolitan Museum Journal 47 (January 2012): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/670146.

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Widlus, Benjamin P., and Keith S. Jones. "Do Exploratory Arm Movements Contribute to Reach-Ability Judgments?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601827.

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Gibson (1979/1986) argued that exploratory movements generate information about agents’ action-capabilities within a given environment, that is, about the agent-environment system’s affordances. To date, the scant literature on exploratory movements has revealed two important findings. First, restricting exploratory movements degrades the accuracy of affordance judgments (Mark et al., 1990; Yu, Bardy, & Stoffregen, 2011). Second, exploratory movements can be very subtle (Stoffregen, Yang, & Bardy, 2005; Yu, Bardy, & Stoffregen, 2011). However, many questions regarding exploratory movements have yet to be answered. For example, what exploratory movements are necessary to perceive a given affordance, and how do exploratory movements differ from related movements? Our long-term goal is to address such gaps in the literature. We decided to begin by examining what exploratory movements must be executed in order to perceive whether the actor can reach an object. Reaching exploratory movements likely have two key components: 1) head movements and 2) shoulder movements. The former can generate information about the absolute distance between the actor and the to-be-reached object (Bingham & Stassen, 1994), and have been confirmed to be necessary to produce accurate reaching judgments (Mantel, Stoffregen, Campbell & Bardy, 2015). The latter generates information about the actor’s arm length (Anderson & Turvey, 1998; Shibata, Gyoba, & Takeshima, 2012;), but their necessity to the reach-ability judgment has yet to be studied. The current experiment used a restriction paradigm to determine whether exploratory arm movements are necessary to make accurate reaching judgments. Participants (n = 32) judged their maximum reaching ability either while holding their arms behind their backs with their dominant hand grasping their non-dominant wrist (the Restricted condition), or while their arms swung naturally at their sides (the Unrestricted condition). Judgments were made actively, by walking forward or backward, in order to allow participants to generate the exploratory movements they would normally create (with the exception of arm movements in the Restricted condition) when moving toward an object with the intention to perform a reach (Mantel, Bardy, & Stoffregen, 2010). The study utilized a within-subjects design, with starting condition counterbalanced. For each condition, participants completed 1 practice trial followed by 9 experimental trials. Starting distances (from object) and angles were drawn equally and randomly from ranges of 1 – 24”, 25 – 48”, 49 – 72”, and 0 - 29o, 30 - 59o, 60 - 89o, respectively. Distances and angles were not repeated to prevent memorization. In line with previous affordance perception research, the dependent variable, Accuracy, was computed in terms of percentage of absolute error (|[judged maximum reach / actual maximum reach] -1| *100) (Oudejans, Michaels, Bakker, & Dolné, 1996). Accuracy was significantly greater when arm movements were unrestricted as compared to restricted, supporting the theory that exploratory arm movements are a component of reach-ability judgments. Reaching judgments in neither condition were perfectly accurate, which may have been due to the reaching judgment being the focal task (Heft, 1993). The present results have practical implications for operational situations in which actors’ arm movements might be restricted. For example, U.S. police and military personnel sometimes wear body armor that covers their shoulders, mounts ballistic plates to their upper arms, or some combination thereof. To the extent that such body armor restricts arm movements, then our results suggest that their reach-ability judgments would be degraded.

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Tanner, Harold M. "Learning Through Practice." Journal of Chinese Military History 3, no. 1 (May 14, 2014): 3–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341259.

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Abstract American scholars of Chinese history have generally explained the outcome of China’s civil war (1945-1949) by reference to social, economic, and political factors rather than by looking at the conduct of the war itself. Recently, military historians have begun to shift the focus to Communist strategy and operations. However, the question of how the Chinese Communist forces made the transition from guerrilla to conventional warfare has still not received sufficient attention. Using Mao Zedong’s theories of guerrilla warfare and Peter Senge’s model of the “learning organization” to analyze Lin Biao’s conduct of the war against the Nationalists in China’s Northeast (Manchuria), we can better understand how the Northeast People’s Liberation Army transformed itself from a force characterized by “guerrilla-ism” to the powerful army capable of defeating Jiang Jieshi’s best troops. The Communists performed poorly when they first encountered American-trained Nationalist units in the Northeast. Lin Biao and his staff responded to defeat by devising principles of tactics which they applied in a series of campaigns beginning with the “Three Expeditions/Four Defenses” (winter 1946-47). The Communist forces continued to derive lessons from their experience and to incorporate those lessons into programs of education and training. As a result, they made great strides forward in terms of the coordination of infantry, artillery, and armor in order to be able to pull off a conventional combined arms operation on the scale of the Liao-Shen Campaign. The Communist forces would bring these strengths with them when they entered the Korean War in 1950.

