Journal articles: 'Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki'

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Branco, Marina Castelo. "Avaliação da eficiência de formulações de Bacillus thuringiensis para o controle de traça-das-crucíferas em repolho no Distrito Federal." Horticultura Brasileira 17, no. 3 (November 1999): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05361999000300013.

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A traça-das-crucíferas (Plutella xylostella) é a praga mais importante do repolho no Distrito Federal. Seu controle é feito basicamente com inseticidas. Novos produtos são constantemente avaliados para o controle da praga e neste trabalho duas novas formulações de Bacillus thuringiensis [Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai (350 e 500 g/ha)e B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki x B. thuringiensis var. aizawai (350 e 500 ml/ha)] foram avaliadas no período de maio a outubro de 1995. Os tratamentos B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (500 ml/ha), deltametrina (240 ml/ha) e uma testemunha sem pulverização foram também incluídos no experimento. O delineamento foi blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os resultados mostraram que B. thuringiensis var. aizawai nas duas dosagens avaliadas e B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki x B. thuringiensis var. aizawai (500 ml/ha) foram os produtos mais eficientes. Ao final do experimento larvas e pupas de traça-das-crucíferas foram coletadas no campo e a primeira geração foi submetida a um teste de laboratório onde discos de folhas de repolho foram tratados com as dosagens dos inseticidas a base de B. thuringiensis utilizadas no campo. Larvas de segundo estádio foram colocadas sobre os discos tratados e a mortalidade de larvas avaliada após 72 h. Todos os tratamentos causaram mais de 97% de mortalidade de larvas. O resultado do teste de laboratório sugere que a menor eficiência de B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki x B. thuringiensis var. aizawai (350 ml/ha) e B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (500 ml/ha) no teste de campo quando comparada aos demais Bacillus, pode ser devido à mais rápida degradação destes produtos no ambiente.

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Harnoto, Harnoto. "Pengaruh Bacillus Thuringiensis terhadap penggerek batang jagung Ostrinia Furnacalis (Lep. Pyralidae)." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 2, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.2.2.33.

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The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis to the mortality of corn stemborer Ostrinia furnacalis (Lep. Pyralidae). The study was conducted at the laboratory of Bogor Research Institute for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources during 2005. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dosages of Bacillus. thuringiensis var. aizawai and var. Kurstaki on the mortalities of larvae of corn stemborer Ostrinia furnacalis. Completely randomize design was used with seven treatments. Each treatment was repeated four time with ten larvae per replication. The treatments were three formulation dosages of B. thuringiensis var. aizawai, i.e. 0,5; 1,0; and 2,0 g/l, thee formulation dosages of B. thuringiensis var. Kurstaki, i.e. 0,5; 1,0; and 2,0 g/l, and untreated control. Second instar larvae of O. furnacalis was used in this study. B. thuringiensis was contaminated to the surface of artificial diet with a small paint brush. The result showed that B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki at the dose rate of 1,0 g/l was toxic to the test insect while B. thuringiensis var. aizawai at the dose rate of 2,0 g/l was toxic to the test insect B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki was more toxic than B. thuringiensis var. aizawai to the corn stemborer.

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Selinger, L. B., G. G. Khachatourians, J. R. Byers, and M. F. Hynes. "Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin gene by Bacillus pumilus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w97-147.

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The δ -endotoxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis were introduced into a rhizosphere-inhabiting Bacillus pumilus isolate to create a δ -endotoxin expression and delivery system for subterranean feeding insects such as the larvae of pale western cutworm (Agrotis orthogonia Morrison (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)). Preliminary experiments indicated that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki cultures were toxic to pale western cutworm larvae. Three different cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were cloned into high and low copy number vectors and mated into Bacillus pumilus RB8. When carried on high copy number vectors, cry genes appeared to inhibit sporulation and δ -endotoxin production in Bacillus pumilus RB8 cultures, since microscopic examination of these cultures revealed that <0.1% of the cells of late stationary phase cultures had sporulated and produced parasporal inclusions. On low copy number vectors, the cry genes did not inhibit sporulation; however, production of δ -endotoxins was undetectable. Using a heat shock regime for enrichment of sporogenous crystalliferous variants, a Bacillus pumilus isolate, carrying cryIA(c) on a high copy number plasmid, was obtained in which high level δ -endotoxin production occurred concomitant with sporulation. Synthesis of functional δ -endotoxin by this strain was confirmed by Western blot analysis and bioassay with pale western cutworm larvae. These results show that rhizosphere-inhabiting bacilli are indeed a potential route for introduction of δ -endotoxins to the root environment for biocontrol purposes.Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis, δ -endotoxin, conjugation, sporulation, expression.

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Koskella, J., and G. Stotzky. "Larvicidal toxins fromBacillusthuringiensissubspp.kurstaki,morrisoni(straintenebrionis), andisraelensishave no microbicidal or microbiostatic activity against selected bacteria, fungi, and algae in vitro." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-005.

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The insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki (antilepidopteran), morrisoni strain tenebrionis (anticoleopteran), and israelensis (antidipteran) did not affect the growth of a variety of bacteria (8 gram-negative, 5 gram-positive, and a cyanobacterium), fungi (2 Zygomycetes, 1 Ascomycete, 2 Deuteromycetes, and 2 yeasts), and algae (primarily green and diatoms) in pure and mixed culture, as determined by dilution, disk-diffusion, and sporulation assays with purified free and clay-bound toxins. The insecticidal crystal proteins from B. thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and israelensis had no antibiotic effect on various gram-positive bacteria.Key words: insecticidal toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, microbiostatic, microbicidal.

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Cherif, Ameur, Besma Ettoumi, Noura Raddadi, Daniele Daffonchio, and Abdellatif Boudabous. "Genomic diversity and relationship of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus by multi-REP-PCR fingerprinting." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 3 (March 2007): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-129.

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The genomic diversity and relationship among 56 Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus type strains were investigated by multi-REP-PCR fingerprinting consisting of three PCR reactions targeting the enterobacterial ERIC1 and ERIC2 and the streptococcal BOXA1R consensus sequences. A total of 113 polymorphic bands were generated in the REP-PCR profiles that allowed tracing of a single dendrogram with three major groups. Bacillus cereus strains clustered together in the A and B groups. Most of the B. thuringiensis strains clustered in group C, which included groups of serovars with a within-group similarity higher than 40% as follows: darmstadiensis, israelensis, and morrisoni; aizawai, kenyae, pakistani, and thompsoni; canadensis, entomocidus, galleriae, kurstaki, and tolworthi; alesti, dendrolimus, and kurstaki; and finitimus, sotto, and thuringiensis. Multi-REP-PCR fingerprinting clustered B. thuringiensis serovars in agreement with previously developed multilocus sequence typing schemes, indicating that it represents a rapid shortcut for addressing the genetic relationship of unknown strains with the major known serovars.

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Knowles, B. H., P. H. Francis, and D. J. Ellar. "Structurally related Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins display major differences in insecticidal activity in vivo and in vitro." Journal of Cell Science 84, no. 1 (August 1, 1986): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.84.1.221.

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Many strains within the 22 serotypes of Bacillus thuringiensis produce crystal delta-endotoxins with slight differences in their insecticidal toxicity spectrum in vivo. Since the basis of this specificity is unknown, we chose to compare the activity of delta-endotoxins from three strains: B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1, var. aizawai HD-249 and var. thuringiensis HD-350, both in vivo and on insect cell lines in vitro. Immunoblotting with antisera to activated var. kurstaki P1 lepidopteran toxin revealed antigenic cross-reaction with the 130 X 10(3) Mr toxin of var. aizawai, and with polypeptides of 130 and 138 (X 10(3)) Mr from var. thuringiensis. In addition, crystals from var. kurstaki and var. aizawai contained an antigenically related 63 X 10(3) Mr protein that did not cross-react with antisera to the 130 X 10(3) Mr component. Bioassays on Pieris brassicae larvae (Lepidoptera) and Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera) indicated that the 130 X 10(3) Mr protein of var. kurstaki, and the 138 plus 130 X 10(3) Mr components of var. thuringiensis killed only P. brassicae, while the 130 X 10(3) Mr protein of var. aizawai and the 63 X 10(3) Mr proteins of var. aizawai and var. kurstaki were toxic to both P. brassicae and A. aegypti. Activation of the 130 and 138 (X 10(3)) Mr proteins of the three varieties of B. thuringiensis with insect gut proteases yielded active products of 50–60 (X 10(3)) Mr. Assay of these products on a range of lepidopteran and dipteran cell lines revealed very different toxicity spectra: var. kurstaki killed only one lepidopteran line, var. thuringiensis killed two lepidopteran lines, while var. aizawai was cytolytic to all of the lepidopteran and most of the dipteran cell lines tested, reflecting its broader spectrum in vivo. Thus we have shown that antigenic cross-reaction of B. thuringiensis delta-endotoxins does not necessarily imply a similar toxicity spectrum in vivo or in vitro.

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Cossentine, J., M. Robertson, and D. Xu. "Biological Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 109, no. 3 (April 22, 2016): 1071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow062.

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Abstract Whole-culture extracts of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner strains were assayed against larval and adult Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), an important invasive pest of many thin-skinned soft fruit crops in North America. Of the 22 serovars tested versus larval D. suzukii , strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis , kurstaki , thompsoni , bolivia , and pakistani caused high (75 to 100%) first-instar mortalities. Pupal mortality, measured as a failure of adults to emerge, varied with serovar. The first D. suzukii instar was the most susceptible of the three larval instars to B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1. Larval D. suzukii are shielded from crop treatments, as they develop under the skin of infested fruit, and adults would be a more vulnerable target for an efficacious strain of B. thuringiensis . Only one of the 21 B. thuringiensis serovars, var. thuringiensis , prepared as oral suspensions in sucrose for adult D. suzukii ingestion resulted in significant, albeit low mortality within 7 d. It is not a candidate for use in pest management, as it produces β -exotoxin that is toxic to vertebrates.

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Liu, Yong-Biao, Bruce E. Tabashnik, William J. Moar, and Robert A. Smith. "Synergism between Bacillus thuringiensis Spores and Toxins against Resistant and Susceptible Diamondback Moths (Plutella xylostella)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.4.1385-1389.1998.

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ABSTRACT We studied the effects of combinations of Bacillus thuringiensis spores and toxins on the mortality of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae in leaf residue bioassays. Spores of B. thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki increased the toxicity of crystals of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki to both resistant and susceptible larvae. For B. thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki, resistance ratios were 1,200 for a spore-crystal mixture and 56,000 for crystals without spores. Treatment of a spore-crystal formulation of B. thuringiensissubsp. kurstaki with the antibiotic streptomycin to inhibit spore germination reduced toxicity to resistant larvae but not to susceptible larvae. In contrast, analogous experiments withB. thuringiensis subsp.aizawai revealed no significant effects of adding spores to crystals or of treating a spore-crystal formulation with streptomycin. Synergism occurred between Cry2A and B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki spores against susceptible larvae and between Cry1C and B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai spores against resistant and susceptible larvae. The results show thatB. thuringiensis toxins combined with spores can be toxic even though the toxins and spores have little or no independent toxicity. Results reported here and previously suggest that, for diamondback moth larvae, the extent of synergism between spores and toxins of B. thuringiensis depends on the strain of insect, the type of spore, the set of toxins, the presence of other materials such as formulation ingredients, and the concentrations of spores and toxins.

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Brighenti, Deodoro Magno, César Freire Carvalho, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho, and Carla Regina G. Brighenti. "Eficiência do Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner, 1915) no controle da traça da cera Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 29, no. 1 (February 2005): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542005000100007.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) no controle de Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus). Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos do Departamento de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, MG, a 28±2ºC, UR 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Aplicou-se formulação comercial de B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki por meio de pulverização, imersão dos favos e também foi incorporada à dieta artificial fornecida às lagartas de terceiro ínstar da traça da cera. A aplicação do produto fitossanitário por meio da pulverização dos favos mostrou-se eficiente no controle de lagartas, atingindo níveis iguais ou superiores a 85% de mortalidade quando foram utilizados 5 g/100 mL de água. Na aplicação por imersão dos favos, todas as dosagens testadas foram eficientes atingindo até 100% de mortalidade. Adicionada à dieta artificial, a concentração com maior porcentagem de mortalidade foi de 10g/60g de dieta. Sintomas de infecção pelo B. thuringiensis foram identificados nas lagartas e o isolamento da bactéria, por meio de uma cultura de Bacillus, comprovou a causa da morte desses insetos em todas as dosagens da formulação comercial do B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki utilizadas.

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Janmaat, Alida F., Ping Wang, Wendy Kain, Jian-Zhou Zhao, and Judith Myers. "Inheritance of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in Trichoplusia ni." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 10 (October 2004): 5859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.5859-5867.2004.

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ABSTRACT The genetic inheritance of resistance to a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was examined in a Trichoplusia ni colony initiated from a resistant population present in a commercial vegetable greenhouse in British Columbia, Canada. Progeny of F1 reciprocal crosses and backcrosses between F1 larvae and resistant (PR) and susceptible (PS) populations were assayed at different B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki concentrations. The responses of progeny of reciprocal F1 crosses were identical, indicating that the resistant trait was autosomal. The 50% lethal concentration for the F1 larvae was slightly higher than that for PS, suggesting that resistance is partially recessive. The responses of both backcross progeny (F1 × PR, F1 × PS) did not correspond to predictions from a single-locus model. The inclusion of a nonhomozygous resistant parental line in the monogenic model significantly increased the correspondence between the expected and observed results for the F1 × PR backcross but decreased the correspondence with the F1 × PS backcross results. This finding suggests that resistance to B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in this T. ni population is due to more than one gene.

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Ameen, A. O., J. R. Fuxa, and A. R. Richter. "Antagonism between Formulations of Different Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 33, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-33.2.129.

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Interactions between formulations of the aizawai and kurstaki subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were evaluated by bioassay in Heliothis virescens (F.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). In preliminary experiments, a formulation of subspecies aizawai, Xentari AS®, had significantly (P < 0.05) higher median lethal concentrations (LC50s) in both insect species than formulations based on subspecies kurstaki. Helicoverpa zea was significantly (P < 0.05) more susceptible than H. virescens to one formulation of subspecies kurstaki (Dipel ES®), but the two insects did not differ in susceptibility to Xentari AS® or to a second formulation of subspecies kurstaki (Dipel 6AF®). In H. virescens, Xentari AS® was additive with Dipel 6AF® and significantly (P< 0.05) antagonistic with Dipel ES® and with a third formulation of subspecies kurstaki, Dipel 48A®. In H. zea, Xentari AS® was significantly antagonistic with all three formulations of subspecies kurstaki. This suggests that certain toxin combinations from B. thuringiensis subspecies might not be effective for managing H. virescens and H. zea populations.