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Hutsul, Volodymyr. "Combat between John Chalons and Luis de Bueil in Tour 1446: Joust À Outrance in Texts and Visual Sources." Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, no. 1 (2020): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2020.1.03.

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This paper is focused on the joust between English squire John Chalons and French écuyer Louis de Bueil, that was held in 1446 in Tours, France, in the King Charles VII of France and his courtiers presence. The mounted combatants fought with full armour on using couched lances. The article also covers the connection issue of this chivalric encounters type with warfare and military practices of that time, their effectiveness in then military training and interpretations of 15th century tournaments and pas d’armes in the 20th -early 21 century historiography. Available existing sources for this event suggest that the fighters with premeditation used lethal combat techniques during the collision, that resulted in Louis de Bueil death. However, Jean de Bueil, the older brother of the deceased, soldier, courtier and writer, expresses his highly hostile attitude towards chivalric practices of this kind in his autobiographical work "Le Jouvencel", which in the long run led to a false interpretation of the Late Middle Ages pas d’armes as an escapist and anachronic manifestation of the Late Middle Ages elites culture, spread by renowned Dutch scholar Johann Huizinga and his epigones. The article has its emphasis on participants’ arms and armour, as well as their impact on the course and result of a joust. The paper presents the analysis of the narrative program of eight mid. 15th century colored handwritten miniatures, conveing the stages and course of the duel. Visual narration is created with profound knowledge of the knight weapon and equipment features, as well as an accurate understanding of the equestrian encounters course and logic. Depicted by unknown artist plate armor on the combating fighters has direct historical analogies among the preserved survived artifacts of knights weapons. This miniatures series may be considered as a ‘documentary military art’ prominent example for its time.

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Blessing, Patricia. "David G. Alexander, with Stuart W. Pyhrr and Will Kwiatkowski, Islamic Arms and Armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New Haven: Yale University Press for The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015. Pp. xii, 336; 400 color figures. $85. ISBN: 978-1-58839-570-2." Speculum 93, no. 4 (October 2018): 1151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/699491.

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Honcharuk, A., V. Oleniev, V. Shlapak, V. Didyk, and N. Oleniev. "THE DETERMINATION OF THE PROSPECTIVE COMPOSITION OF THE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM AS A PART OF COMBAT EQUIPMENT COMPLEXES OF SERVICEMENOF MILITARY RECONNAISSAHCE UNITS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 2, no. 12 (December 27, 2019): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2019.12.2.46-54.

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In a certain perspective, the development of military equipment of military personnel should be aimed at equipping the military units with modern models of small arms that meet the world standards in terms of aiming, range and accuracy of shooting, armor-piercing, ammunition, energy supply, weight indicators etc. The priorities of logistical support are determined by: equipping the personnel with modern combat equipment complexes, which will consist of field uniforms at the level of the best world samples and personal protective equipment, night vision devices, navigation and communication equipment (with the necessary level of energy supply, energy security, security); search for new materials and technologies for the protection of manpower, terrestrial and aerial vehicles (composite nanostructured masking coatings with high thermal conductivity to reduce the likelihood of detection in the infrared spectrum by means of observation, detection, recognition) etc. The Individual Equipment Set of Personnel (IESP) remains one of the most important components that contributes to improving combat effectiveness and reducing personnel losses when performing combat missions. At the present stage of IESP development, priority is given to the creation of advanced systems of defeat, control and communication, protection, life support and energy supply, as well as increased soldier maneuverability in combat at the turn of 2020. A generalized analysis of the main tasks of creating a combat equipment complex (CEC) for the serviceman of the Armed Forces of Ukraine makes it possible to state that the fulfillment of all the intended goals and tasks should be ensured and accompanied by a highly effective system of scientific research and scientific support of the state programs of development of all systems and elements of the CEC. The power supply system and its components (chargers, power supplies, power converters and transmitters, means of controlling the system components) are one of the most important components of equipment. The most important stage of substantiation of the perspective composition of the energy supply system (chargers, power sources, means of transformation and transmission of electricity, means of controlling the performance of system components) in the complexes of combat equipment of military intelligence units is a complex assessment of the contribution to the effectiveness of combat based on mathematical modeling of fighting. According to the basic principles of the system approach, when developing requirements for individual subsystems, it is necessary to proceed from the basic purpose of the whole system as a whole, expressed in terms of its efficiency. This approach to the study of the energy supply system (chargers, power supplies, means of transformation and transmission of power, means of monitoring the performance of system components) in the complexes of military equipment of military intelligence units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine allows to choose rational option from the many options and direct the priority direction of upgrading of power supply system (chargers, power supplies, means of conversion and transmission of electricity, means of controlling work system components) in the complexes of military equipment of military personnel.