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Brighenti, Deodoro Magno, César Freire Carvalho, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho, Carla Regina G. Brighenti, and Stephan Malfitano Carvalho. "Bioatividade do Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner, 1915) para adultos de Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 31, no. 2 (April 2007): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542007000200003.

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Avaliou-se a influência do Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) sobre adultos de Apis mellifera Linnaeus. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório a 28 ± 2 ºC, UR 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. B. thuringiensis foi aplicado com pulverização sobre adultos, e fornecido através de solução aquosa de mel a 50% e em adição à pasta Cândi, utilizando o produto comercial Dipel® PM. Esse produto quando aplicado com pulverização ou incorporado à pasta Cândi ou à solução aquosa de mel provocou mortalidade de adultos de A. mellifera em todas as concentrações utilizadas, com exceção de 0,25 g de Dipel®/100 mL adicionado à solução aquosa de mel a 50%. Ao ser incorporado à pasta Cândi, a CL50 correspondeu a 0,325 g e a CL90 2,127 g do B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki/60 g de pasta. Adicionado à solução aquosa de mel a 50%, a CL50 foi de 1,403 g e a CL90 foi de 7,759 g do B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki/100 mL de solução. Sintomas de infecção pelo B. thuringiensis foram identificados nas abelhas adultas e através do isolamento obteve-se uma cultura dessa bactéria o que comprovou a patogenicidade para adultos de A. mellifera.

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Silva-Werneck, Joseilde Oliveira, José Ricardo de Moraes Veiga Abreu Neto, Adriana Nascimento Tostes, Líliam Oliveira Faria, and José Manuel Cabral de Sousa Dias. "Novo isolado de Bacillus thuringiensis efetivo contra a lagarta-do-cartucho." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 35, no. 1 (January 2000): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2000000100025.

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Com o objetivo de encontrar princípios ativos que possam ser usados no controle da lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), foram testados 205 isolados de Bacillus, provenientes de diferentes regiões brasileiras, contra larvas deste inseto. Apenas um isolado de B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, denominado S93, causou 100% de mortalidade. A CL50 da mistura esporos-cristais do isolado S93 para larvas de 3º estádio de S. frugiperda foi de 37,0 ng/mL, enquanto a da estirpe HD-1 de B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki isolada do produto Dipel foi de 177,73 mg/mL, demonstrando ser o novo isolado muito mais tóxico contra a lagarta-do-cartucho do que HD-1-Dipel.

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Sayyed, Ali H., Robert Haward, Salvador Herrero, Juan Ferré, and Denis J. Wright. "Genetic and Biochemical Approach for Characterization of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac in a Field Population of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1509-1516.2000.

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ABSTRACT Four subpopulations of a Plutella xylostella (L.) strain from Malaysia (F4 to F8) were selected with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki HD-1, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac, respectively, while a fifth subpopulation was left as unselected (UNSEL-MEL). Bioassays at F9 found that selection with Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, B. thuringiensissubsp. kurstaki, and B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai gave resistance ratios of >95, 10, 7, and 3, respectively, compared with UNSEL-MEL (>10,500, 500, >100, and 26, respectively, compared with a susceptible population, ROTH). Resistance to Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, andB. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai in UNSEL-MEL declined significantly by F9. The Cry1Ac-selected population showed very little cross-resistance to Cry1Ab, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, andB. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai(5-, 1-, and 4-fold compared with UNSEL-MEL), whereas the Cry1Ab-,B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki-, and B. thuringiensis subsp.aizawai-selected populations showed high cross-resistance to Cry1Ac (60-, 100-, and 70-fold). The Cry1Ac-selected population was reselected (F9 to F13) to give a resistance ratio of >2,400 compared with UNSEL-MEL. Binding studies with125I-labeled Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac revealed complete lack of binding to brush border membrane vesicles prepared from Cry1Ac-selected larvae (F15). Binding was also reduced, although less drastically, in the revertant population, which indicates that a modification in the common binding site of these two toxins was involved in the resistance mechanism in the original population. Reciprocal genetic crosses between Cry1Ac-reselected and ROTH insects indicated that resistance was autosomal and showed incomplete dominance. At the highest dose of Cry1Ac tested, resistance was recessive while at the lowest dose it was almost completely dominant. The F2 progeny from a backcross of F1 progeny with ROTH was tested with a concentration of Cry1Ac which would kill 100% of ROTH moths. Eight of the 12 families tested had 60 to 90% mortality, which indicated that more than one allele on separate loci was responsible for resistance to Cry1Ac.

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Valverde-Rodríguez, Agustina, Nalda Miguel-Villanueva, Henry Briceño-Yen, and Antonio Cornejo y Maldonado. "Susceptibilidad de estadios larvales de Leptophobia aripa Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) a los entomopatógenos." CIENCIA UNEMI 14, no. 36 (May 4, 2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol14iss36.2021pp12-20p.

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En condiciones de laboratorio se evaluó la eficacia de cuatro formulados a base de Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana más un testigo (agua destilada) sobre los estados de desarrollo larval de la plaga Leptophobia aripa Boisduval. Se colectaron 15 larvas por cada estadio, colocadas en grupos de 5 por placa para un total de cinco tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Como alimento se ocuparon hojas del cultivo de col que fueron asperjadas con los productos según corresponda. Las larvas se examinaron al microscopio estereoscópico por 7 días, y para la determinación del porcentaje de mortalidad se utilizó la fórmula de Abbott. Entre los resultados se tiene que, para el caso del primer y segundo estadio larval, el entomopatógeno B. thuringiensis var kurstaki tuvo mayor eficiencia con un 56,70% y 60% de mortalidad respectivamente, en el tercer y cuarto estadio la especie B. bassiana muestra mayor efectividad con 66,70% y 50%, en el quinto estadio el M. anisopliae registra una mortalidad de 36,70%. Se seleccionó al tercer estadio larval como el más susceptible a la aplicación de B. thuringiensis var kurstaki, B. bassiana y M. anisopliae respectivamente.

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Van Cuyk, Sheila, Lee Ann B. Veal, Beverley Simpson, and Kristin M. Omberg. "Transport of Bacillus Thuringiensis var. Kurstaki Via Fomites." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 9, no. 3 (September 2011): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2010.0073.

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Menon, A. S., and J. De Mestral. "Survival of bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in waters." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 25, no. 3 (July 1985): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00208453.

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Cohen, Ephraim, Harel Rozen, Tamar Joseph, Sergei Braun, and Leon Margulies. "Photoprotection of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki from ultraviolet irradiation." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57, no. 3 (May 1991): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90138-g.

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Kuzu, Secil Berna, Hatice Korkmaz Güvenmez, and Aziz Akin Denizci. "Production of a Thermostable and Alkaline Chitinase by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Strain HBK-51." Biotechnology Research International 2012 (December 13, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/135498.

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This paper reports the isolation and identification of chitinase-producing Bacillus from chitin-containing wastes, production of a thermostable and alkaline chitinasese, and enzyme characterization. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HBK-51 was isolated from soil and was identified. Chitinase was obtained from supernatant of B. thuringiensis HBK-51 strain and showed its optimum activity at 110°C and at pH 9.0. Following 3 hours of incubation period, the enzyme showed a high level of activity at 110°C (96% remaining activity) and between pH 9.0 and 12.0 (98% remaining activity). Considering these characteristics, the enzyme was described as hyperthermophile-thermostable and highly alkaline. Two bands of the enzyme weighing 50 and 125 kDa were obtained following 12% SDS-PAGE analyses. Among the metal ions and chemicals used, Ni2+ (32%), K+ (44%), and Cu2+ (56%) increased the enzyme activity while EDTA (7%), SDS (7%), Hg2+ (11%), and ethyl-acetimidate (20%) decreased the activity of the enzyme. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HBK-51 is an important strain which can be used in several biotechnological applications as a chitinase producer.

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Knaak, N., AR Franz, GF Santos, and LM Fiuza. "Histopathology and the lethal effect of Cry proteins and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith Caterpillars (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 3 (August 2010): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000300028.

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Among the phytophagous insects which attack crops, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is particularly harmful in the initial growth phase of rice plants. As a potential means of controlling this pest, and considering that the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner demonstrates toxicity due to synthesis of the Cry protein, the present study was undertaken to evaluate this toxic effect of B. thuringiensis thuringiensis 407 (pH 408) and B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-73 on S. frugiperda. The following method was used. Both bacterial strains were evaluated in vitro in 1st instar S. frugiperda caterpillars, by means of histopathological assays. The Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins, codified by the respective strains of B. thuringiensis, were evaluated in vivo by bioassays of 1st instar S. frugiperda caterpillars in order to determine the Mean Lethal Concentration (LC50). The results of the histopathological analysis of the midget of S. frugiperda caterpillars demonstrate that treatment with the B. thuringiensis thuringiensis strain was more efficient, because the degradations of the microvilosities started 9 hours after treatment application (HAT), while in the B. thuringiensis kurstaki the same effect was noticed only after 12 HAT. Toxicity data of the Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins presented for the target-species LC50 levels of 9.29 and 1.79 μg.cm-2 respectively. The strains and proteins synthesised by B. thuringiensis thuringiensis and B. thuringiensis kurstaki are effective in controlling S. frugiperda, and may be used to produce new biopesticides or the genes may be utilised in the genetic transformation of Oryza sativa L.

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Jung, Yong Chul, Sung Uk Kim, Song Hae Bok, Ho Yong Park, Jean-Charles Côté, and Young Sup Chung. "Characterization ofBacillus thuringiensismutants and natural isolates by molecular methods." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-057.

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Two Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 mutants, two Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis HD-500 mutants, and four rice grain dust isolates were characterized using microscopic examination and protein profiles of purified crystals on sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific detection of cryI- and cryIV-type genes was performed in a polymerase chain reaction using cryI and cryIV-specific oligonucleotide primers. The cry-type genes under study consisted of cryIA(a), cryI(A)b, cryI(A)c, cryIB, and cryIV. Presence or absence of the cryI- and cryIV-type genes was further confirmed by Southern blotting followed by hybridization with specific cryI and cryIV gene fragments. A genetically modified strain of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1, called OZK-13 and obtained following mutagenesis with ozone, was shown to contain cryIA(a), cryIA(b), and cryIA(c) genes. Another kurstaki HD-1 mutant, called NGK-13 and obtained following treatment with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), was shown to have lost the cryIA(b) gene while retaining the cryIA(a) and cryIA(c) genes. NGI-23-1, an oligosporogenous–multicrystalliferous mutant of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) HD-500, obtained following treatment with MNNG contained cryIV-type genes. NGI-22, an oligosporogenous–acrystalliferous mutant of Bti HD-500, contained no cryI- nor cryIV-type genes. The rice grain dust isolate BT-285 contained the cryIA(a) and cryIA(c) genes. Isolate BT-14 contained only the cryIA(c) gene, whereas isolate BT-209 contained cryIA(a), cryIA(b), and cryIB genes. Isolate BT-205 contained no cryI- nor cryIV-type genes. Bacillus thuringiensis mutants and natural isolates shown to contain cryI-type genes were tested for their insecticidal activities in a series of bioassays against Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). All cryI-carrying strains were toxic against the insect larvae. BT-205 was also tested and exhibited no toxicity against the insect larvae.Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis, δ-endotoxin crystal, cry-type genes, polymerase chain reaction.

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Hill, Karen K., Lawrence O. Ticknor, Richard T. Okinaka, Michelle Asay, Heather Blair, Katherine A. Bliss, Mariam Laker, et al. "Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 2 (February 2004): 1068–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.1068-1080.2004.

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ABSTRACT DNA from over 300 Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis isolates was analyzed by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). B. thuringiensis and B. cereus isolates were from diverse sources and locations, including soil, clinical isolates and food products causing diarrheal and emetic outbreaks, and type strains from the American Type Culture Collection, and over 200 B. thuringiensis isolates representing 36 serovars or subspecies were from the U.S. Department of Agriculture collection. Twenty-four diverse B. anthracis isolates were also included. Phylogenetic analysis of AFLP data revealed extensive diversity within B. thuringiensis and B. cereus compared to the monomorphic nature of B. anthracis. All of the B. anthracis strains were more closely related to each other than to any other Bacillus isolate, while B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains populated the entire tree. Ten distinct branches were defined, with many branches containing both B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates. A single branch contained all the B. anthracis isolates plus an unusual B. thuringiensis isolate that is pathogenic in mice. In contrast, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (ATCC 33679) and other isolates used to prepare insecticides mapped distal to the B. anthracis isolates. The interspersion of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates within the phylogenetic tree suggests that phenotypic traits used to distinguish between these two species do not reflect the genomic content of the different isolates and that horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in establishing the phenotype of each of these microbes. B. thuringiensis isolates of a particular subspecies tended to cluster together.

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Rivard, Sylvain R., Jean-Charles Côté, and Young Sup Chung. "Comparaison des profils plasmidiques de mutants oligosporogènes chez Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 après traitement à l'ozone et à la nitrosoguanidine." Genome 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-495.

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Two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis were used in order to isolate sporeless and crystalliferous mutants. These strains, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 and var. israelensis Q-2, produce a crystalline inclusion, δ-endotoxin, which is lethal for lepidopteran and dipteran larvae, respectively. Mutants derived from strain HD-1 were easily isolated because of their characteristic morphology. By comparing different plasmidic patterns of the strains, we can confirm the relationship existing between a DNA extrachromosomic element and the production of δ-endotoxin in B. thuringiensis. However, the absence of toxic crystallin protein does not necessarily mean that all plasmids are absent.Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis, oligosporogenous, ozone, nitrosoguanidine, plasmids.

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Franklin, Michelle T., Christal L. Nieman, Alida F. Janmaat, Mario Soberï¿½n, Alejandra Bravo, Bruce E. Tabashnik, and Judith H. Myers. "Modified Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins and a Hybrid B. thuringiensis Strain Counter Greenhouse-Selected Resistance in Trichoplusia ni." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 17 (July 10, 2009): 5739–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00664-09.