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Бобров, Леонид Александрович, and Айболат Кайрслямович Кушкумбаев. "ШЛЕМ ОЙРАТСКОГО ВОИНА ИЗ СОБРАНИЯ АКМОЛИНСКОГО ОБЛАСТНОГО ИСТОРИКО-КРАЕВЕДЧЕСКОГО МУЗЕЯ." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 6 (December 20, 2020): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.6.393.404.

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В статье рассмотрен клепаный железный шлем (ГИН 148), хранящийся в Акмолинском областном историко-краеведческого музее (АОИКМ), г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан. Первоначально шлем был атрибутирован казахстанскими исследователями, как «русский», а впоследствии, как «казахский». Проведенный типологический анализ позволил уточнить датировку и атрибуцию наголовья. По материалу изготовления шлем ГИН 148 из собрания АОИКМ относится к классу железных, по конструкции тульи – к отделу клепанных, по форме купола – к типу сфероконических. Общая высота наголовья – 24,5 см, диаметр – 21,0 см. Установлено, что шлем ГИН 148 относится к особой группе шлемов ойрато-казахского пограничья периода позднего Средневековья и раннего Нового времени. В настоящее время авторам известно о 18 подобных шлемах, которые происходят с территории Казахстана, Монголии, России (Поволжье, Южная Сибирь) и Северо-Западного Китая. Отличительной особенностью конструкции шлемов серии является клепанная четырехчастная тулья, дополненная «каркасом», состоящим из узких накладок с ровным краем и узкого обруча (или двух обручей), расположенного значительно выше нижней кромки шлема. Анализ А-образных фиксаторов бармицы показал, что они могут быть атрибутированы, как изображение санскритских слогов «ma» (выполненных письмом ланьча), традиционно входивших в состав многих буддийских мантр. Изображения санскритских знаков «ma», «om» и др. неоднократно встречаются на предметах защитного вооружения ойратского производства XVII – середины XVIII вв. (шлемах, панцирях и т.д.), хранящихся в российских и иностранных музейных и частных собраниях. Особенности конструкции шлема из АОИКМ, а также наличие в его оформлении буддийской символики, свидетельствуют в пользу того, что данное наголовье было изготовлено ойратскими (джунгарскими или калмыцкими) оружейниками XVII – середины XVIII вв. Весьма вероятно, что впоследствии шлем мог попасть в руки казахских кочевников и применяться в качестве боевого наголовья вплоть до середины XIX в. включительно. Библиографические ссылки Анисимова М.А. Оружие Востока XV – первой половины XX века: из собрания Военно-исторического музея артиллерии, инженерных войск и войск связи. СПб.: Атлант, 2013. 527 с. Ахметжан К.С. Боевые шлемы казахов (история, истоки, традиции). Астана, 2015. 102 с. Бобров Л.А. «Татарский» шлем с комбинированной бармицей из Тобольского государственного историко-архитектурного музея-заповедника // Вестник НГУ. Сер.: История, филология. 2009. Т. 8. № 3. С. 251–254. Бобров Л.А. Основные направления эволюции комплексов защитного вооружения народов Центральной, Средней и континентальной Восточной Азии второй половины XIV– XIX вв. Автореф. Дисс… док. истор. наук. Барнаул, 2011. 54 с. Бобров Л.А., Кушкумбаев А.К. Боевые шлемы из музейной коллекции Акмолинского областного историко-краеведческого музея // Акмолинскому областному историко-краеведческому музею 90 лет. Кокшетау: Акмол. обл. ист.-краевед. музей, 2010. С. 33–38. Бобров Л.А., Ожередов Ю.И. Позднесредневековый панцирь-«халат» воина-буддиста (Из истории «оружейного» собрания МАЭС ТГУ) // Материалы и исследования Древней, Средневековой и Новой истории Северной и Центральной Азии Т. III. вып. 1. / Отв. ред. Ю.И. Ожередов. Томск: Томский государственный университет, 2010. С. 7–64. Бобров Л.