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ABSTRACT Resistance of greenhouse-selected strains of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was countered by a hybrid strain of B. thuringiensis and genetically modified toxins Cry1AbMod and Cry1AcMod, which lack helix α-1. Resistance to Cry1AbMod and Cry1AcMod was >100-fold less than resistance to native toxins Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac.

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Tapp, H., and G. Stotzky. "Monitoring the insecticidal toxins fromBacillus thuringiensisin soil with flow cytometry." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1074–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-153.

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The accumulation and persistance in soil and other natural habitats of the insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis may result in environmental hazards, such as toxicity to nontarget species and the selection of toxin-resistant target species. We describe the use of flow cytometry as a method for detecting and tracking the fate of these insecticidal toxins in soil that does not require their extraction and purification. The toxins from B. thuringiensis subspp. tenebrionis and kurstaki were bound on clay- or silt-sized particles separated from Kitchawan soil that was unamended (naturally contains predominantly kaolinite) or amended to 6% v/v with the clay minerals montmorillonite or kaolinite (as an internal control). The particle–toxin mixtures were suspended in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 3% nonfat milk powder to block nonspecific binding of antibody, resuspended in a solution of antibody to the toxin from B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, and then resuspended in a solution of anti-rabbit antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC–Ab). Controls consisted of the particles alone and bound complexes of the particles with the toxin from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. All particles that bound the toxin from B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis showed a significant shift in the peak of fluorescence to the right on the x axis as compared with the nonspecific fluorescence from the control FITC–Ab complexes with particles in the absence of the toxin. There was also a slight shift in the peak to the right for some particles that bound the toxin from B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, as there is some cross-reactivity between the toxins from B. thuringiensis subspp. tenebrionis and kurstaki and the antibodies that they induce. This method is more sensitive and rapid than the dot-blot ELISA, and processing of many samples is easily accomplished.Key words: flow cytometry, soil, insecticidal toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, clay, silt.

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Сорокань, А. В., Г. В. Беньковская, Д. К. Благова, Т. И. Максимова, and И. В. Максимов. "РЕАКЦИЯ ЗАЩИТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В СОСТАВЕ КИШЕЧНЫХ СИМБИОНТОВ КОЛОРАДСКОГО ЖУКА LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA SAY ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ ЭНДОФИТНЫХ БАКТЕРИЙ РОДА BACILLUS, "Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии"." Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии, no. 4 (2018): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0044452918040063.

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Насекомые-фитофаги и растения-хозяева обладают набором микросимбионтов, с которыми составляют единую коэволюционирующую систему. Комплекс микросимбионтов принимает активное участие в стресс-ответе макросимбионта. Нами выявлено, что обработка растений картофеля эндофитными штаммами бактерий Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis (B-5689), B. th. var. kurstaki (B-5351) и Bacillus subtilis 26Д снижает выживаемость на них колорадского жука Leptino- tarsa decemlineata Say. Штаммы B. th. подавляли активность фенолоксидаз и ацетилхолинэстеразы в гемолимфе колорадского жука. Обнаружено антагонистическое взаимодействие эндофитной бактерии B. subtilis 26Д с симбиотическими бактериями колорадского жука из рода Acinetobacter и Enterobacter, при этом Acinetobacter spp. подавлял рост колоний эндофитов. Рекомбинантный штамм B. subtilis 26ДСгу, содержащий ген -эндотоксина crylla из B. th. var. kurstaki, сочетал способность исходного штамма B. subtilis 26Д подавлять развитие симбионтов жука и иммунные реакции насекомого с продукцией Cry-токсина, что и приводило к высокой смертности фитофага.

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Medeiros, Patrícia Teles, Márcio do Nascimento Ferreira, Érica Soares Martins, Ana Cristina Menezes Mendes Gomes, Rosana Falcão, José Manoel Cabral de Souza Dias, and Rose Gomes Monnerat. "Seleção e caracterização de estirpes de Bacillus thuringiensis efetivas no controle da traça-das-crucíferas Plutella xylostella." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40, no. 11 (November 2005): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2005001100014.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar e caracterizar, no Banco de Germoplasma de Bacillus spp., da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, as estirpes de Bacillus thuringiensis mais tóxicas à Plutella xylostella, por métodos morfológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares. Das 203 estirpes testadas, sete causaram 100% de mortalidade e foram semelhantes à estirpe padrão utilizada, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Elas apresentaram proteínas de 130 kDa e 65 kDa, presença de genes cry1 e cry2 e cristais bipiramidais, cubóides e redondos. As estirpes selecionadas oferecem novas perspectivas de controle de P. xylostella.

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Eidt, D. C. "TOXICITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI TO AQUATIC INSECTS." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 7 (July 1985): 829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117829-7.

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AbstractRepresentative aquatic insects, larvae of Simuliidae, Chironomidae, Trichoptera, Megaloptera, and nymphs of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, were tested for susceptibility to continuous exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki at 4.3, 43, and 430 IU/mL. Only Simulium vittatum was affected, and at the highest concentration. Effects on other organisms, particularly Prosimulium fuscum/mixtum, were suggested. The lowest of the concentrations tested was twice the worst-case transitory concentration peaks expected in water from aerial forest spraying at 30 BIU/ha. Spray buffer zones around water bodies are unnecessary at this spray rate.

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M., El-Saadany, Gamila Kotb, Ibrahim, A., and Nashwa Elshaer. "Mammalian Biosafety of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki -Based Bioinsecticide." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology 14, no. 2 (October 20, 2022): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsz.2022.268128.

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Zartaloudis, Z. D., M. D. Kalapanida, and E. I. Navrozidis. "Efficacy and speed of action of selected plant protection products on Lymantria dispar in laboratory conditions." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 18 (June 1, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11609.

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In this study some selected insecticides were evaluated for their effect on gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L., (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) under laboratory conditions. Diflubenzuron, methoxyfenozide, triflumuron, fenoxycarb, fenoxycarb + lufenuron, Bacillus thuringiensis 50% subsp. kurstaki + Bacillus thuringiensis 50% subsp. aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and spinosad were used in the recommended concentration, against the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th larval instars of L. dispar. The effectiveness of the above insecticides as well as the speed of action (LTime50 and LTime90) expressed in days, were examined in detail. Spinosad and methoxyfenozide presents a relatively higher speed of action in relation to the other insecticides. LTime50 of spinosad and methoxyfenozide did not differ significantly among the first three larval instars and ranged from 0 to 0.61 and 1.13 to 1.74 days, respectively. Regarding IGRs, the mixture (fenoxycarb + lufenuron) and triflumuron were the most effective in relation to the other IGRs tested. Moreover, Bacillus thuringiensis toxins were effective only against the first two larval instars.

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Moar, William J., Weste L. A. Osbrink, and John T. Trumble. "Potentiation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki with Thuringiensin on Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 79, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/79.6.1443.

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García Ramírez, Alejandro, Arturo Reyes Ramírez, Esaú Ruíz Sánchez, and Jorge E. Ibarra. "Aislados nativos de Bacillus thuringiensis del sureste de México." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 9, no. 3 (May 15, 2018): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v9i3.1213.

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Con el objetivo de encontrar aislados nativos de Bacillus thuringiensis, en el presente trabajo se realizaron aislamientos a partir de diferentes materiales obtenidos del sureste de México, en el periodo de marzo 2014 a julio 2015. Se seleccionaron colonias bacterianas con base a las características típicas del genero Bacillus y se identificaron como Bacillus thuringiensis, con base a la presencia de cristales parasporales, gen cry, gen hag, perfil de proteínas y actividad insecticida. Se obtuvo un aislado de muestras de suelo (ITCBT34) y dos de larvas de Chlosyne lacinia (ITCBT61, ITCBT62). Estos aislados presentaron amplificación de los genes cry y hag. El aislado ITCBT34 presentó cristales con morfología oval, mientras que los aislados ITCBT61 e ITCCBT62 presentaron cristales bipiramidales. Se observaron diferencias en el tamaño del fragmento producido por la amplificación del gen hag y en el perfil de proteínas de los diferentes aislados. La actividad insecticida se determinó mediante bioensayo burdo con una concentración de 10 μg cm-2. Los tres aislados causaron 100% de mortalidad de larvas de Manduca sexta a las 96 h de exposición. Los aislados ITCBT61 e ITCBT62 mostraron características morfológicas y tamaño del gen hag similares a la cepa de referencia B. thuringiensis svar. kurstaki HD1, el aislado ITCBT34 no presentó similitud, por lo que podría tratarse de una aislado no relacionado al serovar kurstaki HD1.

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López-Pazos, S. A., F. M. Chavarrio Cañas, and A. C. Rojas Arias. "Insecticidal and Potato Growth Stimulation Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 84, no. 4 (January 17, 2023): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.04.009.

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces Cry toxins against pest insects. Cry proteins are conformed by domains related to pore formation and recognition of protein receptors. Plant-induced systemic resistance (ISR) is triggered due to pest attack, it could be activated by Bacillus sp. Tecia solanivora (Ts) is a potato pest, susceptible to Cry1Ac and Cry1B proteins. This paper indicates the endorsement of Bt kurstaki HD-1 (BtkHD1) in relation to Ts control (Cry1Ac and Cry1B proteins), potato growth promotion, and plant ISR due to pests related to the BtkHD1-potato system. To ensure that ongoing quality control of BtkHD1 was maintained, crystal synthesis (microscopy), cry1 genes presence, and Cry protein production were checked. Bioassays Ts larvae and potato plantlets and an in silico analysis of the hybrid Cry1Ac-Cry1Ba protein and potato ISR related to the BtkHD1 infl uence were performed. Bioassay on Ts larvae shows an LC50 of 536 ng/cm2 of diet. A potato growth promotion assay revealed the effect of BtkHD1 on the length and dry weight of stems. The prospective analysis took into account relevant factors affecting the biological function of the hybrid protein focused on domain II. In silico identification of 15 BtkHD1 proteins and 68 potato proteins related to plant ISR due to pests was completed. This project serves to validation of toxicity on Ts larvae and potato growth effect based on BtkHD1, including a forward analysis of the hybrid Cry1Ac1-Cry1Ba1, and proteins associated with this strain and potato for eliciting plant ISR due to pests.

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Jyoti, J. L., S. Y. Young, D. T. Johnson, and R. W. McNew. "Tobacco Budworm, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Larval Location and Mortality on Bacillus thuringiensis-Treated Cotton." Journal of Entomological Science 34, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.4.426.

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One-d-old Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae were placed on Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner-treated cotton leaves and terminals in the laboratory. Larval movement, food consumption and mortality were examined at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Untreated leaves had a greater percentage of larvae on their under side than on their upper side; this location was not influenced by treatment with B. thuringiensis. When B. thuringiensis was applied to cotton terminals, first instars moved from B. thuringiensis-treated meristems; this movement increased with an increase in rate. Bacillus thuringiensis treatment also resulted in increased movement of larvae from the leaves and terminals onto the inner cup surface, although this movement was significantly greater than the untreated control only during the first 12 h after treatment. The leaf area consumed decreased with an increase in B. thuringiensis rate, but was not significantly correlated with larval mortality.

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Thomas, D. John I., J. Alun W. Morgan, John M. Whipps, and Jon R. Saunders. "Plasmid Transfer between the Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki andtenebrionis in Laboratory Culture and Soil and in Lepidopteran and Coleopteran Larvae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.118-124.2000.

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ABSTRACT Plasmid transfer between Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki HD1 and B. thuringiensis subsp.tenebrionis donor strains and a streptomycin-resistantB. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki recipient was studied under environmentally relevant laboratory conditions in vitro, in soil, and in insects. Plasmid transfer was detected in vitro at temperatures of 5 to 37°C, at pH 5.9 to 9.0, and at water activities of 0.965 to 0.995, and the highest transfer ratios (up to 10−1 transconjugant/donor) were detected within 4 h. In contrast, no plasmid transfer was detected in nonsterile soil, and rapid formation of spores by the introduced strains probably contributed most to the lack of plasmid transfer observed. When aB. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain was used as the donor strain, plasmid transfer was detected in killed susceptible lepidopteran insect (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae but not in the nonsusceptible coleopteran insect Phaedon chocleriae. When a B. thuringiensis subsp.tenerbrionis strain was used as the donor strain, no plasmid transfer was detected in either of these insects even when they were killed. These results show that in larger susceptible lepidopteran insects there is a greater opportunity for growth of B. thuringiensis strains, and this finding, combined with decreased competition due to a low initial background bacterial population, can provide suitable conditions for efficient plasmid transfer in the environment.

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Zampara, I., C. Zamparas, S. Mantzoukas, and E. Karanastasi. "Study on the combined action of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11539.

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The interaction between the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae) was examined against larvae of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post treatment, in laboratory conditions. Three different combinations of the aforementioned pathogens were tested on 4th instar larvae, namely 500ppm B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (B.t.k.) and H. bacteriophora infective Juveniles (1000IJs/ml), 1500ppm B.t.k. and H. bacteriophora (1000IJs/ml) and 3000ppm B.t.k. and H. bacteriophora (1000IJs/ml). At 7, 14 and 21 days, the interaction between the pathogens was additive in two of the treatments and synergistic in one, whereas at 28 days, it was negative in two of the treatments and synergistic in one. Overall, the application of the lowest dose of B.t.k. (500ppm) in combination with H. bacteriophora (1000IJs/ml), turned out to be highly effective. The interaction between B. thuringiensis and H. bacteriophora is to be further examined.

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Ochoa Silvera, Adolfo Alfredo, and Fidel Rodolfo Mujica Lengua. "Actividad Letal in vitro del Extracto Proteico Total de Bacillus thuringiensis sobre Huevos y Larvas (L3) Infectivas de Nematodirus Spathiger." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 26, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v26i3.11187.