А., Рюмшин М.А. «…И против них не стаивали они нигде и биться с ними не умеют». Оружейный и военно-тактический аспект калмыцко-ногайских и калмыцко-татарских войн первой половины – середины XVII в. // Золотоордынская цивилизация. Вып. 8. Казань: Фолиант; Институт истории им.Ш. Марджани АН РТ, 2015. С. 357–378. Бобров Л.А., Худяков Ю.С. Вооружение и тактика кочевников Центральной Азии и Южной Сибири в эпоху позднего средневековья и раннего Нового времени (XV – первая половина XVIII в.). СПб.: Филологический факультет СПбГУ, 2008. 776 с. Бобров Л.А., Худяков Ю.С. Шлемы сибирских воинов (из собрания Тобольского государственного историко-краеведческого музея-заповедника) // Средневековые тюрко-татарские государства. Вып. 3 / Отв. ред. Б.Р. Рахимзянов. Казань: Ихлас, 2011. С. 43–52. Горелик М.В. Монголо-татарское оборонительное вооружение второй половины XIV – начала XV в. // Куликовская битва в истории и культуре нашей Родины / Отв. ред. Б.А. Рыбаков. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1983. С. 244–269. Златкин И.Я. История Джунгарского ханства (1635–1758). М.: Наука, 1983. 332 с. Национально-освободительная борьба казахского народа под предводительством Кенесары Касымова. / Отв. ред. М. К. Козыбаев. Алматы: Гылым,1996. 512 с. Тепкеев В.Т. Калмыки в Северном Прикаспии во второй трети XVII века. Элиста: ЗАО «НПП «Джангар», 2012. 376 с. Цюрюмов А.В., Батыров В.В. Калмыцкое ханство в российско-крымских отношениях (XVIII в.). Элиста: АОр «НПП» Джангар», 2006. 95 с. Чимитдоржиев Ш.Б. Взаимоотношения Монголии и Средней Азии в XVII–XVIII вв. М.: Наука, 1979. 86 с. Bobrov L.A., Zaytsev V.P., Orlenko S.P., Salnikov A.V. The Late Jurchen (Early Manchu) Helmet of the Second Half of the 1610s to the Mid-1630s from the Collection of the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin // Былые годы. 2017. Т. 46. № 4. С. 1140–1173. LaRocca D. Warriors of the Himalayas. Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet. New York: Yale University Press, 2006. 307 p.

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"An historical guide to arms & armor." Choice Reviews Online 29, no. 08 (April 1, 1992): 29–4229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-4229.

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"Art of the samurai: Japanese arms and armor, 1156-1868." Choice Reviews Online 47, no. 11 (July 1, 2010): 47–6036. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.47-6036.

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"Warriors of the Himalayas: rediscovering the arms and armor of Tibet." Choice Reviews Online 44, no. 03 (November 1, 2006): 44–1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1324.

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"Claude Blair et al., Studies in European Arms and Armor: The C. Otto von Kienbusch Collection in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1992. Pp. 207; color frontispiece, 20 color illustrations, 124 black-and-white illustrations. $49.95." Speculum 69, no. 01 (January 1994): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400025513.

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Smith II, Henry. "Henry D. Smith II. Review of "Lords of the Samurai: Legacy of a Daimyo Family" by Yoko Woodson, "Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum" by Kazutoshi Harada, and "Art of the Samurai: Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156–1868" by Morihiro Ogawa." caa.reviews, April 19, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2012.48.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Babylonian Arms and armor'

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