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Se obtuvo una suspensión conteniendo el extracto proteico total de Bacillus thuringiensis de las variedades kurstaki HD-1, thompsoni HD-542, neoleonensis T-24- 001, israeliensis HD-500 e israeliensis WHO-2013-9 y se determinó la concentración (mg/ml) de cada variedad por el método de Biuret. La actividad nematicida se evaluó en placas de Petri enfrentando huevos y larvas (L3) infectivas de Nematodirus spathiger contra la suspensión del extracto proteico total (1.2 ml), considerando cinco tratamientos (variedades) y 10 repeticiones. El grupo control solo contenía nematodos. Las placas de Petri se incubaron a 25 °C por 24, 48 y 72 h. La variedad kurstaki HD-1 en una concentración de 5.042 mg/ml fue la variedad con mayor eficiencia antihelmíntica en los tres tiempos de incubación, obteniendo una mortalidad de 44.7% en huevos y 45.6% en larvas. El extracto proteico total de B. thuringiensis variedad kurstaki HD-1 contiene las toxinas nematicidas que pudieran ser empleadas para el futuro en pruebas in vivo con animales infectados experimentalmente con N. spathiger.

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38

Lutwama, I. J., and B. A. Matanmi. "Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Baculovirus heliothis foliar applications for suppression of helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) and other lepidopterous larvae on tomato in south-western Nigeria." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 2 (June 1988): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300012955.

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AbstractTomato plants in Nigeria were subjected to foliar sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (formulated as Dipel and Thuricide) and Baculovirus heliothis (Elcar), to which carbaryl, plus the adjuvants Tenac and Gustol were on occasion added, to test their effectiveness against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and other lepidopterous larvae. H. armigera larvae were found susceptible to both pathogens. The 0·5 kg/ha and the 1·0 kg/ha applications of Bacillus thuringiensis gave good field control of the larvae, similar to that of carbaryl at 1·5 kg/ha. Bacillus and virus were compatible but not significantly more effective when combined than when applied separately. Combinations of bacillus and virus with carbaryl were also not significantly more effective than the pathogens applied separately. B. thuringiensis at 0·5 kg/ha applied with carbaryl at 0·5 kg/ha was as good as carbaryl at 1·5 kg/ha. Gustol and Tenac did not significantly increase the effectiveness of the pathogens.

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Frederiksen, Kristine, Hanne Rosenquist, Kirsten Jï¿½rgensen, and Andrea Wilcks. "Occurrence of Natural Bacillus thuringiensis Contaminants and Residues of Bacillus thuringiensis-Based Insecticides on Fresh Fruits and Vegetables." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 5 (May 2006): 3435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.5.3435-3440.2006.

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ABSTRACT A total of 128 Bacillus cereus-like strains isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables for sale in retail shops in Denmark were characterized. Of these strains, 39% (50/128) were classified as Bacillus thuringiensis on the basis of their content of cry genes determined by PCR or crystal proteins visualized by microscopy. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and plasmid profiling indicated that 23 of the 50 B. thuringiensis strains were of the same subtype as B. thuringiensis strains used as commercial bioinsecticides. Fourteen isolates were indistinguishable from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1 present in the products Dipel, Biobit, and Foray, and nine isolates grouped with B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai present in Turex. The commercial strains were primarily isolated from samples of tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers. A multiplex PCR method was developed to simultaneously detect all three genes in the enterotoxin hemolysin BL (HBL) and the nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), respectively. This revealed that the frequency of these enterotoxin genes was higher among the strains indistinguishable from the commercial strains than among the other B. thuringiensis and B. cereus-like strains isolated from fruits and vegetables. The same was seen for a third enterotoxin, CytK. In conclusion, the present study strongly indicates that residues of B. thuringiensis-based insecticides can be found on fresh fruits and vegetables and that these are potentially enterotoxigenic.

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Zúñiga Oviedo, Marco Antonio, and Alberto Soto Giraldo. "Control microbiológico de Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) en caña panelera a nivel de campo." Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural 22, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2018.22.2.3.

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Objetivos: Evaluar la susceptibilidad de Diatraea saccharalis a Beauveria bassiana y Bacillus thuringiensis variedad kurstaki en condiciones de campo. Alcance: Control de D. saccharalis con B. bassiana cepa nativa y con la bacteria B. thuringiensis (DipelR). Metodología: Se evaluó el porcentaje de daño ocasionado por larvas de Diatraea y el número de larvas presentes en los tratamientos Bb-HN1, Dipel x Bb-HN1 y DipelR en caña panelera. Principales resultados: Se observó patogenicidad de los controladores microbiológicos en larvas de D. saccharalis. Conclusiones: La bacteria B. thuringiensis (DipelR) se presenta como alternativa biológica para el manejo integrado de la plaga.

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Michael Jackson, D. "Control of Tobacco Insect Pests with Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki and Thuringiensin Formulations, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.292a.

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Abstract Several formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (B.t.k.) and Thuringiensin (|3-exotoxin), a secondary metabolite of certain B.t. strains, were tested for control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on ‘Speight G-28’ flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, NC. These materials were: Dipel 2X (wettable powder; 32.0 billion international units (BIU)/kg), Dipel 4L (emulsifiable suspension; 8.5 BlU/liter), Dipel 10G (granular; 1.6 BlU/kg), ABG-6158 (emulsifiable suspension; Dipel 8ES; 16.9 BlU/liter), ABG-6167 (aqueous flowable; Dipel 8AF; 16.9 BlU/liter), ABG-6181 (granular; Dipel 14G; 2.24 BIU/ kg), ABG-6200 (granular; Thuringiensin-G; 0.3% w/w Thuringiensin), ABG-6206 (wettable powder; Thuringiensin Calcium, 10% w/w), Bactospeine FC (flowable concentrate; 9.3 BlU/liter), Bactospeine WP (wettable powder; 16.0 BlU/kg), Bactospeine G 12/14 (granular; 2.8 BlU/kg; 12/14 mesh carrier), and Bactospeine G 14/40 (granular; 2.8 BlU/kg; 14/40 mesh carrier). Orthene Tobacco Insect Spray (TIS)(75SP) was used as an insecticide check. Tobacco was transplanted on 19 and 27 May into a field of Helena sandy loam which had been treated with isopropalin (Paarlan, 1.68 kg Al/ha) and metalaxyl (Ridomil 2E, 0.56 kg Al/ha) for weed and disease control. Diphenamid (Enide 90W, 4.48 kg Al/ha) was applied on 16 Jun for additional weed control. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.22 m between rows. Single row plots of 30 plants (experiments 1-4) or 20 plants (experiments 5 and 6) were set up in randomized complete block designs with 4 (experiment 4) or 5 (Experiments 1-3, 5, and 6) replicates. On 24 Jul, plants in one half of the field were cut off ca. 10 cm above the ground. One sucker was allowed to regrow from each plant, and this regrowth was used in experiments 5 and 6. Plants were infested with two 2 to 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae (Experiments 1, 2, 5, and 6) or two 3-4-day-old tobacco hornworm larvae (experiments 3 and 4) from laboratory colonies on 25 Jun, and 1, 15, 22 Jul, and 11 and 12 Aug for experiments 1-6, respectively. Seldom does more than one budworm larvae survive per plant in the untreated controls. A new tobacco budworm laboratory colony is started yearly from larvae collected from tobacco in the late summer. The tobacco hornworm colony has been in continuous culture for 21 years. Plots were treated on 27 Jun, 3, 17, 24 Jul, and 14 and 15 Aug. Spray applications were made by a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 233.8 l/ha with 4.1 × 105 Pa. Granular materials were measured into individual 30-ml cups for each plant, then sprinkled by hand from a height of 15-30 cm over each tobacco bud. There were no buffer rows between plots, but spraying was done in the early mornings when winds were negligible. An additional set of unsprayed check plots were set up for the hornworm experiments (3 and 4) in a remote field to help identify drift problems between plots. No drift problems were encountered in either experiment. Live larvae were counted 3 or 4 days after spraying for all experiments. Live larvae were also counted on day 7 for experiment 1, and damage ratings (0-7) were made on day 7 for experiment 2. All data were transformed to Vx + 0.5 before analysis of variance, but data are presented in the tables as untransformed means. Means were separated using Waller-Duncan k-ratio t-test; k = 100, a = 0.05.

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Brasil, Carlos, Leopoldo Sussumu Matsumoto, Marco Antonio Nogueira, Flavia Regina Spago, Luís Gustavo Rampazo, Marcio Ferreira Cruz, and Galdino Andrade. "Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on microbial functional groups in sorghum rhizosphere." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41, no. 5 (May 2006): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2006000500022.

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The objective of this work was to assess the effect of two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on sorghum rhizosphere microorganisms. The strains were HD1, that produces the bioinsecticidal protein, and 407, that is a mutant non-producer. The strains do not influence microbial population, but reduce plant growth and improve mycorrhizal colonization and free living fixing N2 community.

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Crawford, I. T., K. D. Greis, L. Parks, and U. N. Streips. "Facile autoplast generation and transformation in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki." Journal of Bacteriology 169, no. 12 (1987): 5423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.169.12.5423-5428.1987.

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Ronchi-Teles, Β., and Μ. Ε. M. Habib. "Patologia em larvas de Ascia monuste monuste infectadas por Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki. II. susceptibilidade e virulência." Acta Amazonica 19 (1989): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921989191284.

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RESUMOFoi investigado, no presente trabalho, a patogenicidade de Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (sorotipo H3a: 3b) dos produtos comerciais Dipel e Bactospeine para lagartas de Ascia monuste monuste. Por meio de bioensaios, avaliou-se a alta susceptibilidade das lagartas dessa espécie ao bacilo, revelando a possibilidade do uso deste no controle de A. monuste monuste.

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BIDOCHKA, MICHAEL J., L. BRENT SELINGER, and GEORGE G. KHACHATOURIANS. "A Bacillus thuringiensis Isolate Found on Grapes Imported from California." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 857–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.10.857.

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Samples of fruit and vegetable products were examined for presence of bacteria. A gram-positive, sporogenous, crystalliferous bacterium was isolated from Red Tokay grapes imported from California. This isolate was confirmed to be Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki based on plasmid profiles resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. Although this bacterium is exempt from Canadian food regulation, such residue has been previously reported to pose a potential health hazard for humans.

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Voronina, О. Е. "EXOGENOUS METABOLITE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SABSP. THURINGIENSIS, SABSP. DENDROLIMUS AND SABSP. KURSTAKI AND ITS EFFECT ON PLANT SEEDLINGS." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 57, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2019-57-25-31.

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Wojda, Iwona, and Patryk Kowalski. "Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis involves Hsp90." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0162-9.

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AbstractInsects are good models for studying the innate immune response. We report that Galleria mellonella larvae infected with entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki show changes in the level of Hsp90. Our experimental approach was to pre-treat larvae with the Hsp90-binding compound, 17-DMAG, before infection with B. thuringiensis. We show that pre-treated animals display a higher level of immune response. This was mainly manifested by enhanced action of their hemolymph directed toward living bacteria as well as lysozyme activity digesting bacterial peptidoglycan. The observed phenomenon was due to the higher activity of antimicrobial peptides which, in contrast to healthy animals, was detected in the hemolymph of the immunestimulated larvae. Finally, the physiological significance of our observation was highlighted by the fact that G. mellonella pre-treated with 17-DMAG showed a prolonged survival rate after infection with B. thuringiensis than the control animals. Our report points to a role for Hsp90 in the immune response of G. mellonella after infection with B. thuringiensis at the optimal growth temperature.

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Trudel, Richard, Éric Bauce, Jean Cabana, and Claude Guertin. "VULNERABILITY OF THE FIR CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIAABIETIVORELLA (GROTE) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES TO THE HD-1 STRAIN OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 1 (February 1997): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129197-1.

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The fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote), is a major insect pest in seed orchards across Canada and the adjoining eastern and western United States. Larvae feed principally on cones, but they can also feed on needles and occasionally on the bark of young tree trunks (Hedlin et al. 1980; Ruth 1980; Martineau 1985). The potential for a population of D. abietivorella to build up in seed orchards may be greater than in natural stands (Hedlin et al. 1980; Ruth et al. 1982). The use of entomopathogen in the management of fir coneworm could be an adequate measure to reduce the impact of this insect. Moreover, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki has a specific effect on Lepidoptera (Aronson et al. 1986; Gill et al. 1992). The purpose of our study was to determine the activity of the HD-1 strain of B. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (serotype H-3a:3b) to larvae D. abietivorella. Bioassays were conducted with first-, third-, and fifth-instar larvae of fir coneworm to determine whether or not the insect's vulnerability to B. thuringiensis varies with larval age.

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Attathom, Tipvadee, Wiboon Chongrattanameteekul, Jariya Chanpaisang, and Ratchanee Siriyan. "Morphological diversity and toxicity of delta-endotoxin produced by various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 2 (June 1995): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034234.

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AbstractLocal isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from infected rice stemborers, soils, rice bran and rice mill dust. Of 83 isolates serotyped by B. thuringiensis H-antisera, 13 serotypes were identified. Those serotypes were assigned to B. thuringiensis of subspecies canadensis, galleriae, kenyae, kurstaki, neoleonensis, aizawai, alesti, entomocidus, tochigiensis and tolworthi. Three serotypes, 3a:3c:3d, 5a:5b/21 and 17/27, were unnamed and portend to be new subspecies. Morphological studies of delta-endotoxin or crystal protein of each subspecies showed significant differences in size and shape. Bipyramidal crystals, spherical and cuboidal crystals and the combinations of these structures were observed. Toxicity of sporulated cultures and isolated crystal proteins of B. thuringiensis strains to five species of economically important insects were determined using diet incorporation bioassays. Extracted crystal proteins from certain B. thuringiensis subspecies were highly toxic to some insect species. These have the potential of providing alternative strategies for utilizing B. thuringiensis for controlling insects.

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Li, S. Y., and S. M. Fitzpatrick. "THE EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE AND SPRAY VOLUME ON EFFICACY OF TWO FORMULATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER VAR. KURSTAKI AGAINST CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON RASPBERRIES." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 4 (August 1996): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128605-4.

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AbstractThe relative toxicities of two formulations (Dipel WP and Foray 48B) of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki to the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were determined in the laboratory. The effects of application rate (BIU per hectare) and spray volume (litres per hectare) on the efficacy of Dipel WP and Foray 48B against C. rosaceana were determined in raspberry fields. Mortality of C. rosaceana increased with application rate, and decreased with an increase in spray volume. Bacillus thuringiensis exhibited significantly longer residual activity al higher application rates and at lower spray volumes. The half-life (time at which 50% of original activity remains) of B. thuringiensis ranged from 2.45 to 6.68 days, depending upon application rate and spray volume. Laboratory and field studies indicate that Dipel WP and Foray 48B are highly and equally effective in killing larvae of C. rosaceana.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki'

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